777:
692:
184:
141:
202:
164:
967:
admitted to
Drogheda arrived in 1649, as part of the alliance between the Irish Confederates and English Royalists. Historian John Morrill has argued that, in fact, it was English Royalist officers who were singled out for the most ruthless treatment—being denied quarter, executed after being taken prisoner and whose heads were publicly displayed on pikes. From this viewpoint, he argued that by "barbarous wretches" Cromwell meant the Royalists, who in Cromwell's view had refused to accept "the judgement of God" in deciding the civil war in England and were needlessly prolonging the
152:
529:
884:. They were asked to surrender, but they refused, so a guard was placed on the towers and the Parliamentarians waited, confident that hunger would force them to capitulate. When the occupants of the towers surrendered, they were treated differently. Those in one tower, numbering between 120 and 140 men, had killed and wounded some of the guards. All of the officers in that tower were killed, and the ranks were decimated. The remainder of the men from the first tower, along with the soldiers in the other were deported to Barbados.
959:
1738:
982:, have claimed that Cromwell's orders were not exceptionally cruel by the standards of the day, which were that a fortified town that refused an offer of surrender, and was subsequently taken by assault, was not entitled to quarter. However, others have argued that while, "Arthur Aston had refused a summons to surrender, thereby technically forfeiting the lives of the garrison in the event of a successful assault... the sheer scale of the killing was simply unprecedented".
194:
822:
873:
84:
742:
have besieged the North Town and the South Town, we could not have had such a correspondency between the two parts of our Army, but that they might have chosen to have brought their Army, and have fought with which part 'of ours' they pleased,—and at the same time have made a sally with 2,000 men upon us, and have left their walls manned; they having in the Town the number hereafter specified, but some say near 4,000.
802:
regiments before it succeeded, the second wave climbing over "a heaped pile of their comrades' corpses." At the southern breach, the defenders counterattacked. The death of their commander, Colonel Wall, caused them to fall back, allowing further
Parliamentary reinforcements to be funnelled into the breach. In the fighting at the walls some 150 Parliamentarian troops, including Colonel Castle, were killed.
536:
550:
564:
974:
The second part of
Cromwell's statement, that the massacre would "tend to prevent the effusion of blood for the future," is accepted to mean that such harshness, including such tactics as clubbing to death and the public displaying of heads, would discourage future resistance and prevent further loss
930:
The week after the storming of
Drogheda, the Royalist press in England claimed that 2,000 of the 3,000 dead were civilians, a theme that was taken up both in English Royalist and Irish Catholic accounts. Irish clerical sources in the 1660s claimed that 4,000 civilians had died at Drogheda, denouncing
895:
However, Colonel John Hewson wrote "those in the towers being about 200, did yield to the
General's mercy, where most of them have their lives and be sent to Barbados." Other reports spoke of 400 military prisoners. Some of the garrison escaped over the northern wall, while according to one Royalist
765:
Sir, having brought the army of the
Parliament of England before this place, to reduce it to obedience, to the end that the effusion of blood may be prevented, I thought fit to summon you to deliver the same into my hands to their use. If this be refused, you will have no cause to blame me. I expect
682:
Cromwell's tactics at
Drogheda were determined by a need to take the ports on Ireland's east coast quickly to ensure re-supply for his troops. The normal "campaigning season," when armies could live off the land, ran from spring to autumn. Since he had landed in Ireland late in the year, campaigning
926:
The only surviving civilian account of the siege is from Dean
Bernard, a Protestant cleric, though a Royalist. He says that while some 30 of his parishioners were sheltering in his house, Parliamentarian troops fired in through the windows, killing one civilian and wounding another. They then broke
891:
Cromwell wrote on 16 September 1649: "I believe we put to the sword the whole number of the defendants. I do not think thirty of the whole number escaped with their lives. Those that did, are in safe custody for the
Barbadoes." Specifically, he listed Royalist casualties as 60 officers, 220 cavalry
757:
The
Parliamentary commander set up his batteries at two points near the Duleek gate, on either side of St Mary's Church, where they would have an interlocking field of fire. Having opened two breaches in the walls, one to the south and the other to the east of the church, he called on the Royalists
1124:
Mark Levene points out that "nly three years before in 1646 Sir William Temple a distinguished parliamentary lawyer had published a semi-official account of the 1641 rebellion, apparently sober and factual, full of grisly detail, setting total Protestant casualties at the appalling figure of three
966:
However, as Cromwell was aware, Drogheda had not fallen to the Irish rebels in 1641, or to the Irish Confederate forces in the years that followed. The garrison was in fact English as well as Irish and comprised Catholics and Protestants of both nationalities. The first Irish Catholic troops to be
741:
The officers and soldiers of this Garrison were the flower of their Army. And their great expectation was, that our attempting this place would put fair to ruin us: they being confident of the resolution of their men, and the advantage of the place. If we had divided our force into two-quarters to
801:
At 5:00 PM, on 11 September, Cromwell ordered simultaneous assaults on the southern and eastern breaches in the walls of Drogheda. Three regiments attacked the breaches, gaining a foothold in the south but being beaten back in the east. Cromwell had to reinforce the eastern attack with two more
943:
I am persuaded that this is a righteous judgement of God on these barbarous wretches, who have imbrued their hands with so much innocent blood; and that it will tend to prevent the effusion of blood for the future, which are satisfactory grounds for such actions which cannot otherwise but work
837:
After breaking into the town, the Parliamentarian soldiers pursued the defenders through the streets and into private properties, sacking churches and defensible positions as they went. There was a drawbridge that could have stopped the attackers reaching the northern part of the town, but the
861:
in England in 1647–48, but had carried on fighting for King Charles in Ireland. From the Cromwellian point of view, they had broken their parole and could be executed; from the Royalist point of view they had only agreed to parole terms in England, and Ireland was a separate jurisdiction.
805:
After the death of Colonel Wall with more and more Parliamentary soldiers streaming into the breaches, the Royalist resistance at the walls collapsed. The surviving defenders tried to flee across the River Boyne into the northern part of the town while Aston and 250 others took refuge in
923:, a military chaplain on Cromwell's council of war, gave the total loss of life as 3,552, of whom about 2,800 were soldiers, meaning that between 700 and 800 civilians were killed. John Barratt wrote in 2009, "there are no reliable reports from either side that many were killed".
887:
The heads of 16 Royalist officers were cut off and sent to Dublin, where they were stuck on pikes on the approach roads. Any Catholic clergy found within the town were clubbed to death or "knocked on the head" as Cromwell put it including two who were executed the following day.
713:
Cromwell positioned his forces on the south side of the River Boyne in order to concentrate them for the assault, leaving the northern side of the town open and covered by a small screen of cavalry. A squadron of Parliamentarian ships also blockaded the harbour of the town.
618:. After Aston rejected an invitation to surrender, the town was stormed and much of the garrison executed, along with an unknown but "significant number" of civilians. The aftermath of the siege is viewed as an atrocity which still impacts Cromwell's modern reputation.
975:
of life. Another of Cromwell's officers wrote, "such extraordinary severity was designed to discourage others from making opposition." Indeed, the neighbouring garrisons of Trim and Dundalk surrendered or fled when they heard the news of what had happened at Drogheda.
911:, an Anglo-Irish Episcopalian, was dining when an English Parliamentary soldier entered and whispered something to him. Boyle stood up to follow the soldier, his hostess inquired where he was going, and he replied, "Madam, to die". He was shot after leaving the room.
1111:"the implications of this sequence of events for the town's Catholics do not require any further explanation ... according to the one surviving civilian account of the storming of Drogheda, the New Model Army deliberately attacked non-combatants in their homes" (
853:
According to Axtell, the disarmed men were then taken to a windmill and killed about an hour after they had surrendered. Aston was reportedly beaten to death with his own wooden leg, which the Parliamentarian soldiers believed had gold hidden inside.
907:, an Englishman, was walking with Cromwell, when he was called aside by a former acquaintance who said he wished to converse with him, but instead of a friendly greeting, he was run through with a sword. Two days afterwards, Lieutenant-Colonel
784:
The contemporary laws of war were clear: if surrender was refused and a garrison was taken by assault, then its defenders could lawfully be killed. That is; acceptance of a surrender of the besieged after the storming of the breach was at the
993:, where 100 soldiers out of 400 were killed after a successful assault. "So the Drogheda massacre does stand out for its mercilessness, for its combination of ruthlessness and calculation, for its combination of hot-and-cold bloodiness."
706:. These were high but relatively thin, making them vulnerable to cannon fire. Most of the town was situated on the northern bank of the River Boyne but its two main gates, the Dublin and Duleek, were south of the river along with the
683:
through the winter necessitated securing a constant re-supply from the sea. He, therefore, favoured rapid assaults on fortified places using his siege artillery, rather than time-consuming blockades to secure the all-important ports.
792:
Aston refused to surrender even though the garrison of Drogheda was critically short of gunpowder and ammunition. Their hope was that Ormonde, nearby at Tercroghan with some 4,000 Royalist troops, would come to their relief.
829:
Cromwell, upon riding into the town, was enraged by the sight of heaps of Parliamentarian dead at the breaches. Morrill states "it was the sight of fallen comrades that was the occasion of Cromwell issuing the order for
675:. On 23 August, the Royalists held a Council of War at Drogheda, which decided to hold the town. The garrison contained four regiments totalling around 2,550 men, a mixture of Royalist and Confederate troops under
927:
into the house firing their weapons, but were stopped from killing those inside when an officer known to Bernard identified them as Protestants. The fate of Irish Catholic civilians may therefore have been worse.
1085:) and Hewson reported that "the steeple was fired and then fifty of them got out at the top of the church, but the enraged soldiers put them all to the sword, and thirty of them were burnt in the fire." (
1814:
699:
Cromwell arrived at Drogheda on 3 September and his siege guns, brought up by sea, arrived two days later. His total force was about 12,000 men and eleven heavy, 48-pounder, siege artillery pieces.
948:
Historians have interpreted the first part of this passage, "the righteous judgement of God," in two ways. Firstly, as a justification for the massacre of the Drogheda garrison in reprisal for the
1098:
The details in the Buck's letter indicates that Cromwell's order to put all those on Mill-Mount to the sword was not completely obeyed as Sir Edmund Verney was in command on the Mount (
846:
Some 200 Royalists under Aston had barricaded themselves in Millmount Fort overlooking the south-eastern gate, while the rest of the town was being sacked. Parliamentarian colonel,
876:
Drogheda from the south. In the foreground is the River Boyne, which the defenders fled over. Centre is St Peter's Church, where about 30 Royalist soldiers were burned to death.
834:." In Cromwell's words, "In the heat of the action, I forbade them to spare any that were in arms in the town...and, that night they put to the sword about two thousand men".
869:, on Cromwell's orders, set fire to the church steeple. Around 30 of the defenders were burned to death in the fire and 50 more were killed outside when they fled the flames.
283:
1836:
Clifton, Robin (1999). "'An Indiscriminate Blackness'? Massacre, Counter-Massacre, and Ethnic Cleansing in Ireland 1640–1660". In Levene, Mark; Roberts, Penny (eds.).
989:, the massacre at Drogheda, "was without straightforward parallel in 17th century British or Irish history." The only comparable case in Cromwell's career was that at
919:
It is not clear how many civilians died in the sack of Drogheda. Cromwell listed the dead as including "many inhabitants" of Drogheda in his report to Parliament.
1789:
1067:, commanded by Major Butler, Captain Harpole, Sir John Dugan, Sir James Preston, Lieutenant-Colonel Dugan, Captain Plunket, Captain Fleming, and Captain Finglas
865:
Another group of about 100 Royalist soldiers sought refuge in the steeple of St Peter's Church at the northern end of Drogheda. Parliamentarian soldiers led by
810:
overlooking Drogheda's southern defences. Others remained stranded in the towers along the town walls, while Cromwell's troops surged into the town below them.
880:
The final major concentration of Royalist soldiers was a group of 200 men who had retreated into two towers: the west gate and a round tower next to it called
1902:
A contemporary history of affairs in Ireland, from 1641 to 1652. Now for the first time published, with an appendix of original letters and documents
722:
276:
1129:, p. 120) and so he infers that revenge played its part in the massacre and that "barbarous wretches" was an allusion to the rebels of 1641.
2170:
2137:
2104:
2041:
1935:
2207:
679:. Ormonde's strategy was to avoid battle, while holding towns in the east of Ireland, relying on hunger and disease to weaken the besiegers.
850:, "offered to spare the lives of the governor and the 200 men with him if they surrendered on the promise of their lives, which they did."
269:
903:
At least two Royalist officers who initially received quarter were later summarily killed. Three days after the storming of the town,
36:
2227:
313:
528:
2121:
2025:
1041:
1037:
897:
733:
the town, an action that would have left his divided command vulnerable to an attack by a relieving force and a simultaneous
2187:
577:
1070:
Infantry: 2,221 in four regiments, under the command of Colonel Bryne, Colonel Wall, Sir Edmund Verney and Colonel Warren
2232:
2192:
1961:
1862:
1797:
2154:
2088:
1993:
1919:
661:
503:
2222:
368:
1081:
The precise numbers are not known. Cromwell stated that "about 100 of them possessed St. Peter's Church-steeple" (
949:
776:
631:
591:
435:
75:
896:
officer, Dungan, "many were privately saved by officers and soldiers," despite Cromwell's order for no quarter.
900:, the future Jacobite and Duke of Tyrconnell, was one of the few members of the garrison to survive the sack.
691:
2217:
838:
defenders had no time to pull it up behind them and the killing continued in the northern part of Drogheda.
1012:
939:
Cromwell justified his actions at Drogheda in a letter to the Speaker of the House of Commons, as follows:
703:
2008:
1045:
990:
676:
607:
188:
1943:
Morrill, John (2007). "The Drogheda Massacre in Cromwellian Context". In Edwards; Lenihan; Tait (eds.).
2197:
1048:, Sir Thomas Armstrong (quartermaster-general of horse), Sir Robert Stewart and other Royalist leaders.
1002:
968:
737:
by the garrison, but rather concentrated his troops on the south side of Drogheda for a swift assault.
408:
261:
20:
644:
in January 1649, the Confederates allied with English exiles and Protestant Irish Royalists to secure
1017:
378:
2237:
2202:
986:
726:
498:
358:
334:
955:
in 1641. In this interpretation, the "barbarous wretches" referred to would mean Irish Catholics.
857:
Some of the Royalists like Aston were Englishmen who had been taken prisoner and then released on
908:
904:
786:
672:
611:
508:
453:
388:
321:
169:
24:
640:, who had taken much of the country in the aftermath of the 1641 Irish rebellion. Following the
866:
671:, Oliver Cromwell landed near Dublin in August 1649 to re-conquer the country on behalf of the
653:
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423:
293:
28:
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1841:
1854:
649:
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418:
383:
339:
393:
373:
363:
761:
On Monday, 10 September, Cromwell had a letter delivered to Sir Arthur Aston, which read:
729:, written shortly after the storming of the town, Cromwell explained why he did not fully
8:
1900:
979:
657:
637:
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493:
483:
428:
351:
156:
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2131:
2098:
2035:
1929:
645:
458:
398:
329:
145:
1840:. Studies on War and Genocide, Berghahn Series. Vol. 1. Berghahn Books. pp.
2212:
2150:
2117:
2084:
2067:
2021:
1989:
1982:
1957:
1915:
1858:
1808:
1793:
730:
478:
468:
403:
344:
813:
With up to 6,000 Parliamentary troops now inside the town, Drogheda had been taken.
958:
718:
473:
1318:
1316:
1314:
2062:
1887:
615:
513:
448:
206:
858:
1311:
807:
707:
668:
413:
1905:. Dublin: the Irish Archaeological and Celtic Society – via archive.org.
1873:
664:
had to rally the remaining dispersed forces to put together a new field army.
2181:
2071:
1824:
1007:
931:
the sack as "unparalleled savagery and treachery beyond any slaughterhouse".
847:
193:
51:
38:
1875:
Letter to John Bradshaw, President of the [English] Council of State
2007:. Vol. 2. London and New York: Longmans, Green, and company. pp.
1556:
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St Laurence's Gate – the last remaining of the ten original defensive gates
113:
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291:
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595:
109:
1060:
Artillery: one master gunner, two gunners and three gunners mates
83:
825:
A 19th-century representation of the massacre at Drogheda, 1649
734:
1954:
God's Executioner, Oliver Cromwell and the Conquest of Ireland
780:
A cannon firing in a re-enactment at the modern Millmount Fort
660:
on 2 August. Some Royalist Protestants now changed sides, and
636:
Since 1642, most of Ireland had been under the control of the
1886:
1064:
1057:
Two days before Cromwell arrived, the garrison consisted of:
590:
took place from 3 to 11 September 1649, at the outset of the
2114:
God's Englishman: Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution
1826:
Letter to Sir Ralph Verney of Claydon, Bucks. Sent from Caen
1889:
Letter to William Lenthall, Speaker of the Rump Parliament
1872:
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1483:
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1407:
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1328:
1275:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1810:
The Irish ecclesiastical record (July to December 1911)
1806:
1750:
1654:
1580:
1541:
1215:
1099:
1706:
1666:
1642:
1568:
1517:
1376:
1352:
1251:
1157:
652:. In June 1649, a combined Royalist/Confederate force
1630:
1493:
1478:
1450:
1263:
1174:
1529:
1505:
1419:
1364:
1340:
1299:
1287:
1227:
1203:
1981:
934:
667:With troops largely composed of veterans from the
2005:Memoirs of the Verney family during the Civil War
2179:
277:
1436:
1434:
2145:Keegan, John; Ohlmeyer, Jane, eds. (1998).
1973:Empire War and Faith in Early Modern Europe
2169:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2136:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2103:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2040:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1934:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
702:Drogheda's defences consisted of medieval
284:
270:
1951:
1884:
1853:(illustrated ed.), Dundurn, p.
1756:
1732:
1688:
1660:
1586:
1550:
1431:
1322:
1245:
1197:
1168:
1112:
1082:
16:1649 battle of the Irish Confederate wars
1870:
1562:
957:
871:
820:
775:
690:
2056:Churchill, Winston (19 November 1956).
2015:
1942:
1909:
1898:
1885:Cromwell, Oliver (17 September 1649a).
1848:
1835:
1783:
1768:
1724:
1712:
1700:
1672:
1648:
1636:
1617:
1574:
1523:
1499:
1456:
1413:
1401:
1389:
1358:
1334:
1281:
1269:
1257:
1233:
1221:
1185:
1151:
1126:
1086:
841:
752:
2180:
2002:
1979:
1970:
1871:Cromwell, Oliver (16 September 1649).
1744:
1728:
1684:
1598:
1535:
1511:
1487:
1468:
1440:
1425:
1370:
1346:
1305:
1293:
1209:
950:Irish massacre of English and Scottish
914:
656:, but retreated after their defeat at
1042:Richard Nugent, 2nd Earl of Westmeath
1038:James Tuchet, 3rd Earl of Castlehaven
265:
2208:Sieges of the Irish Confederate Wars
1821:
1621:
1602:
766:your answer and remain your servant,
2003:Verney, Frances Parthenope (1892).
13:
2049:
14:
2249:
978:Some analyses by authors such as
662:James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde
1813:. Vol. 30. Dublin. p.
1786:Sieges of the English Civil Wars
598:was held by a mixed garrison of
562:
548:
535:
534:
527:
200:
192:
182:
162:
150:
139:
82:
1822:Buck, James (8 November 1649).
1788:. Pen and Sword Books. p.
1718:
1678:
1611:
1592:
1462:
1118:
1105:
1092:
1075:
935:Debates over Cromwell's actions
632:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
592:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
549:
76:Cromwellian Conquest of Ireland
2228:Massacres committed by England
1899:Gilbert, John T., ed. (1879).
1851:Drogheda: Gateway to the Boyne
1051:
1030:
710:that overlooked the defences.
563:
1:
2066:. Vol. 41, no. 21.
2016:Wheeler, James Scott (1999).
1984:Cromwell, An Honourable Enemy
1807:Browne & Nolan, Limited.
1777:
1471:, pp. 73–74 quoting the
1325:, Letter to William Lenthall.
892:troopers and 2,500 infantry.
621:
245:
236:
221:
1912:Confederate Catholics at War
1136:
1013:List of massacres in Ireland
638:Irish Catholic Confederation
436:1649–53 Cromwellian Conquest
7:
2188:Military history of Ireland
1952:Ó Siochrú, Micheál (2008).
1601:, pp. 344–345 quoting
1100:Browne & Nolan, Limited
996:
816:
242:killed, wounded or captured
10:
2254:
2112:Hill, Christopher (1970).
1565:, Letter to John Bradshaw.
1003:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
796:
787:discretion of the attacker
625:
610:, when it was besieged by
88:A plan of Drogheda in 1649
18:
2233:Prisoner of war massacres
2193:Battles involving Ireland
1988:. London: Phoenix Press.
1971:Parker, Geoffrey (2003).
1910:Lenihan, Padraig (2001).
309:
255:
230:
212:
175:
132:
92:
81:
73:
68:
1023:
727:English House of Commons
686:
256:700–800 civilians killed
69:Siege of Drogheda (1649)
2223:History of County Louth
2058:"The Curse of Cromwell"
1838:The Massacre in History
673:Commonwealth of England
322:1641–42 Irish Rebellion
170:Commonwealth of England
25:Irish Rebellion of 1641
1849:Collins, Sean (1998),
1784:Barratt, John (2009).
1473:Moderate Intelligencer
963:
946:
877:
826:
781:
774:
750:
696:
642:Execution of Charles I
628:Irish Confederate Wars
594:. The coastal town of
295:Irish Confederate Wars
176:Commanders and leaders
29:Siege of Drogheda 1641
2079:Gentles, Ian (1994).
1956:. Faber & Faber.
1620:, p. 79 quoting
1443:, p. 75 quoting
1154:, preface xviii, xix.
1063:Cavalry: 320 in five
961:
941:
875:
824:
779:
763:
739:
694:
650:Charles II of England
606:under the command of
231:Casualties and losses
19:For 1641–42 siege by
2218:Massacres in Ireland
1980:Reilly, Tom (1999).
1947:. Four Courts Press.
1945:The Age of Actrocity
842:Killing of prisoners
753:Summons to surrender
612:English Commonwealth
581:Ireland and Drogheda
578:class=notpageimage|
124:Commonwealth victory
52:53.71389°N 6.35028°W
2018:Cromwell in Ireland
1771:, pp. 263–265.
1703:, pp. 257–258.
1125:hundred thousand" (
1036:Attendees included
944:remorse and regret.
915:Civilian casualties
100:3–11 September 1649
48: /
2081:The New Model Army
1018:Siege of Jerusalem
964:
878:
827:
782:
697:
157:Irish Confederates
57:53.71389; -6.35028
2198:Conflicts in 1649
2123:978-0-14-021438-3
2027:978-0-7171-2884-6
1416:, pp. 87–88.
1404:, pp. 86–87.
1337:, pp. 85–86.
1284:, pp. 83–85.
1248:, pp. 77–80.
1224:, pp. 80–81.
1200:, pp. 73–76.
905:Sir Edmund Verney
588:siege of Drogheda
522:
521:
303:
302:Eleven Years' War
260:
259:
251:killed or wounded
128:
127:
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2127:
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1658:
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1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1615:
1609:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1476:
1475:, 4 October 1649
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1447:, 8 October 1649
1445:Perfect Diurnall
1438:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1172:
1166:
1155:
1149:
1130:
1122:
1116:
1109:
1103:
1096:
1090:
1079:
1073:
1055:
1049:
1046:Sir Arthur Aston
1034:
772:
748:
747:Oliver Cromwell.
719:William Lenthall
677:Sir Arthur Aston
608:Sir Arthur Aston
566:
565:
552:
551:
538:
537:
531:
304:
298:
296:
286:
279:
272:
263:
262:
250:
247:
241:
238:
226:
223:
205:
204:
203:
196:
187:
186:
185:
168:
166:
165:
155:
154:
153:
144:
143:
142:
94:
93:
86:
66:
65:
63:
62:
60:
59:
58:
53:
49:
46:
45:
44:
41:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2238:Oliver Cromwell
2203:1649 in Ireland
2178:
2177:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2144:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2111:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2078:
2055:
2052:
2050:Further reading
2033:
2032:
2028:
1996:
1964:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1865:
1800:
1780:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1731:, p. 158;
1727:, p. 256;
1723:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1687:, p. 158;
1683:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1616:
1612:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1479:
1467:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1439:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1412:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1175:
1167:
1158:
1150:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1123:
1119:
1110:
1106:
1102:, p. 482).
1097:
1093:
1080:
1076:
1056:
1052:
1035:
1031:
1026:
999:
962:Oliver Cromwell
937:
917:
859:military parole
844:
819:
799:
773:
770:
755:
749:
746:
717:In a letter to
689:
654:besieged Dublin
634:
624:
616:Oliver Cromwell
600:Irish Catholics
584:
583:
582:
580:
574:
573:
572:
571:
567:
559:
558:
557:
553:
545:
544:
543:
539:
523:
518:
439:
325:
318:
305:
294:
292:
290:
248:
239:
224:
207:Oliver Cromwell
201:
199:
183:
181:
163:
161:
151:
149:
148:
140:
138:
116:
87:
56:
54:
50:
47:
42:
39:
37:
35:
34:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2251:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2176:
2175:
2155:
2147:The Civil Wars
2142:
2122:
2109:
2089:
2076:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2026:
2013:
2000:
1994:
1977:
1968:
1963:978-0571218462
1962:
1949:
1940:
1920:
1907:
1896:
1882:
1868:
1864:978-1900935081
1863:
1846:
1833:
1819:
1804:
1799:978-1844158324
1798:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1761:
1757:Ă“ SiochrĂş 2008
1749:
1737:
1733:Ă“ SiochrĂş 2008
1717:
1715:, p. 258.
1705:
1693:
1689:Ă“ SiochrĂş 2008
1677:
1675:, p. 257.
1665:
1661:Ă“ SiochrĂş 2008
1653:
1651:, p. 165.
1641:
1629:
1610:
1591:
1587:Ă“ SiochrĂş 2008
1579:
1577:, p. 253.
1567:
1555:
1551:Ă“ SiochrĂş 2008
1540:
1528:
1526:, p. 256.
1516:
1504:
1492:
1490:, p. 158.
1477:
1461:
1449:
1430:
1418:
1406:
1394:
1392:, p. 255.
1375:
1363:
1361:, p. 119.
1351:
1339:
1327:
1323:Cromwell 1649a
1310:
1298:
1286:
1274:
1262:
1260:, p. 175.
1250:
1246:Ă“ SiochrĂş 2008
1238:
1226:
1214:
1202:
1198:Ă“ SiochrĂş 2008
1190:
1188:, p. 254.
1173:
1169:Ă“ SiochrĂş 2008
1156:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1117:
1115:, p. 89).
1113:Ă“ SiochrĂş 2008
1104:
1091:
1089:, p. 87).
1083:Cromwell 1649a
1074:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1061:
1050:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
998:
995:
936:
933:
916:
913:
898:Richard Talbot
843:
840:
818:
815:
808:Millmount Fort
798:
795:
768:
758:to surrender.
754:
751:
744:
708:Millmount Fort
688:
685:
669:New Model Army
623:
620:
576:
575:
569:
568:
561:
560:
555:
554:
547:
546:
541:
540:
533:
532:
526:
525:
524:
520:
519:
517:
516:
511:
506:
501:
499:Meelick Island
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
432:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
348:
347:
342:
337:
332:
317:
316:
310:
307:
306:
289:
288:
281:
274:
266:
258:
257:
253:
252:
243:
233:
232:
228:
227:
219:
215:
214:
210:
209:
197:
178:
177:
173:
172:
159:
135:
134:
130:
129:
126:
125:
122:
118:
117:
108:
106:
102:
101:
98:
90:
89:
79:
78:
71:
70:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2250:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2172:
2166:
2158:
2156:0-19-866222-X
2152:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2125:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2092:
2090:0-631-19347-2
2086:
2083:. Cambridge.
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2043:
2037:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1995:1-84212-080-8
1991:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1923:
1921:1-85918-244-5
1917:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1869:
1866:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1770:
1765:
1759:, p. 85.
1758:
1753:
1746:
1741:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1714:
1709:
1702:
1697:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1674:
1669:
1663:, p. 95.
1662:
1657:
1650:
1645:
1639:, p. 79.
1638:
1633:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1589:, p. 87.
1588:
1583:
1576:
1571:
1564:
1563:Cromwell 1649
1559:
1553:, p. 84.
1552:
1547:
1545:
1538:, p. 79.
1537:
1532:
1525:
1520:
1514:, p. 78.
1513:
1508:
1502:, p. 87.
1501:
1496:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1459:, p. 88.
1458:
1453:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1428:, p. 71.
1427:
1422:
1415:
1410:
1403:
1398:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1373:, p. 59.
1372:
1367:
1360:
1355:
1349:, p. 64.
1348:
1343:
1336:
1331:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1308:, p. 63.
1307:
1302:
1296:, p. 58.
1295:
1290:
1283:
1278:
1272:, p. 83.
1271:
1266:
1259:
1254:
1247:
1242:
1236:, p. 80.
1235:
1230:
1223:
1218:
1212:, p. 53.
1211:
1206:
1199:
1194:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1171:, p. 81.
1170:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1141:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1108:
1101:
1095:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1029:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1008:Irish battles
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
994:
992:
988:
985:According to
983:
981:
976:
972:
970:
960:
956:
954:
951:
945:
940:
932:
928:
924:
922:
912:
910:
909:Richard Boyle
906:
901:
899:
893:
889:
885:
883:
874:
870:
868:
863:
860:
855:
851:
849:
848:Daniel Axtell
839:
835:
833:
823:
814:
811:
809:
803:
794:
790:
788:
778:
767:
762:
759:
743:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
715:
711:
709:
705:
704:curtain walls
700:
693:
684:
680:
678:
674:
670:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
648:for his son,
647:
643:
639:
633:
629:
619:
617:
614:forces under
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
579:
530:
515:
512:
510:
509:Knocknaclashy
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
441:
440:
438:
437:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
409:Dungan's Hill
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
355:
354:
353:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
327:
326:
324:
323:
315:
312:
311:
308:
301:
297:
287:
282:
280:
275:
273:
268:
267:
264:
254:
244:
235:
234:
229:
225: 12,000
220:
217:
216:
211:
208:
198:
195:
190:
180:
179:
174:
171:
160:
158:
147:
137:
136:
131:
123:
120:
119:
115:
111:
107:
104:
103:
99:
96:
95:
91:
85:
80:
77:
72:
67:
64:
61:
30:
26:
22:
21:Felim O'Neill
2146:
2116:. New York.
2113:
2080:
2061:
2017:
2004:
1983:
1972:
1953:
1944:
1911:
1901:
1888:
1874:
1850:
1837:
1825:
1809:
1785:
1769:Morrill 2007
1764:
1752:
1740:
1735:, p. 85
1725:Morrill 2007
1720:
1713:Morrill 2007
1708:
1701:Morrill 2007
1696:
1691:, p. 84
1680:
1673:Morrill 2007
1668:
1656:
1649:Barratt 2009
1644:
1637:Collins 1998
1632:
1625:
1618:Collins 1998
1613:
1606:
1594:
1582:
1575:Morrill 2007
1570:
1558:
1531:
1524:Morrill 2007
1519:
1507:
1500:Wheeler 1999
1495:
1472:
1464:
1457:Wheeler 1999
1452:
1444:
1421:
1414:Wheeler 1999
1409:
1402:Wheeler 1999
1397:
1390:Morrill 2007
1366:
1359:Clifton 1999
1354:
1342:
1335:Wheeler 1999
1330:
1301:
1289:
1282:Wheeler 1999
1277:
1270:Wheeler 1999
1265:
1258:Lenihan 2001
1253:
1241:
1234:Wheeler 1999
1229:
1222:Wheeler 1999
1217:
1205:
1193:
1186:Morrill 2007
1152:Gilbert 1879
1127:Clifton 1999
1120:
1107:
1094:
1087:Wheeler 1999
1077:
1053:
1032:
991:Basing House
987:John Morrill
984:
977:
973:
965:
947:
942:
938:
929:
925:
918:
902:
894:
890:
886:
882:St. Sunday's
881:
879:
864:
856:
852:
845:
836:
828:
812:
804:
800:
791:
783:
764:
760:
756:
740:
716:
712:
701:
698:
681:
666:
635:
587:
585:
504:2nd Limerick
489:Scarrifholis
444:2nd Drogheda
443:
434:
433:
359:1st Limerick
350:
349:
335:1st Drogheda
320:
319:
299:
240: 2,000
189:Arthur Aston
133:Belligerents
114:County Louth
74:Part of the
33:
1747:, p. .
1745:Reilly 1999
1729:Parker 2003
1685:Parker 2003
1599:Verney 1892
1536:Reilly 1999
1512:Reilly 1999
1488:Parker 2003
1469:Reilly 1999
1441:Reilly 1999
1426:Reilly 1999
1371:Reilly 1999
1347:Reilly 1999
1306:Reilly 1999
1294:Reilly 1999
1210:Reilly 1999
953:Protestants
921:Hugh Peters
867:John Hewson
771:O. Cromwell
464:Lisnagarvey
419:Knocknanuss
340:Julianstown
55: /
2182:Categories
2149:. Oxford.
2020:. Dublin.
1975:. Penguin.
1778:References
980:Tom Reilly
969:civil wars
832:no quarter
626:See also:
622:Background
514:2nd Galway
494:Charlemont
394:Portlester
384:Cloghleagh
374:Liscarroll
369:1st Galway
364:Glenmaquin
249: 150
40:53°42′50″N
2165:cite book
2132:cite book
2099:cite book
2072:0024-3019
2036:cite book
1930:cite book
1894:. Dublin.
1880:. Dublin.
1622:Buck 1649
1603:Buck 1649
1137:Citations
658:Rathmines
604:Royalists
484:Tecroghan
459:Waterford
429:Rathmines
399:Duncannon
330:Portadown
146:Royalists
2213:Drogheda
2009:344, 345
1914:. Cork.
997:See also
817:Massacre
769:—
745:—
596:Drogheda
542:Drogheda
469:Kilkenny
379:New Ross
314:Timeline
213:Strength
110:Drogheda
105:Location
43:6°21′1″W
797:Assault
725:of the
723:Speaker
646:Ireland
556:Belfast
479:Macroom
474:Clonmel
449:Wexford
404:Benburb
352:1642–49
345:Kilrush
23:during
2153:
2120:
2087:
2070:
2024:
1992:
1960:
1918:
1891:
1877:
1861:
1844:, 120.
1828:
1796:
1626:Letter
1607:Letter
1065:troops
735:sortie
731:invest
570:Dublin
454:Arklow
424:Dublin
414:Cashel
389:Clones
191:
167:
121:Result
27:, see
1024:Notes
687:Siege
218:2,547
2171:link
2151:ISBN
2138:link
2118:ISBN
2105:link
2085:ISBN
2068:ISSN
2063:Life
2042:link
2022:ISBN
1990:ISBN
1958:ISBN
1936:link
1916:ISBN
1859:ISBN
1794:ISBN
630:and
602:and
586:The
97:Date
1842:119
1815:482
1790:165
2184::
2167:}}
2163:{{
2134:}}
2130:{{
2101:}}
2097:{{
2060:.
2038:}}
2034:{{
1932:}}
1928:{{
1857:,
1855:79
1792:.
1624:,
1605:,
1543:^
1480:^
1433:^
1378:^
1313:^
1176:^
1159:^
1144:^
1044:,
1040:,
971:.
789:.
721:,
300:or
246:c.
237:c.
222:c.
112:,
2173:)
2159:.
2140:)
2126:.
2107:)
2093:.
2074:.
2044:)
2030:.
2011:.
1998:.
1966:.
1938:)
1924:.
1831:.
1817:.
1802:.
285:e
278:t
271:v
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
