544:. Moscoso rejected the demand, even though his garrison was depleted by disease. The besiegers began an ineffectual attack on the fort around midnight which lasted until daybreak, at which point they delivered a final surrender demand which Moscoso again refused. In order to supplement his forces, he successfully recruited convicts being held in the fort's guardhouse to participate in the defense, offering them freedom and money for their service. During each of the next two nights the besiegers renewed their attacks on the fort, without significant effect. During the night of 29/30 November, one of the leading Creek chiefs was killed. This apparently broke the besiegers' morale, for the siege was lifted the following morning. The attackers were reported to have suffered significant casualties.
524:
fort's cannons, scattering the attackers; some of their captives managed to escape to the fort in the confusion. Two days later, ten men sent out of the fort to do laundry disappeared. On 14 August an estimated 300 Indians appeared before the fort and engaged it in a battle lasting several hours. The next day the attack resumed, as did the pillaging of the town. Activity quieted down until 18 August, when an
English flag was raised over a house near the fort. This prompted Moscoso to open fire from the fort, beginning a battle that raged until dark. That day, the attackers burned down the rest of the town, and Moscoso's men had to work to prevent the fort from burning as well.
135:
121:
108:
1243:
512:
560:
48:
570:
These attacks were the last major assaults on
Pensacola in the war, although there continued to be minor skirmishes and kidnappings. Most of the Indians that fled during the sieges never returned, reducing Pensacola to little more than its garrison. Governor Bienville learned from a Spaniard who had
527:
While the
Spanish inspected the rubble, one of them was taken prisoner on 19 August and a second person was captured the next day. This marked the end of active assaults on the fort. However, the area beyond the range of the fort's guns was unsafe for at least the next month; a number of people also
503:
In 1707, Pensacola was under the command of Don
Sebastián de Moscoso. The exact size of his garrison in 1707 is not known. The authorized strength of the garrison was 220, but it rarely reached that strength owing to the difficulty in recruiting soldiers, for what was viewed as a highly undesirable
523:
and a few South
Carolina traders". The siege began on 12 August with the arrival of a band of 20 to 30 Indians, who began terrorizing the Indians living in the town outside the fort. They took prisoners (including some women and children) and began burning houses. Governor Moscoso fired one of the
494:
against
Charles Town was a failure but motivated Carolina authorities to again target the Spanish at Pensacola and the French at Mobile. Nairne proposed a major expedition after the attack on Charles Town, intending to recruit as many as 1,500 Indians to capture Mobile, but political divisions in
398:
successfully resisted the onslaught. In late
November, a second expedition arrived, and made unsuccessful attacks on three consecutive nights before withdrawing. Pensacola's governor, Don Sebastián de Moscoso, whose garrison was depleted by disease, recruited convicted criminals to assist in the
540:. On that day, a Carolinian (unidentified in Spanish reports, but possibly Thomas Nairne) brought a demand for surrender written in English. Since none of the Spaniards could read it, he was sent away, and the demand was eventually transmitted orally by a French
413:
English and
Spanish colonies in southeastern North America began coming into conflict as early as the middle of the 17th century. The Spanish population of Florida at the time was fairly small. Since its founding in the 16th century, the Spanish had set up a
391:), resulted in the burning of the town, and caused most of its Indian population to flee, although the fort withstood repeated attacks. The battles were primarily fought in the nighttime hours due to the excessive heat of the day.
469:
Indians and engage in a vigorous defense against potential
English incursions into Spanish territory. D'Iberville even offered equipment and supplies for that purpose. However, an attempt at a punitive expedition against the Creek
504:
posting, and a fairly high rate of desertion. Moscoso reported in 1708 that the garrison numbered about 100, having been reduced by the events of 1707. The garrison was housed in Fort San Carlos de
Austria, a wooden
571:
escaped English captivity that Mobile was also being targeted for attack. He improved Mobile's defenses in 1708, but the outpost was never attacked; a village of Mobile Indians was attacked in May 1709, however.
205:
1305:
1340:
551:
raised a force of 100 Frenchmen and 400 Indians. They reached Pensacola on 8 December, only to learn that the siege had been lifted a week earlier.
536:
The second siege began with the arrival on 27 November of a contingent of about 20 Carolina traders and 300 Creeks, primarily Tallapoosas and
198:
841:
1256:
1300:
548:
474:
of the Spanish and their Apalachee allies in October, shortly before news of war declarations bringing the English government into the
191:
1330:
1315:
1190:
1163:
1136:
1069:
1042:
937:
341:
22:
519:
Extant records do not describe the composition of the forces that attacked Pensacola in August beyond "several hundred
112:
442:, who they supplied with arms and from whom they purchased slaves and animal pelts. These traders penetrated into
1335:
314:
274:
891:
Bense, Judith (2004). "Presidio Santa María De Galve (1698–1719): A Frontier Garrison in Spanish West Florida".
1295:
1215:
Pearson, Fred Lamar Jr (1978). "Anglo-Spanish Rivalry in the Chattahoochee Basin and West Florida, 1685–1704".
458:
242:
1183:
Wars of the Americas: a Chronology of Armed Conflict in the Western Hemisphere, 1492 to the Present, Volume 1
1062:
From Chicaza to Chickasaw: the European Invasion and the Transformation of the Mississippian World, 1540–1715
579:
479:
475:
388:
369:
331:
309:
215:
1320:
582:, but it was returned to Spain after the war. The location of Fort San Carlos de Austria is now occupied by
490:
by combined Creek-Carolina raids against the Spanish mission network from 1703 to 1706. A French-organized
257:
1325:
575:
415:
183:
1310:
1233:
587:
423:
304:
294:
279:
1345:
299:
262:
134:
845:
491:
450:
252:
483:
373:
247:
471:
465:, in January 1702, warned the Spanish commander at Pensacola that he should properly arm the
326:
430:
heightened tensions. By the early 18th century, Carolina traders like Anthony Dodsworth and
395:
427:
139:
289:
8:
408:
384:
222:
39:
1219:. Vol. 79, no. 1, January. South Carolina Historical Society. pp. 50–59.
1220:
1115:
1088:
1023:
1009:
980:
972:
916:
908:
879:
487:
454:
336:
75:
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Word of the attacking force had reached the French at Mobile on 24 November. Governor
47:
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whose primary purpose was to pacify the local Indian population and convert them to
1034:
1030:
1001:
964:
900:
462:
443:
377:
79:
870:
Arnade, Charles W (1962). "The English Invasion of Spanish Florida, 1700–1706".
1247:
583:
564:
537:
439:
1289:
1271:
1258:
1200:
1146:
1079:
1052:
947:
431:
159:
1173:
1098:
1005:
435:
365:
520:
422:. The founding by English colonists of 1670 of Charles Town (present-day
394:
The first siege, in August, resulted in the destruction of the town, but
213:
1224:
1119:
955:
Boyd, Mark F (1953). "Further Consideration of the Apalachee Missions".
912:
883:
1013:
904:
976:
992:
Crane, Verner W (1919). "The Southern Frontier in Queen Anne's War".
559:
466:
125:
968:
541:
505:
143:
1129:
Zamumo's Gifts: Indian-European Exchange in the Colonial Southeast
927:
511:
930:
Here They Once Stood: the Tragic End of the Apalachee Missions
963:(4, April). Academy of American Franciscan History: 459–480.
446:, leading to raiding and reprisal expeditions on both sides.
120:
107:
438:
Indians in the upper watersheds of rivers draining into the
364:
included two separate attempts in 1707 by English-supported
1114:(3/4, January–April). Florida Historical Society: 242–262.
528:
disappeared after they ventured too far from its vicinity.
1106:
Griffen, William (1959). "Spanish Pensacola, 1700–1763".
457:, established by the Spanish in 1698, would be enforced.
1064:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
928:
Boyd, Mark F; Smith, Hale G; Griffin, John W (1999) .
1231:
590:whose construction began late in the 18th century.
1131:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
1022:
1156:Old Mobile: Fort Louis de la Louisiane, 1702–1711
486:, Spanish mission towns were severely reduced by
1287:
932:. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.
453:, threatened the Spanish that English claims to
1158:. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.
1090:Historical Collections of Louisiana and Florida
1029:. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
878:(1, July). Florida Historical Society: 29–37.
372:, one of two major settlements (the other was
199:
21:For other military actions at Pensacola, see
1306:Battles of the War of the Spanish Succession
1153:
368:Indians to capture the town and fortress of
1341:Sieges of the War of the Spanish Succession
515:Spanish map of the Florida Gulf coast, 1700
158:Unknown; second siege may have been led by
604:
602:
495:Carolina prevented execution of the plan.
206:
192:
46:
52:Fort San Carlos de Austria, map from 1699
1059:
558:
510:
1214:
1105:
844:. National Park Service. Archived from
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1217:The South Carolina Historical Magazine
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625:
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991:
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682:
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578:from the Spanish in 1719, during the
426:) in the recently established (1663)
187:
1126:
954:
798:
750:
734:
632:
620:
549:Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville
387:(the North American theater of the
13:
1301:Battles involving Native Americans
1208:
677:
14:
1357:
66:Second siege: 28–30 November 1707
1241:
1108:The Florida Historical Quarterly
1025:The Southern Frontier, 1670–1732
872:The Florida Historical Quarterly
171:First siege: unknown, under 220
133:
119:
106:
1185:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
1093:. New York: J. Sabin and Sons.
834:
825:
816:
807:
789:
780:
771:
762:
725:
716:
707:
698:
689:
531:
434:had established alliances with
1331:Sieges involving Great Britain
994:The American Historical Review
842:"Fort San Carlos de Barrancas"
822:Higginbotham, pp. 360–364, 383
668:
659:
650:
641:
611:
498:
449:In 1700, Carolina's governor,
64:First siege: 12–20 August 1707
1:
1316:History of Pensacola, Florida
863:
580:War of the Quadruple Alliance
476:War of the Spanish Succession
402:
389:War of the Spanish Succession
176:First siege: several hundred
554:
7:
1154:Higginbotham, Jay (1991) .
574:A French force from Mobile
459:Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville
10:
1362:
588:National Historic Landmark
424:Charleston, South Carolina
406:
396:Fort San Carlos de Austria
20:
1060:Ethridge, Robbie (2010).
1021:Crane, Verner W (1956) .
731:Higginbotham, pp. 309–310
480:failed Carolinian assault
233:
165:
149:
98:
56:
45:
37:
32:
656:Boyd (1953), pp. 469–471
593:
461:, the French founder of
155:Don Sebastián de Moscoso
16:Part of Queen Anne's War
1035:2027/mdp.39015051125113
665:Crane (1956), pp. 78–81
237:Quebec and Newfoundland
178:Second siege: about 320
173:Second siege: about 300
1336:Sieges involving Spain
1181:Marley, David (2008).
893:Historical Archaeology
567:
516:
269:Acadia and New England
150:Commanders and leaders
1296:1707 in North America
1272:30.34778°N 87.29722°W
1127:Hall, Joseph (2009).
1087:French, B. F (1869).
1000:(3, April): 379–395.
562:
514:
383:The attacks, part of
1006:10.1086/ahr/24.3.379
813:Higginbotham, p. 313
786:Higginbotham, p. 312
768:Higginbotham, p. 311
638:Crane (1919), p. 384
629:Crane (1919), p. 381
608:Arnade (1962), p. 31
508:fort built in 1698.
428:Province of Carolina
321:Carolina and Florida
140:Province of Carolina
1277:30.34778; -87.29722
1268: /
831:Marley, pp. 368–371
695:Crane (1956), p. 90
674:Crane (1956), p. 88
647:Crane (1956), p. 73
416:network of missions
315:2nd Northeast Coast
275:1st Northeast Coast
23:Battle of Pensacola
1326:Battles in Florida
905:10.1007/BF03376653
848:on 16 October 2012
576:captured Pensacola
568:
517:
472:resulted in a rout
362:siege of Pensacola
218:Spanish Succession
33:Siege of Pensacola
1311:Conflicts in 1707
1192:978-1-59884-100-8
1165:978-0-8173-0528-4
1138:978-0-8122-4179-2
1071:978-0-8078-3435-0
1044:978-0-8371-9336-6
939:978-0-8130-1725-9
617:Boyd et al, p. 10
478:arrived. After a
420:Roman Catholicism
355:
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182:
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94:
93:
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1321:Queen Anne's War
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1209:Further reading
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565:Fort Barrancas
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488:numerous raids
440:Gulf of Mexico
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795:French, p. 98
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432:Thomas Nairne
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899:(3): 47–64.
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850:. Retrieved
846:the original
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764:
759:Hall, p. 108
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713:Bense, p. 48
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686:Oatis, p. 70
670:
661:
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532:Second siege
526:
518:
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451:Joseph Blake
448:
412:
393:
382:
361:
359:
346:
342:Charles Town
310:Bloody Creek
243:Newfoundland
104:
99:Belligerents
18:
1275: /
852:19 December
521:Tallapoosas
499:First siege
327:Flint River
258:Fort Albany
1290:Categories
1263:87°17′50″W
1260:30°20′52″N
864:References
403:Background
216:War of the
1201:166373121
1147:299280724
1080:607975609
1053:631544711
985:147088927
948:245840026
921:160974634
555:Aftermath
467:Apalachee
455:Pensacola
370:Pensacola
347:Pensacola
337:Apalachee
300:Haverhill
290:Grand Pré
285:Deerfield
126:New Spain
76:Pensacola
1225:27567478
1174:22732070
1120:30166288
1099:14953493
913:25617180
884:30139893
542:Huguenot
538:Alabamas
506:stockade
280:Falmouth
166:Strength
144:Muskogee
71:Location
38:Part of
1248:Florida
1014:1835775
1234:Portal
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263:Quebec
87:Result
1221:JSTOR
1116:JSTOR
1010:JSTOR
981:S2CID
973:JSTOR
917:S2CID
909:JSTOR
880:JSTOR
594:Notes
436:Creek
376:) in
366:Creek
113:Spain
1197:OCLC
1187:ISBN
1170:OCLC
1160:ISBN
1143:OCLC
1133:ISBN
1095:OCLC
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1066:ISBN
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1039:ISBN
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934:ISBN
854:2011
586:, a
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