57:
1173:
1143:, who declared himself Emperor on 5 February before executing Alexios IV on 8 February by strangulation. Emperor Alexios V then attempted to negotiate with the Crusaders for a withdrawal from Byzantine territory without payment, but they refused in order to avenge Alexios IV and receive the money that was promised. In March 1204, the Crusader and Venetian leadership decided on the outright conquest of Constantinople in order to settle debts, and drew up a formal agreement to divide the Byzantine Empire between them.
1202:
1112:
4390:
1397:
1184:
After a short battle approximately 70 Crusaders managed to enter the city. Some
Crusaders were eventually able to knock holes in the walls large enough for a few knights at a time to crawl through; the Venetians were also successful at scaling the walls from the sea, although there was extremely bloody fighting with the
1192:
section of the city in the northwest and used it as a base to attack the rest of the city, but while attempting to defend themselves with a wall of fire they ended up burning down even more of the city. Emperor
Alexios V fled from the city that night through the Polyandriou (Rhegium) Gate and escaped
1183:
On 12 April 1204 weather conditions finally favoured the
Crusaders as the weather cleared and a second assault on the city was ordered. A strong north wind aided the Venetian ships near the Golden Horn to come close to the city wall, which enabled attackers to seize some of the towers along the wall.
1252:
Despite their oaths and the threat of excommunication, the
Crusaders systematically assaulted the city's holy sanctuaries, destroying or seizing all that was deemed remotely of value; little was spared, and the tombs of the emperors inside the Church of the Holy Apostles fell victim to such looting
1151:
By the end of March, the combined
Crusader armies were besieging Constantinople as Emperor Alexios V began to strengthen the city's defences while conducting more active operations outside the city. By the first week of April, the Crusaders had begun their siege from their encampment in the town of
1163:
On 9 April 1204, the
Crusader and Venetian forces began an assault on the Golden Horn fortifications by crossing the waterway to the northwest wall of the city, but, because of bad weather, the assault forces were driven back when the troops that landed came under heavy archery fire in open ground
1338:
The peasants and common riff-raff jeered at those of us from
Byzantium and were thick-headed enough to call our miserable poverty and nakedness equality...Many were only too happy to accept this outrage, saying "Blessed be the Lord that we have grown rich", and buying up for next to nothing the
1276:
It was said that the total amount looted from
Constantinople was about 900,000 silver marks. The Venetians received 150,000 silver marks that was their due and the Crusaders received 50,000 silver marks. A further 100,000 silver marks were divided evenly between the Crusaders and Venetians. The
1339:
property that their fellow-countrymen were forced to offer for sale, for they had not yet had much to do with the beef-eating Latins and they did not know that they served a wine as pure and unmixed as unadulterated bile, nor that they would treat the
Byzantines with utter contempt.
1127:
was crowned
Emperor Alexios IV of the Byzantine Empire. He attempted to pacify the city, but riots between anti-Crusader Greeks and pro-Crusader Latins broke out later that month and lasted until November, during which time most of the populace began to turn against him.
1325:
Most of the Byzantine aristocracy fled the city. Amongst the ordinary people of the former empire there was no sympathy for the Byzantine elite, who were seen as having ruled the empire with increasing incompetence. The contemporary Byzantine historian and eyewitness
1740:
In April 2004, in a speech on the 800th anniversary of the capture of the city, Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I formally accepted the apology. "The spirit of reconciliation is stronger than hatred," he said during a liturgy attended by Roman Catholic Archbishop
1654:
1745:
of Lyon, France. "We receive with gratitude and respect your cordial gesture for the tragic events of the Fourth Crusade. It is a fact that a crime was committed here in the city 800 years ago." Bartholomew said his acceptance came in the spirit of
1721:, saying, "It is tragic that the assailants, who set out to secure free access for Christians to the Holy Land, turned against their brothers in the faith. The fact that they were Latin Christians fills Catholics with deep regret." In 2004, while
1293:
of Constantinople was established. Boniface was not elected as the new emperor, although the citizens seemed to consider him as such; the Venetians thought he had too many connections with the former empire because of his brother,
1496:
1513:
1009:
After the city's sacking, most of the Byzantine Empire's territories were divided up among the Crusaders. Byzantine aristocrats also established a number of small independent splinter states—one of them being the
1233:
in Venice, where they remain. As well as being seized, works of considerable artistic value were destroyed for their material value. One of the most precious works to suffer such a fate was a large
2361:
2559:
1692:
1634:
3269:
2324:
1221:, pillaged, and vandalized Constantinople for three days, during which many ancient and medieval Roman and Greek works were either seized or destroyed. The famous bronze
449:
1685:
1628:
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1330:
closed his account of the fall of the city with the following description of a column of aristocratic refugees, including the Patriarch, making their way to
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1977:
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17:
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1733:, John Paul II asked, "How can we not share, at a distance of eight centuries, the pain and disgust?" This has been regarded by some as an
1249:. Like so many other considerable artworks made of bronze, the statue was melted down for its content by the Crusaders for surplus profit.
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1405:
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158:
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never managed to reclaim all its former territory or attain its earlier economic strength, and it gradually succumbed to the rising
3913:
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228:
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1413:
866:
272:
4457:
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4242:
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1726:
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2475:
2176:
1991:
1960:
1929:
1904:
3918:
3777:
3065:
1299:
896:
739:
2909:
801:
221:
1870:
Jacobi, David (1999), "The Latin empire of Constantinople and the Frankish states in Greece", in Abulafia, David (ed.),
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335:
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and marble by the warriors. The Venetians stole religious relics and works of art, which they later took to Venice.
3411:
2468:
427:
31:
1257:
population of Constantinople, it is estimated 2,000 were killed. The Crusaders, with poor leadership, also sacked
4462:
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4383:
4205:
2737:
2505:
839:
4353:
4343:
4215:
4136:
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3394:
3338:
3259:
3126:
1776:
1771:
1120:
955:
923:
891:
849:
834:
824:
783:
262:
4210:
4200:
4115:
3870:
3655:
1580:
291:
3090:
4284:
4252:
4156:
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1655:
Joint International Commission for Theological Dialogue Between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church
1639:
1226:
1015:
935:
854:
819:
714:
704:
1750:. "The spirit of reconciliation of the resurrection... incites us toward reconciliation of our churches."
1033:
and Ottoman conquests that followed. The actions of the Crusaders, therefore, accelerated the collapse of
4008:
3650:
3497:
3254:
3005:
2252:
1101:
636:
629:
532:
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4013:
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3575:
3455:
3333:
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3152:
3121:
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in the east, and in the long run helped facilitate the later Ottoman conquests of southeastern Europe.
4188:
3712:
3568:
3353:
3244:
3131:
1644:
1029:
The Byzantine Empire was left poorer, smaller, and ultimately less able to defend itself against the
3487:
3239:
2726:
2605:
1649:
1319:
1303:
999:
805:
731:
437:
65:
1737:
to the Greek Orthodox Church for the slaughter perpetrated by the warriors of the Fourth Crusade.
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4393:
3817:
3543:
3363:
3249:
2012:
1718:
1714:
1433:
1311:
1049:
664:
1952:
1946:
1044:. Reports of Crusader looting and brutality horrified the Orthodox world; relations between the
56:
4318:
3908:
3750:
3194:
3000:
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2969:
2742:
2718:
2714:
1781:
1568:
1531:
1061:
881:
812:
669:
597:
4477:
4036:
3890:
3080:
2990:
2954:
2839:
2569:
2564:
1230:
1210:
1089:
699:
602:
592:
2302:
4279:
4262:
4083:
3842:
3807:
3690:
3627:
3622:
3157:
3100:
1610:
1479:
1464:
1350:
1295:
1222:
1206:
940:
876:
829:
2007:
8:
3189:
3105:
3095:
2959:
2722:
2710:
2597:
2387:
2130:
1574:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1246:
913:
908:
844:
709:
694:
644:
502:
472:
1172:
1139:. He turned to the Crusaders for help, but was imprisoned by the imperial chamberlain,
4267:
4257:
4131:
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3465:
2817:
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619:
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557:
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542:
537:
522:
517:
490:
467:
412:
340:
330:
153:
61:
1372:
The sack weakened the Byzantine Empire, which allowed neighbouring groups such as the
4389:
4323:
4228:
4161:
4141:
4109:
4041:
4028:
3949:
3944:
3695:
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2829:
2782:
2772:
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2172:
2156:
Globalization and Orthodox Christianity: The Transformations of a Religious Tradition
2055:
1987:
1956:
1925:
1900:
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1819:
1742:
1710:
1327:
1258:
886:
654:
571:
462:
367:
2008:"Alexius IV Angelus | Byzantine Empire, Fourth Crusade, Constantinople | Britannica"
4193:
3986:
3934:
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3797:
3590:
3580:
3358:
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2938:
2861:
2844:
2822:
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2792:
2706:
2491:
2120:; The betrayal of Byzantium. (2011) Osprey Campaign Series #237. Osprey Publishing.
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1177:
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985:
686:
649:
614:
609:
507:
477:
442:
372:
345:
179:
93:
2422:"The Medieval Russian Account of the Fourth Crusade – A New Annotated Translation"
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4171:
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3991:
3772:
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2850:
2834:
2812:
2802:
2787:
1894:
1813:
1562:
1486:
1428:
1277:
remaining 500,000 silver marks were secretly kept back by many Crusader knights.
1185:
1081:
1045:
950:
659:
584:
485:
422:
417:
392:
377:
362:
4176:
4056:
3789:
3548:
3442:
3428:
3227:
2931:
2686:
2303:"In the Footsteps of St Paul: Papal Visit to Greece, Syria & Malta – Words"
1786:
1706:
1458:
1452:
1201:
1093:
1085:
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1023:
981:
977:
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679:
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245:
174:
89:
48:
1111:
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3085:
3025:
2446:
2433:
2059:
1766:
1722:
1664:
1659:
1616:
1377:
1289:
the empire was apportioned between Venice and the crusade's leaders, and the
1030:
407:
402:
387:
357:
257:
3857:
3832:
3812:
3617:
3595:
3450:
2698:
2693:
2527:
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1713:
twice expressed sorrow for how the events transpired. In 2001, he wrote to
1315:
1307:
1290:
1003:
994:
989:
764:
674:
495:
131:
2460:
2103:. Translated by Holmes McNeal, Edgar. New York: Columbia University Press.
2088:. Translated by Holmes McNeal, Edgar. New York: Columbia University Press.
4358:
4333:
3827:
3637:
3404:
3010:
2995:
1302:, daughter and for a time heir-apparent of Manuel I. Instead they placed
1269:. The altars of these churches were smashed and torn to pieces for their
1157:
1041:
1034:
720:
512:
1104:
by Normans. Although regular trade agreements were soon resumed between
3632:
3492:
3482:
3315:
3305:
3015:
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2035:
1189:
4181:
4061:
3553:
3421:
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3300:
1983:
1596:
1331:
1262:
1092:
and his supporters in May 1182, affected political relations between
149:
2421:
2051:
761:
3707:
3607:
3558:
3416:
3348:
3136:
1502:
1254:
1242:
1238:
315:
98:
1858:
Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations
1396:
4073:
3959:
3900:
3399:
3373:
3051:
1734:
1445:
1266:
1218:
1115:
Map showing Constantinople and its walls during the Byzantine era
918:
213:
3702:
3477:
3343:
1747:
1234:
1153:
1108:
and Latin States, some Westerners sought some form of revenge.
102:
1896:
The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Middle Ages: 950–1250
1635:
Pope John Paul II's relations with the Eastern Orthodox Church
1310:
as Baldwin I of Constantinople. Boniface went on to found the
1135:
set off rioting in Constantinople in which the people deposed
2384:"In Pascha messages, Patriarchs address question of violence"
1872:
The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume V: c. 1198–c. 1300
2232:
Geschichte des lateinischen Kaiserreiches von Konstantinopel
1040:
The sack of Constantinople is considered a turning point in
3981:
1270:
1018:
and proclaim the reinstatement of the Empire. However, the
283:
2413:
The Latin Occupation in the Greek Lands – The Latin Empire
976:
occurred in April 1204 and marked the culmination of the
2325:"Pope Expresses "Sorrow" Over Sacking of Constantinople"
1318:
of the new Latin Empire. The Venetians also founded the
1164:
between Constantinople's fortifications and the shore.
1899:. Cambridge University Press. 1986. pp. 506–08.
126:
Capture and sack of Constantinople by the Crusaders
2351:
1349:Byzantine aristocratic refugees founded their own
1002:crowned as Emperor Baldwin I of Constantinople in
68:depicting the fall of Constantinople, made in 1213
2327:. Atheism.about.com. 30 June 2004. Archived from
1815:The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople
4409:
2353:"Pope says sorry for crusaders' rampage in 1204"
1874:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 525–542,
2150:
2148:
2098:
2083:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
998:, or the Latin occupation) was established and
2851:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)
2476:
2236:Geschichte des Kaisers Balduin I und Heinrich
1686:
1306:on the throne. He was crowned Emperor in the
930:Wars with the Venetians, Catalans, and others
747:
299:
229:
2145:
1948:History of the Byzantine Empire. 2, Volume 2
1798:
1131:On 25 January 1204, the death of co-Emperor
1052:were wounded for many centuries afterwards.
2490:
2415:, from the Foundation of the Hellenic World
4438:Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians
2483:
2469:
1860:, (Cambridge University Press, 1999), 143.
1852:
1850:
1848:
1693:
1679:
754:
740:
306:
292:
236:
222:
2272:
2270:
2249:"The Latin Occupation in the Greek Lands"
2036:"A Byzantine Plan for the Fourth Crusade"
1951:. University of Wisconsin Press. p.
1832:
1196:
980:. Crusaders sacked and destroyed most of
2349:
2206:A History of Byzantine State and Society
2198:
1944:
1887:
1811:
1200:
1176:The siege of Constantinople in 1204, by
1171:
1110:
208:2000 Greek civilians killed by Crusaders
4423:Sieges involving the Republic of Venice
3739:
1976:Madden, Thomas F. (29 September 2006).
1919:
1845:
27:1204 conquest during the Fourth Crusade
14:
4410:
2276:
2267:
2112:
2110:
1975:
1938:
1869:
1353:, the most notable of these being the
1229:were sent back to adorn the façade of
1213:in Venice; replicas adorn the outside.
1167:
4433:Anti-Eastern Orthodoxy in Catholicism
4307:
3738:
3523:
3215:
2882:
2503:
2464:
2079:
2077:
2033:
1979:Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice
988:. After the capture of the city, the
735:
287:
217:
3524:
2419:
2364:from the original on 12 January 2022
1123:, on 1 August 1203 the pro-Crusader
763:Byzantine–Frankish conflicts of the
3226:
2238:. Homburg v. d. Höhe 1905. pp. 1–10
2185:
2107:
1605:Catholic–Orthodox Joint Declaration
1414:Catholic–Eastern Orthodox relations
1055:
24:
2074:
1193:into the countryside to the west.
1026:over the following two centuries.
850:Constantinople & Galata (1260)
352:In the Holy Land (1095–1291)
336:Military order (religious society)
243:
30:For other sieges of the city, see
25:
4489:
4349:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
2405:
2386:. Incommunion.org. Archived from
2171:. Bloomsbury. 2014. p. 175.
1361:(a relative of Alexius III), the
193:60 war galleys and 150 transports
4388:
2193:Historical Atlas of The Crusades
1924:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 309.
1395:
1016:recapture Constantinople in 1261
992:(known to the Byzantines as the
55:
32:list of sieges of Constantinople
2738:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
2560:Constantinian–Valentinianic era
2376:
2350:Connolly, Kate (30 June 2004).
2343:
2317:
2295:
2241:
2224:
2211:
2161:
2123:
2092:
2027:
1557:Medieval reunification attempts
1121:siege of Constantinople in 1203
3823:Great Palace of Constantinople
3564:Patriarchate of Constantinople
2883:
2279:The Byzantine Empire 1025–1204
2101:The Conquest of Constantinople
2099:Robert of Clari (1936). "68".
2086:The Conquest of Constantinople
2084:Robert of Clari (1936). "62".
2000:
1969:
1913:
1863:
1777:Siege of Constantinople (1235)
1772:Siege of Constantinople (1203)
1705:Eight hundred years after the
956:Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes
458:Crusades after Acre, 1291–1399
18:Siege of Constantinople (1204)
13:
1:
4458:Battles of the Fourth Crusade
4443:1200s in the Byzantine Empire
1792:
1782:Fall of Constantinople (1453)
1581:Bull of Union with the Greeks
1380:, to gain influence (see the
1188:. The Crusaders captured the
4473:Fall of the Byzantine Empire
4285:University of Constantinople
3866:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
3216:
3016:Chartoularios tou vestiariou
2705:Byzantine successor states (
1945:Vasiliev, Aleksandr (1958).
1640:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
1280:
936:Genoese occupation of Rhodes
313:
7:
3955:Saint Catherine's Monastery
3011:Chartoularios tou sakelliou
3006:Logothetes tou stratiotikou
2504:
1840:The Varangians of Byzantium
1812:Phillips, Jonathan (2004).
1753:
1727:Patriarch of Constantinople
1241:, created by the legendary
897:Campaigns of Constantine XI
10:
4494:
4344:Neo-Byzantine architecture
4308:
2965:Comes sacrarum largitionum
2169:Byzantium and the Crusades
2118:The Fourth Crusade 1202–04
2034:Brand, Charles M. (1968).
1497:Ecclesiastical differences
1387:
1298:, who had been married to
1084:or "Latin" inhabitants of
903:Angevin–Byzantine conflict
29:
4371:
4314:
4303:
4224:
4124:
4082:
4027:
3972:
3927:
3914:Sant'Apollinare in Classe
3899:
3856:
3788:
3758:
3749:
3745:
3734:
3676:
3534:
3530:
3519:
3441:
3387:
3326:
3283:
3235:
3222:
3211:
3170:
3145:
3114:
3073:
3064:
3039:
2983:
2947:
2900:
2893:
2889:
2878:
2751:
2667:
2614:
2545:
2516:
2512:
2499:
2221:, Москва 1895, с. 359–360
1986:. pp. 83, 173, 257.
1920:Gregory, Timothy (2010).
1818:. London: Jonathan Cape.
1645:Eastern Catholic Churches
1077:
1014:, which would eventually
802:Michael I Komnenos Doukas
772:
326:Ideology and institutions
323:
273:Olive Grove of Kountouras
253:
207:
202:
185:
164:
143:
72:
54:
46:
41:
4453:Sieges of Constantinople
3488:Droungarios of the Fleet
2277:Angold, Michael (1997).
2251:. Fhw.gr. Archived from
2158:, (Routledge, 2014), 47.
1650:Eastern Catholic liturgy
1526:Further division motives
1404:This article is part of
1320:Duchy of the Archipelago
1146:
806:Theodore Komnenos Doukas
66:San Giovanni Evangelista
4002:Early Byzantine mosaics
3364:Domestic of the Schools
2013:Encyclopedia Britannica
1514:Theological differences
1434:Eastern Orthodox Church
1312:Kingdom of Thessalonica
4463:Sieges of the Crusades
4448:13th-century massacres
4319:Byzantine commonwealth
3081:Praetorian prefectures
3001:Logothetes tou genikou
2975:Quaestor sacri palatii
2970:Comes rerum privatarum
2743:Fall of Constantinople
2682:Sack of Constantinople
1922:A History of Byzantium
1569:Second Council of Lyon
1538:Sack of Constantinople
1532:Massacre of the Latins
1382:Byzantine–Ottoman wars
1347:
1214:
1197:Sack of Constantinople
1180:
1116:
1069:
1062:Massacre of the Latins
974:sack of Constantinople
946:Byzantine–Venetian War
861:Conflicts in the Morea
165:Commanders and leaders
42:Sack of Constantinople
4019:Komnenian renaissance
4014:Macedonian period art
3919:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
3891:Walls of Thessaloniki
2991:Logothetes tou dromou
2606:Twenty Years' Anarchy
2570:Valentinianic dynasty
2565:Constantinian dynasty
1336:
1204:
1175:
1160:from Constantinople.
1114:
1080:), a massacre of the
984:, the capital of the
961:Byzantine–Genoese War
855:Constantinople (1261)
840:Constantinople (1241)
835:Constantinople (1235)
789:Constantinople (1204)
784:Constantinople (1203)
203:Casualties and losses
130:Establishment of the
4216:Units of measurement
3950:Panagia Gorgoepikoos
3843:Pammakaristos Church
3691:Corpus Juris Civilis
3642:Missionary activity
3101:Exarchate of Ravenna
2927:Imperial bureaucracy
1719:Archbishop of Athens
1611:Balamand declaration
1296:Renier of Montferrat
1245:, court sculptor of
1207:Horses of Saint Mark
1102:sack of Thessalonica
3740:Culture and society
3603:Ecumenical councils
3106:Exarchate of Africa
3096:Quaestura exercitus
2960:Magister officiorum
2955:Praetorian prefects
2598:Byzantine Dark Ages
2447:41.0167°N 28.9769°E
2443: /
2281:. pp. 327–28.
2219:История на Бизантия
2154:Victor Roudometof,
1729:, was visiting the
1575:Council of Florence
1367:Despotate of Epirus
1363:Empire of Trebizond
1322:in the Aegean Sea.
1304:Baldwin of Flanders
1247:Alexander the Great
1168:Capture of the city
1090:Andronikos Komnenos
1070:Massacro dei Latini
1000:Baldwin of Flanders
919:Licario's campaigns
867:Grove of Kountouras
710:Crusade of the Poor
4157:Flags and insignia
3803:Baths of Zeuxippus
3686:Codex Theodosianus
3576:Oriental Orthodoxy
2534:Later Roman Empire
1629:Havana Declaration
1287:prearranged treaty
1231:St Mark's Basilica
1215:
1211:St Mark's Basilica
1181:
1117:
813:Nicaean–Latin wars
795:Epirote–Latin wars
637:Against Christians
341:Crusade indulgence
331:Crusading movement
268:2nd Constantinople
263:1st Constantinople
154:Republic of Venice
4468:Looting in Turkey
4428:Conflicts in 1204
4405:
4404:
4367:
4366:
4324:Byzantine studies
4299:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4110:Alexander Romance
3968:
3967:
3945:Nea Moni of Chios
3808:Blachernae Palace
3730:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3696:Code of Justinian
3544:Eastern Orthodoxy
3515:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3437:
3436:
3311:Scholae Palatinae
3207:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3172:Foreign relations
3166:
3165:
3060:
3059:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2673:(1204–1453)
2420:Savignac, David.
2255:on 7 January 2010
2178:978-1-7809-3736-6
1993:978-0-8018-9184-7
1962:978-0-299-80926-3
1931:978-1-4051-8471-7
1906:978-0-521-26645-1
1856:Donald M. Nicol,
1743:Philippe Barbarin
1711:Pope John Paul II
1703:
1702:
1359:Theodore Laskaris
1344:Nicetas Choniates
1328:Nicetas Choniates
1209:displayed inside
1078:Σφαγή τῶν Λατίνων
1050:Orthodox Churches
969:
968:
729:
728:
715:Shepherds' (1320)
705:Shepherds' (1251)
689:(1096–1320)
639:(1209–1588)
574:(1147–1410)
452:(1291–1717)
281:
280:
212:
211:
139:
138:
16:(Redirected from
4485:
4392:
4305:
4304:
4248:Imperial Library
4194:Byzantine Greeks
3935:Daphni Monastery
3886:Panagia Chalkeon
3881:Hagios Demetrios
3848:Prison of Anemas
3798:Basilica Cistern
3756:
3755:
3747:
3746:
3736:
3735:
3591:West Syriac Rite
3581:Alexandrian Rite
3532:
3531:
3525:Religion and law
3521:
3520:
3456:Maritime themata
3412:Palaiologan army
3265:Military manuals
3233:
3232:
3224:
3223:
3213:
3212:
3071:
3070:
3047:Megas logothetes
2898:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2880:
2879:
2753:By modern region
2674:
2621:
2620:(717–1204)
2552:
2514:
2513:
2501:
2500:
2492:Byzantine Empire
2485:
2478:
2471:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2452:41.0167; 28.9769
2448:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2425:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2355:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2331:on 7 August 2011
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2274:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2245:
2239:
2228:
2222:
2217:Герцберг, Г. Ф.
2215:
2209:
2202:
2196:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2165:
2159:
2152:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2127:
2121:
2114:
2105:
2104:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1867:
1861:
1854:
1843:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1809:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1623:Ravenna Document
1544:Pratulin Martyrs
1478:Reasons for the
1399:
1392:
1391:
1376:, and later the
1374:Sultanate of Rum
1355:Empire of Nicaea
1351:successor states
1345:
1253:as well. Of the
1178:Palma il Giovane
1098:Byzantine Empire
1079:
1056:Before the siege
1042:medieval history
1012:Empire of Nicaea
986:Byzantine Empire
767:
756:
749:
742:
733:
732:
443:Fall of Outremer
346:Papal income tax
318:
308:
301:
294:
285:
284:
248:
238:
231:
224:
215:
214:
180:Alexios V Doukas
159:Byzantine Empire
114:Crusader victory
94:Byzantine Empire
80:12–15 April 1204
74:
73:
59:
39:
38:
21:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4398:
4363:
4339:Cyrillic script
4310:
4291:
4236:
4220:
4120:
4102:Digenes Akritas
4078:
4023:
3964:
3928:Other locations
3923:
3895:
3852:
3784:
3773:Cross-in-square
3741:
3722:
3672:
3526:
3507:
3433:
3383:
3379:Varangian Guard
3322:
3296:East Roman army
3291:Late Roman army
3279:
3218:
3199:
3162:
3141:
3110:
3056:
3035:
3031:Epi ton deeseon
3021:Epi tou eidikou
2979:
2943:
2885:
2866:
2853:
2756:
2754:
2747:
2733:Palaiologan era
2675:
2672:
2663:
2634:Nikephorian era
2622:
2619:
2610:
2553:
2551:(330–717)
2550:
2541:
2521:
2508:
2495:
2489:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2408:
2403:
2393:
2391:
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2367:
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2348:
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2318:
2308:
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2301:
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2296:
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2275:
2268:
2258:
2256:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2229:
2225:
2216:
2212:
2203:
2199:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2153:
2146:
2136:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2116:David Nicolle,
2115:
2108:
2097:
2093:
2082:
2075:
2052:10.2307/2855839
2032:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1868:
1864:
1855:
1846:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1810:
1799:
1795:
1756:
1699:
1670:
1669:
1600:
1588:
1587:
1563:Council of Bari
1558:
1550:
1549:
1527:
1519:
1518:
1508:differing views
1491:differing views
1487:Papal supremacy
1482:
1471:
1470:
1448:
1438:
1429:Catholic Church
1390:
1346:
1343:
1285:According to a
1283:
1199:
1170:
1149:
1125:Alexios Angelos
1100:and led to the
1088:by the usurper
1058:
1020:restored Empire
970:
965:
768:
762:
760:
730:
725:
695:People's (1096)
319:
314:
312:
282:
277:
249:
244:
242:
197:
192:
173:
152:
127:
120:
106:
96:
60:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4491:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4418:1204 in Europe
4403:
4402:
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4399:
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4396:
4386:
4381:
4375:
4372:
4369:
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4315:
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4297:
4296:
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4290:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4277:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4094:
4088:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4033:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4005:
4004:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3978:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3905:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3871:Byzantine Bath
3868:
3862:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3794:
3792:
3790:Constantinople
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3765:
3759:
3753:
3743:
3742:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3688:
3682:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3549:Byzantine Rite
3540:
3538:
3528:
3527:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3453:
3447:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3429:Grand domestic
3426:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3395:Komnenian army
3391:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3270:Military units
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3240:Battle tactics
3236:
3230:
3220:
3219:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2932:Medieval Greek
2924:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2901:
2895:
2887:
2886:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2826:
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2820:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2759:
2757:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2687:Fourth Crusade
2678:
2676:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2644:Macedonian era
2641:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2577:Theodosian era
2574:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2556:
2554:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2524:
2522:
2517:
2510:
2509:
2497:
2496:
2488:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2465:
2427:
2426:
2417:
2407:
2406:External links
2404:
2402:
2401:
2390:on 13 May 2009
2375:
2342:
2316:
2294:
2287:
2266:
2240:
2223:
2210:
2204:W. Treadgold,
2197:
2184:
2177:
2160:
2144:
2122:
2106:
2091:
2073:
2046:(3): 462–475.
2026:
1999:
1992:
1968:
1961:
1937:
1930:
1912:
1905:
1886:
1880:
1862:
1844:
1831:
1824:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1787:List of sieges
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1755:
1752:
1707:Fourth Crusade
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1675:
1672:
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1668:
1667:
1662:
1657:
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1516:
1511:
1499:
1494:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1462:
1459:Photian schism
1456:
1453:Acacian schism
1449:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1401:
1400:
1389:
1386:
1341:
1282:
1279:
1217:The Crusaders
1198:
1195:
1169:
1166:
1148:
1145:
1141:Alexios Doukas
1119:Following the
1094:Western Europe
1086:Constantinople
1082:Roman Catholic
1057:
1054:
1024:Ottoman Empire
982:Constantinople
978:Fourth Crusade
967:
966:
964:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
932:
931:
927:
926:
921:
916:
911:
905:
904:
900:
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894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
863:
862:
858:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
816:
815:
809:
808:
797:
796:
792:
791:
786:
780:
779:
777:Fourth Crusade
773:
770:
769:
759:
758:
751:
744:
736:
727:
726:
718:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
683:
682:
680:Spanish Armada
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
633:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
606:
605:
600:
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587:
582:
568:
567:
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530:
525:
520:
510:
505:
500:
499:
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488:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
450:Later Crusades
446:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
349:
348:
343:
338:
333:
324:
321:
320:
311:
310:
303:
296:
288:
279:
278:
276:
275:
270:
265:
260:
254:
251:
250:
246:Fourth Crusade
241:
240:
233:
226:
218:
210:
209:
205:
204:
200:
199:
198:20 war galleys
194:
188:
187:
183:
182:
177:
175:Enrico Dandolo
167:
166:
162:
161:
156:
146:
145:
141:
140:
137:
136:
135:
134:
128:
122:
116:
115:
112:
108:
107:
90:Constantinople
88:
86:
82:
81:
78:
70:
69:
64:mosaic in the
52:
51:
49:Fourth Crusade
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4490:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
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4459:
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4360:
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4306:
4302:
4286:
4283:
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4276:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4243:Encyclopedias
4241:
4240:
4238:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
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4192:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4167:Hellenization
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4125:Everyday life
4123:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4097:Acritic songs
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4075:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
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4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3940:Hosios Loukas
3938:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
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3898:
3892:
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3879:
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3864:
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3855:
3849:
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3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3697:
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3683:
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3679:
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3669:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3613:Monophysitism
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3586:Armenian Rite
3584:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
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3550:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3518:
3504:
3503:Naval battles
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3469:
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3464:
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3459:
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3454:
3452:
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3444:
3440:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3210:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3026:Protasekretis
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
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2958:
2956:
2953:
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2946:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2918:
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2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2877:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2750:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2654:Komnenian era
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2592:Heraclian era
2590:
2588:
2587:Justinian era
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2549:
2544:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2486:
2481:
2479:
2474:
2472:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2423:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2363:
2359:
2358:The Telegraph
2354:
2346:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2304:
2298:
2290:
2288:0-582-29468-1
2284:
2280:
2273:
2271:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2220:
2214:
2207:
2201:
2194:
2188:
2180:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2132:
2126:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2102:
2095:
2087:
2080:
2078:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2003:
1995:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1908:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1881:0-521-36289-X
1877:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1841:
1835:
1827:
1825:9781448114528
1821:
1817:
1816:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1767:Siege of Zara
1765:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1723:Bartholomew I
1720:
1716:
1715:Christodoulos
1712:
1708:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1666:
1665:Sister church
1663:
1661:
1660:Papal primacy
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1617:Dominus Iesus
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
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1451:
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1447:
1442:
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1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1378:Ottoman Turks
1375:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1300:Maria Comnena
1297:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1205:The original
1203:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1174:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
996:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
929:
928:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
906:
902:
901:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
864:
860:
859:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
817:
814:
811:
810:
807:
803:
800:Campaigns of
799:
798:
794:
793:
790:
787:
785:
782:
781:
778:
775:
774:
771:
766:
757:
752:
750:
745:
743:
738:
737:
734:
724:
722:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
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693:
692:
691:
690:
688:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
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663:
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638:
631:
628:
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623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
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588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
577:
576:
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573:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
515:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
497:
494:
492:
489:
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484:
483:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
455:
454:
453:
451:
444:
441:
439:
438:Lord Edward's
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
355:
354:
353:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
328:
327:
322:
317:
309:
304:
302:
297:
295:
290:
289:
286:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
255:
252:
247:
239:
234:
232:
227:
225:
220:
219:
216:
206:
201:
195:
190:
189:
184:
181:
178:
176:
172:
169:
168:
163:
160:
157:
155:
151:
148:
147:
142:
133:
129:
125:
124:
123:
118:
117:
113:
110:
109:
104:
100:
95:
91:
87:
84:
83:
79:
76:
75:
71:
67:
63:
58:
53:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4478:Hagia Sophia
4108:
3876:Hagia Sophia
3858:Thessalonica
3833:Hagia Sophia
3813:Chora Church
3751:Architecture
3628:Great Schism
3618:Paulicianism
3596:Miaphysitism
3451:Karabisianoi
2755:or territory
2715:Thessalonica
2699:Latin Empire
2694:Frankokratia
2681:
2669:
2629:Isaurian era
2616:
2547:
2532:
2528:Roman Empire
2518:
2428:
2412:
2392:. Retrieved
2388:the original
2378:
2366:. Retrieved
2357:
2345:
2333:. Retrieved
2329:the original
2319:
2307:. Retrieved
2297:
2278:
2257:. Retrieved
2253:the original
2243:
2235:
2231:
2230:Gerland, Е.
2226:
2218:
2213:
2205:
2200:
2192:
2187:
2168:
2163:
2155:
2135:. Retrieved
2125:
2117:
2100:
2094:
2085:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2019:25 September
2017:. Retrieved
2011:
2002:
1978:
1971:
1947:
1940:
1921:
1915:
1895:
1889:
1871:
1865:
1857:
1839:
1838:S. Blondal,
1834:
1814:
1761:Frankokratia
1759:
1739:
1704:
1577:(1438–1445)
1537:
1501:
1480:Great Schism
1465:Great Schism
1371:
1348:
1337:
1324:
1316:vassal state
1308:Hagia Sophia
1291:Latin Empire
1284:
1275:
1251:
1216:
1182:
1162:
1150:
1130:
1118:
1059:
1039:
1028:
1008:
1004:Hagia Sophia
995:Frankokratia
993:
990:Latin Empire
973:
971:
882:Saint George
788:
765:Frankokratia
719:
685:
684:
635:
634:
570:
569:
513:Holy Leagues
448:
447:
351:
350:
325:
267:
144:Belligerents
132:Latin Empire
97:(modern-day
47:Part of the
36:
4359:Megali Idea
4334:Byzantinism
4037:Agriculture
3828:Hagia Irene
3661:Kievan Rus'
3638:Mount Athos
3461:Cibyrrhaeot
3405:Vestiaritai
3260:Mercenaries
3137:Catepanates
2996:Sakellarios
2915:Family tree
2840:Mesopotamia
2659:Angelid era
2639:Amorian era
2450: /
2259:29 December
2234:. 1. Teil:
2137:30 December
1263:monasteries
1158:Golden Horn
1156:across the
1035:Christendom
820:Adramyttion
721:Reconquista
670:Despenser's
645:Albigensian
473:Alexandrian
119:Territorial
4412:Categories
4354:Third Rome
4280:University
4263:Philosophy
4253:Inventions
4116:Historians
4084:Literature
4067:Varangians
3909:San Vitale
3838:Hippodrome
3818:City Walls
3718:Mutilation
3713:Hexabiblos
3633:Bogomilism
3623:Iconoclasm
3493:Megas doux
3483:Greek fire
3466:Aegean Sea
3339:Kleisourai
3316:Excubitors
3306:Bucellarii
3158:Despotates
3127:Kleisourai
3066:Provincial
2910:Coronation
2884:Governance
2649:Doukid era
2582:Leonid era
2438:28°58′37″E
2435:41°01′00″N
2305:. Ewtn.com
2133:. Clir.org
1793:References
1237:statue of
1227:Hippodrome
1190:Blachernae
1186:Varangians
1137:Alexios IV
941:Settepozzi
877:Makryplagi
830:Poimanenon
723:(722–1492)
700:Children's
620:Lithuanian
171:Boniface I
4182:Octoechos
4062:Silk Road
3554:Hesychasm
3422:Paramonai
3369:Hetaireia
3301:Foederati
3190:Diplomacy
3185:Diplomats
3091:Provinces
2920:Empresses
2723:Trebizond
2519:Preceding
2368:1 January
2191:Konstam,
2131:"Preface"
2060:0038-7134
1984:JHU Press
1599:relations
1461:(863–867)
1455:(484–519)
1332:Selymbria
1281:Aftermath
1225:from the
1106:Byzantine
914:Demetrias
909:Neopatras
892:Echinades
845:Pelagonia
825:Rhyndacus
655:Stedinger
503:Nicopolis
468:Smyrniote
463:Aragonese
368:Norwegian
150:Crusaders
4275:Scholars
4268:Rhetoric
4258:Medicine
4233:Learning
4132:Calendar
4009:Painters
3708:Basilika
3646:Bulgaria
3608:Arianism
3559:Hayhurum
3536:Religion
3498:Admirals
3417:Allagion
3349:Droungos
3255:Generals
3217:Military
3180:Treaties
3086:Dioceses
2905:Emperors
2818:Sardinia
2798:Dalmatia
2778:Bulgaria
2768:Anatolia
2727:Theodoro
2721: /
2717: /
2709: /
2362:Archived
2040:Speculum
1754:See also
1597:ecumenic
1503:Filioque
1420:Overview
1406:a series
1365:and the
1342:—
1267:convents
1259:churches
1255:civilian
1243:Lysippos
1239:Hercules
1133:Isaac II
1096:and the
1046:Catholic
872:Prinitza
665:Bohemian
650:Drenther
615:Prussian
610:Livonian
589:Swedish
572:Northern
482:Barbary
478:Savoyard
373:Venetian
316:Crusades
186:Strength
99:Istanbul
85:Location
62:Venetian
4384:Outline
4329:Museums
4229:Science
4206:Slavery
4162:Gardens
4142:Cuisine
4074:Dynatoi
4042:Coinage
4029:Economy
3997:Mosaics
3960:Mystras
3901:Ravenna
3763:Secular
3651:Moravia
3400:Pronoia
3374:Akritai
3359:Tagmata
3334:Themata
3275:Revolts
3245:Battles
3153:Kephale
3122:Themata
3052:Mesazon
2894:Central
2830:Maghreb
2783:Corsica
2773:Armenia
2763:Albania
2506:History
2068:2855839
1735:apology
1731:Vatican
1595:Modern
1467:(1054–)
1446:Schisms
1388:Apology
1066:Italian
887:Gardiki
687:Popular
675:Hussite
660:Bosnian
625:Russian
585:Wendish
428:Catalan
418:Seventh
413:Barons'
121:changes
4394:Portal
4309:Impact
4189:People
4137:Cities
3987:Enamel
3768:Sacred
3703:Ecloga
3569:Saints
3478:Dromon
3354:Bandon
3344:Tourma
3327:Middle
3250:Beacon
3132:Bandon
3115:Middle
2984:Middle
2939:Senate
2862:Thrace
2845:Serbia
2823:Sicily
2808:Greece
2793:Cyprus
2711:Epirus
2707:Nicaea
2617:Middle
2494:topics
2394:18 May
2335:18 May
2309:18 May
2285:
2175:
2066:
2058:
1990:
1959:
1928:
1903:
1878:
1822:
1748:Pascha
1631:(2016)
1625:(2007)
1619:(2000)
1613:(1993)
1607:(1965)
1571:(1274)
1565:(1098)
1546:(1874)
1540:(1204)
1534:(1182)
1357:under
1235:bronze
1223:horses
1219:looted
1154:Galata
1031:Seljuk
580:Kalmar
433:Eighth
398:Fourth
383:Second
196:15,000
191:22,000
111:Result
103:Turkey
4379:Index
4211:Death
4201:Women
4172:Music
4152:Dress
4147:Dance
4092:Novel
4052:Trade
4047:Mints
3992:Glass
3982:Icons
3778:Domes
3656:Serbs
3471:Samos
3284:Early
3074:Early
2948:Early
2857:Syria
2835:Malta
2813:Italy
2803:Egypt
2788:Crete
2719:Morea
2548:Early
2208:, 663
2195:, 162
2064:JSTOR
1842:, 164
1147:Siege
1074:Greek
951:Apros
924:Berat
630:Tatar
508:Varna
408:Sixth
403:Fifth
388:Third
358:First
4177:Lyra
4057:silk
3668:Jews
3443:Navy
3388:Late
3228:Army
3195:Wars
3146:Late
3040:Late
2670:Late
2396:2009
2370:2017
2337:2009
2311:2009
2283:ISBN
2261:2008
2173:ISBN
2139:2008
2056:ISSN
2021:2023
1988:ISBN
1957:ISBN
1926:ISBN
1901:ISBN
1876:ISBN
1820:ISBN
1314:, a
1271:gold
1265:and
1060:The
1048:and
972:The
804:and
603:1293
598:1249
593:1150
563:1717
558:1684
553:1594
548:1571
543:1538
538:1535
533:1526
528:1511
523:1495
518:1332
496:1399
491:1398
486:1390
423:1267
393:1197
378:1129
363:1101
258:Zara
77:Date
3974:Art
3678:Law
2048:doi
1953:446
1384:).
4414::
2360:.
2356:.
2269:^
2147:^
2109:^
2076:^
2062:.
2054:.
2044:43
2042:.
2038:.
2010:.
1982:.
1955:.
1847:^
1800:^
1725:,
1717:,
1709:,
1408:on
1369:.
1334::
1261:,
1076::
1072:;
1068::
1006:.
101:,
92:,
2729:)
2725:–
2713:–
2600:"
2596:"
2484:e
2477:t
2470:v
2424:.
2398:.
2372:.
2339:.
2313:.
2291:.
2263:.
2181:.
2141:.
2070:.
2050::
2023:.
1996:.
1965:.
1934:.
1909:.
1828:.
1694:e
1687:t
1680:v
1510:)
1506:(
1493:)
1489:(
1064:(
755:e
748:t
741:v
307:e
300:t
293:v
237:e
230:t
223:v
105:)
34:.
20:)
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