804:. The Austrians dug trenches and excavated battery positions. The bombardment of Belgrade's defenses began on 16 September. A heavy rain fell from 22 to 27 September which disrupted the siege operations. When the rain stopped, Loudon set 30 September as the date for storming the suburbs. At 5:00 am on that day, the Austrian fleet began bombarding the outer defenses. An hour later, the land batteries joined in the barrage. About 9:00 am four Austrian storming columns advanced on the suburbs and forced their way through the palisades. For four hours, the Turks fought stubbornly in a house to house struggle. Finally, they retreated within Belgrade's main defenses after suffering 800 casualties and losing 12 guns. The Austrians lost 110 killed and 357 wounded.
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750:. By 15 September, the bulk of the army was south of the Sava. The Austrian army consisted on 120,900 soldiers, though 33,000 men were not fit for duty because of sickness. The army included 10 battalions of grenadiers, 33 battalions of fusiliers, one battalion of sharpshooters, and 30½ divisions of cavalry. (In this sense, a division is equal to two squadrons of horsemen. So 30½ divisions would be 61 squadrons. In this era, a squadron had about 135 horsemen at full strength.) The siege train included cannons of various calibers: 120 24-pounders, eight 18-pounders, 50 12-pounders, and 30 6-pounders. In addition, Ligne had four 100-pound mortars in Semlin.
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on 7 October. At that time the
Ottoman commander requested a 6-hour suspension, which Loudon granted. After several hours of silence, Osman Pasha and two of his officers emerged from the main gate and requested a parley. They were quickly ushered to Laudon's headquarters where the capitulation was signed. In exchange for the surrender of Belgrade on 8 October, the Ottoman garrison was given a free passage with their personal and private possessions to
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truce allowed the
Ottomans to bring food supplies into Belgrade. Marshal Hadik with the main army became seriously ill and had to be relieved of command. Emperor Joseph appointed Laudon to replace Hadik on 28 July. At this time the emperor wrote to Loudon, "Cost what it may. I want you to take Belgrade". Loudon arrived at Semlin on 14 August, met with the outgoing commander Hadik on the 16th, and conferred with the temporary commander
831:. The Ottomans launched four sorties in an attempt to delay the besiegers. For the next few days, Laudon emplaced his artillery batteries closer to the city. On the west bank of the Sava, the Prince of Ligne set up a battery at a position called the Sauspitz from which his artillery directed an effective fire against the Ottoman defenses. Recovering from a severe bout of fever and dosing himself with
793:), the town, and the suburbs. The water suburb was to the north, the Palanka suburb was south of the castle hill, and the Raitzen suburb, also to the south. To defend the city, Osman Pasha commanded a garrison of 9,000 Turks armed with 456 cannons. The Ottomans had a flotilla of 20 one-masted vessels to guard the Danube against a larger fleet of Austrian vessels.
827:(5,268 Serbs under Mihailo Mihaljevic), Abdy Pasha's relief army halted without coming to grips with Clerfayt's covering force. Orthodox Bishop Dionisios Papagiannousis provided moral and spiritual support to the besiegers. The Austrians soon dug themselves trenches to protect their gains and their sappers dug a siege parallel close to Belgrade's
742:, northwest of Belgrade and Semlin. His plan was cross the Sava on 13 September, but the timetable was accelerated when intelligence indicated that Abdy Pasha and 30,000 Ottomans were approaching. On 9 September, the Austrian advanced guard reached Banovci and the following day it crossed the Sava at
713:
arrived in May to assume command of Semlin (Zemun), which is now part of
Belgrade but was a separate town in 1789. Ligne noted that there was a truce in force at the time and that of his corps of 30,000 soldiers, only 15,000 were fit for duty because of sickness. Ligne complained in a letter that the
681:
on the Una. The siege of Novi Grad began on 10 September. After repulsing a
Turkish relief column on 20 September, Laudon ordered an assault the next day. This failed with 80 killed and 210 wounded, but a second assault on 3 October captured Novi Grad. The Austrians suffered losses of 220 killed and
569:
River and laid siege to
Belgrade with 120,000 soldiers and over 200 cannons. At the end of the month the Austrians cleared the Ottomans from the suburbs. In the face of a destructive bombardment, Osman Pasha negotiated the surrender of the city on 7 October in exchange for allowing the garrison free
850:
On the morning of 6 October 1789, the
Austrian batteries began a very intense bombardment, under which Belgrade's defenses rapidly crumbled. At 1:00 pm that day Osman Pasha demanded a 15-day suspension of military activity. Laudon replied, "Not 15 hours," and the bombardment continued until 9:00 am
697:
on the Sava with 15,900 infantry and gunners and 300 cavalry. The
Austrians crossed the Sava above and below Gradiška and began building trenches that approached the fortress. Before the place was completely invested, the Turkish garrison slipped away on the night of 8 July. The Turks left behind a
672:
On 20 August 1788, Laudon's corps repulsed an attack by the Pasha of
Travnik, inflicting 700 casualties on the Ottomans. The garrison of Dubica surrendered to the Austrians on 26 August. With the help of a flanking column under Joseph Anton Franz von Mittrowsky, the Pasha of Travnik was maneuvered
564:
to a war against
Ottoman Turkey. In 1788, the Austrians captured one fortress and seized some territory but most of their efforts were thwarted. In August 1788, Joseph appointed Laudon commander in Croatia where that general enjoyed some successes. After the commander of the main army became ill,
537:, the Austrian army was greatly hampered by illness. Austria held the city until 1791 when it handed Belgrade back to the Ottomans according to the terms of the peace treaty. Several Austrian soldiers who distinguished themselves during the siege later held important commands in the subsequent
652:
and the other two
Austrian corps were also unsuccessful. Joseph summoned Field Marshal Laudon out of retirement and appointed him to lead the corps in Croatia. By the time Laudon reached his command on 18 August 1788, his lieutenants
934:. Loudon took ill and died on 14 July 1790, after handing command of the Bohemian army to Colloredo. A truce between Austria and Turkey was arranged on 27 July 1790. This event was followed by the
765:
von Wchinitz und Tettau commanded the main siege on the east bank of the Sava while Prince of Ligne commanded on the west bank of the Sava at Semlin. Also with the army were future army commanders
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on 4 August 1791. Austria restored Belgrade and other captured territories to the Ottomans in return for a strip of land in northern Bosnia. The Ottomans came to terms with the Russians by the
930:. At the end of the year, the emperor named Loudon to command the 150,000-man army forming in Bohemia to guard against Prussia. Joseph died on 28 February 1790 and was succeeded by his brother
321:
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Jealous of Austria's success, Prussia made diplomatic contacts with the Ottomans, suggesting an offensive alliance. Alarmed at Prussia's actions, Emperor Joseph withdrew troops from the
715:
698:
single man who was supposed to blow up the powder magazine, but this individual did not carry out the plan. Austrian losses for the siege were 38 killed and 120 wounded.
875:, which was captured. Then the Austrian army blockaded Orșova, which finally surrendered in April 1790. Other Austrian forces were also successful. Saxe-Coburg occupied
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307:
1106:
689:. On 14 May 1789, Laudon returned to command the corps in Croatia which numbered 34,500 infantry and 3,000 cavalry. Colonel Andreas von Neu was Laudon's
565:
Joseph replaced him with Laudon at the end of July 1789 and ordered his new commander to capture Belgrade. In mid-September, Laudon's army crossed the
1116:”), which was most likely inspired by previous sieges of the city, while some scholars state that the composition was used to support the war effort.
880:
1074:
included details related to the siege of Belgrade in his screenplay for a play about the Field Marshal Ernst Laudon and Habsburg–Ottoman War.
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1744:
1727:
1922:
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835:, Ligne had to be half-carried by two junior officers in his inspections of the trenches. He later boasted that his guns fired 5,662
785:, later to be emperor, was also with the army. In 1789, Belgrade was located on the east bank of the Sava at its confluence with the
907:
eight days after the capture of Belgrade. However, the emperor soon snubbed Ligne, mistakenly believing that he was involved in the
613:
1728:"Austrian Generals during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars 1792-1815: M Mercy d'Argenteau, Eugen Gillis Wilhelm Graf"
1912:
1677:
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533:. After a three-week leaguer, the Austrians forced the surrender of the fortress. During the campaign which was part of the
1745:"Austrian Generals during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars 1792-1815: O O'Reilly von Ballinlough, Andreas Graf"
1927:
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970:
A number of Austrian officers who performed noteworthy service at Belgrade rose to high command during the wars with the
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210:
1762:"Austrian Generals during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars 1792-1815: R Reuss-Plauen, Heinrich XV, Fürst zu"
694:
685:
After the armies went into winter quarters, Emperor Joseph fell ill and transferred command of the main army to Marshal
1917:
1826:
Music and War: Imperial Propaganda and German Patriotism in Wartime Secular Vocal Works of Mozart, Beethoven, and Weber
1010:
761:
Loudon divided the army into three parts. Clerfayt led a covering force designed to block any Ottoman relief attempts.
534:
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221:
37:
20:
1937:
1649:
1618:
331:
1779:"Austrian Generals during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars 1792-1815: S Schmitt, (Johann) Heinrich von"
594:. Russia provoked the war with the Ottomans in 1787 by insisting that Turkey recognize a Russian protectorate over
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911:. Ligne never again held a military command. Austria soon became preoccupied by threats from the
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soon afterward. On 28 August the Ottomans attacked Mehadia but were driven off by Clerfayt.
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705:, the Austro-Russian army under Suvorov and Saxe-Coburg soundly defeated the Turks at the
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8:
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1811:
Hüttler, Michael (2013). "Theatre and Cultural Memory: The Siege of Belgrade on Stage".
1705:
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899:. The citizens of Vienna were elated by the victory. Emperor Joseph named Laudon the
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Laudon directed the army to take up the same positions that were occupied during the
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and Joseph Anton Brentano had overrun the Turkish entrenched camp near Dubica on the
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on 9 January 1792. By agreement, the Russians kept all captured lands east of the
1846:"Austrian Generals during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars 1792-1815"
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915:, by a loss of interest in the war by Russia, by the Brabant Revolution in the
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602:. When war broke out, Austrian was bound to support Russia by a secret treaty.
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612:, in a campaign in the valley of the Sava River. One independent corps led by
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during the siege. Two other high-ranking generals involved in the siege were
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1707:
Loudon: A Sketch of the Military Life of Gideon Ernest, Freiherr von Loudon
1040:
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598:. For their part, the Ottomans instigated a revolt among the Tatars in the
863:
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In 1788, Emperor Joseph personally led the main Austrian army, advised by
828:
807:
1663:. Vol. 2. Aus der Kaiserlich-königlichen Hof- und Staatsdruckerei.
836:
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45:
682:
353 wounded while total Turkish casualties during the siege were 400.
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overran Moldavia. However, Liechtenstein was defeated by the Turks at
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Infantry Regiment Nr. 29 during the siege. For his engineering work,
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On 30 August 1789, Laudon gave orders for his army to concentrate at
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Hussars in securing control of the Bexania dam on 8 September 1788.
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of the Austrian armies. Ligne received the commander's cross to the
852:
823:
on 22 September 1789 discouraged the garrison. Harassed by Austrian
730:
1859:
This is the source of the full names of Habsburg Austrian generals.
1693:
The Prince de Ligne: His Memoires, Letters and Miscellaneous Papers
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702:
637:
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71:
641:
19:
This article is about 1789 siege of Belgrade. For other uses, see
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832:
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617:
583:
855:. A prisoner exchange was also arranged between the combatants.
847:, an artillerist, and Karl Clemens von Pellegrini, an engineer.
590:, Catherine talked Joseph into joining her in a war against the
1017:
Infantry Regiment Nr. 56 during the siege. As a staff officer,
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693:. On 23 June, Laudon began operations against the fortress of
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François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt
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Der Militar-Maria-Theresien Orden und seine Mitgleider
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677:. This allowed Laudon to move against the fortress of
1813:
Open Access Research Journal for Theatre, Music, Arts
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Marengo & Hohenlinden: Napoleon's Rise to Power
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was distinguished at the siege of Belgrade in 1789.
1575:
644:(Schabatz) while Saxe-Coburg and Russian General
586:on 14 May 1787. As the two sovereigns toured the
1899:
881:Friedrich Wilhelm, Fürst zu Hohenlohe-Kirchberg
1696:. Vol. 2. Boston: Hardy, Pratt & Co.
315:
1776:
1759:
1742:
1725:
1627:
1613:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword.
1542:
1530:
1518:
1494:
1294:
781:, the last being a promising staff officer.
1690:(1902). Katharine Prescott Wormeley (ed.).
746:and established itself on high ground near
529:force under Osman Pasha in the fortress of
1824:Johanning, Wolfgang Franz Wilhelm (2019).
1658:
1636:
1554:
1482:
1446:
1148:
919:, and by troubles throughout the empire.
819:News that Suvorov and Saxe-Coburg won the
789:. The city consisted of a hilltop castle (
322:
308:
1823:
1593:
1024:distinguished himself at Belgrade. Count
16:Military action of the Austro-Turkish War
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958:
862:
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663:
640:. That year the emperor's army captured
1843:
1810:
1777:Smith, Digby; Kudrna, Leopold (2008s).
1760:Smith, Digby; Kudrna, Leopold (2008r).
1743:Smith, Digby; Kudrna, Leopold (2008o).
1726:Smith, Digby; Kudrna, Leopold (2008m).
1628:Bowden, Scotty; Tarbox, Scotty (1980).
1569:
1900:
1710:. London: Chapman & Hall. p.
1667:
1632:. Arlington, Tex.: Empire Games Press.
1608:
1506:
1366:
614:Prince Karl Borromäus of Liechtenstein
1793:
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1581:
1431:
1419:
1407:
1378:
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1220:
1035:
895:valley, and Stephan Mihaljevich took
634:Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
303:
1644:. New York, N.Y.: Harper & Row.
1642:The Encyclopedia of Military History
1097:Cossack commanders cannonading come,
628:, and a third corps under Fabris in
582:where he met Catherine the Great at
545:. Belgrade is the capital of modern
1923:Sieges involving the Ottoman Empire
1095:Boldly by battery besieged Belgrade
711:Charles-Joseph, 7th Prince of Ligne
13:
1837:
1101:Just before the start of the war,
1093:An Austrian army, awfully arrayed,
1011:Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen
578:Emperor Joseph II traveled to the
514:(15 September – 8 October 1789) a
14:
1949:
1798:. theotherpages.org Poet's Corner
978:in the period from 1792 to 1815.
949:
552:At the urging of Russian Empress
1794:Watts, Alaric Alexander (1850).
1670:Dictionary of Battles and Sieges
1000:Andreas O'Reilly von Ballinlough
258:
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149:
138:
119:
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44:
1844:Smith, Digby; Kudrna, Leopold.
905:Military Order of Maria Theresa
570:passage to a Turkish fortress.
1672:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
932:Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor
673:out of his entrenched camp at
632:. A fourth corps commanded by
339:Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791)
1:
1913:1789 in the Habsburg monarchy
1602:
573:
558:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
333:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
62:15 September – 8 October 1789
1688:Ligne, Prince Charles-Joseph
1062:in three acts to an English
954:
858:
7:
1640:; Dupuy, R. Ernest (1977).
1022:Johann Heinrich von Schmitt
1009:Regiment Nr. 13 and Oberst
871:Loudon marched the army to
757:Turkish Janissary musketeer
636:joined the Russian army in
10:
1954:
1928:1789 in the Ottoman Empire
1089:with these opening lines.
980:Eugène-Guillaume Argenteau
964:Joseph Radetzky von Radetz
845:Joseph Maria von Colloredo
815:and Laudon before Belgrade
259:
250:
189:Eugène-Guillaume Argenteau
167:Joseph Maria von Colloredo
120:
18:
1918:Battles involving Austria
1630:Armies on the Danube 1809
1609:Arnold, James R. (2005).
889:Anton Lipthay de Kisfalud
734:Belgrade's ancient castle
539:French Revolutionary Wars
347:
285:
268:
131:
100:
54:
50:Siege of Belgrade in 1789
43:
35:
30:
1938:18th century in Belgrade
1543:Smith & Kudrna 2008s
1531:Smith & Kudrna 2008r
1519:Smith & Kudrna 2008o
1495:Smith & Kudrna 2008m
1295:Bowden & Tarbox 1980
1119:
1085:is a notable example of
926:and transferred them to
725:
622:Wilhelm von Wartensleben
1796:"The Siege of Belgrade"
1659:Hirtenfeld, J. (1857).
1114:Die Belagerung Belgrads
1103:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
1026:Heinrich von Bellegarde
779:Karl Mack von Leiberich
655:Joseph Nikolaus De Vins
620:, a second corps under
523:Ernst Gideon von Laudon
244:Heinrich von Bellegarde
211:Andreas von Ballinlough
1702:Malleson, George Bruce
1483:Dupuy & Dupuy 1977
1447:Dupuy & Dupuy 1977
1149:Dupuy & Dupuy 1977
1099:
1083:Alaric Alexander Watts
1045:
967:
868:
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802:Prince Eugene of Savoy
798:1717 siege of Belgrade
758:
735:
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132:Commanders and leaders
1848:. napoleon-series.org
1781:. napoleon-series.org
1764:. napoleon-series.org
1747:. napoleon-series.org
1730:. napoleon-series.org
1668:Jaques, Tony (2007).
1091:
1079:The Siege of Belgrade
1055:The Siege of Belgrade
1043:
1028:led a portion of the
972:French First Republic
962:
866:
810:
756:
733:
667:
610:Franz Moritz von Lacy
286:Casualties and losses
1830:University of Kansas
994:earned promotion to
917:Austrian Netherlands
763:Joseph, Count Kinsky
222:Heinrich XV of Greiz
1878: /
1828:(Master of Music).
1557:, pp. 755–757.
1473:, pp. 236–238.
1461:, pp. 233–234.
1434:, pp. 118–120.
1381:, pp. 110–113.
1369:, pp. 126–127.
1223:, pp. 101–102.
1211:, pp. 224–226.
976:First French Empire
791:Kalemegdan Fortress
554:Catherine the Great
178:Karl von Pellegrini
1933:Sieges of Belgrade
1087:Alliterative verse
1046:
1036:In art and culture
968:
913:Kingdom of Prussia
909:Brabant Revolution
869:
817:
759:
736:
709:on 1 August 1789.
670:
535:Austro-Turkish War
233:Johann von Schmitt
38:Austro-Turkish War
1908:Conflicts in 1789
1882:44.817°N 20.467°E
1679:978-0-313-33537-2
1596:, pp. 12–13.
986:(colonel) of the
936:Treaty of Sistova
775:Michael von Melas
771:Johann von Hiller
707:Battle of Focșani
668:Gideon von Laudon
646:Alexander Suvorov
562:Habsburg monarchy
516:Habsburg Austrian
512:siege of Belgrade
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156:Anton von Elsnitz
114:Habsburg monarchy
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1072:Friedrich Kaiser
1070:. The dramatist
1015:Wenzel Colloredo
883:seized northern
821:Battle of Rymnik
477:Tokhtamysh River
392:Koča's rebellion
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1838:Further reading
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1044:Belgrade's flag
1038:
996:general officer
992:Franz von Lauer
957:
952:
940:Treaty of Jassy
867:Prince de Ligne
861:
800:by the army of
767:József Alvinczi
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576:
543:Napoleonic Wars
527:Ottoman Turkish
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1594:Johanning 2019
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1509:, p. 206.
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1485:, p. 699.
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1436:
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1400:
1398:, p. 232.
1383:
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1359:
1357:, p. 231.
1342:
1340:, p. 230.
1330:
1328:, p. 229.
1311:
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1268:
1266:, p. 108.
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1199:, p. 223.
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1177:
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1136:
1134:, p. 219.
1123:
1121:
1118:
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1034:
1002:commanded the
956:
953:
951:
950:Notable people
948:
944:Dniester River
860:
857:
727:
724:
691:chief of staff
592:Ottoman Empire
580:Russian Empire
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560:committed the
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1850:. Retrieved
1825:
1819:(1/2): 1–13.
1816:
1812:
1800:. Retrieved
1783:. Retrieved
1766:. Retrieved
1749:. Retrieved
1732:. Retrieved
1715:. Retrieved
1706:
1692:
1669:
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1641:
1629:
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1570:Hüttler 2013
1550:
1538:
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1490:
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1466:
1454:
1427:
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1297:, p. 4.
1290:
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1007:Chevau-léger
1003:
987:
969:
921:
891:overran the
870:
849:
818:
795:
760:
740:Novi Banovci
737:
700:
687:András Hadik
684:
671:
630:Transylvania
616:operated in
604:
577:
551:
525:besieged an
518:army led by
511:
509:
436:
101:Belligerents
79:(modern-day
36:Part of the
1885: /
1507:Arnold 2005
1367:Jaques 2007
1108:La Bataille
841:bomb shells
829:covered way
255:Osman Pasha
1902:Categories
1603:References
1582:Watts 1850
1432:Ligne 1902
1420:Ligne 1902
1408:Ligne 1902
1379:Ligne 1902
1307:Ligne 1902
1264:Ligne 1902
1252:Ligne 1902
1221:Ligne 1902
1068:James Cobb
1058:, a comic
839:and 6,083
837:round shot
748:Ostružnica
574:Background
422:Karánsebes
1077:The poem
1052:composed
1048:In 1791,
998:. Oberst
955:Austrians
885:Wallachia
877:Bucharest
873:Smederevo
859:Aftermath
825:freikorps
811:Archduke
679:Novi Grad
659:Una River
487:4th Anapa
462:Cetingrad
447:3rd Anapa
407:2nd Anapa
352:1st Anapa
1852:14 April
1802:14 April
1785:21 April
1768:21 April
1751:21 April
1734:21 April
1717:14 April
1704:(1884).
1064:libretto
1013:led the
974:and the
744:Boljevci
703:Moldavia
695:Gradiška
638:Moldavia
531:Belgrade
497:Kaliakra
437:Belgrade
397:Fidonisi
281:456 guns
269:Strength
72:Belgrade
67:Location
1873:20°28′E
1870:44°49′N
1030:Wurmser
928:Bohemia
924:Balkans
833:quinine
813:Francis
783:Francis
720:Mehadia
624:in the
618:Croatia
596:Georgia
584:Kherson
510:In the
457:Giurgiu
432:Focșani
417:Mehadia
362:Šturlić
357:Kinburn
294:Unknown
291:Unknown
274:120,900
1676:
1648:
1617:
1110:K. 535
1004:Modena
988:Laudon
984:Oberst
853:Orșova
787:Danube
650:Dubica
600:Crimea
588:Crimea
547:Serbia
482:Izmail
472:Tendra
452:Andros
442:Rymnik
402:Orșova
387:Chocim
367:Dubica
89:Result
81:Serbia
1120:Notes
1060:opera
1019:Major
893:Timok
726:Siege
642:Šabac
626:Banat
492:Măcin
467:Kerch
427:Souli
372:Šabac
279:9,000
1854:2018
1804:2018
1787:2018
1770:2018
1753:2018
1736:2018
1719:2018
1674:ISBN
1646:ISBN
1615:ISBN
982:was
777:and
567:Sava
541:and
59:Date
1712:228
1081:by
1066:by
897:Niš
718:at
701:In
1904::
1815:.
1562:^
1439:^
1386:^
1345:^
1314:^
1271:^
1228:^
1139:^
946:.
887:,
879:,
773:,
769:,
661:.
556:,
549:.
74:,
1856:.
1832:.
1817:2
1806:.
1789:.
1772:.
1755:.
1738:.
1721:.
1682:.
1654:.
1623:.
1584:.
1572:.
1545:.
1533:.
1521:.
1497:.
323:e
316:t
309:v
83:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
