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critical, however, due to the economic hardships suffered during the siege. Skanderbeg's only expectancy was for help to come from Italy, but the
Italian states, despite sending congratulatory messages, sent no financial aid. Hungary continued its defensive war and thus Skanderbeg's only remaining ally was Venice. Even Venice became skeptical of continuing the war and was alone in allying with Skanderbeg. Venice reported to Hungary that Mehmed had offered peace and was willing to accept it. Hungary also opted for peace, but Mehmed only sought peace with Venice in order to isolate Skanderbeg and thus peace was not signed. Skanderbeg and Venice continually began to worry about the Ottoman garrison in Elbasan. Skanderbeg led some assaults on the fortress after being urged to by Venice but failed to capture it due to lack of artillery. According to Critobulos, Mehmed was troubled after learning of the Ottoman defeat and began preparations for a new campaign. Venice itself was in conflict with its Italian neighbors who had grown wary of its increasing influence in the Balkans. With the western powers fighting among themselves, the road to Albania was open. Mehmed thus decided to send a force to subdue Albania conclusively which resulted in a new
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Ferdinand to award to
Skanderbeg what tribute would have been given to Rome. Skanderbeg lost all hope and decided to return to Albania before pleas from several cardinals convinced to stay, offering aid from their own pockets and hope in persuading Paul. A third consistory was convened on 13 February 1467 which, like the other two, came to nothing regarding aid to Skanderbeg. Skanderbeg thus began his departure from Rome. Paul met with Skanderbeg and gave him the authority to pull 7,500 ducats from Ferdinand's aforementioned tribute to Rome. This amount had not been gathered, however, and Paul thus offered Skanderbeg 2,300 ducats. Skanderbeg departed from Rome on 14 February and soon received news from Albania: the war was nearing its end and needed Skanderbeg to return; an Ottoman force sent to defeat the League of Lezhë definitively, however, had been defeated. He met with
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trusted forces would be assigned to another group under his command; Krujë's garrison would continue to defend the fortress. Moneta's and
Dukagjini's men would attack the besieging forces from the north and Skanderbeg's men would attack from south of Krujë while also blocking any possible Ottoman reinforcements from the east. Skanderbeg first assaulted the guarding force which Ballaban had left and he gained control of this strategic point. Skanderbeg then managed to defeat the Ottoman relief forces under Ballaban's brother, Jonuz, and captured him and his son. Four days later, an organized attack from Skanderbeg and the forces from Krujë was carried during which Ballaban forces retreated and he himself was killed in the resulting clashes by Gjergj Lleshi (
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split his army into three parts and surrounded the besiegers. Ballaban was killed during the fighting and the
Ottoman forces were left without a commander and a depleted force which was surrounded. Afterwards the Albanian-Venetian forces completed the rout by killing the remaining Ottoman forces before they could escape by way of Dibër. The victory was well received by both Albanians and Italians. This did not signal the end of the war, however, as soon after, Skanderbeg took up some assaults on Elbasan after being urged to by Venice, but was not able to take the fortress due to lack of artillery. Venice itself was in conflict with its Italian neighbors, which led Mehmed to begin another campaign against the Albanians. This would result in another
1247:. He was greeted by Italian ambassadors from the various states who offered "aid and favors" and by several bishops and prelates. Paul, however, was still wary of giving Skanderbeg aid because he reasoned that the Neapolitan threat was more powerful than the Ottoman one. Unlike his predecessors, Paul never attempted to form a crusade against the Ottomans and instead preferred the use of pacification methods. Nevertheless, Skanderbeg continued to stay in Rome, hoping that Paul would allocate part of his funds (of about 500,000 ducats) to Albania. Paul asserted to Skanderbeg that Venice's refusal to cooperate with him prevented him from directly helping Skanderbeg. Thus, Skanderbeg was sent to the Signoria to negotiate their stance.
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court, Ferdinand received an ambassador from Mehmed offering peace, signaling that the
Ottomans did not have any aggressive intentions towards Naples. Ferdinand accepted the proposal and Skanderbeg thus began his return to Albania. Ballaban continued to strengthen the siege against Krujë. Upon returning to Albania, the political situation began to change. The once distant Albanian nobles, among them Dukagjini, were now convinced of their impending defeat and allied themselves with Skanderbeg. Meanwhile, the Venetians ended their attempts to negotiate peace with Mehmed and accepted cooperation with Skanderbeg. Skanderbeg met with Dukagjini and other northern Albanian nobles in Alessio (
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was also worried that his interests could be inhibited by the pope and eventually he didn't send any resources to
Skanderbeg until disagreements with his neighbors were resolved. Thus, Skanderbeg departed from Naples without any definitive agreement on the aid that would be provided by Naples. Venice offered the same and Skanderbeg went to Paul after the latter had declared that the Christian League had raised 100,000 ducats for the planned crusade. Skanderbeg reached Rome on 12 December 1466 where he was greeted by the cardinals and their families. Here they received the impression of Skanderbeg as a poor old man, dressed as an ordinary soldier. He was offered residence in
1095:, a Greek historian for the sultan, also describes the resistance and its aftermath. The Albanians in his chronicle had likewise gained the mountaintops; the light Ottoman infantry climbed up the heights where they cornered the Albanians behind a cliff and fell on them. Many Albanians jumped from the cliffs to escape massacre. The soldiers then spread throughout the mountains and captured many as slaves while also taking anything of value. Furthermore, in order to secure future marches into Albania, Mehmed ordered forests through which the main roads ran through to be cut down. In this way, he created wide military roads which were secure.
1267:, the pope's appeal to fund Skanderbeg with only 5,000 ducats was heard and when the Cardinals responded that the fund was minimal, Paul explained that he would send more once Italy was pacified. Paul's decision led to a fierce debate on Italy's future which left Albania's fate undiscussed. A second consistory was called on 12 January but did not result in anything favorable for Skanderbeg. Contemporaries were critical of the pope's delays but he explained that he was waiting to see what Ferdinand of Naples was willing to offer before offering anything himself, in order not to waste funds.
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was completed, Venice urged its proveditors in
Albania to cooperate with the Italian and native forces in their proposed siege on Elbasan. Venetian faith in Skanderbeg began to subside, however, since the sultan took a much more aggressive approach in his relations with Venice. Since the Signoria still had not delivered its promised aid, Skanderbeg sent his son John to Venice. Even though the war was at its apogee, John returned from Venice empty-handed. This forced Skanderbeg to look towards Rome and Naples for aid.
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and the masses of refugees. By 22 November, news came to Venice about the campaigns of Sinan bey against
Albania Veneta in order to pressure the Republic to accept a peace or a ceasefire. The Signoria was slow to come to terms with Mehmed due to the pressure put on it by Pope Paul, Hungary, and Naples to remain at war. The attempt to sway the Venetians failed and the campaign was cancelled. This had an adverse effect for the Ottomans since
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1209:, describing how he had devastated the country and at its center built a powerful fortress. Upon his exit from Albania, Marin Barleti says that Mehmed passed through Dibra and massacred 8,000 people, a figure close to the number given by the Ottoman chronicler Oruc ben Adil of 7,500. The importance of the fortress was further underscored by its position on the ancient
1043:, an army of 300,000 soldiers (a figure considered to be exaggerated) had marched into Albania, massacred 7,000 people, and sacked many populated areas, while Skanderbeg was preparing to flee to Italy. However, Skanderbeg had remained in Albania but he had sent twelve ships with many inhabitants of Krujë to Italy as refugees. With them, he sent his wife,
1255:, Skanderbeg's ally in northern Albania, decided to work without reservation with Skanderbeg against the Ottomans. In Rome, the pope continued to hold Skanderbeg and would only give him 300 ducats to support his stay. On Christmas Eve, Paul invited Skanderbeg to a ceremony where he was awarded with a sword and helmet and referred to him as
1346:. The Albanians thus began to annihilate the surrounded army before the Ottomans cut a narrow path through their opponents and fled through Dibra. On 23 April 1467, Skanderbeg entered Krujë. Meanwhile, the Venetians had taken advantage of Mehmed's absence in Albania and sent a fleet under Vettore Capello into the
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Skanderbeg's view of the situation worsened with news coming from
Albania, which strengthened his opinion that his time in Italy was becoming more and more irrational. His pessimism grew once he found out that Venice was now pressuring Paul into refusing Skanderbeg aid since they wished to put an end
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under his command. He offered rewards to the garrison if they surrendered, but the garrison responded by bombarding the
Ottoman positions. The Ottomans then began to heavily bombard the fortress but this came to no effect. According to documentary sources, the siege began in mid-June, one month after
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realized the power vacuum created after Pius died and he tried to take advantage of the situation. He thus attempted to sign a peace agreement with Hungary and Venice so that his forces could focus on Albania to gain a base for future campaigns in the Italian peninsula. His efforts were unsuccessful,
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With the death of Ballaban, Ottoman forces were left surrounded and according to Bernandino de Geraldinis, a Neapolitan functionary, 10,000 men remained in the besieging camp. Those inside the encirclement asked to leave freely to Ottoman territory, offering to surrender all that was within the camp
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and cut through the woods of Jonima to the boundaries of Krujë. Skanderbeg's commanders were assigned different groups for an assault on the main Ottoman camp: northern Albanian forces would be put under Dukagjini's command, Venetian battalions were under the command of Moneta, and Skanderbeg's most
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During the last weeks of the year in Albania, there was no fighting since the Ottomans did not normally engage in battle during the winter. But Krujë was still under siege and Ottoman garrisons in other areas remained. Life became harder for the population after the destruction of crops and villages
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and its central position in the Shkumbin valley from where the Ottomans could travel to the coast. Elbasan concerned not only the Albanians, but also the Venetians, who considered its proximity to Durazzo (30 mi (48 km)) alarmant. On 16 August, around the time that the building of Elbasan
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believes the work to have begun in July. Critobulus, who accompanied Mehmed in this campaign, describes that the men stationed in Elbasan would constantly harass the Albanians, to leave them no place for refuge, and to repel any Albanian force which descended from the mountains. Due to his personal
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The defeat of the Ottoman forces showed that the League of Lezhë had yet to be fully defeated. This allowed Skanderbeg to visit Ferdinand before his departure from Italy, but he received only 1,000 ducats, 300 carts of grain, and 500 ducats to support Krujë's munitions. While Skanderbeg was in his
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During October 1466, Skanderbeg travelled to Italy to reach an agreement with Ferdinand of Naples and Pope Paul II over the provisions, which they would be willing to provide. As a result of the inter-Italian rivalries, the possibility of a crusade was abandoned. Since Paul was Venetian, Ferdinand
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where they possessed territories. They also responded that they had had difficulty recruiting new soldiers due to financial trouble and could only send 1,000 ducats to its provveditores in Albania. Despite these difficulties, Skanderbeg and his men continued fighting. After becoming convinced that
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to Venice. On 7 July, Engjëlli informed the Venetians that the League of Lezhë continued and Krujë still stood, contrary to rumors that said otherwise. He thus requested the arrival of promised Venetian forces when they signed a treaty of alliance on 20 August 1463 and the promised contribution of
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Ferdinand's rule. The arrival of Albanian refugees further distressed the pope and many Italians who had come to believe that Albania had been conquered and that Mehmed was now preparing to march into Italy. News to the contrary also reached Rome saying that the League of Lezhë had not been broken
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did not send his promised forces and the Venetian forces under Cimarosto left Albania. During the autumn of 1465, Ottoman forces moved from the Morea and Bosnia in order to speed up the peace negotiations. Venice, however, refused peace and Skanderbeg believed that a new Albanian-Venetian campaign
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After his return the Venetians decided to send troops against the Ottoman advances. Skanderbeg gathered 13,400 men, among whom were many Venetians, to launch an assault on the Ottoman besieging camp, who had taken command once Mehmed left Albania after the construction of Elbasan. Skanderbeg had
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that the campaign was nearing its end and that if the necessary actions were not brought up to speed, Albania would fall along with Venice's possessions. Skanderbeg's requests for proper aid were continually rejected on the basis that Italy's peace must first be secured and instead Paul ordered
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The victory was also well received in Italy with contemporaries hoping for more such news. But, despite the Ottoman loss, the victory did not signal an end to the war. Skanderbeg's damaged forces, however, had been renewed with northern warriors and Venetian battalions. The situation remained
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Krujë would not be taken by force, Mehmed left 18,000 cavalry and 5,000 infantry under Ballaban and in June 1466 withdrew with his main army. He withdrew from the siege to Durazzo where he pillaged the area in rage. When Mehmed withdrew from Albania, he deposed Dorotheos, the
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began planning his own crusade, but with means different from his predecessor. He planned to get the major European states to help fund the crusade while Venice, Hungary, and Albania would do the fighting. He also wanted to aid the Albanians as much as possible and urged the
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River valley. Both fielded men in the frontier regions, right and left of both valleys, and would engage in massacring the local populations, raiding inhabited areas, and burning every village which offered resistance. The populations thus decided to flee into safe areas.
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to supply Skanderbeg with able forces. Venice began to consider peace with the Ottomans since its resources had significantly decreased, while Hungary adopted a defensive strategy, however, pressure from the Pope and Skanderbeg forced them to abort their efforts.
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reported that the number was 30,000. Ottoman forces were ready to enter the Kingdom of Naples and pressured Ferdinand to form an alliance with Mehmed. The situation was not clear in the Balkans, however, as it was thought that the Ottomans could march against
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guidance, Mehmed was able to see the construction finish before the summer ended. There would also be inhabitants inside to serve the 400 soldiers stationed there along with cannons and catapults; the fortress would be under the command of Ballaban Badera.
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Ballaban's camp was located on the hills southwest of Krujë and at the bottom of the mountain nowadays known as Mt. Sarisalltëk, he placed a guarding force. The rest of his army surrounded Krujë. Skanderbeg and his allies marched through the mouth of the
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News arrived from eastern Albania that the Ottomans had initiated massacres in the area. The pope was distressed by this and called on the Christian princes of Europe to aid Skanderbeg. Soon after, Mehmed's men marched into Albania. Unlike his father
920:. In the meantime, Mehmed continued to negotiate peace with Hungary and Venice. Skanderbeg found himself isolated during these negotiations, even if they did not succeed, as the conflicting powers temporarily ceased conflict. Furthermore,
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the Ottoman forces under Şeremet bey stationed there on 14 or 15 September. The Venetian Senate informed the Hungarians of the joint Albanian-Venetian success on 29 September. Mehmed, sensing the weakness in his frontier, assigned
933:(Venetian Senate), which sent him to Albania to inform Skanderbeg that troops were being raised, although only 300 had been recruited at the time, with Cimarosto as the commander. Venice was also in the process of sending its
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to the Albanians. Skanderbeg was prepared to accept, but many nobles refused. Among them was Dukagjini, who wanted to attack and destroy the Turkish camp. Demetrio Franco described Dukagjini's proposal with the Albanian word
832:, one of Skanderbeg's major benefactors, died and his plans for a crusade against the Ottoman Empire disintegrated. The alliances and promises for help from the major Christian powers were canceled with the exception of the
1023:, the main Albanian fortress, by reducing Skanderbeg's manpower, supplies, and political and moral backing. Afterwards, Krujë would be put under siege. The Ottoman campaign was thus sent in two directions: one through the
729:, withstood the siege while Skanderbeg roamed Albania to gather forces and facilitate the flight of refugees from the civilian areas that were attacked by the Ottomans. Krujë managed to withstand the siege put on it by
1293:) where they gathered an army to assault Ballaban's forces. Together with 400 of Dukagjini's cavalry and a large number of infantry, 600 heavily armed Italian soldiers, and 4,000 locals from Durazzo, Scutari, Alessio,
949:, and ten barrels of gunpowder. Throughout April, rumors spread that the Ottomans were preparing to march into Albania. By 18 April 1466, Venice received knowledge that the Ottomans were heading towards Albania.
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Mehmed began his campaign to force the eastern regions of Albania into submission. Mehmed's campaigns there had put Skanderbeg under massive strain while the latter had yet to receive financial aid from abroad.
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which would allow the Ottomans to send ships into the Adriatic and threaten Venetian colonies. Seeing that his situation had become unfavorable, Skanderbeg made a trip to Italy where he would try to convince
1197:, located in a Shkumbin valley, where the geographic conditions were regarded as favorable. Since the resources had been gathered and stored beforehand, Elbasan was built within a short time (one month) and
1075:, however, says that Mehmed's campaign was a response to the breaking of the ceasefire in 1463 when Skanderbeg learned that the crusade against the Ottomans organized by Pius II was ready to set off from
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were allowed to raid the country, a decision which, according to scholar Mehmed Neshriu, was an act of reprisal regarding Skanderbeg's raids in Macedonia in 1464, which interrupted his siege on Jajce.
1305:, one of Skanderbeg's primary biographers and personal associates, who also served in Skanderbeg's ranks. Among those who joined Skanderbeg was Nicolo Moneta, a lord of Scutari and wealthy Venetian
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The personal care and attention Mehmed paid to Elbasan's construction testifies its importance in the sultan's plans. This is further testified by the message Mehmed gave to his son, the future
998:, or Albania. By the beginning of May, however, it was clear that the Ottomans would attack Albania because of the approach of Mehmed's troops towards Albania after the end of his campaigns in
1193:). According to Ottoman chronicler Kemal Pashazade, the sultan would place several hundred men to patrol the area and defend the fortress. The foundations were built upon a field called
1185:. He also decided to build a powerful fortress in central Albania to counterbalance Krujë's position and to form a base for further Ottoman campaigns. The fortress would be called
820:, his main fort, he led the league in the Ottoman-Albanian wars. Having defeated the Ottomans in many battles he allied with Western Christian states and leaders, especially with
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which would provide a perennial base for future Ottoman assaults on Skanderbeg's domains. The fortress especially worried Venice since Elbasan was constructed on the banks of the
1366:, the Ottoman commander in Greece, led a relief force to Patras where he was initially repelled before turning on his pursuers, forcing them to flee, terminating their campaign.
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The League of Lezhë saw a massive struggle against Ottoman forces and its front was expanded throughout Albania. Skanderbeg retreated to the mountains surrounding
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to give him aid for his war. Despite many promises from the pope, Skanderbeg received little due to the fear of a Neapolitan war with Rome and infighting in the
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likewise deferred Skanderbeg's requests to the pope. By the time he left Italy, the League of Lezhë had been weakened and needed his intervention.
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was also reinforced after Skanderbeg's counsel and the walls were rebuilt. On 19 April 1466, news spread that the sultan was going to march into
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however, since neither Venice nor Hungary accepted his proposed treaty. Mehmed thus kept his armies stationed in the Balkans, one force near
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in eastern Albania to weaken Skanderbeg's domains. The new Ottoman possessions were collected and placed under the administration of the
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as commander, replacing Şeremet. Ballaban was an Albanian by birth who had been incorporated into the Ottoman army through the
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Despite his inability to subdue Krujë, Mehmed decided that the Ottoman presence would not depart from Albania. He organized a
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Skanderbeg did not expect such a campaign and his army was not ready to halt the advances. According to an act released
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The victory was well received among the Albanians, and Skanderbeg's recruits increased as documented by Geraldini:
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3,000 ducats. The Venetians responded that they were already in a difficult situation due to the Ottoman threat in
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and 200 Neapolitan marksmen. Skanderbeg removed his men from the fortress of Krujë in a manner similar to the
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in Scutari, the Venetian provveditore in Albania Veneta, where he gathered help from Venetian nobles.
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Skanderbeg led an incursion into Ottoman territory near Ohrid with the aid of Venetian forces under a
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Once news of the Ottoman approach arrived, Venice sent reinforcements to its cities along Albania;
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but refused it and instead wanted to stay with another Albanian whose house later took the name
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The first phase of the Ottoman campaign to isolate Krujë lasted for two months. According to
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Skanderbeg was in his camp with 16,000 men and every day his camp grows with young warriors.
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The Ottoman-Albanian war continued through 1465 with Ballaban Badera meeting Skanderbeg at
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to the war and capitulate Krujë. During the first days of February, news arrived from the
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Main Albanian towns during the 15th century, including settlements in neighboring regions
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named Antonio da Cosenza, also known as Cimarosto, on 6 September 1464. Together, they
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The grand Turk: Sultan Mehmet II, conqueror of Constantinople and master of an empire
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Comentario de le cose de' Turchi, et del S. Georgio Scanderbeg, principe d' Epyr
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Skanderbeg's portrait above the entrance to the palace where he stayed in Rome
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as defenders of the castle. This force included 1,000 Venetian infantry under
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convened where Skanderbeg and the pope were present. According to Cardinal
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The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century
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This article is about the second siege of Krujë. For other events, see
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1067:(Shkodër) where he collected men to relieve Krujë. Mehmed's
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Mehmed had decided to construct a fortress in what is now
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to recruit men. They would also send four cannons, ten
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Gjergj Kastrioti Skënderbeu: jeta dhe vepra, 1405–1468
929:, his ambassador, in constant correspondence with the
2482:. Bollingen Series 96. Translated from the German by
2683:. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society.
1160:
2698:Shukarova, Aneta (2008), Todor Chepreganov (ed.),
2612:"Rrethimi i dytë dhe i tretë i Krujës (1466–1467)"
267:
215:
2572:Scanderbeg: From Ottoman Captive to Albanian Hero
977:(Vlorë) with an army of 100,000 men although the
3690:
1009:
1350:. Capello attacked and occupied the islands of
969:(Durrës) had already garrisoned 3,000 men. The
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2333:
2331:
2294:
2292:
2192:
2190:
2153:
2151:
2082:
2080:
2078:
1933:
1931:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1743:
1741:
1680:
1678:
1638:
1636:
1599:
1597:
1557:
1555:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
52:The second siege of Krujë by Jost Amman (1467)
2784:
2744:(in Serbian), Belgrade: Arheološki institut,
2439:
2437:
2374:
2231:
2229:
2214:
2126:
2124:
2027:
1943:
1916:
1690:
1487:
1485:
1424:
1422:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1358:after which he sailed back and laid siege to
253:
2099:
2097:
2095:
1807:
1805:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1653:
1651:
1584:
1582:
2410:
2343:
2328:
2289:
2253:
2241:
2187:
2163:
2148:
2136:
2075:
2063:
2039:
2003:
1991:
1955:
1928:
1892:
1865:
1783:
1738:
1675:
1633:
1621:
1594:
1567:
1552:
1521:
1509:
1055:, a castle awarded to Skanderbeg after his
3554:Ottoman – Albanian nobility
2791:
2777:
2566:
2449:
2434:
2380:
2277:
2226:
2220:
2175:
2121:
2109:
2033:
2015:
1967:
1949:
1922:
1882:
1880:
1726:
1702:
1696:
1669:
1609:
1482:
1470:
1458:
1419:
1388:
1127:In the beginning of July, Skanderbeg sent
260:
246:
3208:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars
2704:, Skopje: Institute of National History,
2697:
2609:
2398:
2362:
2316:
2202:
2092:
1835:
1802:
1778:
1765:
1753:
1648:
1579:
1540:
1497:
1446:
1407:
1079:. The resistance itself was described by
2516:
2472:
2416:
2356:
2337:
2298:
2259:
2247:
2196:
2169:
2157:
2142:
2086:
2069:
2045:
2009:
1997:
1985:
1961:
1937:
1910:
1898:
1871:
1796:
1747:
1684:
1642:
1627:
1603:
1573:
1561:
1534:
1515:
1491:
1476:
1464:
1440:
1428:
1401:
1324:
1221:
1164:
956:
794:
784:
64:June 1466 – 23 April 1467
3734:Sieges involving the Republic of Venice
2652:
2639:George Castroiti Scanderbeg (1405–1468)
2618:, Tirana: Shtëpia Botuese "8 Nëntori",
2574:, London: Centre for Albanian Studies,
2455:
2443:
2422:
2386:
2304:
2283:
2235:
2181:
2130:
2115:
2051:
2021:
1973:
1877:
1732:
1714:
1708:
1615:
1546:
1503:
1452:
1413:
1119:. Mehmed had marched into Albania with
3691:
2673:
2616:Pesë mijë vjet fortifikime në Shqipëri
2548:
2523:(in Albanian), Tiranë: Botimet Toena,
2498:
2404:
2368:
2322:
2271:
2208:
2103:
1823:
1811:
1759:
1657:
1588:
2772:
1217:
709:took place from 1466 to 1467. Sultan
241:
2641:, International Universities Press,
2633:
2428:
2392:
2310:
2057:
1886:
1720:
645:Resistance until the Fall of Shkodra
3729:Sieges involving the Ottoman Empire
891:in 1464 and 1465. In the meantime,
717:led an army into Albania to defeat
13:
2799:Albanians under the Ottoman Empire
2756:from the original on 23 April 2023
2738:Srpsko arheološko društvo (1951),
2598:from the original on 23 April 2023
2537:from the original on 12 April 2023
1329:Map of Southeastern Europe in 1464
14:
3755:
2726:from the original on 6 March 2016
2622:from the original on 4 March 2016
2594:, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences,
2588:Institut za balkanistika (1984),
2479:Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time
40:Albanian–Ottoman Wars (1432–1479)
3673:
3672:
2701:History of the Macedonian People
2553:, New York: The Overlook Press,
1283:
1161:Construction of Elbasan Fortress
887:system and was sanjakbey of the
214:
207:
46:
3744:Battles of Mehmed the Conqueror
2265:
1979:
1904:
1853:
1841:
1829:
1817:
1663:
1338:which in modern Albanian means
1257:Alexander, king of the Epirotes
1027:valley and another through the
1848:Srpsko arheološko društvo 1951
1434:
269:Medieval Albanian–Ottoman Wars
1:
2904:Massacre of the Albanian Beys
2503:, Venice: Altobello Salkato,
1860:Institut za balkanistika 1984
1381:
1010:Ottoman activities in Albania
780:
1060:and that Krujë still stood.
278:Early Ottoman invasions and
7:
3215:Declaration of Independence
952:
10:
3760:
3704:1467 in the Ottoman Empire
3699:1466 in the Ottoman Empire
2610:Karaiskaj, Gjerak (1981),
2465:
572:Ballaban's fourth Campaign
453:Mehmed II's first Campaign
18:
3714:Battles involving Albania
3668:
3567:
3509:
3466:
3459:
3326:
3185:
3119:
3043:
2927:
2919:Mustafa Pasha's Rebellion
2822:
2815:
2804:
2517:Frashëri, Kristo (2002),
2499:Franco, Demetrio (1539),
861:, and another one in the
689:
610:Contemporaneous Campaigns
275:
202:
189:
144:
123:
115:Albanian–Venetian victory
56:
45:
37:
32:
3170:1912 – 13
3165:1478 – 79
3145:1477 – 78
3135:1466 – 67
2857:1843 – 44
2852:1432 – 36
1297:(Drisht), and Antivari (
1235:, in what is now called
1098:
1259:. By 7 January 1467, a
228:Location within Albania
3575:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2830:Skanderbeg's rebellion
1330:
1227:
1174:
1051:. They were headed to
962:
802:
792:
693:Wars involving Albania
387:Skanderbeg's Rebellion
145:Commanders and leaders
3739:Warfare by Skanderbeg
2894:Ali Pasha's Rebellion
2889:Albanian–Venetian War
2549:Freely, John (2009),
1328:
1225:
1168:
960:
925:would begin. He kept
922:Ferdinand I of Naples
828:. On 14 August 1464,
798:
788:
759:Ferdinand I of Naples
707:second siege of Krujë
96:41.50750°N 19.79500°E
33:Second siege of Krujë
16:Second siege of Krujë
3264:Partition of Albania
3193:Albanian Renaissance
2909:Mehmed II's campaign
2654:Schmitt, Oliver Jens
1233:Palazzo di San Marco
1057:campaigns to restore
808:had been an Ottoman
765:. Ferdinand and the
721:, the leader of the
313:Bayezid I's Campaign
225:class=notpageimage|
3709:Angelic apparitions
2899:Ballaban's campaign
2840:Macedonian campaign
2660:, Tiranë: K&B,
1143:Archbishop of Ohrid
1113:Baldassare Perducci
822:Alfonso V of Aragon
733:, sanjakbey of the
628:Dukagjini Civil War
521:Macedonian Campaign
164:Baldassare Perducci
92: /
2835:Italian expedition
2675:Setton, Kenneth M.
2274:, pp. 344–345
1988:, pp. 438–439
1913:, pp. 433–434
1826:, pp. 343–344
1672:, pp. 209–210
1331:
1273:Republic of Ragusa
1244:Palazzo Scanderbeg
1228:
1218:Skanderbeg in Rome
1175:
1093:Michael Critobulus
963:
842:Republic of Venice
834:Kingdom of Hungary
803:
793:
767:Republic of Venice
636:Italian Expedition
134:Republic of Venice
101:41.50750; 19.79500
3719:Conflicts in 1466
3686:
3685:
3664:
3663:
3322:
3321:
2711:978-9989-159-24-4
2667:978-3-7917-2229-0
2635:Noli, Fan Stilian
2581:978-1-873928-13-4
2568:Hodgkinson, Harry
2560:978-1-59020-248-7
1265:Francesco Gonzaga
1053:Monte Sant'Angelo
898:Kingdom of Naples
838:Matthias Corvinus
700:
699:
682:
674:
666:
658:
649:
640:
632:
624:
615:
604:
596:
587:
580:
568:
560:
552:
543:
536:
529:
517:
509:
501:
493:
485:
477:
468:
461:
449:
441:
433:
425:
417:
409:
401:
392:
381:
373:
365:
357:
349:
341:
333:
325:
317:
309:
301:
293:
285:
236:
235:
119:
118:
3751:
3676:
3675:
3464:
3463:
2847:Albanian revolts
2820:
2819:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2694:
2670:
2649:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2584:
2563:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2513:
2495:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2341:
2335:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2090:
2084:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1800:
1794:
1781:
1776:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1646:
1640:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1592:
1586:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1320:Georgius Alexius
1278:Giosafat Barbaro
1169:The fortress in
971:Scutari Fortress
680:
672:
664:
656:
647:
638:
630:
622:
613:
602:
594:
585:
578:
566:
558:
550:
541:
534:
527:
515:
507:
499:
491:
483:
475:
466:
459:
447:
439:
431:
423:
415:
407:
399:
390:
379:
371:
363:
355:
347:
339:
331:
323:
315:
307:
299:
291:
283:
270:
262:
255:
248:
239:
238:
218:
217:
211:
180:
107:
106:
104:
103:
102:
97:
93:
90:
89:
88:
85:
58:
57:
50:
30:
29:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3724:Ottoman Albania
3689:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3660:
3563:
3505:
3455:
3318:
3314:Vithkuqi script
3299:Skanderbeg myth
3273:Principalities
3257:North Macedonia
3181:
3115:
3039:
2923:
2811:
2800:
2797:
2767:
2759:
2757:
2729:
2727:
2712:
2691:
2668:
2625:
2623:
2601:
2599:
2582:
2561:
2540:
2538:
2531:
2511:
2474:Babinger, Franz
2468:
2463:
2462:
2454:
2450:
2442:
2435:
2427:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2403:
2399:
2391:
2387:
2381:Hodgkinson 1999
2379:
2375:
2367:
2363:
2355:
2344:
2336:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2297:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2270:
2266:
2258:
2254:
2246:
2242:
2234:
2227:
2221:Hodgkinson 1999
2219:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2195:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2156:
2149:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2093:
2085:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2034:Hodgkinson 1999
2032:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1950:Hodgkinson 1999
1948:
1944:
1936:
1929:
1923:Hodgkinson 1999
1921:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1885:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1803:
1795:
1784:
1777:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1746:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1697:Hodgkinson 1999
1695:
1691:
1683:
1676:
1670:Hodgkinson 1999
1668:
1664:
1656:
1649:
1641:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1602:
1595:
1587:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1560:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1533:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1420:
1412:
1408:
1400:
1389:
1384:
1303:Demetrio Franco
1286:
1220:
1183:Sanjak of Dibra
1163:
1121:Ballaban Badera
1101:
1047:, and his son,
1012:
955:
889:Sanjak of Ohrid
881:Ballaban Badera
814:League of Lezhë
783:
735:Sanjak of Ohrid
731:Ballaban Badera
723:League of Lezhë
703:
702:
701:
696:
685:
377:Arianiti Revolt
361:Albanian Revolt
271:
268:
266:
232:
231:
230:
229:
227:
221:
220:
219:
182:
176:
171:Ballaban Badera
165:
163:
159:
155:
132:
130:League of Lezhë
100:
98:
94:
91:
86:
83:
81:
79:
78:
77:
51:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3757:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3622:Western Thrace
3619:
3614:
3609:
3599:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3582:
3577:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3515:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3239:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3217:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3200:
3195:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3154:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2826:
2824:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2773:
2766:
2765:
2735:
2710:
2695:
2689:
2671:
2666:
2650:
2631:
2607:
2591:Balkan studies
2585:
2580:
2564:
2559:
2546:
2529:
2514:
2509:
2496:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2448:
2433:
2421:
2409:
2397:
2385:
2373:
2361:
2342:
2327:
2315:
2303:
2288:
2276:
2264:
2252:
2240:
2225:
2213:
2201:
2186:
2174:
2162:
2147:
2135:
2120:
2108:
2091:
2074:
2062:
2050:
2038:
2026:
2014:
2002:
1990:
1978:
1966:
1954:
1942:
1927:
1915:
1903:
1891:
1876:
1864:
1852:
1840:
1836:Shukarova 2008
1828:
1816:
1801:
1782:
1779:Karaiskaj 1981
1764:
1752:
1737:
1725:
1713:
1701:
1689:
1674:
1662:
1647:
1632:
1620:
1608:
1593:
1578:
1566:
1551:
1539:
1520:
1508:
1496:
1481:
1469:
1457:
1445:
1433:
1418:
1406:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1376:siege on Krujë
1342:or in English
1285:
1282:
1253:Lekë Dukagjini
1238:Piazza Venezia
1219:
1216:
1199:Franz Babinger
1162:
1159:
1100:
1097:
1025:Shkumbin River
1011:
1008:
954:
951:
939:Albania Veneta
782:
779:
775:siege on Krujë
750:Shkumbin River
715:Ottoman Empire
698:
697:
690:
687:
686:
684:
683:
675:
667:
659:
642:
641:
633:
625:
606:
605:
597:
589:
569:
561:
553:
545:
518:
510:
502:
494:
486:
478:
470:
450:
442:
434:
426:
418:
410:
402:
383:
382:
374:
366:
358:
350:
342:
334:
326:
318:
310:
302:
294:
276:
273:
272:
265:
264:
257:
250:
242:
234:
233:
223:
222:
213:
212:
206:
205:
204:
203:
200:
199:
196:
192:
191:
187:
186:
167:
161:Lekë Dukagjini
147:
146:
142:
141:
139:Ottoman Empire
136:
126:
125:
121:
120:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
72:
70:
66:
65:
62:
54:
53:
43:
42:
35:
34:
28:
27:
21:Siege of Krujë
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3756:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3679:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3549:Grand Viziers
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:Congregations
3042:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2803:
2794:
2789:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2736:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2696:
2692:
2690:0-87169-127-2
2686:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2536:
2532:
2530:99927-1-627-4
2526:
2522:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2510:99943-1-042-9
2506:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2484:Ralph Manheim
2481:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2458:, p. 401
2457:
2452:
2446:, p. 402
2445:
2440:
2438:
2431:, p. 335
2430:
2425:
2419:, p. 457
2418:
2417:Frashëri 2002
2413:
2407:, p. 112
2406:
2401:
2395:, p. 334
2394:
2389:
2383:, p. 217
2382:
2377:
2371:, p. 346
2370:
2365:
2359:, p. 456
2358:
2357:Frashëri 2002
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2340:, p. 455
2339:
2338:Frashëri 2002
2334:
2332:
2325:, p. 345
2324:
2319:
2313:, p. 333
2312:
2307:
2301:, p. 454
2300:
2299:Frashëri 2002
2295:
2293:
2286:, p. 400
2285:
2280:
2273:
2268:
2262:, p. 453
2261:
2260:Frashëri 2002
2256:
2250:, p. 451
2249:
2248:Frashëri 2002
2244:
2238:, p. 399
2237:
2232:
2230:
2223:, p. 216
2222:
2217:
2211:, p. 344
2210:
2205:
2199:, p. 450
2198:
2197:Frashëri 2002
2193:
2191:
2184:, p. 396
2183:
2178:
2172:, p. 449
2171:
2170:Frashëri 2002
2166:
2160:, p. 448
2159:
2158:Frashëri 2002
2154:
2152:
2145:, p. 447
2144:
2143:Frashëri 2002
2139:
2133:, p. 395
2132:
2127:
2125:
2118:, p. 382
2117:
2112:
2106:, p. 111
2105:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2089:, p. 446
2088:
2087:Frashëri 2002
2083:
2081:
2079:
2072:, p. 445
2071:
2070:Frashëri 2002
2066:
2060:, p. 332
2059:
2054:
2048:, p. 442
2047:
2046:Frashëri 2002
2042:
2036:, p. 215
2035:
2030:
2024:, p. 393
2023:
2018:
2012:, p. 441
2011:
2010:Frashëri 2002
2006:
2000:, p. 440
1999:
1998:Frashëri 2002
1994:
1987:
1986:Frashëri 2002
1982:
1976:, p. 391
1975:
1970:
1964:, p. 438
1963:
1962:Frashëri 2002
1958:
1952:, p. 211
1951:
1946:
1940:, p. 437
1939:
1938:Frashëri 2002
1934:
1932:
1925:, p. 212
1924:
1919:
1912:
1911:Frashëri 2002
1907:
1901:, p. 433
1900:
1899:Frashëri 2002
1895:
1889:, p. 331
1888:
1883:
1881:
1874:, p. 253
1873:
1872:Babinger 1978
1868:
1861:
1856:
1850:, p. 181
1849:
1844:
1838:, p. 133
1837:
1832:
1825:
1820:
1814:, p. 279
1813:
1808:
1806:
1799:, p. 431
1798:
1797:Frashëri 2002
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1762:, p. 343
1761:
1756:
1750:, p. 430
1749:
1748:Frashëri 2002
1744:
1742:
1735:, p. 372
1734:
1729:
1723:, p. 330
1722:
1717:
1711:, p. 380
1710:
1705:
1699:, p. 210
1698:
1693:
1687:, p. 429
1686:
1685:Frashëri 2002
1681:
1679:
1671:
1666:
1660:, p. 109
1659:
1654:
1652:
1645:, p. 428
1644:
1643:Frashëri 2002
1639:
1637:
1630:, p. 427
1629:
1628:Frashëri 2002
1624:
1618:, p. 374
1617:
1612:
1606:, p. 426
1605:
1604:Frashëri 2002
1600:
1598:
1591:, p. 110
1590:
1585:
1583:
1576:, p. 425
1575:
1574:Frashëri 2002
1570:
1564:, p. 424
1563:
1562:Frashëri 2002
1558:
1556:
1549:, p. 365
1548:
1543:
1537:, p. 423
1536:
1535:Frashëri 2002
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1518:, p. 422
1517:
1516:Frashëri 2002
1512:
1506:, p. 361
1505:
1500:
1494:, p. 421
1493:
1492:Frashëri 2002
1488:
1486:
1479:, p. 420
1478:
1477:Frashëri 2002
1473:
1467:, p. 419
1466:
1465:Frashëri 2002
1461:
1455:, p. 359
1454:
1449:
1443:, p. 418
1442:
1441:Frashëri 2002
1437:
1431:, p. 417
1430:
1429:Frashëri 2002
1425:
1423:
1416:, p. 363
1415:
1410:
1404:, p. 252
1403:
1402:Babinger 1978
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1387:
1379:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1327:
1323:
1321:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1284:Final battles
1281:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1224:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1167:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:Tanush Thopia
1106:
1105:Marin Barleti
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1073:Idris Bitlisi
1070:
1066:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
980:
976:
972:
968:
959:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
935:provveditores
932:
928:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
902:
899:
894:
890:
886:
882:
877:
873:
872:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
801:
797:
791:
787:
778:
776:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
751:
747:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
695:
694:
688:
679:
676:
671:
668:
663:
660:
655:
652:
651:
650:
646:
637:
634:
629:
626:
621:
618:
617:
616:
612:
611:
601:
598:
593:
590:
584:
577:
573:
570:
565:
562:
557:
554:
549:
546:
540:
533:
526:
522:
519:
514:
511:
506:
503:
498:
495:
490:
487:
482:
479:
474:
471:
465:
458:
454:
451:
446:
443:
438:
435:
430:
427:
422:
419:
414:
411:
406:
403:
398:
395:
394:
393:
389:
388:
378:
375:
370:
369:Muzaka Revolt
367:
362:
359:
354:
353:Kastrioti War
351:
346:
343:
338:
335:
330:
327:
322:
319:
314:
311:
306:
303:
298:
295:
290:
287:
286:
282:
281:
274:
263:
258:
256:
251:
249:
244:
243:
240:
226:
210:
201:
197:
194:
193:
188:
185:
181:
179:
173:
172:
168:
166:Nicolo Moneta
162:
158:
157:Tanush Thopia
154:
153:
149:
148:
143:
140:
137:
135:
131:
128:
127:
122:
114:
111:
110:
105:
75:
71:
68:
67:
63:
60:
59:
55:
49:
44:
41:
36:
31:
26:
22:
3544:20th century
3539:19th century
3534:18th century
3529:17th century
3524:16th century
3519:15th century
3479:Islamization
3237:Mësonjëtorja
3225:Bashi-Bazouk
3186:Other events
3134:
2914:Morea revolt
2806:
2758:, retrieved
2740:
2730:11 September
2728:, retrieved
2700:
2679:
2657:
2638:
2624:, retrieved
2615:
2600:, retrieved
2590:
2571:
2550:
2539:, retrieved
2519:
2500:
2478:
2456:Schmitt 2009
2451:
2444:Schmitt 2009
2424:
2412:
2400:
2388:
2376:
2364:
2318:
2306:
2284:Schmitt 2009
2279:
2267:
2255:
2243:
2236:Schmitt 2009
2216:
2204:
2182:Schmitt 2009
2177:
2165:
2138:
2131:Schmitt 2009
2116:Schmitt 2009
2111:
2065:
2053:
2041:
2029:
2022:Schmitt 2009
2017:
2005:
1993:
1981:
1974:Schmitt 2009
1969:
1957:
1945:
1918:
1906:
1894:
1867:
1862:, p. 71
1855:
1843:
1831:
1819:
1755:
1733:Schmitt 2009
1728:
1716:
1709:Schmitt 2009
1704:
1692:
1665:
1623:
1616:Schmitt 2009
1611:
1569:
1547:Schmitt 2009
1542:
1511:
1504:Schmitt 2009
1499:
1472:
1460:
1453:Schmitt 2009
1448:
1436:
1414:Schmitt 2009
1409:
1370:
1368:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1319:
1311:
1287:
1269:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1236:
1229:
1204:
1194:
1186:
1176:
1129:Pal Engjëlli
1126:
1102:
1084:
1062:
1034:
1013:
964:
927:Pal Engjëlli
914:Vaikal again
903:
893:Pope Paul II
869:
867:
830:Pope Pius II
826:Papal States
804:
771:
755:Pope Paul II
743:
706:
704:
691:
644:
643:
620:Venetian War
609:
608:
607:
591:
385:
384:
329:Zenevisi War
277:
177:
169:
150:
124:Belligerents
25:
3568:Communities
3242:Nationalism
3203:Balkan Wars
3091:Manastir II
2405:Freely 2009
2369:Franco 1539
2323:Franco 1539
2272:Franco 1539
2209:Franco 1539
2104:Freely 2009
1824:Franco 1539
1812:Setton 1978
1760:Franco 1539
1658:Freely 2009
1589:Freely 2009
1211:Via Egnatia
1117:first siege
871:condottiero
763:Roman Curia
648:(1468–1479)
614:(1447–1462)
391:(1443–1468)
284:(1385–1443)
99: /
3693:Categories
3484:Bektashism
3294:Rum Millet
3086:Manastir I
2808:Background
2658:Skënderbeu
1382:References
1261:consistory
1207:Bayezid II
1155:Skanderbeg
1081:Tursun Bey
1029:Black Drin
996:Negroponte
947:springalds
806:Skanderbeg
790:Skanderbeg
781:Background
719:Skanderbeg
345:Muzaka War
195:13,400 men
152:Skanderbeg
87:19°47′42″E
84:41°30′27″N
3634:Arbëreshë
3617:Souliotes
3607:Arvanites
3425:Vilayets
3349:Pashaliks
3327:Geography
3309:Stratioti
3282:Kastrioti
3277:Dukagjini
3230:Devshirme
3220:Janissary
3198:Armatoles
3177:Svetigrad
3005:Oranik II
2965:Martinići
2823:Rebellion
2720:276645834
2492:164968842
2429:Noli 1947
2393:Noli 1947
2311:Noli 1947
2058:Noli 1947
1887:Noli 1947
1721:Noli 1947
1344:Upon them
1315:Mat River
1307:patrician
1173:, Albania
1000:Wallachia
857:, one in
846:Mehmed II
844:. Sultan
810:sanjakbey
800:Mehmed II
711:Mehmed II
681:(1478–79)
673:(1477–78)
657:(1473–79)
639:(1460–62)
631:(1456–57)
623:(1447–48)
595:(1466–67)
429:Svetigrad
397:Svetigrad
372:(1437–38)
364:(1432–36)
356:(1428–30)
348:(1415–17)
332:(1414–18)
184:Mehmed II
76:, Albania
3678:Category
3590:Arbanasi
3580:Bulgaria
3496:Nobility
3444:Manastir
3409:Monastir
3404:Ioannina
3370:Sanjaks
3337:Ioannina
3333:Eyalets
3156:Shkodër
3061:Dukagjin
3025:Torvioll
3000:Oranik I
2980:Mokra II
2935:Albulena
2754:archived
2741:Starinar
2724:archived
2677:(1978).
2656:(2009),
2637:(1947),
2620:archived
2596:archived
2570:(1999),
2535:archived
2476:(1978).
1364:Ömer Bey
1151:Istanbul
1136:and the
1134:Dalmatia
1037:Monopoli
1017:Murad II
992:Dalmatia
979:Ragusans
953:Campaign
931:Signoria
885:devşirme
876:defeated
840:and the
824:and the
739:devşirme
497:Albulena
405:Torvioll
190:Strength
69:Location
38:Part of
3656:Ukraine
3641:Romania
3585:Croatia
3467:Culture
3460:Society
3449:Scutari
3429:Albania
3419:Scutari
3394:Elbasan
3384:Delvina
3374:Albania
3359:Scutari
3342:Rumelia
3247:Albania
3111:Prizren
3106:Preveza
3071:Frashër
3066:Elbasan
3010:Otonetë
2990:Novšiće
2975:Mokra I
2928:Battles
2816:History
2750:1586392
2466:Sources
1336:Embetha
1295:Drivast
1191:Elbasan
1187:Ilbasan
1171:Elbasan
1065:Scutari
1004:Karaman
975:Avlonya
967:Durazzo
918:Kashari
816:. From
746:Elbasan
713:of the
678:Shkodra
662:Shkodra
583:Kashari
457:Modrica
421:Otonetë
178:†
3651:Turkey
3602:Greece
3559:Pashas
3511:People
3501:Tribes
3439:Kosovo
3434:Janina
3399:Görice
3379:Avlona
3364:Yanina
3304:Spahiu
3287:Muzaka
3269:Piracy
3252:Kosovo
3126:Krujë
3120:Sieges
3035:Vaikal
3030:Ulcinj
2985:Murino
2955:Lopate
2950:Kosovo
2940:Ankara
2760:16 May
2748:
2718:
2708:
2687:
2664:
2647:732882
2645:
2626:5 July
2602:16 May
2578:
2557:
2541:16 May
2527:
2507:
2490:
1360:Patras
1356:Lemnos
1352:Imbros
1348:Aegean
1340:Mbë ta
1138:Aegean
1091:each.
1077:Ancona
1069:akıncı
1045:Donika
1041:Apulia
988:Serbia
984:Bosnia
943:ducats
941:3,000
916:, and
906:Vaikal
855:Bosnia
836:under
665:(1474)
654:Himarë
603:(1467)
586:(1465)
579:(1465)
576:Vajkal
567:(1465)
559:(1465)
556:Vajkal
551:(1464)
542:(1462)
535:(1462)
532:Pollog
528:(1462)
516:(1462)
508:(1459)
500:(1457)
492:(1456)
489:Oranik
484:(1455)
476:(1453)
473:Pollog
467:(1452)
460:(1452)
448:(1450)
440:(1448)
437:Oranik
432:(1448)
424:(1446)
416:(1445)
408:(1444)
400:(1443)
380:(1443)
340:(1415)
324:(1395)
316:(1394)
308:(1389)
305:Kosovo
300:(1385)
292:(1375)
198:30,000
174:
112:Result
3646:Syria
3629:Italy
3597:Egypt
3491:Kanun
3414:Ohrid
3389:Dibra
3354:Berat
3152:Berat
3081:Lezhë
3056:Dibra
3051:Dibër
3020:Savra
3015:Polog
2995:Ohrid
2970:Meçad
2945:Deçiq
1291:Lezhë
1195:Jundi
1179:timar
1147:Ohrid
1099:Siege
1085:kulle
1021:Krujë
910:Meçad
863:Morea
859:Ohrid
851:Jajce
818:Krujë
727:Krujë
670:Krujë
600:Krujë
592:Krujë
564:Meçad
548:Ohrid
539:Livad
525:Mokra
513:Mokra
481:Berat
464:Meçad
445:Krujë
413:Mokra
337:Krujë
321:Ohrid
297:Savra
289:Ohrid
74:Krujë
3612:Cham
3474:Besa
3160:1474
3140:1467
3130:1450
3101:Peja
3076:Kuçi
2960:Lumë
2882:1912
2877:1911
2872:1910
2867:1847
2862:1845
2762:2016
2746:OCLC
2732:2017
2716:OCLC
2706:ISBN
2685:ISBN
2662:ISBN
2643:OCLC
2628:2011
2604:2016
2576:ISBN
2555:ISBN
2543:2016
2525:ISBN
2505:ISBN
2488:OCLC
1354:and
1089:akçe
1049:Gjon
757:and
705:The
505:Sati
280:rule
61:Date
3096:Mat
1322:).
1299:Bar
1149:to
1039:in
937:in
853:in
3695::
2752:,
2722:,
2714:,
2614:,
2533:,
2436:^
2345:^
2330:^
2291:^
2228:^
2189:^
2150:^
2123:^
2094:^
2077:^
1930:^
1879:^
1804:^
1785:^
1767:^
1740:^
1677:^
1650:^
1635:^
1596:^
1581:^
1554:^
1523:^
1484:^
1421:^
1390:^
1378:.
1362:.
1309:.
1002:,
994:,
990:,
986:,
912:,
908:,
865:.
777:.
581:•
537:•
530:•
462:•
2792:e
2785:t
2778:v
2693:.
2494:.
1189:(
588:)
574:(
544:)
523:(
469:)
455:(
261:e
254:t
247:v
23:.
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