1001:
48:
1180:
1329:, in Cyprus, Jacques de Molay continued to send appeals to the West to organize the sending of troops and supplies. In November 1301, Pope Boniface VIII officially granted Ruad to the Knights Templar. They strengthened its fortifications, and installed a force of 120 knights, 500 archers and 400 servants as a permanent garrison. This represented a considerable commitment: "close to half the size of the normal complement for the twelfth-century Kingdom of Jerusalem". They were under the command of the Templar marshal
1234:, as Ghazan had promised that his own forces would arrive in late 1300. While the Templar Grand Master had high hopes for the operation, the attempt to reoccupy Tortosa lasted only twenty-five days, and the Crusaders acted more like plunderers, destroying property and taking captives. They did not stay permanently in the city, but set up base on Ruad. However, Ghazan's Mongols did not show up as planned, being delayed by the rigorous winter, and the planned junction did not happen.
1366:"The king of Armenia had sent his messengers to the king of Cyprus to tell him . . . that Ghazan was now on the point of coming to the sultan's lands with a multitude of Tartars. Knowing this, we now intend to go to the isle of Tortosa, where our convent has remained all this year with horses and arms, causing much damage to the
1460:
had asked the leaders of the military orders, Jacques de Molay and Fulk de
Villaret, to present their proposals for how the crusades should proceed, but neither of them factored in any kind of a Mongol alliance. A few later proposals talked briefly about the Mongols as being a force that could invade
1121:
near Homs in Syria. He was assisted by his vassal Hethum II, whose forces included a contingent of
Templars and Hospitallers from Little Armenia. But Ghazan then had to retreat the bulk of his forces in February, due to a revolt in the East during the Mongol civil war, as he was being attacked by one
1146:
and entering multiple towns, probably including
Jerusalem. The Mongols' success in Syria inspired enthusiastic rumours in the West, that the Holy Land had been conquered and that Jerusalem was to be returned to the West. In May however, when the Egyptians again advanced from Cairo, the remaining
1404:
negotiated a surrender to the
Mamluks on September 26, under the condition that they could safely escape to a Christian land of their choice. However after they emerged conflict soon started, Barthélemy de Quincy was killed in the conflict, all the bowmen and Syrian Christian footsoldiers were
1230:, launched an expedition to reoccupy Tortosa. Six hundred troops, including about 150 Templars, were ferried to Ruad in preparation for a seaborne assault on the city. The hopes were that in synchronization with the naval assault, there would also be a land-based attack by the Mongols of the
1393:, from which they besieged the island of Ruad. They disembarked at two points and set up their own encampment. The Templars fought the invaders, but were eventually starved out. The Cypriots had been assembling a fleet to rescue Ruad, which set out from
1957:"Nearly 40 of these men were still in prison in Cairo years later where, according to a former fellow prisoner, the Genoese Matthew Zaccaria, they died of starvation, having refused an offer of 'many riches and goods' in return for apostatising"
1150:
In July 1300, King Henry II of
Jerusalem and the other Cypriots set up a naval raiding operation. Sixteen galleys combining the forces of Cyprus with those of the Templars and Hospitallers, and accompanied by Ghazan's ambassador
1191:
having been dismantled by the
Mamluks in 1291, Tortosa remained the most likely stronghold on the mainland which had the potential to be recaptured. From Cyprus, King Henry and members of the three military orders
2241:
1134:. Before leaving, Ghazan announced that he would return by November 1300, and sent letters and ambassadors to the West so that they could prepare themselves. Ghazan's remaining forces in the area launched some
230:(Mongol Persia). However, though the Crusaders successfully established a bridgehead on the island, the Mongols did not arrive, and the Crusaders were forced to withdraw the bulk of their forces to Cyprus. The
1204:), attempted to retake Tortosa in 1300. The plan was to establish a bridgehead on the tiny waterless island of Ruad, just two miles (3 km) off the coast, from which they could launch raids on the city.
1094:, inviting them to participate in combined operations against the Mamluks. Henry made some attempts to combine with the Mongols, and in the autumn of 1299 sent a small fleet of two galleys, led by
1183:
Though they were not able to satisfactorily combine their activities, the
Europeans (green arrows) and Mongols (red arrows) did attempt to coordinate an offensive near Tortosa and the Isle of Ruad
1008:(also called the Third Battle of Homs), and were able to launch some raids southwards into Palestine for a few months before retreating. In 1303, they suffered a crushing defeat at the
1445:
on 20 April. It is considered to be the last major Mongol invasion of Syria. When Ghazan died in 1304, Jacques de Molay's dream of a rapid reconquest of the Holy Land was doused.
234:
set up a permanent garrison on the island in 1300, but the
Mamluks besieged and captured Ruad in 1302. With the loss of the island, the Crusaders lost their last foothold in the
1253:. When Ghazan announced that he had canceled his operations for the year, the Crusaders, after some deliberations, decided to return to Cyprus, leaving only a garrison on Ruad.
1405:
executed, and dozens of the surviving
Templar knights were taken as prisoners to Cairo. About 40 of the Templars were still in prison in Cairo several years later, refusing to
338:
266:
1456:, which cheered him "like spiritual sustenance" and encouraged him to evoke the restitution of the Holy Land by the Mongols as a strong possibility. In 1306,
1336:
Plans for combined operations between the
Europeans and the Mongols were made for the winters of 1301 and 1302. A surviving letter from Jacques de Molay to
1249:, and John of Giblet. While Kutlushka had a force of 60,000, he could do little else than engage in some perfunctory raiding as far as the environs of
2236:
2246:
1059:(in what had previously been Antioch). This marked the capture of the last Templar stronghold in the Levant. The Grand Master of the Templars,
2216:
210:
had been systematically destroying the remaining Crusader ports and fortresses in the region, forcing the Crusaders to relocate the dwindling
2221:
2211:
1448:
Subsequently the Grand Master opposed small-scale attacks in anticipation of larger forces as a strategy to recapture the Holy Land. In 1305
1340:, dated 8 April 1301, informed the king of the troubles encountered by Ghazan, but announced de Molay's planned expedition in the autumn:
259:
1237:
In February 1301 the Mongols, accompanied by the Armenian king Hethum II, finally made their promised advance into Syria. General
2167:
2122:
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252:
2261:
2019:
1071:, apparently participated in the ineffective defense of these fortresses, the losses of which prompted the Armenian king
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1826:, must be understood in this perspective, and would even add, in this perspective only." Alain Demurger, p.139
1810:
and his Order fully committed, with the other Christian forces of Cyprus and Armenia, to a reconquest of the
755:
671:
17:
52:
Ruins of the fortress of Ruad, where the Crusaders attempted to set up a bridgehead to re-take the Holy Land
1915:
760:
202:
in the Eastern Mediterranean. In 1291, the Crusaders had lost their main power base at the coastal city of
380:
222:, by setting up a staging area on Ruad, two miles (3 km) off the coast of Tortosa. The plans were to
1246:
1135:
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1005:
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591:
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Almost all Knights Templar (except some 40 knights as prisoners). Most archers and sergeants were killed.
1385:
Ruad was to be the last Crusader base in the Levant. In 1302, the Mamluks sent a fleet of 16 ships from
2231:
2036:
1425:. Ghazan made a last attack on the Mamluks in Spring 1303, with 30,000 troops in combination with the
1417:
The Franks from Cyprus did continue to engage in some naval attacks along the Syrian coast, destroying
1370:
along the coast and capturing many Saracens. We intend to go there and settle in to await the Tartars."
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636:
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313:
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1348:(light galleys) has been transported to the isle of Tortosa to await Ghazan's army and his Tartars."
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Syria and keep the Mamluks distracted, but not as a force that could be counted on for cooperation.
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1409:. According to some accounts, they eventually died of starvation after years of ill treatment.
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made new plans for a Crusade, and in 1307 received new ambassadors from the Mongol leader
8:
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1929:
Ibn Khaldun: the Mediterranean in the 14th century : rise and fall of Empires
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In 1299, as he prepared an offensive against Syria, Ghazan had sent embassies to
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was lost in 1187, the Crusaders moved their headquarters to the coastal city of
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The Islamic world in ascendancy: from the Arab conquests to the siege of Vienna
1457:
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1110:), and for a few months, until February 1300, began rebuilding the fortress of
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Mongol advances, 1299–1303. They had a major success near Homs in 1300 at the
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2014:
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Ghazan inflicted a crushing defeat on the Mamluks on 22 December 1299 at the
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had since ordered Jacques de Molay to resolve the disputes with Henry II.
1207:
On the eve of the Ruad expedition, relations between the Templars and the
1052:
1914:, Ancient Correspondence, Special Collections 1/55, f. 22; published in
1406:
1241:
went to Little Armenia to fetch troops and from there moved south past
1160:
218:. In 1299–1300, the Cypriots sought to retake the Syrian port city of
1811:
1394:
1238:
1231:
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1131:
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1036:, but lost that too three months later, as well as the stronghold of
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Military history of the Crusader states after Lord Edward's crusade
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on the mainland (in modern times this would be along the coast of
2114:
1823:
1822:; the occupation of Ruad for two years, on the Syrian coast near
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to Mumluk forces. They then moved their headquarters north to
1430:
1386:
1111:
1033:
73:
27:
Siege; brought the Crusader period to an end in the Holy Land
1226:
In November 1300, Jacques de Molay and the king's brother,
2017:(1987). "Mongol Raids into Palestine (AD 1260 and 1300)".
1040:(south of Acre). The remaining elements of the dwindling
2033:
The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple
1245:. The Armenians were also accompanied by Guy of Ibelin,
1044:
relocated their headquarters offshore to the island of
1219:
had supported a rival claimant to the Cypriot throne.
1012:, which marked the end of their incursions into Syria.
226:
between the forces of the Crusaders, and those of the
1429:, but the expedition ended in disaster. His generals
1375:
Jacques de Molay, letter to James II of Aragon, 1301.
2131:
1870:
Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades, 1191-1374, p.105
1102:, to join Ghazan. The fleet successfully reoccupied
1353:
Jacques de Molay, letter to Edward I, April 8, 1301
2136:
2080:
1848:
1846:
1500:The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem
1051:In 1298–99 the Mamluks attacked Syria, capturing
198:in 1302 was one of the culminating events of the
2198:
1682:
1024:, which they held for another century, until it
238:and it marked the end of their presence in the
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2053:
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1892:
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1866:
1843:
1709:
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1138:from December 1299 until May 1300, raiding the
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2143:. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
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2061:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1973:
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1362:a few months later, Jacques de Molay wrote:
1215:, were strained, as the former Grand Master
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1344:"And our convent, with all our galleys and
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1633:The Mongols and the West, 1221-1410, p.170
1596:
1147:Mongols retreated with little resistance.
267:
253:
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2159:Acri 1291. La caduta degli stati crociati
1476:Demurger, chapter "The Isle of Ruad", in
2237:Sieges involving the Knights Hospitaller
1686:Crusading and the crusader states, p.249
1676:
1506:
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1272:
1270:
1263:
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999:
912:End of the Crusader states in the Levant
2247:Battles involving the Kingdom of Cyprus
14:
2199:
2027:
2217:Sieges involving the Mamluk Sultanate
1673:Amitai, "Mongol Raids into Palestine"
1174:
248:
2222:14th century in the Mamluk Sultanate
2212:Sieges involving the Knights Templar
2020:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
1740:, Cambridge University Press, 1995,
2111:The Mongols and the West: 1221-1410
1970:Demurger, "Jacques de Molay", p.158
1075:to request the intervention of the
24:
1814:in liaison with the offensives of
25:
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1982:
1964:
1951:
1921:
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1730:
1543:The trial of the templars, p.22
1090:(now located on Cyprus) and to
1873:. Cambridge University Press.
1786:. Cambridge University Press.
1667:
1653:
1549:. Cambridge University Press.
1492:
1483:
1470:
1397:, but did not arrive in time.
1260:
13:
1:
2007:
1837:Crusader art in the Holy Land
1713:The Knights Hospitaller, p.45
995:
1916:Sacrae Domus Militiae Templi
1412:
7:
2262:Battles of Fall of Outremer
2161:, Bologna, il Mulino, 2017.
1910:Quoted in Demurger, p.154.
1757:Demurger, pp. 142 & 147
1136:Mongol raids into Palestine
1119:Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar
1006:Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar
10:
2278:
2037:Cambridge University Press
1783:The New Knighthood, p. 294
571:Period post-Second Crusade
2059:The Trial of the Templars
1959:The Trial of the Templars
1683:Andrew Jotischky (2004).
1400:On Ruad, Brother Hugh of
782:Period post-Third Crusade
355:Period post-First Crusade
289:
179:
151:
126:
109:
56:
45:
37:
32:
2252:1300s in the Middle East
1867:Peter W. Edbury (1991).
1716:. Boydell & Brewer.
1710:Helen Nicholson (2001).
1464:
1443:Battle of Marj al-Saffar
1380:
1063:, and the leader of the
1010:Battle of Marj al-Saffar
1780:Malcolm Barber (1995).
1540:Malcolm Barber (2006).
1325:From his stronghold of
1265:Crusader troops at Ruad
224:coordinate an offensive
2207:Sieges of the Crusades
1961:, Malcolm Barber, p.22
1663:by Martin Sicker p.128
1630:Peter Jackson (2005).
1378:
1356:
1184:
1077:Mongol ruler of Persia
1013:
127:Commanders and leaders
2183:34.85611°N 35.85833°E
1818:, the Mongol khan of
1689:. Pearson Education.
1639:. Pearson Education.
1502:by Denys Pringle p.70
1364:
1342:
1257:Reinforcement of Ruad
1182:
1142:, reaching as far as
1088:Henry II of Jerusalem
1069:Guillaume de Villaret
1003:
959:Lord Edward's Crusade
180:Casualties and losses
172:400 Templar sergeants
2133:Tyerman, Christopher
1999:Mongols and the West
1839:Jaroslav Folda p.525
1331:Barthélemy de Quincy
1217:Guillaume de Beaujeu
1155:, were able to raid
1042:Kingdom of Jerusalem
212:Kingdom of Jerusalem
138:Barthélemy de Quincy
2179: /
1437:were defeated near
1338:Edward I of England
1198:Knights Hospitaller
1140:Jordan River Valley
949:Krak des Chevaliers
169:500 Templar archers
2188:34.85611; 35.85833
1946:The New Knighthood
1738:The new Knighthood
1360:James II of Aragon
1228:Amaury of Lusignan
1221:Pope Boniface VIII
1185:
1175:Ruad as bridgehead
1092:Pope Boniface VIII
1014:
817:3rd Constantinople
812:2nd Constantinople
717:2nd Belvoir Castle
677:1st Belvoir Castle
540:1st Constantinople
101:from the Holy Land
2232:Conflicts in 1302
2157:Antonio Musarra,
2124:978-0-582-36896-5
2068:978-0-521-67236-8
1736:Barber, Malcolm.
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1126:, the son of the
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279:: battles in the
214:to the island of
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1061:Jacques de Molay
1032:on the coast of
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1258:
1255:
1247:Count of Jaffa
1209:King of Cyprus
1176:
1173:
1167:, Tortosa and
1153:Isol the Pisan
1100:John of Giblet
997:
994:
990:
989:
987:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
944:Eighth Crusade
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
908:
907:
902:
897:
884:
883:
878:
873:
868:
854:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
820:
819:
814:
809:
800:Fourth Crusade
796:
795:
790:
779:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
745:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
568:
567:
562:
557:
555:Meander Valley
552:
547:
542:
533:Second Crusade
529:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
476:Marj al-Saffar
473:
468:
463:
458:
456:Jaffa and Tyre
453:
448:
446:Ager Sanguinis
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
352:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
290:
287:
286:
272:
271:
264:
257:
249:
190:
189:
186:
182:
181:
177:
176:
174:
173:
170:
167:
160:
158:
154:
153:
149:
148:
135:
129:
128:
124:
123:
118:
112:
111:
107:
106:
103:
102:
95:
89:
88:
82:
78:
77:
72:
70:
66:
65:
62:
54:
53:
43:
42:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2274:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2195:
2192:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2150:9780674023871
2146:
2141:
2140:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2098:2-228-90235-7
2094:
2090:
2089:Profile Books
2085:
2084:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2046:0-521-42041-5
2042:
2038:
2035:. Cambridge:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2001:, pp. 165–185
2000:
1994:
1985:
1976:
1967:
1960:
1954:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1932:
1930:
1924:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1882:
1880:0-521-26876-1
1876:
1872:
1871:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1849:
1847:
1840:
1838:
1832:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1795:
1793:0-521-55872-7
1789:
1785:
1784:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1754:
1747:
1746:0-521-55872-7
1743:
1739:
1733:
1725:
1723:0-85115-845-5
1719:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1698:
1696:0-582-41851-8
1692:
1688:
1687:
1679:
1670:
1664:
1662:
1656:
1648:
1646:0-582-36896-0
1642:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1593:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1558:
1556:0-521-85639-6
1552:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1503:
1501:
1495:
1486:
1479:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1371:
1369:
1363:
1361:
1349:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1273:November 1300
1269:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1181:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:Qutlugh-Khoja
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1096:Guy of Ibelin
1093:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1011:
1007:
1002:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
916:
915:
914:
913:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
892:
891:
890:
889:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
871:3rd Jerusalem
869:
867:
864:
863:
862:
861:
860:and aftermath
859:
858:Sixth Crusade
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
827:
826:
825:
824:Fifth Crusade
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
804:
803:
802:
801:
794:
791:
789:
786:
785:
784:
783:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
753:
752:
751:
750:
749:Third Crusade
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
707:2nd Jerusalem
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
574:
573:
572:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
545:2nd Dorylaeum
543:
541:
538:
537:
536:
535:
534:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
358:
357:
356:
350:
347:
345:
344:1st Jerusalem
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
314:1st Dorylaeum
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
296:
295:
294:
293:First Crusade
288:
282:
278:
270:
265:
263:
258:
256:
251:
250:
247:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
187:
184:
183:
178:
171:
168:
166:
162:
161:
159:
156:
155:
150:
147:
145:
139:
136:
134:
131:
130:
125:
122:
119:
117:
114:
113:
108:
100:
96:
91:
90:
86:
83:
80:
79:
75:
71:
68:
67:
63:
60:
59:
55:
49:
44:
41:
36:
31:
19:
18:Siege of Ruad
2227:1302 in Asia
2164:
2158:
2138:
2110:
2082:
2058:
2032:
2018:
1998:
1993:
1984:
1975:
1966:
1958:
1953:
1945:
1928:
1923:
1906:
1899:
1869:
1836:
1831:
1806:"From 1299,
1802:
1782:
1753:
1737:
1732:
1712:
1705:
1685:
1678:
1669:
1660:
1655:
1636:
1632:
1591:
1546:
1542:
1499:
1494:
1485:
1477:
1472:
1447:
1435:Qutlugh Shah
1416:
1399:
1384:
1367:
1365:
1357:
1345:
1343:
1335:
1324:
1312:Hospitallers
1280:–April 1302
1264:
1236:
1225:
1206:
1186:
1149:
1116:
1085:
1065:Hospitallers
1050:
1026:fell in 1291
1015:
983:
910:
909:
905:2nd Fariskur
900:2nd Mansurah
895:3rd Damietta
886:
885:
856:
855:
851:1st Mansurah
846:1st Fariskur
841:2nd Damietta
822:
821:
798:
797:
781:
780:
747:
746:
662:Jacob's Ford
627:1st Damietta
570:
569:
560:Mount Cadmus
531:
530:
381:2nd Heraclea
376:1st Heraclea
354:
353:
291:
196:fall of Ruad
195:
193:
143:
110:Belligerents
74:Isle of Ruad
38:Part of the
33:Fall of Ruad
2186: /
1421:, south of
1053:Servantikar
974:3rd Tripoli
954:2nd Tripoli
939:2nd Antioch
881:3rd Ascalon
831:Mount Tabor
761:Philomelion
622:2nd Bilbeis
612:1st Bilbeis
587:2nd Ascalon
521:Edessa 1146
516:Edessa 1144
511:2nd Shaizar
436:Al-Sannabra
431:1st Shaizar
396:1st Tripoli
349:1st Ascalon
329:2nd Antioch
319:1st Antioch
283:(1096–1303)
92:Territorial
2201:Categories
2174:35°51′30″E
2171:34°51′22″N
2023:: 236–255.
2008:References
1407:apostatize
1161:Alexandria
996:Background
732:Al-Shughur
657:Marj Ayyun
642:Montgisard
637:Alexandria
592:Lake Huleh
506:2nd Aleppo
481:al-Atharib
466:1st Aleppo
299:Xerigordos
2139:God's War
2079:(2005) .
1997:Jackson,
1918:, p. 368.
1812:Holy Land
1427:Armenians
1413:Aftermath
1402:Dampierre
1395:Famagusta
1239:Kutlushka
1232:Ilkhanate
1132:Turkestan
1130:ruler of
1073:Hethum II
1018:Jerusalem
919:2nd Arsuf
836:Machghara
788:2nd Jaffa
776:1st Jaffa
771:1st Arsuf
697:2nd Kerak
687:1st Kerak
617:al-Babein
602:al-Buqaia
496:Qinnasrin
486:Rafaniyya
411:3rd Ramla
391:2nd Ramla
386:1st Ramla
236:Holy Land
228:Ilkhanate
99:Crusaders
2135:(2006).
2109:(2005).
2057:(2001).
2031:(1994).
1948:, p. 294
1944:Barber,
1439:Damascus
1373:—
1351:—
1327:Limassol
1299:Templars
1286:Cypriots
1278:May 1301
1213:Henry II
1169:Maraclea
1128:Jagataid
979:4th Acre
924:Caesarea
756:3rd Acre
722:Laodicea
712:3rd Tyre
667:2nd Acre
565:Damascus
401:1st Acre
371:Mersivan
366:Melitene
324:Samosata
277:Crusades
242:region.
200:Crusades
152:Strength
69:Location
40:Crusades
2115:Longman
1824:Tortosa
1748:, p.293
1454:Oljeitu
1441:at the
1423:Beyrout
1391:Tripoli
1346:tarides
1243:Antioch
1157:Rosetta
1108:Lebanon
1030:Tortosa
766:Iconium
737:Bourzey
692:Cresson
682:Al-Fule
672:Red Sea
597:Butaiha
550:Ephesus
491:Antioch
334:Ma'arra
304:Civetot
220:Tortosa
208:Mamluks
185:Unknown
157:Unknown
144:†
94:changes
87:victory
2147:
2121:
2095:
2065:
2043:
1877:
1820:Persia
1816:Ghazan
1790:
1744:
1720:
1693:
1643:
1553:
1419:Damour
1368:casaux
1251:Aleppo
1112:Nephin
1104:Botrun
1081:Ghazan
1046:Cyprus
969:Margat
876:Forbie
727:Sahyun
702:Hattin
652:Banias
582:Aintab
501:Ba'rin
461:Yibneh
441:Sarmin
421:Beirut
406:Harran
309:Nicaea
281:Levant
240:Levant
216:Cyprus
140:
85:Mamluk
81:Result
2257:Arwad
1465:Notes
1431:Mulay
1389:, to
1387:Egypt
1381:Siege
1038:Atlit
1034:Syria
1016:When
934:Safed
929:Haifa
793:Toron
742:Safed
607:Harim
526:Bosra
426:Sidon
416:Artah
361:Arsuf
2145:ISBN
2119:ISBN
2093:ISBN
2063:ISBN
2041:ISBN
1931:p.19
1875:ISBN
1788:ISBN
1742:ISBN
1718:ISBN
1691:ISBN
1641:ISBN
1551:ISBN
1433:and
1316:150
1306:120
1303:150
1293:500
1290:300
1200:and
1187:The
1165:Acre
1144:Gaza
1098:and
1055:and
1022:Acre
984:Ruad
964:Homs
866:Gaza
807:Zara
647:Hama
632:Ayla
577:Inab
471:Azaz
339:Arqa
204:Acre
194:The
163:120
64:1302
61:Date
1912:PRO
451:Hab
2203::
2117:.
2113:.
2091:.
2087:.
2039:.
1937:^
1900:ff
1889:^
1857:^
1845:^
1762:^
1635:ff
1598:^
1592:ff
1565:^
1545:ff
1508:^
1333:.
1319:0
1211:,
1196:,
1171:.
1163:,
1159:,
1114:.
1083:.
1079:,
1067:,
1048:.
2153:.
2127:.
2101:.
2071:.
2049:.
1883:.
1796:.
1726:.
1699:.
1649:.
1559:.
1480:.
1192:(
268:e
261:t
254:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
