277:
239:
36:
284:
246:
588:
but the citadel, as in
Bukhara, had to be taken by force. It held out for one month, before a small force managed to cut their way through the Mongol lines and escape over the Amu Darya. The Mongols released the elephants, which had survived, into the surrounding countryside, where they quickly died due to lack of food.
587:
The
Mongols, having encircled the city, were engaged by the Turko-Iranian defenders. The sortie, which consisted of twenty war-elephants and a large body of cavalry, was ambushed and driven back. A sizeable section of the Samarkand garrison surrendered shortly afterwards, and were promptly executed,
503:
While medieval chroniclers have attributed huge forces to both sides, modern historians are more conservative in their estimates, but precise numbers are still widely disputed; the only certainty is that the total Mongol force was larger than the Shah's army. The Shah, who distrusted his commanders
544:, whose governor had made the grievous mistake of insulting the Khan. This border city, however, was able to hold out for a surprising length of time, and so Genghis made the decision to split his forces to try to outmanoeuvre the Shah. He had learnt of the strength of Samarkand's defences at
594:
would restore the city after he made it his capital in 1370. He rebuilt the palaces and the city walls, which were still in ruins, and commissioned numerous mosques, gardens and pavilions to re-establish
Samarkand's importance on an international level.
469:, ambushed and massacred a sortie by the town's defenders. The citizens of the city soon surrendered at the instigation of the Muslim clergy; most were however enslaved or conscripted in traditional Mongol fashion.
331:
516:. It is likely that he expected only a "normal-sized" Mongol raid, which would devastate the countryside but leave the cities unharmed. The Khwarazmids would only previously have fought nomads such as the
556:, the lower town surrendered and was promptly pillaged. The inner citadel held out for less than two weeks, but after the Mongols breached the walls, all inside were massacred. Unlike during
454:
was the Shah's capital and the pivot of his defence — the city's garrison was large and its battlements were one of the strongest in the empire. Genghis, however, managed to isolate it by
324:
317:
552:
desert to
Bukhara. The city was stunned by the Mongol approach, which had been through an area previously thought impassable, and, after a sortie was annihilated along the
1221:
1149:
2170:
2155:
461:
in a surprise manoeuvre, and then laying waste to the nearby
Transoxianan towns. After repelling relief forces, the Mongol army, now reinforced after
1216:
498:
560:, the Mongols were comparatively lenient with the citizens of Bukhara; however, a large number were conscripted to be used in the following sieges.
2092:
1555:
472:
A small force held out in the citadel for around one month, after which around half managed to break through the Mongol lines and escape over the
504:
and had not yet implemented his desired methods of administration, decided on a strategy of distributing troops inside his major cities, such as
2175:
1699:
1467:
1459:
425:
341:
276:
946:
1707:
1763:
81:
1790:
1739:
1715:
1514:
1480:
1164:
20:
2160:
1498:
1451:
752:
1532:
524:
who were skilled in siege warfare came as a great shock. In any event, estimates for the city's garrison vary widely.
238:
1747:
1675:
1659:
817:
782:
697:
649:
259:
1731:
1691:
1755:
1683:
1589:
1425:
1806:
1651:
1563:
1488:
1159:
190:
2136:
1862:
1833:
1723:
1206:
1179:
1174:
1643:
1441:
1184:
1169:
1814:
1782:
1633:
1581:
1433:
939:
557:
380:
2165:
1667:
1625:
1608:
1542:
1522:
1506:
1268:
1573:
433:
1211:
932:
520:, who had no knowledge of siege warfare; that these invaders were bringing a veritable army of
41:
476:. Although the city was then comprehensively looted and pillaged, it revived slowly under the
1954:
1898:
1231:
872:
Chalind, Gérard; Mangin-Woods, Michèle; Woods, David (2014). "Chapter 7: The Mongol Empire".
604:
480:, and then, in the late 14th-century, returned to worldwide prominence as the capital of the
440:, but finding its defences obdurate, a large force commanded by Genghis and his youngest son
355:
1854:
1846:
1326:
846:
385:
8:
2102:
1056:
400:
978:
910:
879:
827:
823:
807:
788:
655:
533:
521:
429:
135:
1924:
1256:
1196:
883:
1291:
873:
858:
841:
813:
778:
748:
718:
693:
659:
645:
625:
390:
360:
1838:
1798:
1251:
685:
637:
455:
395:
375:
365:
46:
1932:
689:
624:
Sverdrup, Carl (2010). France, John; J. Rogers, Clifford; DeVries, Kelly (eds.).
309:
1201:
792:
481:
462:
1945:
1919:
772:
641:
2149:
2006:
1937:
1244:
1062:
955:
537:
477:
421:
181:
130:
96:
83:
2001:
1906:
1346:
1263:
1239:
1154:
1088:
1011:
991:
722:
569:
417:
186:
150:
1351:
745:
The Mongol
Conquests: The Military Campaigns of Genghis Khan and Sübe'etei
2072:
2021:
1981:
1950:
1051:
445:
914:
2117:
2026:
1376:
1361:
1098:
898:
75:
35:
1986:
1976:
1341:
1321:
1316:
1275:
573:
553:
549:
505:
473:
451:
71:
878:(First ed.). University of California Press. pp. 144–145.
774:
The
Mongols and the Islamic World : From Conquest to Conversion
2112:
1331:
1191:
1073:
199:
16:
Seizure and destruction of
Samarkand by Genghis Khan's Mongol army
2082:
2077:
2067:
2052:
1356:
1311:
1306:
1093:
1083:
1021:
875:
A Global
History of War: From Assyria to the Twenty-First Century
581:
458:
155:
924:
771:
Jackson, Peter (2017). "The Mongol
Westward Advance (1219-53)".
499:
Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire § Opposing forces
2062:
2036:
2031:
1366:
1336:
1296:
1046:
1006:
1001:
996:
986:
680:
Jackson, Peter (2009). "The Mongol Age in Eastern Inner Asia".
517:
2107:
2087:
2016:
1996:
1991:
1971:
1911:
1078:
1068:
1016:
591:
577:
545:
541:
513:
509:
466:
441:
437:
1492:(1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27)
2057:
2011:
1371:
1301:
444:
detached from the vanguard and set off southwards, towards
160:
2097:
871:
572:
had split the forces of the Shah, which were located at
1222:
List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
812:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 62.
806:
May, Timothy (2018). "The Mongols outside Mongolia".
738:
736:
734:
732:
436:. The Mongols had laid siege to the border town of
263:
Location of the siege on a map of modern Uzbekistan
548:, and thus made the decision to march through the
1217:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe
339:
2147:
729:
1637:(1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64)
857:] (in Persian). Vol. 1. Translated by
673:
617:
940:
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764:
325:
1120:
40:Equestrian battle in front of a city gate.
947:
933:
840:
761:
332:
318:
34:
2171:Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire
2156:Battles involving the Khwarazmian dynasty
777:. Yale University Press. pp. 71–93.
742:
712:
623:
896:
770:
717:(Third ed.). Gibb Memorial Trust.
706:
679:
2148:
1567:(1277 / 1283 / 1287)
1526:(1236 / 1240 / 1252)
799:
1886:
1397:
1119:
966:
928:
834:
747:. Helion & Company. p. 153.
715:Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion
313:
1398:
1150:Administrative divisions and vassals
630:Journal of Medieval Military History
1417:
805:
682:The Cambridge History of Inner Asia
21:Siege of Samarkand (disambiguation)
13:
2176:Sieges involving the Mongol Empire
14:
2187:
954:
283:
245:
899:"The Heavenly City of Samarkand"
282:
275:
244:
237:
967:
636:. Boydell and Brewer: 109–117.
890:
865:
855:History of the World Conqueror
416:took place in 1220 A.D. after
1:
2137:Timeline of the Mongol Empire
1834:Division of the Mongol Empire
684:. The Chinggisid Age: 26–45.
610:
487:
343:Mongol invasion of Khwarazmia
690:10.1017/CBO9781139056045.005
299:Show map of Continental Asia
296:Samarkand (Continental Asia)
7:
1084:Manghit / Mangudai
626:"Numbers in Mongol Warfare"
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10:
2192:
1887:
1863:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war
713:Barthold, Vasily (1968) .
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29:Battle of Samarkand (1220)
18:
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1964:
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1678:(1223 / 1236–40)
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1601:
1584:(1257 / 1284–88)
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1413:
1393:
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141:
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456:capturing and destroying
1160:Invasions and conquests
1079:Paiza / Gerege
828:10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68.11
743:Sverdrup, Carl (2017).
1817:(1260 / 1301)
1545:(1274 / 1281)
1212:Franco-Mongol alliance
897:Marefat, Roya (1992).
884:10.1525/j.ctt7zw1cg.13
568:By capturing Bukhara,
426:multi-pronged invasion
266:Show map of Uzbekistan
142:Commanders and leaders
660:10.7722/j.ctt7zstnd.6
219:Casualties and losses
1708:Serbia and Bulgaria
903:The Wilson Quarterly
847:Tarikh-i Jahangushay
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19:For other uses, see
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1684:Poland and Bohemia
1460:Khwarazmian Empire
1185:Society and economy
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93: /
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1716:Latin Empire
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1063:Pax Mongolica
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956:Mongol Empire
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819:9780748642373
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478:Pax Mongolica
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422:Mongol Empire
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187:Siege engines
185:
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182:Horse archers
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131:Mongol Empire
129:
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111:
106:
77:
73:
69:
66:
65:
61:
58:
57:
53:
49:
48:
43:
42:Rashid ad-Din
37:
32:
27:
22:
1907:Genghis Khan
1676:Kievan Rus'
1654:(1237–1300s)
1646:(1237–1300s)
1490:Western Xia
1452:Qara Khitai
1285:Major cities
1264:Golden Horde
1240:Yuan dynasty
1127:Organization
1061:
1012:Khong Tayiji
906:
902:
892:
874:
867:
854:
845:
836:
808:
801:
773:
744:
714:
708:
681:
675:
663:. Retrieved
633:
629:
619:
590:
586:
570:Genghis Khan
567:
536:made by the
531:
502:
471:
450:
418:Genghis Khan
413:
411:
370:
356:Irghiz River
189:, including
151:Genghis Khan
125:Belligerents
102:39.62; 66.97
45:
1982:Sartaq Khan
1951:Kublai Khan
1946:Möngke Khan
1920:Ögedei Khan
1899:Great Khans
1865:(1314–1318)
1857:(1268–1301)
1809:(1260–1323)
1793:(1253–1256)
1776:Middle East
1670:(1238–1239)
1611:(1221–1327)
1470:(1219–1256)
1462:(1219–1221)
1444:(1264–1308)
1436:(1207-1308)
1302:Azov (Azaq)
968:Terminology
844:(c. 1260).
463:the capture
446:Transoxiana
434:Muhammad II
100: /
50:, 1300-1325
2150:Categories
2118:Nogai Khan
2002:Özbeg Khan
1933:Güyük Khan
1827:Civil wars
1815:Palestine
1724:Lithuania
1644:Circassia
1377:Xacitarxan
1362:Soltaniyeh
1099:Darughachi
665:3 February
611:References
497:See also:
488:Background
76:Uzbekistan
1987:Orda Khan
1977:Batu Khan
1841:(1260–64)
1785:(1241–43)
1783:Anatolia
1758:(1287–88)
1750:(1285–86)
1742:(1264–65)
1734:(1259–60)
1726:(1258–59)
1702:(1241–42)
1694:(1241–42)
1686:(1240–41)
1662:(1229–36)
1652:Chechnya
1592:(1300–02)
1556:Southeast
1535:(1253–56)
1517:(1235–79)
1509:(1231–60)
1501:(1211–34)
1454:(1216–18)
1442:Sakhalin
1402:Campaigns
1352:Saray-Jük
1342:Samarkand
1317:Karakorum
1276:Ilkhanate
1034:Political
909:(3): 35.
605:Afrasiyab
574:Samarkand
554:Amu Darya
550:Kizil Kum
522:engineers
506:Samarkand
474:Amu Darya
452:Samarkand
371:Samarkand
290:Samarkand
252:Samarkand
72:Samarkand
2113:Boroldai
2093:Khubilai
2073:Bo'orchu
2046:Military
1940:(regent)
1927:(regent)
1914:(regent)
1799:Baghdad
1748:Hungary
1692:Hungary
1635:Georgia
1582:Vietnam
1434:Siberia
1332:Maragheh
1232:Khanates
1180:Religion
1175:Military
1124:Politics
1074:Kurultai
1037:Military
915:40258334
599:See also
381:Khorasan
206:Strength
200:garrison
67:Location
2083:Boroqul
2078:Guo Kan
2068:Negudar
2053:Subutai
1953: (
1791:Alamut
1764:Serbia
1756:Poland
1740:Thrace
1732:Poland
1668:Alania
1533:Yunnan
1468:Persia
1426:Central
1405:Battles
1312:Bolghar
1307:Bukhara
1292:Almalik
1094:Kheshig
1022:Tarkhan
723:4523164
582:Urgench
538:Mongols
528:Prelude
459:Bukhara
428:of the
391:Waliyan
376:Gurganj
366:Bukhara
224:Unknown
214:Unknown
211:Unknown
156:Subutai
88:66°58′E
85:39°37′N
2063:Muqali
2037:Ghazan
2032:Arghun
2022:Hulegu
1912:Tolui
1888:People
1849:(1262)
1807:Syria
1801:(1258)
1766:(1291)
1718:(1242)
1710:(1242)
1626:Europe
1609:India
1590:Burma
1576:(1293)
1565:Burma
1543:Japan
1524:Tibet
1507:Korea
1367:Tabriz
1337:Qarshi
1297:Avarga
1143:Topics
1047:Jarlig
1007:Jinong
1002:Khanum
997:Khatun
987:Khagan
979:Titles
913:
882:
826:
816:
791:
781:
751:
721:
696:
658:
648:
580:, and
564:Events
518:Kangly
493:Forces
396:Parwan
113:Result
2108:Kadan
2103:Bayan
2088:Jelme
2027:Abaqa
2017:Kebek
1997:Toqta
1992:Berke
1972:Jochi
1965:Khans
1602:South
1574:Java
1327:Majar
1269:Wings
1089:Tümen
1069:Yassa
1052:Örtöö
1017:Noyan
911:JSTOR
880:JSTOR
853:[
824:JSTOR
789:JSTOR
656:JSTOR
592:Timur
578:Balkh
546:Otrar
542:Otrar
514:Otrar
510:Balkh
467:Otrar
442:Tolui
438:Otrar
401:Indus
361:Otrar
198:City
2058:Jebe
2012:Duwa
1481:East
1418:Asia
1372:Ukek
1322:Dadu
1130:Life
1057:Orda
992:Khan
814:ISBN
779:ISBN
749:ISBN
719:OCLC
694:ISBN
667:2022
646:ISBN
634:VIII
512:and
412:The
386:Merv
161:Jebe
62:1220
59:Date
2098:Aju
686:doi
638:doi
465:of
227:All
2152::
907:16
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901:.
822:.
787:.
763:^
731:^
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654:.
644:.
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628:.
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830:.
795:.
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702:.
688::
669:.
640::
333:e
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319:v
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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