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paces, had remained open, where the depth and flow of the
Scheldt did not allow tree trunks or piles to be driven into the riverbed. Alessandro Farnese had 32 large barks, which had been brought from Ghent by way of the Stekene Canal, placed side by side, one next to the other. At the bow and stern, these boats were each immobilized with two anchors and chained one to the other. Each boat was equipped with two pieces of artillery. There was a distance of about 10 feet between them, but they were held in place and in line by a solid chain which ran from one to the other and connected them all together, and by way of a deck that covered all of them. In order to defend the approaches of the entire bridge, the Prince had put just beyond, approximately within reach of a line, both on the Antwerpian side and on the Zealander side, a row of 33 boats arranged in groups of three. The three boats of each group were joined together by strong pieces of wood, and upon the boats were lying, pointed in the direction of the enemy and securely fastened, the ship masts which had been fetched from Denmark and the Scandinavian countries. Each of these masts was fitted at the tip with a large iron point, in the form of a lance, and was to be used to keep at some distance the boats, the ships, and the machines that the enemy would probably not fail to send toward the estacade with the intention of destroying it. The soldiers called these two barriers, which resembled rafts, “the floaters.” To complete this defense system, twenty vessels were stationed near the Flemish riverbank and twenty near the Brabantian riverbank, ready to intervene at any moment.
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a distance of 450 feet, the point where the depth of the riverbed no longer allowed piles to be driven. This formidable matrix of piles was joined together by heavy wooden beams, well nailed and immobilized by chains, which gave the entire structure an unfailing rigidity and stability. On this foundation was laid a pathway, made of heavy wooden planks and beams, which formed the bridge itself, and which was protected, on both sides – on the
Antwerpian (up river) side and on the Zealander side (down river) – by a musket ball proof parapet made of wood and packed with clay. Between the fort of Saint-Mary and the center of the bridge, but closer to the fort than to the middle of the river, on each side, Farnese had twelve equally massive piles driven into the riverbed, securely chained and connected by heavy beams; these piles advanced a few meters into the Scheldt, beyond the main line of the estacade, so as to form a kind of ravelin with parapet. On this ravelin, which projected out from the estacade, the Prince in-stalled a battery of three demi-cannons, for the defense of the bulwark against an attack by enemy ships, and stationed fifty soldiers there. A little bit beyond each side of the bridge along its length, between the fort of Saint-Mary and the end of the ravelin, were additional piles driven into the sandbar, slightly exceeding the water level of the river, and interconnected by heavy beams, which, in this way, constituted a sturdy stop barrier for enemy ships or machines which could come up against the estacade.
1562:
Alexander
Farnese was at his headquarters in Beveren when the attack began and the roar of cannons woke him whereupon he rushed to the battle. He assessed the critical nature of the situation and immediately set to reversing the tide. Seven hours after the start of the attack, he did just that by putting artillery in place and using blocks of pikemen. The battle went on so long that the ocean's tide shifted causing many of the rebel ships to run aground. The Holland-Zeeland ships drifted with the tide out to sea leaving the Antwerpians to their fate. Of the roughly 4,000 soldiers the rebels engaged in this enterprise, nearly half perished. Though Parma put even more effort into reinforcing the dike, it was unnecessary as this bloody defeat put an end to any effective resistance.
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that lit up both riverbanks for an instant followed by a column of smoke. The other ship managed to avoid the floating rafts and came to rest against the estacade on the
Flemish side where it detonated. The river's water was sent over the dikes flooding everything in its path, stones were hurled nearly a mile away, the earth in Antwerp trembled, 800 Spaniards are said to have been
1507:'s "infernal machines". The cargo hold of each of two ships were converted into masonry lined blast chambers filled with gunpowder and heaped over with old gravestones, pieces of marble, iron hooks, stone balls, nails, and scrap metal then covered with planks and brush to give the appearance of an ordinary fire-ship. To ignite these floating bombs, one was equipped with a
1444:." It was a main road leading north from Habsburg holdings in Northern Italy into the Low Countries, protected by forts built at strategic intervals, to provide the army with a reliable flow of supplies. When the siege of Antwerp began Parma's army was well supplied. The first stage of the siege saw encirclement lines constructed around Antwerp and forts built along the
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encamped) across the flooded land, to the
Scheldt, not far from Fort Lillo. Farnese understood the strategic importance of this dike and had it fortified. Though the first attempt to demolish it failed, Farnese took further preventive measures. The second attempt was on Sunday 26 May. Both the Antwerpian fleet led by
1521:
reconnaissance team reported there was no damage, the rocket wasn't launched and the project aborted. Upon noticing that there were no ships approaching the bridge, Farnese immediately set to repairing the damage done to the bridge. The repair was merely a façade which the
Hollanders discovered some days later.
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Starting at fort Saint-Philip, an estacade constructed exactly like the one which we just described, extended out from that side towards the middle of the river, for a distance of 950 feet. Between the two parts of the bridge which were thus advancing to meet one another, a large space of about 1,000
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Starting from fort Saint-Mary, the estacade was formed by large, solid tree trunks, deep-ly driven into the riverbed or into the sandbar, spaced three feet apart from each other in width, and four feet in length. These tree trunks were planted as close to the middle of the
Scheldt as possible, out to
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So as to negate any effects from not possessing Lillo, it was decided to build the bridge in a spot upstream from the fort and where the river makes two sharp bends. Two new forts were built; Saint-Mary on the
Flemish bank and Saint-Philip on the Brabant bank. The bridge was built between these two
1584:
After the battle, Alexander
Farnese noticed a group of Antwerpian ships stationed around one enormous vessel which turned out to be a floating battery, intended to attack the Spanish forts and the bridge over the Scheldt. It had four masts, three of which were topped with bullet-proof crow's nests
1561:
launched a coordinated attack on the dike. The rebels initially captured vast portions of the dike and started piercing it in several locations. Eventually, an opening was made that was large enough for a relief ship to pass through and make its way to
Antwerp, on which were Marnix and Hohenlohe.
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and the other had a sophisticated clock work that would throw sparks at a preset time. On the evening of April 4, 1585, the ships were launched. The ship with the clockwork ran aground along the riverbank quite some distance from the bridge where the powder ignited with a loud thunder and a flash
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troops within Antwerp to make sure the city would not fall into enemy hands. The moderateness of Parma's demands and the behaviour of his troops were a complete surprise given the bloodiness of the siege and the rampage of 1576. Parma issued strict orders not to sack the city. The Spanish troops
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In response to the closure of the Scheldt by this bridge, the Dutch flooded the lowlands adjacent to the Scheldt, effectively submerging most roads in scattered areas and leaving Spanish forts either flooded or isolated on small islands. Despite the Dutch using these floodplains to try to regain
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being one of the casualties. Antwerpian sailors were sent to assess the damage but the effect of the explosion terrified them so that they didn't venture far enough. The Dutch were supposed to launch a relief mission from Holland and Zeeland following the launch of a signal rocket but since the
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Some returned to Roman Catholicism but many moved north and ended what had been a golden century for the city. Of the pre-siege population of 100,000 people, only 40,000 remained. Many of Antwerp's skilled tradesmen were included in the Protestant migration to the north, laying the commercial
1585:
where musketeers were stationed, its flanks were equipped with 20 large cannons and numerous small and medium pieces, and its hull was encased in cork and empty barrels wrapped in oakum to make it unsinkable. It could accommodate 500 musketeers. This was another Giambelli invention called the
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counter-dike and demolish large portions so as to allow relief ships from Holland and Zeeland to pass. The Kouwenstein dike was a low-lying levee three miles long, in many places barely ten feet wide, with deep water on both sides. It ran from Stabroek in Brabant (where Mansfeld's troops were
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control over the Scheldt (using low draft oar and sail boats with small cannon emplacements on them), the Spanish position largely held firm, as many of the Spanish forts had been equipped with cannon and high quality troops. Several attempts were made by the Dutch to steer "
1603:
Being cut off as they were and with supplies running low, famine was taking its toll. The city's Catholics energetically demanded that negotiations with Farnese commence. These lengthy negotiations were conducted by Marnix in the Spanish headquarters at the
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estuary so as to cut off trade with Ghent and Dendermonde. The purpose of capturing the strongholds along both banks of the Scheldt would have allowed Parma to control the passage of vessels trying to deliver relief supplies to Antwerp. Unfortunately,
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remained in place and prevented the city recovering its former glory. The blockade was maintained for the next two centuries and was an important and traumatic element in the history of relations between the Netherlands and what was to become
1431:
had been recaptured in the preceding year. The Prince of Parma's forces had been reinforced in the previous years, both in quantity and quality, yet at the start of the siege, his troops did not exceed 10,000 infantrymen and 1,700 cavalrymen.
1423:. In mid-June, 1584, Alexander Farnese had decided the time was right to make preparations for besieging Antwerp. Farnese left Bruges for Antwerp on July 3, 1584. When the siege of Antwerp began (1584) most of the
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in Flanders regain control over Flanders, Brabant, and the United Provinces. Don Juan died on October 1, 1578, whereupon Farnese became the Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands and Captain-General of the
1594:
The capture of the End of War further disheartened the Antwerpians leaving the impression that there was no way to defeat Parma. In the end the Dutch abandoned their efforts, considering Antwerp a lost cause.
1359:. Apart from losing a high proportion of its middle class and mercantile population, Antwerp's trade suffered for two centuries afterwards as Dutch forts blockaded the River Scheldt until 1795.
1622:
After the siege, the Dutch fleet on the river Scheldt was kept in position, blocking the city's access to the sea and cutting it off from international trade. Parma stationed experienced
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1387:. Thousands of citizens were massacred and hundreds of houses were burnt down. As a result, Antwerp became even more engaged in the rebellion against the rule of
30:
This article is about the Siege and outcome of the 1584–1585 siege of Antwerp during the Eighty Years' War. For other battles involving a siege of this city, see
1355:. Under the terms agreed, all the Protestants of Antwerp were given four years to settle their affairs and leave the city. Many migrated north, especially to
1440:
During the recapture of Flanders and Brabant, Farnese improved the logistics of the Spanish army in Flanders by further investing in what is dubbed the "
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1591:("End of War"), into which they put great hope but the mission failed. The ship was simply too big and unwieldy. It was an expensive abject failure.
1395:(1579) and became the capital of the Dutch Revolt, which no longer was merely a Protestant rebellion but had become a revolt of all Dutch provinces.
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wasn't captured so an alternative plan to control river traffic had to be devised; the construction of a bridge to blockade the Scheldt.
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Defeat of the rebels on the Kouwensteinsedijk near the pontoon bridge, 26 May 1585. Lamberecht Causé in Famiano Strada
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behaved impeccably, and Antwerp's Protestant population was given four years to settle their affairs before leaving.
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Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545–1592): The Siege of Antwerp, v. IV
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Van Geuzenstad tot katholiek bolwerk: Maatschappelijke betekenis van de kerk in contrareformatorisch Antwerpen
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The entire span of this gigantic structure was no less than 2,400 feet in length from one bank to the other.
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Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545–1592): Addendum
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Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545–1592): v. III
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Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545–1592): v. II
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Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545–1592): v. V
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Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545–1592): v. I
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Parma nearly died during the attack on his pontoon bridge in 1585. Famiano Strada:
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1585 end of siege by Spanish forces against a Dutch garrison in Eighty Years' War
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The rebels weren't ready to give up yet. Their next plan was to attack the
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Algemene geschiedenis der Nederlanden: De tachtigjarige oorlog 1567–1609
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The Dutch Republic. Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806
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Parma's bridge over the Scheldt in 1585, built of ships.
1580:, a fortified ship meant to break the Spanish blockade.
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and on 17 August he signed the surrender of the city.
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Le siège d'Anvers par Alexandre Farnèse, duc de Parme
2326:Association de la Noblesse du Royaume de Belgique
1406:turned his attention back to the uprising in the
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1347:was the focal point of the Protestant-dominated
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211:
2341:, geocities.com; accessed 26 December 2014.
2226:Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020e).
2207:Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020d).
2188:Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020c).
2169:Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020b).
2150:Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020a).
2328:, Brussels, nr. 307, July 2021 (in French).
2245:Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2021).
2230:. Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises, ltd., inc.
2211:. Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises, ltd., inc.
2192:. Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises, ltd., inc.
2173:. Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises, ltd., inc.
1462:forts. The bridge is described as follows:
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1664:
1339:) on 17 August 1585 took place during the
218:
204:
2425:Battles involving the Spanish Netherlands
2154:. Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises ltd. inc.
1398:Relieved from the great battles with the
2284:The Revolt of the Netherlands, 1555–1609
1569:
1528:
1524:
1485:
1482:Federigo Giambelli's "infernal machines"
1478:It was completed on February 25, 1585.
14:
2382:
2296:, Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp 216–19
1565:
1557:and the Holland-Zeeland fleet led by
1334:
199:
2410:Battles involving the Dutch Republic
177:10,000 infantrymen, 1,700 cavalrymen
2268:. uitgeversmaatschappij W. De Haan.
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24:
2273:
1535:Histoire de la guerre des Païs Bas
1492:Histoire de la guerre des Païs-Bas
25:
2441:
2332:
2306:Parker, Geoffrey (2nd ed. 1990),
2134:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
2106:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
2094:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
2082:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
2070:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
2058:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
2043:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
2031:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
2019:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
2007:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
1995:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
1983:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
1971:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
1959:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
1947:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
1935:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
1923:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
1911:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
1899:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
1887:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
1872:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
1860:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
1848:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
1836:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
1824:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
1809:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
1797:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
1785:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
1773:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
1761:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
1749:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
1737:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020c
1725:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020c
1713:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020c
1701:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020c
1689:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020b
1677:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020a
1414:with reinforcement troops to aid
2395:1585 in the Habsburg Netherlands
2390:1584 in the Habsburg Netherlands
1739:, v. III, pp. 225–226.
154:
142:
123:
111:
53:
2400:Sieges of the Eighty Years' War
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2111:
2108:, v. IV, pp. 133–135.
1631:foundation for the subsequent "
1410:and in the autumn of 1577 sent
1367:At the time Antwerp, in modern
13:
1:
2096:, v. IV, pp. 90–91.
2021:, v. IV, pp. 80–83.
2009:, v. IV, pp. 80–81.
1997:, v. IV, pp. 79–80.
1973:, v. IV, pp. 75–77.
1961:, v. IV, pp. 74–75.
1949:, v. IV, pp. 70–72.
1937:, v. IV, pp. 17–18.
1901:, v. IV, pp. 63–64.
1874:, v. IV, pp. 61–62.
1862:, v. IV, pp. 59–61.
1811:, v. IV, pp. 54–55.
1787:, v. IV, pp. 26–28.
1651:
1362:
2339:"Asedio de Amberes, 1584–85"
1598:
1336:[vɑlvɑnˈɑntʋɛrpə(n)]
18:Siege of Antwerp (1584-1585)
7:
2320:Charles-Albert de Behault,
1763:, v. IV, pp. 1–3.
1727:, v. III, p. 220.
1715:, v. III, p. 225.
1703:, v. III, p. 219.
1371:, was not only the largest
10:
2446:
2136:, v. IV, p. 144.
71:July 1584 – 17 August 1585
29:
2084:, v. IV, p. 89.
2072:, v. IV, p. 88.
2060:, v. IV, p. 87.
2045:, v. IV, p. 85.
2033:, v. IV, p. 83.
1985:, v. IV, p. 77.
1925:, v. IV, p. 67.
1913:, v. IV, p. 64.
1889:, v. IV, p. 63.
1850:, v. IV, p. 59.
1838:, v. IV, p. 57.
1826:, v. IV, p. 56.
1799:, v. IV, p. 35.
1691:, v. II, p. 55.
1679:, v. I, p. 199.
1667:, v. V, p. 139.
1412:prince Alessandro Farnese
237:
181:
166:
135:
104:
63:
52:
44:
39:
2310:, Penguin books, London
2264:Van Houtte, Jan (1952).
2124:(Antwerp, 1990), p. 102.
1775:, v. IV, p. 3.
1751:, v. IV, p. 1.
1435:
2405:16th century in Antwerp
1509:slow-burning match cord
2324:, in: Bulletin of the
1581:
1555:Marnix Saint-Aldegonde
1538:
1495:
1476:
1402:in the Mediterranean,
1391:. The city joined the
1331:
136:Commanders and leaders
1573:
1532:
1525:Battle of Kouwenstein
1489:
1464:
182:Casualties and losses
1182:2nd Cape St. Vincent
1072:2nd 's-Hertogenbosch
979:1st Cape St. Vincent
922:1st 's-Hertogenbosch
838:1st English Channel
654:Ten Years, 1588–1598
2362: /
1416:Don Juan of Austria
1381:Northwestern Europe
1377:Seventeen Provinces
1172:3rd English Channel
992:Twelve Years' Truce
974:2nd English Channel
882:1st Schenckenschans
736:3rd Geertruidenberg
671:2nd Geertruidenberg
377:1st Geertruidenberg
2290:Israel, Jonathan I
2118:Alfons K. L. Thijs
1635:" of the northern
1582:
1566:The End of the War
1539:
1505:Federigo Giambelli
1496:
1425:County of Flanders
1404:Philip II of Spain
1353:Alessandro Farnese
1105:2nd Schenkenschans
1047:2nd Bergen op Zoom
666:1st Bergen op Zoom
161:Alessandro Farnese
149:Philips van Marnix
2420:Conflicts in 1585
2415:Conflicts in 1584
1341:Eighty Years' War
1332:val van Antwerpen
1319:
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229:Eighty Years' War
194:
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47:Eighty Years' War
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1457:Farnese's bridge
1429:Duchy of Brabant
1421:army of Flanders
1393:Union of Utrecht
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1280:1st San Salvador
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1559:Count Hohenlohe
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1365:
1324:fall of Antwerp
1320:
1315:
1299:
1204:Bay of Matanzas
1141:European waters
1026:
988:
958:European waters
866:
852:Gulf of Almería
832:European waters
650:
640:European waters
493:
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418:European waters
316:
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246:List of battles
233:
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118:Estates General
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96:Spanish victory
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58:
40:Fall of Antwerp
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1311:Historiography
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1147:2nd Gibraltar
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1095:5th Rheinberg
1093:
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1062:2nd Oldenzaal
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624:1st Rheinberg
622:
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174:(inhabitants)
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126:
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119:
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83:(present-day
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62:
56:
51:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
2371:51.2167; 4.4
2347:
2343:(in Spanish)
2325:
2321:
2307:
2293:
2283:
2280:Geyl, Pieter
2265:
2246:
2227:
2208:
2189:
2170:
2151:
2144:Bibliography
2129:
2121:
2113:
2101:
2089:
2077:
2065:
2038:
2026:
2014:
2002:
1990:
1978:
1966:
1954:
1942:
1930:
1918:
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1497:
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1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1442:Spanish Road
1439:
1397:
1385:Spanish Fury
1366:
1349:Dutch Revolt
1323:
1321:
1258:
1257:
1233:2nd Salvador
1215:
1194:1st Salvador
1187:
1186:
1162:Lizard Point
1140:
1139:
1120:2nd Roermond
1089:1st Roermond
1035:
1034:
1010:
1009:
998:
997:
964:Dover Strait
932:Hoogstraaten
902:Lekkerbeetje
875:
874:
839:
686:2nd Deventer
659:
658:
583:
514:2nd Mechelen
502:
501:
484:1st Deventer
462:
461:
342:1st Mechelen
325:
324:
272:Valenciennes
267:Beeldenstorm
260:
259:
105:Belligerents
45:Part of the
2369: /
1609: [
1588:Finis Belli
1577:Finis Belli
1546: [
1543:Kouwenstein
1259:East Indies
1199:Puerto Rico
1067:4th Groenlo
1022:Playa Honda
1011:East Indies
994:, 1609–1621
952:3rd Groenlo
897:San Andreas
801:2nd Groenlo
761:1st Groenlo
696:Knodsenburg
681:2nd Zutphen
629:1st Zutphen
584:3rd Antwerp
569:Steenbergen
559:2nd Antwerp
469:1st Antwerp
444:Reimerswaal
407:Schoonhoven
397:Mookerheyde
297:Heiligerlee
2384:Categories
2354:51°13′00″N
2292:. (1998),
2282:. (1932),
1652:References
1606:Singelberg
1501:fire ships
1451:Fort Lillo
1363:Background
942:2nd Lingen
907:Nieuwpoort
887:Zaltbommel
826:1st Lingen
806:Bredevoort
489:Borgerhout
392:Valkenburg
367:IJsselmeer
357:Middelburg
312:Le Quesnoy
287:Oosterweel
172:80,000 men
2430:Blockades
2357:4°24′00″E
1624:Castilian
1599:Surrender
1357:Amsterdam
1307:Aftermath
1243:Itamaracá
1228:1st Unare
1214:Trujillo
1177:The Downs
1152:2nd Cádiz
1135:4th Hulst
1130:3rd Hulst
1115:3rd Venlo
1110:4th Breda
1085:2nd Venlo
1057:3rd Breda
1030:1621–1648
969:2nd Sluis
937:3rd Sluis
927:2nd Grave
870:1599–1609
857:1st Cádiz
816:Ootmarsum
796:1st Meurs
781:2nd Hulst
746:Groningen
701:1st Hulst
676:2nd Breda
634:1st Sluis
609:1st Venlo
604:1st Grave
564:Eindhoven
539:Noordhorn
534:1st Breda
497:1579–1588
457:1576–1579
439:Zuiderzee
412:Zierikzee
402:Oudewater
320:1572–1576
302:Jemmingen
277:Wattrelos
255:1566–1572
1427:and the
1400:Ottomans
1265:Mormugão
1218:Campeche
1209:Abrolhos
1188:Americas
842:Flanders
811:Enschede
786:Turnhout
771:2nd Lier
716:Caudebec
706:Nijmegen
691:Delfzijl
554:1st Lier
479:Rijmenam
474:Gembloux
424:Flushing
307:Jodoigne
167:Strength
76:Location
1646:Belgium
1641:Scheldt
1617:Beveren
1537:, 1727.
1494:, 1727.
1446:Scheldt
1379:and of
1369:Belgium
1345:Antwerp
1275:Malacca
1238:Cabañas
1167:Dunkirk
1052:Fleurus
1017:Ternate
544:Niezijl
429:Borsele
372:Alkmaar
362:Haarlem
352:Naarden
332:Brielle
242:Origins
85:Belgium
81:Antwerp
2314:
2300:
2253:
2234:
2215:
2196:
2177:
2158:
1574:Dutch
1514:killed
1295:Cavite
1290:Manila
1100:Leuven
1042:Jülich
1005:Aachen
917:Ostend
862:Azores
776:Calais
599:Boksum
589:Arnhem
549:Lochem
529:Kollum
382:Leiden
292:Dahlen
282:Lannoy
190:~1,800
93:Result
1613:]
1550:]
1436:Siege
1373:Dutch
1328:Dutch
1303:Peace
1270:Galle
1157:Slaak
1125:Kallo
1077:Meuse
766:Lippe
711:Rouen
619:Neuss
594:Empel
579:Aalst
574:Ghent
519:Diest
449:Lillo
387:Delft
187:8,000
130:Spain
2312:ISBN
2298:ISBN
2251:ISBN
2232:ISBN
2213:ISBN
2194:ISBN
2175:ISBN
2156:ISBN
1322:The
892:Rees
614:Axel
347:Goes
337:Mons
68:Date
1615:in
756:Huy
2386::
2120:,
2050:^
1879:^
1816:^
1648:.
1611:nl
1548:nl
1516:,
1330::
1309:–
1305:–
1087:,
1083:,
244:–
2286:.
2259:.
2240:.
2221:.
2202:.
2183:.
2164:.
1326:(
1216:·
1091:)
1079:(
840:·
219:e
212:t
205:v
87:)
34:.
20:)
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