Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)

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to the 132nd Infantry Division. Further south the 24th Infantry Division captured Bartenyevka, on the mouth of the Bay. The 22nd Infantry Division had reached the north of the Bay on the same day. The Soviet 138th Naval Brigade counterattacked, but it was destroyed without artillery and air support. On 20 June, the 24th Infantry Division tackled the main obstacle remaining on the north side of the Bay. The Lenin anti-aircraft position protected by the Northern Fort, a position which had a 5 metres wide anti-tank ditch, 1,000 mines, 32 concrete bunkers, seven armoured cupolas, and 70 earth-and-timber bunkers making it a formidable defensive position. The Lenin defences surrendered, having already lost three of their four 76 mm weapons. The Germans tried to use the remote-controlled mines to break into the North Fort, but they were knocked out. At 11:30 on 21 June the Fort fell after a sustained infantry attack. Around 182 Soviet prisoners were taken. The Germans began mopping up operations and clearing the northern shore. Most Soviet units were exhausted and out of ammunition, surrendering quickly. Others made attempts at a last stand. Some tried to evacuate across to the southern side by boat, but they were picked off by German artillery.

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his attack until 17 December. In the meantime, Oktyabrsky used the interval to sail the 11,000 soldiers of the 388th Rifle Division into Sevastopol between 7–13 December. Soviet engineers began laying extensive minefields and barbed-wire belts. By the time of the Axis attack, Petrov's force held a strong defensive position. The naval commander demanded that Petrov hold the coast along the northern flank of Sevastopol on the Belbek River in order to retain Coastal Battery 10, an artillery complex near Mamaschai. On the other hand, the German LIV Corps had only 15,551 men in its four infantry divisions (22nd, 24th, 50th, and 132nd). Over 7,000 soldiers in the German 11th Army were on the sick list at that time. It was also short of artillery ammunition and heavy artillery. In order to commit as many forces to the battle as possible, Manstein left the weak XLII Corps, containing just the 46th Infantry Division and two Romanian brigades, to protect the entire front from Yalta to Kerch.

1967:). The Black Sea Fleet sent 49,372 personnel to fight as infantry. Most were not trained for ground combat, and the act was an ad hoc emergency measure. The naval brigades formed had four to six battalions of 4,000 men, allowing them to absorb significant losses. These forces were well armed, having a variety of artillery and mortar battalions. Almost 20 percent of the Coastal Army were naval personnel. In the Separate Coastal Army, the strongest divisions were the 95th, 109th, 172nd, and 388th Rifle Divisions. They each had around 7,000 soldiers, the rest of the Red Army units having around 5,000 personnel. Some 5,000 reinforcements made it into Sevastopol in May 1942. However, Petrov's army lacked tanks and anti-aircraft guns. The garrison also lacked food supplies and mortar ammunition, which would severely sap Soviet strength. Poor communications between headquarters and the front lines were also an issue. Petrov found it difficult to respond to Axis attacks quickly. 3007: 2986:

since the start of the offensive. The 132nd was reinforced by one regiment from the idle 46th Infantry Division near Kerch. The German 24th, 50th and Romanian 4th Mountain Divisions were to maintain pressure in the central sector while they pushed towards the Mekensia and Gatani Valley and the Chernaya River opening at Severnaya Bay. For three days, 14–16 June, the battle continued as the Axis advanced towards Sevastopol in the face of Soviet resistance. On 15 June the 132nd was within 900 metres of the Maxim Gorky's outer bastion (Bastion I). The front opposite the 25th Soviet Rifles was still strong, but the northern flank was giving way. The 79th Naval Brigade had only 35 percent of its fighting strength remaining. Blocking the way to Maxim Gorky were just 1,000 men of the 95th Rifle Division and 7th Naval Brigade.

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vehicles, 123 aircraft of which 18 on the ground, 38 artillery pieces, 10 tanks, a locomotive and a flak barge. Further destroyed were 48 Soviet artillery batteries, 28 barracks and industrial buildings, 20 bunkers, 11 ammunition depots, 10 fuel depots, a bridge and an observation post. Hundreds more motor vehicles had been damaged along with 7 artillery pieces, 43 artillery batteries, 2 barracks and another bridge. German aerial attacks had sunk 10,800 tons of Soviet shipping including 4 destroyers, a submarine, 3 motor torpedo boats, 6 coastal vessels and 4 freighters. 12,000 tons of shipping were also damaged, with 2 destroyers, 10 coastal vessels and 2 freighters among the losses.

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of the city. At the same time, German medium bombers conducted rolling attacks on the city, which included all units except LG 1, which engaged in suppressing anti-aircraft installations. Oil, electricity, water pumps, harbor facilities, and submarine bases were attacked by StG 77 Ju 87s. Von Richthofen watched the bombing from an observation post close to the front. The targets were badly damaged, and fires broke out all over the port city. The Luftwaffe flew 723 missions and dropped 525 tons of high explosive on the first day. Despite heavy anti-aircraft fire, just one Ju 87 was lost.

2735:, commanding the 172nd Rifle Division in the northern sector recalled, "Bombers in groups of twenty to thirty attacked us without caring for their targets. They came in, wave after wave, and literally ploughed up the earth throughout our defence area. German aircraft were in the air above our positions all day long. The sky was clouded by smoke from explosions of thousands of bombs and shells. An enormous dark grey cloud of smoke and dust rose higher and higher and finally eclipsed the sun". The German air campaign against Sevastopol in June 1942 surpassed by far the German bombings of 157: 2382:

Brigade after five days of fighting. However, Oktyabrsky ordered its retirement south towards Sevastopol, abandoning Mamaschai and forming a new front north of Belbek city and the Belbek river. In the south, XXX Corps tried and failed to break through with the 72nd and 170th Infantry Divisions. Only minor gains were made against the 172nd Rifle Division, even with help from the Romanian 1st Mountain Brigade. The 79th Naval Brigade and 345th Rifle Division arrived by sea as reinforcements, using the long winter nights and their naval superiority. Meanwhile, the battleship

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munitions left, requiring a change of tactics. Instead of carpet bombing, fewer targets would be attacked simultaneously, and aircraft would strike at designated targets in long and narrow lines. This was designed to maintain accurate pressure without wasting ordnance. Even this failed to alleviate shortages in the long term. By 17 June, scarcity of aviation fuel meant the Luftwaffe dropped only 800 instead of the planned 1,000 tons of bombs. Adding to the Luftwaffe's troubles in the sector, von Richthofen was transferred to prepare the Corps' Headquarters near

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advance close enough behind it. The bombardment also failed to have enough of an effect. The Soviet forces held their fire until the German forces were well within range before opening fire, and little progress was made. Von Richthofen was angered by the fear of the infantry and called the day "a real disappointment". The next few days were not much better, despite the Luftwaffe flying 1,200 sorties. The pace of operations exhausted the machines and men. Often crews did not get out of their aircraft and made three or four sorties without rest.

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eastern attacks, but it was vulnerable from a northern assault. In addition, only 200 men from the 345th Rifle Division were stationed there. The Germans launched their assault on the position at 03:00 on 13 June with just 813 men. The 3rd Battalion was assigned to suppress Soviet machine gun and mortar positions located on the southeast as a diversion. The 1st Battalion, supported by five StuG assault guns, two 37mm guns and an Engineer Company, were to serve as the main effort. Some 200 and 110 men were committed respectively in each unit.

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until 20 June. In six days, XXX Corps had lost 2,646 men. In exchange the outer defences of the 388th Rifle Division had been broken and the formation effectively destroyed. Still, the German advance on Balaklava had been halted. The Germans had not yet reached its outer defences and the Sapun Ridge to the east of the town was still under Soviet control. By 15 June, some 1,000 Soviet soldiers and 1,500 mortar bombs had been captured, indicating the Soviet forces had plenty of ammunition after two weeks of battle.

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committing only a single company to cover the hilly terrain on the Belbek river front. German assault groups breached the first and reserve lines by 08:15. The German forces had to negotiate heavily mined areas, slowing them down and allowing the Soviet forces to make a partial recovery. Supporting operations by the 50th and 24th German Infantry Divisions failed, which cost the Wehrmacht 12 StuG assault guns. The remote-control demolition units were not effective as the terrain was unsuitable.

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Brigades were available for combat in the port. More naval infantry were formed from ships in the harbor. The 8th Naval Infantry Brigade was sent to guard the northeastern approaches near the Mamachai-Belbek line. The 7th (5,200 men) was deployed in the center, near Mekenzyya. With only 20,000 soldiers, Oktyabrsky relied heavily on his 12 coastal battalions to slow down the Axis. The 62nd Fighter Brigade contributed 61 fighters, which were able to achieve temporary air superiority.

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Infantry Division cleared the Haccius Ridge while the 22nd Infantry Division overran most of the Soviet 79th Naval Infantry Brigade. The Soviet unit tried counterattacking on 10 June, but was repulsed. The Soviet formation was effectively destroyed, with the support of the Luftwaffe, which used anti-personnel bombs against Soviet infantry caught in the open. Only one battalion (the Soviet 1st Batt./241st Rifle Regiment) was in a position to block the Germans from encircling the

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Soviet 79th Naval Brigade and LIV Corps lost 2,772 men. Counterattacks by the Soviet 345th Division aimed at the hinge between the German 132nd and 50th Divisions were repulsed by the Luftwaffe. On 11–12 June, LIV Corps lost another 1,957 men. The Red Army had committed all of its reserves and were stretched dangerously thin. One more push might collapse the northern sector. But at this time, the tired German infantry were running short on reinforcements and ammunition.

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bridgehead and the three Soviet Armies supporting the landing in May 1942. This allowed Manstein to concentrate all of his resources against Sevastopol for the first time. The front over Sevastopol grew quiet and a stalemate ensued. The Luftwaffe kept up the pressure on Soviet sea communications and although supplies still made it through, Vice Admiral Oktyabrsky, commanding the Black Sea Fleet, was forced to reduce the number of coastal bombardment missions.

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apertures. Between 2 and 6 June, the German 11th Army expended nine percent of its munitions (42,595 rounds, amounting to 2,449 tons of munitions) on pre-advance shelling. The railway guns also fired a few rounds at the main fortifications and rail lines, but most missed by some distance. The closest shell landed 80 meters away from its target. Soviet ammunition dumps were also targeted by these weapons, with no effect. The main fortifications, forts

474: 349: 256: 245: 2497: 171: 2264:, effectively encircling Sevastopol. Once there, it would attack Sevastopol from the east. The 132nd made reasonable progress, but was stopped on 2 November by the 8th Naval Brigade. The Wehrmacht suffered 428 casualties. Manstein ordered a halt for a week, whilst bringing up reserves. Oktyabrsky used his fleet to bring in a further 23,000 men from the Caucasus. On 9 November, Petrov's Army was brought in, bringing 19,894 soldiers, ten 1627: 2237: 2509:

132nd Infantry Division, which was short 2,300 men. The 170th Infantry Division had to collapse one of its regiments to bring the others up to strength. The German infantry force was a fragile force at Sevastopol and Manstein could not afford to squander it. German doctrine stressed bypassing strongpoints, but since this was not possible, German infantry were forced to reduce one fort after another. Some 65

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pieces, including five 150 mm s. FH 18 medium howitzers. In the centre, the Romanians took up the slack. The 18th Infantry, 1st, and 4th Mountain Divisions, supported by 100 guns, gradually advanced up the Chernaya River towards the mouth of the river and Severnaya Bay. With support from LIV Corps on its left, the Axis captured all the Soviet defensive lines east of the Chernaya River.

2427: 2355:. The 132nd Infantry Division supported the probe and was able to push to within 4 kilometres of Severnaya Bay. The 72nd Rifle Division, with the support of the coastal batteries, moved in to stop the attack. The 72nd Infantry Division continued towards Balaklava, and the 22nd Infantry Division joined the assault. Assisted by shelling from two light cruisers and the battleship 2906: 2582: 2546:), delivering 1.4 and 7 ton shells, respectively, and capable of destroying any fortification. However, the Karl-Gerät guns only had a range of between 4–6,000 meters, which made them vulnerable to counter-battery fire. Moreover, only 201 rounds of 600 mm and 48 round of 800 mm ammunition were available. Most of it was used up before the infantry assault. 1301:, with Axis land forces reaching the Crimean peninsula in the autumn of 1941 and overrunning most of the area. The only objective not in Axis hands was Sevastopol. Several attempts were made to secure the city in October and November 1941. A major attack was planned for late November, but heavy rains delayed it until 17 December 1941. Under the command of 2669:(S-Boat) motor torpedo boats to help eliminate Soviet shipping supplying and evacuating the port. The time it took to dismantle and move the 92-ton boats by rail to Romanian ports was going to be too long. In a rare appeal for help, the German forces turned to their Italian allies, aware of their expertise with motor torpedo boat operations. The 2528:, was made available for destroying fortifications. The total number of artillery pieces came to 785 German and 112 Romanian medium and heavy guns. Most of these were under the command of LIV Corps, the main assault force. To increase this arsenal, a number of super-heavy artillery pieces were made available. Three 600 mm 1947: 2464:. They were defended by the First Coastal Army. Elsewhere, the Red Army had constructed hundreds of timber bunkers with machinegun nests and 45 mm anti-tank artillery. Along the outer belt, concrete bunkers were less common, 19 being stretched across its 37 km. Soviet engineers laid thousands of mines, including 1457:(OKH) issued orders that the Crimea was to be captured as soon as possible to prevent attacks on Romanian oil supplies, vital to the German military. Hitler, impatient with obstruction to his commands to advance in the south, repeated on 12 August his desire that the Crimea be taken immediately. Over a month later, during 2849:, they were stopped from achieving a full-scale breakthrough by the 172nd Rifle Division. The 22nd and 50th Infantry Divisions had been heavily shelled by mortar fire from the 25th Rifle Division facing them east of the Haccius Ridge, which caused heavy casualties. By 18:00 hours, the German attack was spent. 3117:

The Germans claimed that over 90,000 Red Army soldiers had been taken prisoner, and a greater number killed. This claim appears to be overstated as, according to Soviet sources, the Soviet garrison defending Sevastopol totaled 106,000 men at the start of the siege plus 3,000 reinforcements during the

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Above the city and port flutter the German and Romanian flags. German and Romanian troops under the command of Colonel General von Manstein, steadfastly supported by Colonel General von Richthofen's battle-hardened air corps, after twenty-five days of fierce battle, have as of midday today, taken the

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The pressure took its toll, and between the 18–23 June, the entire Soviet defence line in the north collapsed. The remnants of the 95th Rifle Division was huddled into a 2 km square portion of coast line near Coastal Battery 12, north of the Bay. At 09:00 the battery and the division surrendered

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As Hansen poised his corps for the breakthrough against the 95th Rifle Division, 27 Ju 87s of II./StG 77 attacked Maxim Gorky's main battery. The Germans believed the strike had knocked it out as it stopped firing its artillery. The artillery bombardment began on 16 June. In the morning the attack by

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Despite shortages of aviation fuel and ordnance, the Luftwaffe had played a significant part in the success of the German operations. From 13 June until 17 June, it flew 3,899 sorties and dropped 3,086 tons of bombs. This average of 780 sorties per day was only a slight drop from the opening 11 days.

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As the Germans seized this vital fort, the neighbouring Volga fort realised it had fallen and shelled the position. A company-sized counterattack by the Soviet forces was wiped out by German small arms fire. The Germans declared the position secured at 07:00, though some bunkers held out until 15:00.

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In the south, XXX Corps made no progress in four days of attacks. They suffered 496 casualties at the hands of the 109th Rifle Division. The 28th Light and 72nd Infantry Divisions had succeeded in puncturing the Soviet lines opposite the 109th and 388th Rifle Divisions. The outer defences were broken

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The period between 8–12 June descended into a battle of attrition. Several Soviet counterattacks were repulsed with heavy losses. The German LIV Corps extended the salient on the seam of the III and IV sector to 3 km, determined to break through before Petrov could reinforce his lines. The 132nd

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escaped to bring 2,785 soldiers into the fortress. Air support continued with 643 sorties on 3 June, 585 on 4 June, and 555 on 5 June, with some German crews flying daily averages of 18 missions. By the start of the ground attack on 7 June, the Luftwaffe had flown 3,069 sorties and 2,264 tons of high

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Manstein demanded an all-out assault by the Luftwaffe before the main ground action began. Situated only 70 km from Sevastopol, the German formations had barely enough time to reach altitude before reaching their targets. The 8th Air Corps began its bombing campaign along the north and southeast

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The Luftwaffe had contributed 4,700 sorties in seven days up until 26 June. They dropped 3,984 tons of bombs. The daily average sorties had decreased 15 percent from the week before and 10 percent the week before that. The increasing operational readiness (49.8 to 64.5 percent) revealed the severity

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As the Germans made slow progress toward the main train station, Petrov withdrew the battered 172nd Rifle Division and replaced it with 345th Rifle Division. The 95th Rifle Division halted the 132nd Division's progress in the north. Although a relatively quiet day, 10 June saw the elimination of the

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On the morning of 7 June 1942, the German infantry began advancing cautiously. XXX Corps attacked the southern positions held by the 7th Naval Brigade and 388th Rifle Division. The German infantry advanced behind air and artillery support. The infantry seemed afraid of their fire support and did not

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To reinforce the 11th Army, the Romanians were committed to the assault. The Romanian 18th Infantry Division was at full strength, and plenty of Romanian infantry were available. However, the 18th Division was inexperienced and made up of reservists. The Romanian 1st Mountain Division was considered

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Sevastopol was still a formidable obstacle. Its airfields provided a base for the Red Air Force to attack the Axis-held Soviet coastline and Romania proper. It was also home to the Black Sea Fleet. Its main fortifications were pointed seaward, while the land defences encircled the city at a distance

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Between 26 and 30 December 1941, the USSR launched an amphibious assault on the Kerch peninsula to relieve the encircled Soviet forces at Sevastopol. It succeeded in gaining and sustaining a bridgehead for five months. However, a German−led counteroffensive named Operation Bustard Hunt destroyed the

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Manstein recognised that he could not take the port quickly, and was going to have to organise a proper set-piece offensive. With German offensive operations suspended in December, Manstein found himself the only commander on the Eastern Front with an offensive mission. He was not ready to carry out

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Manstein wanted to launch an attack as soon as possible, but his logistical lines were poor. Wanting to avoid strong Soviet forces protecting the north of the port, including the 95th Rifle Division, Manstein chose to press the center and southern Soviet defences. He ordered the German 50th Infantry

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bombardment and several dozen guns. Heavy fighting took place for the next three days, but it was becoming clear that the Red Army could not hold their increasingly untenable positions for more than a day, at most. On 3 July, the last line of Soviet defense was breached. The following day, the last

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Manstein recognised the seriousness of the failure on 8 June. He was worried that the 132nd Infantry Division, locked in combat with the 79th Naval Brigade and 95th and 172nd Rifle Divisions north of the city on the Belbek river front, was "approaching the end of its strength". Once again, the army

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LIV Corps was to strike the main blow. Situated on the northeast edge of the city, they struck along the lines of least resistance, across the Belbek river while the German XXX and Romanian Mountain Corps conducted holding attacks in the south and center, respectively. Both the latter corps did not

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By this time, the Axis was facing a serious manpower and artillery shortage. The German 11th Army's divisions had anywhere between 35 and 75 percent of their initial strength. The German 22nd Infantry Division was the strongest division, and was only short 1,750 personnel, while the weakest was the

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The attack began at 06:10 on 17 December. The 22nd Infantry Division attacked the 8th Naval Brigade on the Belbek River, pushing west towards the coast, while the 50th and 132nd Infantry Divisions conducted fixing attacks on the Soviet center. The 22nd succeeded in rolling up the flank of the Naval

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to enter the harbour with reinforcements. The lack of supplies resulted in Soviet ammunition and fuel supplies slipping to critical levels on 20 June. The Luftwaffe was experiencing shortages of its own. The daily average of sorties was now reduced by 40 percent. Due to the shortages of bombs, all

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attack from eleven 420 mm mortars and dive-bombing by Ju 87s of StG 77 knocked out the fort's main armament (three of the four 76.2 mm guns). At 19:00 the 22nd divisional artillery began shelling the fort and its smaller supporting fortress, Volga, located to Stalin's rear, with 210, 280

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LIV Corps began its assault in the north on the seam of the Soviet defence sectors III and IV. The 'Schwerer Gustav' weapon continued to fire against ammunition dumps, which produced no effect. Nevertheless, the 132nd Infantry Division was able to work its way up to the river. The 600 mm guns

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sent the 101st Naval Squadron, which brought nine torpedo boats and nine coastal submarines under the command of the highly competent Capitano di Fregata Francesco Mimbelli. The Italian boats were only 24 tons and the submarines were 35 tons, which made them easier to transport by truck and barge.

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With the front collapsing and the Axis closing in on Sevastopol, Vice-Admiral Oktyabrsky assumed command of the port on 4 November 1941. The city had a civilian population of 111,000 in 1941, and most were sent to work on the three defence lines around the port. Only the 7th and 8th Naval Infantry

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and armored reserves. They also outnumbered the attacking Wehrmacht. In spite of this, the defending Soviet 51st Army was pushed back. The Wehrmacht suffered 5,376 casualties in 12 days of combat, and the Red Army many more. By the end of October, the 51st Army was crushed and in full retreat into

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promontory at the southwestern tip of the Crimea, made an approach by land forces exceedingly difficult. The high-level cliffs overlooking Severnaya Bay protected the anchorage, making an amphibious landing just as dangerous. The Soviet Navy had built upon these natural defenses by modernizing the

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for Operation Blue, did succeed in bringing in much needed reinforcements to bring the strength levels up to a standard not seen since the start of the offensive. The Luftwaffe continued the intense bombardment. On 26 June, its attacks supporting XXX Corps, devastated Soviet defences on the Sapun

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In the south the Soviet 109th and 388th Rifle Divisions were forced back along the coast by the German 72nd and 170th Infantry Divisions while the Romanian Corps' 18th Mountain Division dislodged the Soviet 386th Rifle Division threatening XXX Corps' right flank. The battles continued to grind on

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The fall of Fort Stalin meant the Soviet defenses in the north were on the verge of collapse. Hansen ordered LIV Corps to divert its attention to Fort Maxim Gorky and the elimination of the Soviet 95th Rifle Division. The 95th Rifle Division had been halting the 132nd Infantry Division's progress

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LIV Corps' losses on 7 June amounted to 2,357 casualties in four divisions, including 340 killed. It had also expended 3,939 tons of ammunition. The 132nd Division had exhausted all of its basic munitions load by midday. On the other side, the formidable Soviet defence lines east and southeast of

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fortress in conjunction with the 22nd and 50th Infantry Divisions, to trap its defenders against the coast. The 132nd pushed into the 95th Rifle Division's positions north of the fort, while the other two divisions attacked in a flanking move. While the Germans did make progress, nearing the main

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On 30 October, the Soviet defences detected the spearhead of the German 132nd Infantry Division and shelled it at 12:30 on 1 November using Battery 30's 305mm coastal guns. The Germans designated the fort as Fort Maxim Gorky I. Wehrmacht lacked sufficient air and mobile units to force a decision.

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The assault was based around battalion-strength infantry assault groups supported by a platoon of engineers and a few assault guns. Two pioneer battalions were attached to each division to spearhead the attack and break through fixed and fortified defences. The eight battalions of LIV Corps each

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From 2 June to 3 July 8 Air Corps had flown 23,751 sorties and dropped 20,528 tons of bombs. German artillery had fired a further 46,750 tons of munitions, with total Axis munitions consumption coming to 67,278 tons over the course of one month. The Luftwaffe claimed to have destroyed 611 motor

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The primary objective for the 22nd Infantry Division on 13 June was Fort Stalin, blocking the advance to Severnaya Bay. It was a tough position. The fortifications allowed the Soviet forces to concentrate artillery against breakthroughs and machine gun posts protected the fort from southern and

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and 918 mortars. Ammunition was adequate for a battle of two weeks for these calibers, but 82 mm mortar ammunition was in short supply. The battles of the Crimean campaign had taken their toll, and scarcely any tank and anti-aircraft artillery support were available. A further force, under

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and German 11th Army prepared for an attack on the port. The German 11th Army was the weakest on the entire front, initially containing only seven infantry divisions. The Romanians contributed a large force, but were only lightly equipped and generally lacked heavy artillery. The weather turned

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While the main actions were playing out in the north, XXX Corps alternated between attack and defence. The Soviet forces held the Sapun Ridge and could observe German movements. On occasion they could deliver effective counter battery fire. Between the 21–28 June, the Germans lost 10 artillery

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control vehicles were knocked out by Soviet anti-tank fire. By 19:30, Forts Maxim Gorky, Molotov, Schishkova, Volga and Siberia were overrun. The 24th Infantry Division in particular made extensive use of its Nebelwerfer rockets. The 95th and 172nd Rifle Divisions had been lost, as well as the

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intervened. The Soviet mortar teams were not suppressed, and a fierce battle developed which lasted until 05:30. The Germans, with the support of five assault guns and a few 37 mm weapons, silenced the fort, bunker by bunker. In the heavy fighting a large number of company commanders were

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The Luftwaffe had flown 1,044 sorties on 11 June, dropping 954 tons of bombs. The consumption rate of ammunition was putting von Richthofen's logistical network under strain and he could no longer afford to fly massed bombing raids. On 11 June, he surmised there was less than two days worth of

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further west, it having been evacuated after heavy fighting. Petrov set about fortifying the inland approaches to Sevastopol. He aimed to halt the Axis drive on the port by creating three defence lines inland, the outermost arc being 16 km (10 mi) from the port itself. Soviet forces,

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The artillery bombardment targeted bunkers with 105 mm fire, which usually received 10–25 rounds. German Flak 36 37 mm guns also did an effective job of eliminating machinegun nests. The German forces were also quick to bring up 88 mm artillery guns to fire directly into bunker

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fortress. Meanwhile, the German 22nd Infantry Division attacked further to the east. Some 200 Soviet reinforcements of the 79th Naval Infantry Brigade, protecting this sector, were lost in the bombardment, but the main defences held out. The brigade held most of its forces in reserve, while

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Massed sorties were made on the city of Sevastopol itself. Bombing targeted hangars, port facilities, flak and artillery batteries, barracks, and supply depots with high explosive bombs. Most of the city was engulfed in flames. The smoke rose to 1,500 meters and stretched as far as

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Major-General Petr Morgunov, was added. The Coastal Artillery Force was semi-independent for much of the siege, and had an initial strength of 12 batteries and 45 guns, although more were added during 1942. By the time of the German June offensive, the Soviet forces had available eight

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By 17:15 the town of Belbek was secured. The 22nd Infantry Division made considerable progress in breaking through the defenses of the 25th Rifle Division. The 50th Infantry Division supported the 22nd's left flank. Now facing the Germans was the Haccius Ridge, on which the fortress

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infantry barrage rocket launchers. Overall, the German 11th Army's artillery was a collection of modern, obsolete, and foreign-built weapons. For the offensive, 183,750 rounds of 105 mm and 47,300 rounds of 150 mm ammunition were stockpiled, enough for 12 days of firing.

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on 17 September. After only a week in command, he launched an assault upon Crimea. After severe fighting, Manstein's forces defeated several Soviet counteroffensives and destroyed two Soviet armies. By 16 November, the Wehrmacht had cleared the region, capturing its capital

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had rushed in reinforcements and established another defence line at Ishun. Ordered to concentrate on the Crimea once more, Manstein launched his LIV Corps, this time with the support of the German 22nd Infantry Division, into the assault. The Soviet forces enjoyed local

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an elite force, and its addition was to prove useful. They had 112 guns available, but virtually no engineers. The weakness of their artillery and supporting arms made the Romanian X Corps reliant on the German forces for anything other than set-piece infantry attacks.

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German casualties amounted to 32 dead, 126 wounded and two missing – half of the force committed. Soviet casualties amounted to 20 captured, the remainder were killed. With only 91 men left near the fort, Petrov did not order a recovery attempt – a grave mistake.

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After the failure of their first assault on Sevastopol, the Axis opted to conduct siege warfare until the middle of 1942, at which point they attacked the encircled Soviet forces by land, sea, and air. On 2 June 1942, the Axis began this operation, codenamed

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second turret, damaging the weapon. This was the only success of the German super-heavy guns, which did not have an impact commensurate with their expense. The Luftwaffe had a greater impact, using its Ju 87s to knock out the communications systems of the

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of 15–20 km, with an inner defense belt at a range of 5 km. Enhancing the manmade defences was the forested, rugged terrain. To the north of Severnaya Bay there were 11 batteries and strongpoints. They were given morale-boosting names such as

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and elements of the Black Sea Fleet, were defeated in the Crimea in October and were evacuated in December, leaving Petrov's force as Sevastopol's main defence force. Having cleared the rest of the Crimea between 26 September – 16 November, the

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had been using the Crimea as a base to attack targets in Romania since the Axis invasion in June 1941, proving its usefulness as an air base. Likewise, the Wehrmacht had launched a bombing raid on the Sevastopol naval base at the start of the

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majority of the fortified defences. Only the 25th Rifle remained in the line. Petrov rushed up the 138th Naval Brigade with an extra 2,600 men, which was landed on the 12–13 June. It prevented German forces reaching Severnaya Bay that day.

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The 22nd and 24th Infantry Divisions advanced from the northeast. They employed their Goliath remote control demolition vehicles with success against the timber bunkers. One exploded prematurely and two were knocked out by a minefield. Two

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consisting of 180mm and 305mm re-purposed battleship guns which were capable of firing inland as well as out to sea. The artillery emplacements were protected by reinforced concrete fortifications and 9.8-inch thick armored turrets.

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The port was a valuable target. Its importance as a potential naval and air base would enable the Axis to conduct far-ranging sea and air operations against Soviet targets into and over the Caucasus ports and mountains. The

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was severely damaged. Attacks on 19 June by KG 51 destroyed the anti-aircraft platform in Severnaya Bay, allowing air operations to continue unopposed. The lack of anti-aircraft cover made it impossible for the minelayer

2195:

crippled the Soviet air strength in the Crimea. Over the two days they destroyed 33 Soviet aircraft for one loss. In the six days from 18 to 24 October 140 Soviet aircraft were lost, 124 of them to Luftwaffe fighters.

2148:'s LIV Corps, with its 45th and 73rd Infantry Divisions, broke through at Perekop at the cost of 2,641 casualties in six days of fighting. The Soviet forces launched a counteroffensive against the 11th Army's flank at 2656:

The Luftwaffe could not support the land assault and maintain pressure on Soviet sea communications alone. With only KG 26 engaged in anti-shipping operations against Soviet sea communications, the OKW looked to the

2853:

Belbek had been overrun, and the Germans succeeded in advancing 2 km through dense Soviet defences. The Soviet casualties had also been severe. It is estimated that three battalions were effectively destroyed.

2857:

turned to the Luftwaffe for support. Richthofen responded by ordering attacks against Soviet supply lines. The same day, German bombers, including KG 100, began attacks on Soviet shipping. They sank the destroyer

1313:

in December 1941 to relieve the siege and force the Axis to divert forces to defend their gains. The operation saved Sevastopol for the time being, but the bridgehead in eastern Crimea was eliminated in May 1942.

1599:

boats. This force was the only Axis naval force deployed during the siege. It had been requested by the Germans—the only time during the war that the Germans spontaneously requested Italian assistance. Although

3088:

of the Soviet defenses were overrun and all organised resistance collapsed. The few remaining Red Army units continued to put up scattered resistance to the south of the city, which lasted until 9 July.

2766: 2791:(which lay in the path of LIV Corps) remained active. It was not until the afternoon of 6 June when a single 60 cm calibre mortar shell from the Karl-Gerät self-propelled mortar no. III, nicknamed 1242: 3041:

ordnance had to be dropped individually to minimise wastage. Some experienced crews had to conduct dive-bombing attacks 25–30 times a day. KG 51's Ju 88 crews in particular had felt the strain.

2557:

vintage, short in range and with limited ammunition. Some nine 283 mm mortars were also available, but they were pre-1914 weapons and six had burst during firing. Artillery acquired from

1604:

was not technically at war with the Soviet Union, its naval staff worked closely with the Wehrmacht, and despite not being committed to combat, they provided bases for the Axis naval command (

2674:

The squadron was based at Feodosiya and Yalta, which made it the only Axis naval force to participate in the siege. It mainly engaged in offensive operations against Soviet supply efforts..

1377:

amounted to 35,866 men, of whom 27,412 were German and 8,454 Romanian. With the Soviet forces neutralized, the Axis refocused their attention on the major summer campaign of that year,

1801: 1373:

was annihilated, with 118,000 men killed, wounded or captured in the final assault and 200,481 casualties in the siege as a whole for both it and the Black Sea Fleet. Axis losses in

1358:. At the end of the siege, there were only 11 undamaged buildings left in Sevastopol. The Luftwaffe sank or deterred most Soviet attempts to evacuate their troops by sea. The German 7539: 1796: 1791: 1432:, the offensive against the USSR had not really addressed Crimea as an objective. German planners assumed the area would be captured in mopping-up operations once the bulk of the 2750:

On 7 June, Manstein ordered the ground assault. The Luftwaffe carried out 1,368 sorties and dropped 1,300 tons of bombs on Soviet positions, but the Soviet infantry clung on.

2268:

tanks, 152 artillery pieces, and 200 mortars. The Red Army now had 52,000 troops in the area of the city. The Luftwaffe was considered weak (the bulk of it was engaged in the

1687: 1533:

The German 11th Army, commanded by Manstein, besieged Sevastopol. At the time of the final assault in June 1942, 11th Army consisted of nine German infantry divisions in two

2301:

shelled German positions along the coastline. StG 77 Ju 87s attacked and wounded 50 of its crew by strafing its deck and superstructure with machinegun fire. On 2 November

7504: 2945:, five barges, and a floating crane. On 15 June another 3,400 soldiers, 442 tons of ammunition, 30 tons of fuel and 12 tons of provisions reinforced the Soviet positions. 2524:, 28–30 mine detectors, 3,000 kg of high explosives, 2,200 hand grenades, and 500 smoke grenades. The 300th Panzer Battalion, a remote-controlled tank unit using the 5969: 5714: 5315: 2593:

The Luftwaffe had to compensate for the Axis artillery limitations. A powerful air armada was brought together. Under the 8th Air Corps, von Richthofen assembled six

1440:

river. But in June, attacks by Soviet aircraft from Crimea against Romania's oil refineries destroyed 12,000 tons of oil. Hitler described the area as an "unsinkable

7320: 5331: 1127: 552: 2475:

Petrov, commanding the Independent Coastal Army, had a powerful artillery pool. Petrov had on strength some 455 artillery pieces and howitzers. Among those were 34

2347:. But with the Luftwaffe units being dispatched to other sectors and theatres, the Soviet forces again achieved air superiority with 59 aircraft (39 serviceable). 5658: 2929:

brought in 2,314 soldiers, 190 tons of ammunition and 28 artillery pieces. The Luftwaffe turned its attention to these convoys. On 13 June it sank the transports

5254: 5226: 4370: 7299: 5978: 5665: 4792: 6281: 5644: 4946: 4571: 3118:

attack. Further, it is known that 25,157 persons were evacuated, the overwhelming majority either wounded soldiers or officers evacuated on Stalin's orders.

5287: 5233: 4419: 104: 5751: 5240: 4856: 2958: 2553:

railway guns. Two 420 mm, two 355 mm howitzers were also available, along with four 305 mm mortars. Both of the 420 mm guns were of

7544: 4266: 5637: 5077: 4953: 7549: 4930: 4310: 5367: 4679: 2889:

fort. Still, on 8 June LIV Corps had lost 1,700 men. In return, the lodgement in Soviet lines was extended to 3 km deep and 5 km wide.

5186: 4488: 7192: 5985: 5948: 5925: 5439: 4361: 4331: 4067: 2732: 1120: 545: 5700: 6078: 5934: 5918: 5890: 5131: 4338: 2897:

was unbroken. Soviet casualties amounted to 2,500, including 700 captured. By 13 June, XXX Corps had lost 2,659 men, including 394 killed.

2710:

While the bulk of the Luftwaffe was busy with the land battle, III./KG 26 sought to break Soviet sea communications. They sank the tanker

6835: 5902: 5814: 5758: 5721: 4996: 3006: 7519: 5807: 4532: 717: 7313: 5941: 4324: 4282: 7162: 4974: 4748: 4511: 4377: 4188: 1113: 877: 872: 538: 7524: 6057: 5854: 5506: 4884: 4384: 4296: 4232: 587: 3857: 2957:, the German summer offensive in southern Russia. He retained formal command, at least until given control of Luftflotte 4, but 2569:

howitzer was also available. At the divisional level, 268 105 mm and 80 150 mm weapons were in service, including 126

6260: 5772: 4615: 4153: 2386:

shelled German forces whenever they threatened a breakthrough. The offensive came to an abrupt end when the Red Army staged an

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by Manstein, on Hitler's behalf. The second and last Golden Krimschild was awarded to Manstein himself, on 24 November 1942.

2824: 1402:

The Soviet naval base at Sevastopol was one of the strongest fortifications in the world. Its site, on a deeply eroded, bare

855: 3842: 3827: 3044: 2803: 62: 7089: 6496: 6382: 5547: 5007: 5003: 4981: 4585: 2731:, 1,400 kg SC 1400, and 2,500 kg SC 2500 bombs. The heavy-caliber weapons were aimed at Soviet concrete bunkers. 2403: 2357: 1310: 712: 577: 1634: 7457: 7004: 5800: 5786: 4992: 2050: 2029: 2011: 2001: 1996: 1774: 1752: 968: 582: 20: 2694:

image of the Sevastopol area. Note the dense forest terrain situated on high ground and valleys to the east of the port.

7213: 7082: 6960: 6538: 6253: 6204: 5962: 5517: 4762: 4601: 4449: 4303: 2369: 2024: 1769: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1342:

and dropping 20,528 tons of bombs in June alone. The intensity of the German airstrikes was far beyond previous German

1169: 938: 2653:

was also available for anti-shipping operations, in addition to the air-land effort carried out by the 8th Air Corps.

2488:, one 188 mm, 10 152 mm and 17 130 mm, three 120 mm, eight 100 mm, and four 45 mm guns. 2325:

evacuating soldiers and civilians from Sevastopol, with only eight of the 5,000 passengers surviving. On 12 November,

1764: 7534: 7529: 7514: 7509: 7329: 6211: 6183: 6000: 5582: 5294: 5261: 4099: 2736: 1537:, and one Romanian Corps, being the Romanian 7th Mountain Corps. Significant support was given by the Luftwaffe. The 1347: 943: 833: 734: 4477: 4019:

Fiore, Massimiliano (2024). "Crucial but Overlooked: The Italian Naval Contribution to the Conquest of Sevastopol".

3015:

the reinforced 132nd Division collapsed the line. The Soviet garrison held out in tunnels, capitulating on 20 June.

7475: 7366: 6524: 6461: 5596: 5425: 4548: 2968:

German bombardment began on 12 June. Artillery fire from 'Dora' had failed to neutralise the fort. Nevertheless, a

923: 918: 688: 5102: 2921:

In contrast, the Black Sea Fleet was bringing in reinforcements through Luftwaffe attacks. On 12 June the cruiser

611: 7559: 7554: 6890: 6731: 6720: 6556: 6315: 6274: 6167: 6105: 5485: 4755: 4624: 4592: 2286: 2156:

ended with the destruction of two attacking Soviet Armies. By the time that this threat had been dealt with, the

1638: 1566: 238: 5272: 4840: 2435: 2361:, the Red Army halted this attack, and Manstein called off the offensive on 21 November, having lost 2,000 men. 7276: 7248: 7126: 6919: 6156: 5607: 5533: 5322: 4693: 4412: 4317: 4202: 2550: 994: 838: 7336: 7269: 7220: 7151: 6976: 6482: 6433: 6197: 6190: 5793: 5554: 5338: 4391: 2485: 2387: 2274: 1369:

Finally, on 4 July 1942, the remaining Soviet forces surrendered and the Germans seized the port. The Soviet

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Instead, Manstein ordered Hansen's LIV Corps to head east down the Sevastopol-Simferopol rail line towards

1262: 1028: 783: 746: 651: 562: 50: 2747:. From 3 to 6 June, the Luftwaffe carried out 2,355 operations and dropped 1,800 tons of high explosives. 7373: 6697: 6649: 6267: 6239: 6092: 5707: 5686: 5200: 4863: 4769: 4259: 2740: 2280: 1351: 1189: 7499: 7494: 7431: 7171: 6667: 6586: 6531: 6419: 6375: 6025: 5651: 5575: 5470: 5347: 5219: 5212: 5172: 5145: 4877: 4810: 4405: 4216: 4146: 1539: 1305:, Axis forces were unable to capture Sevastopol during this first operation. Soviet forces launched an 1060: 1022: 788: 3152:, was just beginning, and the German offensive did not have the 11th Army to support it. Instead, the 7073: 6990: 6775: 6635: 6607: 6440: 6345: 6135: 5568: 4635: 4289: 3080: 2311: 2153: 1592: 1055: 663: 631: 606: 305: 4833: 3140:

Although ultimately a German success, the operation took much longer than the Germans had expected.

1362:

suppressed and destroyed the defenders by firing 46,750 tons of artillery ammunition on them during

6812: 6789: 6041: 5842: 5835: 5492: 5152: 5124: 5117: 4504: 2480: 1343: 974: 766: 4849: 4826: 2431:

Naval infantrymen of the 79th Naval Rifle Brigade attacking near Sevastopol, January–February 1942

2219:

of StG 77 were free to attack Soviet ground positions, contributing to the collapse of the Soviet

7234: 7178: 7048: 6908: 6593: 6246: 6142: 6048: 5616: 5477: 5447: 5411: 5396: 5268: 5160: 5138: 5084: 5070: 5052: 4716: 4497: 4225: 4174: 2727:

explosive and 23,800 incendiary bombs were dropped. Many of the bombs dropped were 1,000 kg

2620: 2566: 2244: 1872: 1824: 1715: 1693: 1553: 1453: 1335: 1226: 1159: 1033: 850: 812: 800: 683: 668: 342: 3083:

took command of the defense. On 30 June, LIV Corps launched a heavy assault, supported by heavy

1520:. By 17 December, the weather had cleared sufficiently for the Axis to begin a major operation. 6926: 6819: 6621: 6572: 6475: 6368: 6338: 6121: 6009: 5735: 5526: 5110: 5091: 5061: 4608: 4578: 1786: 1491: 1408: 1179: 928: 901: 778: 621: 353: 272: 3048:

Three German soldiers transport a wounded comrade on 22 June during the battle for Sevastopol.

7417: 7140: 6983: 6879: 6849: 6805: 6545: 6510: 6503: 6426: 6324: 5765: 5742: 5589: 5193: 4730: 4470: 4456: 4139: 2501: 2352: 1960: 1926: 1663: 1476: 1458: 1370: 1359: 906: 895: 646: 365: 331: 27: 5028: 2840:

Now the 132nd Infantry Divisions was ordered to conduct a converging pincer movement on the

1699: 7241: 7096: 6747: 6704: 6674: 6600: 6410: 6389: 5308: 4785: 4463: 4087: 3153: 2525: 1779: 1422: 1298: 961: 843: 794: 600: 2910: 2510: 626: 8: 7445: 7359: 7133: 7011: 6967: 6489: 5623: 5382: 4909: 4739: 4723: 4672: 2045: 1865: 1759: 1732: 1722: 1705: 1505: 1494:'s Independent Coastal Army, numbering 32,000 men, had arrived at Sevastopol by sea from 1038: 1004: 949: 2893:

in some parts, but the most were still in Soviet hands on 12 June. The main belt on the

1509:

against the Axis in mid-October and torrential downpours delayed the buildup. This gave

1484:, on 1 November. The fall of Kerch on 16 November left only Sevastopol in Soviet hands. 7352: 7185: 7110: 7064: 7034: 6942: 6782: 6447: 6331: 6225: 6176: 6114: 5870: 5821: 5630: 5247: 4902: 4700: 3105: 2647: 2145: 1858: 1851: 1844: 1837: 1588: 1500: 1472: 1306: 1302: 1278: 1048: 1009: 989: 984: 882: 657: 473: 348: 283: 255: 249: 244: 227: 176: 3974: 2136:

The German 11th Army's first task was to break through into the Crimea. The cities of

7343: 7227: 7117: 7057: 7018: 6951: 6933: 6899: 6842: 6796: 6740: 6565: 6303: 6295: 6232: 6085: 5679: 5204: 4665: 4644: 4354: 4117: 4095: 4074: 4058: 4044: 4005: 3988: 3963: 3948: 3933: 3347: 3031:

was also engaged in applying pressure to Soviet naval forces. On 18 June the cruiser

2636: 1893: 1879: 1513: 1254: 1194: 933: 761: 2144:

guarded the narrow corridor of land which linked the Crimea to the bulk of Ukraine.

7262: 7255: 7199: 6863: 6628: 6614: 6517: 6454: 6405: 6218: 6071: 6018: 5828: 5779: 5693: 4916: 4893: 4426: 4028: 3145: 2880:

A Maxim machine gun crew from the 25th Rifle Division shifts positions, spring 1942

2616: 2562: 2465: 2331: 2269: 2179: 1886: 1830: 1441: 1397: 1266: 1217: 1184: 1154: 1087: 1081: 1070: 1043: 979: 887: 740: 729: 702: 694: 673: 616: 294: 260: 46: 4435: 1105: 7285: 6997: 6912: 6870: 6768: 6711: 6579: 6361: 6352: 5881: 5456: 5432: 4686: 3999: 3156:

under Paulus was without crucial support, ultimately contributing to its defeat.

2599: 2554: 2542: 2164: 1964: 1672: 1616: 1327: 1246: 1092: 999: 861: 826: 751: 641: 376: 309: 7397: 7292: 6828: 6754: 4799: 4658: 4055:

Stopped at Stalingrad: The Luftwaffe and Hitler's Defeat in the East, 1942–1943

3860:

Thunder at Prokhorovka: A Combat History of Operation Citadel, Kursk, July 1943

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most powerful land and sea fortress of all that have ever existed in the world.

2558: 2297:

did what it could to disrupt the Soviet defences. On 31 October, the destroyer

2197: 2170: 1578: 805: 636: 4032: 3066:

Ridge. It was the last Soviet defensive line between the Axis and Sevastopol.

7488: 7103: 5021: 4870: 4709: 3806:

Erickson, Road to Stalingrad, 2003 Cassel Military Paperbacks Edition, p. 351

3126: 3122: 2969: 2521: 2302: 2220: 2213: 1959:

The defence of Sevastopol was provided mainly by the Black Sea Fleet and the

1570: 1488: 1467: 1417: 194: 119: 106: 2529: 1681: 7402: 7206: 5499: 5404: 5035: 4398: 4162: 4109: 3877: 2659: 1951:

Anti-aircraft gunners of the Zheleznyakov coast defense armored train by a

1818: 1591:. It consisted of four motor torpedo boats, five explosive motorboats, six 1545: 1517: 1516:, commander of the Black Sea Fleet, time to bring in men and materiel from 1510: 1282: 1274: 756: 452: 371: 360: 337: 326: 300: 289: 278: 267: 233: 222: 208: 162: 98: 94: 54: 7041: 7027: 6689: 5358: 5179: 5164: 4518: 3110: 2728: 2665: 2570: 2513: 2469: 1574: 1330:

held out for weeks under intense Axis bombardment. The German Air Force (

1270: 6396: 6149: 6128: 5014: 4347: 4275: 3079:

Oktyabrsky and Petrov were flown out at the last moment. Major General

3020: 2974: 2894: 2586: 2496: 1596: 1558: 1481: 1286: 90: 2687: 6659: 6064: 5861: 5672: 5463: 5418: 3130: 3061:

of bomb and fuel shortages. Von Wild, despite the withdrawal of some

2954: 2828:

German soldier in Sevastopol harbor next to a sunken Soviet destroyer

2744: 2691: 2440: 2261: 2149: 1955:

machine gun, preparing to defend against German air attack, May 1942

1609: 1403: 1378: 1355: 1331: 1294: 772: 4939: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3091:

The fall of Sevastopol was announced by a special radio communique:

2973:

and 305 mm weapons. At 03:00 the German infantry attacked. The

4923: 4651: 3149: 2995: 2236: 1975: 1601: 1433: 1385: 1382: 1323: 1142: 2837:

was located. It was flanked by several smaller forts to the east.

2520:

contained around 386 men on average, and were equipped with 10–12

2152:. Manstein withdrew his other corps in order to deal with it. The 3570: 2770:

Civilian casualties of the German bombing of Sevastopol, May 1942

2137: 1562:(Wings) containing 600 aircraft, all coming under the command of 1448:

and Crimea as vital targets in Directive 33, dated 23 July 1941.

1445: 1437: 2315:

and put it out of action for months. On 7 November He 111s from

1338:

bombing the besieged Soviet forces with impunity, flying 23,751

530: 5540: 4131: 2158: 1721:

641st Heavy Artillery Battalion—four 30.5 cm Mrs. and one

1495: 1339: 1290: 1138: 7451: 5728: 2950: 2608: 2391: 2257: 2208: 2202: 2191: 2185: 2141: 1534: 4092:

Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century

3069: 2351:

Division to probe the center of the Soviet line east of the

2168:

the Crimea. The situation in the air also changed. Arriving

1608:, Admiral of the Black Sea) to operate in the waters of the 1297:. On 22 June 1941, the Axis invaded the Soviet Union during 4001:

The Defence of Sevastopol 1941–1942: The Soviet Perspective

2265: 1952: 1462: 3697: 3695: 2905: 2581: 16:

Nazi German offensive on the Eastern Front of World War II

1587:

Naval support came from the Italian 101st Squadron under

7540:

Battles and operations of World War II involving Germany

3301: 3299: 3297: 3212: 2472:

wooden anti-tank mines, and barbed-wire obstacle belts.

1569:. Among this contingent was a powerful concentration of 4083:

Keyser, Carl A. WWII diary held by the author's family.

3692: 3074: 2623:

was also given to Richthofen. He could call upon three

4793:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

3960:

Stalingrad – The Air Battle: 1942 through January 1943

3809: 3709: 3707: 3646: 3644: 3554: 3552: 3524: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3419: 3417: 3377: 3375: 3365: 3363: 7429: 3294: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3196: 3194: 1727:

815th Heavy Artillery Battalion—six 30.5 cm Mrs.

1231: 3170: 2702:

Bodies of victims of the bombing of Sevastopol, 1942

1261:), was a military engagement that took place on the 3704: 3677:Forzcyk 2008, pp. 60–61 and Bergstrom 2007, p. 43. 3641: 3549: 3519: 3507: 3414: 3372: 3360: 2762:A woman killed by the German bombing of Sevastopol 2619:specialist training wing. Dive-bomber support from 2373:

Two German soldiers near Sevastopol, December 1941.

1135: 3224: 3191: 2900: 2642:were available for air superiority operations. II. 2504:soldiers approach burning Sevastopol in June 1942. 2260:, while the 72nd Infantry Division was to head to 2174:(Fighter Wings) won air superiority for the Axis. 1704:741st, 742nd, and 743rd Artillery Battalions—four 2443:with a machine gun team in Sevastopol in May 1942 1963:under Petrov (which had been shipped in from the 1711:744th Artillery Battalion—two 28 cm Küst.Hb. 7486: 3830:Sevastopol's Wars: Crimea from Potemkin to Putin 2549:More useful to the German infantry were the two 1595:, and a number of 35-ton coastal submarines and 26:For the 2015 war film based on this battle, see 7505:Battles and operations of the Soviet–German War 3945:Barbarossa – The Air Battle: July–December 1941 2597:(Bomber Groups) originating from six different 67:Sevastopol harbour after the battle (July 1942) 4004:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword. 3001: 2913:. These vehicles helped knock out Fort Stalin. 4147: 3389: 3387: 3341: 2753: 2272:), so the Soviet Navy kept the heavy cruiser 1121: 546: 3121:Romania's contribution was honored when the 3010:Destroyed Soviet "Maxim Gorky" naval battery 2290:, and seven destroyers to protect the port. 4154: 4140: 4086: 4071:Eagle in Flames: The Fall of the Luftwaffe 3384: 3218: 2961:took over air operations over Sevastopol. 2816:concentrated on the coastal batteries and 2540:, and one other) and one 800 mm gun ( 1128: 1114: 553: 539: 7545:Battles of World War II involving Romania 3335: 3129:on 3 July 1942. It was awarded to him in 3070:Axis land, sea and air offensive: 29 June 2807:Destroyed Soviet bunker after the battle. 2060:Red Air Force and Soviet Naval Aviation: 167: 153: 3972: 3346:. Mittler E.S. + Sohn GmbH. p. 38. 3125:in gold was first bestowed upon Marshal 3104: 3043: 3005: 2904: 2875: 2823: 2802: 2765: 2757: 2697: 2686: 2580: 2495: 2434: 2426: 2412: 2368: 2235: 1946: 1334:) played a vital part in the siege, its 7550:Amphibious operations involving Germany 4041:Sevastopol 1942: Von Manstein's Triumph 3997: 3815: 2417: 2226: 2131: 1686:688th Railroad Artillery Battery—three 1671:Elements 672nd Artillery Battalion—one 310: 185: 7487: 6008: 5986:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 4108: 3874:Scorched Earth: Hitler's War On Russia 3176: 2085:116th Maritime Reconnaissance Regiment 6857:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 6289:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 5935:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 5891:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 4989:Rape during the occupation of Germany 4135: 4116:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 4018: 3962:. Midland Publishing, Hinkley, 2007. 3891:Speeches and Proclamations, 1932-1945 3148:'s advance toward Stalingrad and the 2775:start major operations until 8 June. 2364: 1109: 534: 7458: 5979:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 5004:Rape during the liberation of France 4057:. University Press of Kansas, 1998. 3847:, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012, p. 19 3075:Fall of Sevastopol: 30 June – 4 July 2404:Battle of the Kerch Peninsula (1942) 1970: 1914: 1714:624th Heavy Artillery Battalion—six 1657: 1621: 4114:Manstein: Hitler's Greatest General 3845:World War II German Battle Insignia 2309:scored several hits on the cruiser 517:95,000 captured (one-third wounded) 13: 6205:German invasion of the Netherlands 4478:Weather events during World War II 3893:, Bolchazy-Carducci, 2004, p. 2799 2845:railway station just southeast of 2231: 1698:459th Heavy Artillery Battery—one 1692:458th Heavy Artillery Battery—one 1556:for support. It consisted of nine 1523: 14: 7571: 7520:Sieges involving the Soviet Union 6836:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 4073:. Arms & Armour Press. 1997. 3862:, Helion and Company, 2014, p. 25 2422: 2067:6th Guards Naval Fighter Regiment 1680:833rd Heavy Mortar Battalion—two 1269:. The campaign was fought by the 560: 7467: 7439: 7396: 4161: 3979:. United States Naval Institute. 3976:The Italian Navy in World War II 3973:Bragadin, Marc' Antonio (1957). 3904:Combat Medals of the Third Reich 2682: 2516:were available to support them. 2397: 1625: 627:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 472: 451: 370: 359: 347: 336: 325: 299: 288: 277: 266: 254: 243: 232: 221: 201: 187: 169: 155: 61: 19:For the Crimean War battle, see 7454:Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942) 3921: 3909: 3896: 3883: 3866: 3851: 3836: 3821: 3800: 3788: 3779: 3770: 3761: 3752: 3743: 3734: 3725: 3716: 3683: 3671: 3662: 3653: 3632: 3623: 3614: 3605: 3596: 3561: 3540: 3531: 3498: 3489: 3480: 3471: 3462: 3453: 3444: 3435: 3426: 3405: 3396: 3326: 3317: 3308: 3285: 3276: 3267: 2901:Air-land operations: 11–15 June 2865:, with the 4,727 ton transport 1567:Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen 81:(8 months and 4 days) 40:Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942) 21:Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855) 7525:Military history of Sevastopol 7083:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 4786:Territorial changes of Germany 4694:Indonesian National Revolution 3987:. Ian Allan Publishing. 2003. 3258: 3249: 3240: 3203: 3182: 2491: 1444:" and ordered the conquest of 495:30 October 1941 – 4 July 1942: 1: 6483:Japanese invasion of Thailand 6434:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 6198:German invasion of Luxembourg 4572:Mediterranean and Middle East 3947:. London: Chevron/Ian Allan. 3832:, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017 3159: 2468:wooden anti-personnel mines, 1668:306th Army Artillery Command 1391: 1322:(Sturgeon Catch). The Soviet 79:30 October 1941 – 4 July 1942 6390:Invasion of the Soviet Union 6079:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 5390:Independent State of Croatia 3164: 3100: 2998:, 150 kilometers away. 2243:. She was sunk by Ju 87s of 2082:32nd Guards Fighter Regiment 1765:28th Light Infantry Division 1487:By the end of October 1941, 1309:on the Crimean peninsula at 435:30 October 1941 – June 1942: 7: 7374:End of World War II in Asia 7214:Western invasion of Germany 6721:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 6698:Second Battle of El Alamein 6268:Hundred Regiments Offensive 6240:Battle of the Mediterranean 6093:Italian invasion of Albania 4260:Air warfare of World War II 4094:. London: Greenhill Books. 3889:Adolf Hitler, Max Domarus, 3291:Dear and Foot 2005, p. 775. 3246:Dear and Foot 2005, p. 774. 3002:Ground fighting: 16–28 June 2873:following them on 10 June. 2076:18th Ground Attack Regiment 2037:79th Naval Infantry Brigade 1232: 10: 7576: 7300:Naval bombardment of Japan 6668:First Battle of El Alamein 6587:Battle of Christmas Island 6532:Japanese invasion of Burma 6296:Italian invasion of Greece 6212:German invasion of Belgium 6184:German invasion of Denmark 6157:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 6026:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 4283:Comparative military ranks 3915:Hayward 2001, pp. 116-118. 3906:, P. Stephens, 1987, p. 98 2754:Ground fighting: 7–10 June 2714:, but the flotilla leader 2587:Motoscafo Armato Silurante 2401: 2070:9th Naval Fighter Regiment 2064:3rd Special Aviation Group 2034:8th Naval Infantry Brigade 2016:7th Naval Infantry Brigade 1593:CB class midget submarines 1540:Oberkommando der Luftwaffe 1436:was destroyed west of the 1395: 502:156,880 killed or captured 25: 18: 7389: 7221:Bratislava–Brno offensive 7161: 7152:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 6889: 6776:Allied invasion of Sicily 6730: 6636:Aleutian Islands campaign 6608:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 6555: 6546:Greek famine of 1941–1944 6441:Second Battle of Changsha 6346:German invasion of Greece 6314: 6191:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 6166: 6104: 5999: 5880: 5606: 5516: 5357: 5060: 5051: 4809: 4634: 4526:North and Central Pacific 4487: 4249: 4242: 4169: 4033:10.1177/09683445231162301 3998:Donnell, Clayton (2016). 3081:Pyotr Georgyevich Novikov 2677: 1942: 1475:was given command of the 1221: 1150: 570: 427: 382: 318: 214: 147: 71: 60: 44: 39: 7535:Sieges involving Romania 7530:Sieges involving Germany 7515:1942 in the Soviet Union 7510:1941 in the Soviet Union 6813:Allied invasion of Italy 6790:Solomon Islands campaign 6539:Third Battle of Changsha 6136:First Battle of Changsha 6042:Second Sino-Japanese War 4975:German military brothels 4841:United States war crimes 4043:. Osprey, Oxford, 2008. 3932:. Back Bay Books, 2012. 3776:Forzcyk 2008, pp. 76–77. 3701:Forzcyk 2008, pp. 62–63. 3659:Forzcyk 2008, pp. 58–59. 3537:Forczyk 2008, pp. 27–28. 3450:Forczyk 2008, pp. 10–11. 3411:Forzcyk 2008, pp. 33–34. 3402:Forzcyk 2008, pp. 30–31. 3332:Hayward 1998, pp. 50–51. 2953:to support the upcoming 2895:Sapun Ridge (Sapun-gora) 2532:self-propelled mortars ( 2091:Soviet Black Sea Fleet: 1723:35.5 cm Haubitze M1 1718:and nine 21 cm Mrs. 1259:Bătălia de la Sevastopol 394:1,300 guns and howitzers 7235:Second Guangxi campaign 7090:Philippines (1944–1945) 6594:Battle of the Coral Sea 6497:Fall of the Philippines 6143:Battle of South Guangxi 6049:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 5448:Italian Social Republic 3794:Bergstrom 2007, p. 45. 3602:Hayward 2001, pp. 98–99 3589:Bergstrom 2007, p. 43. 3459:Bergstrom 2007, p. 104. 3441:Bergstrom 2007, p. 103. 2567:Skoda 305 mm Model 1911 2339:damaged the destroyers 1873:Sturzkampfgeschwader 77 1787:Romanian Mountain Corps 1775:170th Infantry Division 1753:132nd Infantry Division 1528: 1428:Since the beginning of 1409:heavy coastal batteries 1381:and the advance to the 1346:against cities such as 7560:Sieges of World War II 7555:Crimea in World War II 6820:Armistice of Cassibile 6622:Battle of Dutch Harbor 6573:Battle of the Java Sea 6476:Attack on Pearl Harbor 6376:Syria–Lebanon campaign 6369:Battle of South Shanxi 6339:Invasion of Yugoslavia 6122:Battle of the Atlantic 5736:Korean Liberation Army 5442:(until September 1943) 5399:(until September 1944) 5377:(until September 1944) 3432:Forczyk 2008, pp. 8–9. 3342:Gerhard Taube (1995). 3323:Bragadin 1957, p. 301. 3305:Bergstrom 2007, p. 42. 3255:Bergstrom 2007, p. 43. 3114: 3098: 3049: 3011: 2914: 2881: 2861:and the survey vessel 2829: 2808: 2771: 2763: 2703: 2695: 2603:(Bomber Wings): KG 51 2590: 2505: 2444: 2432: 2374: 2248: 2177:On 22 and 23 October, 2079:23rd Aviation Regiment 2073:247th Fighter Regiment 1956: 1802:18th Infantry Division 1770:72nd Infantry Division 1748:50th Infantry Division 1743:24th Infantry Division 1738:22nd Infantry Division 1606:Admiral Schwarzes Meer 1492:Ivan Yefimovich Petrov 1258: 1251:Schlacht um Sewastopol 1250: 523:at least 18,000 killed 505:43,601 wounded or sick 405:600 guns and howitzers 215:Commanders and leaders 6984:Second Battle of Guam 6880:Bengal famine of 1943 6850:Second Battle of Kiev 6806:Battle of the Dnieper 6511:Battle of Wake Island 6383:East African campaign 6325:Battle of South Henan 5970:atrocities by Germans 5743:Korean Volunteer Army 4717:Occupation of Germany 4471:Music in World War II 3958:Bergström, Christer. 3943:Bergström, Christer. 3828:Mungo Melvin CB OBE, 3785:Hayward 2001, p. 110. 3740:Hayward 2001, p. 109. 3731:Hayward 2001, p. 108. 3689:Hayward 2001, p. 101. 3495:Hayward 2001, p. 102. 3282:Forczyk 2008, p. 8–9. 3209:Hayward 1998, p. 117. 3108: 3093: 3047: 3009: 2908: 2879: 2827: 2806: 2769: 2761: 2701: 2690: 2631:(Fighter Wings) JG 3 2584: 2499: 2438: 2430: 2413:Second Axis offensive 2372: 2239: 1961:Separate Coastal Army 1950: 1927:Quarta Flottiglia MAS 1797:4th Mountain Division 1792:1st Mountain Division 1499:including the Soviet 1371:Separate Coastal Army 1214:Defence of Sevastopol 428:Casualties and losses 120:44.60472°N 33.54111°E 28:Battle for Sevastopol 7270:Surrender of Germany 6748:Battle of West Hubei 6705:Guadalcanal campaign 6675:Battle of Stalingrad 6601:Battle of Madagascar 5368:Albania protectorate 5155:(formerly Swaziland) 4864:Wehrmacht war crimes 4680:Expulsion of Germans 4464:Art and World War II 4362:British contribution 4311:Governments in exile 4088:Krivosheev, Grigoriy 4053:Hayward, Joel S. A. 3930:The Second World War 3902:Christopher Ailsby, 3767:Forzcyk 2008, p. 75. 3758:Forzcyk 2008, p. 71. 3749:Forzcyk 2008, p. 70. 3722:Forzcyk 2008, p. 67. 3713:Forzcyk 2008, p. 66. 3668:Forzcyk 2008, p. 61. 3650:Forzcyk 2008, p. 55. 3638:Forzcyk 2008, p. 53. 3629:Forczyk 2008, p. 54. 3620:Forzcyk 2008, p. 51. 3611:Hayward 2001, p. 99. 3567:Forczyk 2008, p. 41. 3558:Forczyk 2008, p. 29. 3546:Forczyk 2008, p. 28. 3528:Forczyk 2008, p. 26. 3516:Forczyk 2008, p. 31. 3504:Brookes 2003, p. 80. 3486:Forczyk 2008, p. 13. 3477:Forczyk 2008, p. 12. 3468:Forczyk 2008, p. 11. 3423:Forzcyk 2008, p. 34. 3381:Forzcyk 2008, p. 29. 3369:Forzcyk 2008, p. 32. 3314:Forczyk 2008, p. 48. 3264:Beevor 2012, p. 191. 3237:Hayward 2001, p. 96. 3200:Forczyk 2008, p. 90. 3188:Hayward 1998, p. 90. 2526:Goliath tracked mine 2418:Unternehmen Störfang 2227:Sevastopol offensive 2132:First Axis offensive 2107:Two Flotilla Leaders 2051:172nd Rifle Division 2030:345th Rifle Division 2012:386th Rifle Division 2002:388th Rifle Division 1997:109th Rifle Division 1780:22nd Panzer Division 1639:adding missing items 1407:port and installing 1299:Operation Barbarossa 1238:Battle of Sevastopol 1233:Oborona Sevastopolya 1212:, also known as the 1170:Adzhimushkay Defense 7360:Potsdam Declaration 7249:Italy (Spring 1945) 7012:Liberation of Paris 6469:Siege of Sevastopol 5480:(until August 1944) 5383:Wang Jingwei regime 5205:from September 1943 5165:from September 1944 5103:from September 1944 4963:Romanian war crimes 4954:Persecution of Jews 4940:Croatian war crimes 4910:Japanese war crimes 4724:Occupation of Japan 4673:First Indochina War 4385:Military production 4297:Declarations of war 3985:Air War Over Russia 3843:Gordon Williamson, 3273:Forczyk 2008, p. 6. 2384:Parizhskaya Kommuna 2358:Parizhskaya Kommuna 2097:Parizhskaya Kommuna 2046:95th Rifle Division 2025:25th Rifle Division 2021:Defence Sector III 1866:Kampfgeschwader 100 1454:Command of the Army 1222:Оборона Севастополя 1210:Siege of Sevastopol 834:Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh 735:Barvenkovo–Lozovaya 239:W.F. von Richthofen 116: / 7353:Surrender of Japan 7186:Battle of Iwo Jima 7035:Belgrade offensive 6448:Siege of Leningrad 6332:Battle of Shanggao 6261:British Somaliland 6226:Dunkirk evacuation 6177:Norwegian campaign 6115:Invasion of Poland 5942:Japanese prisoners 4903:Italian war crimes 4834:British war crimes 4749:Soviet occupations 4533:South-West Pacific 4420:Allied cooperation 4378:Military equipment 3344:Festung Sewastopol 3115: 3050: 3012: 2915: 2882: 2830: 2809: 2772: 2764: 2704: 2696: 2611:, KG 100, and III. 2591: 2506: 2445: 2433: 2388:amphibious landing 2375: 2365:December offensive 2249: 2146:Erick-Oskar Hansen 2101:Two heavy cruisers 2042:Defence Sector IV 2008:Defence Sector II 1982:Coastal Batteries 1957: 1859:Kampfgeschwader 76 1852:Kampfgeschwader 55 1845:Kampfgeschwader 51 1838:Kampfgeschwader 26 1700:42 cm Gamma Mörser 1637:; you can help by 1589:Francesco Mimbelli 1473:Erich von Manstein 1471:(General Colonel) 1344:bombing offensives 1307:amphibious landing 1303:Erich von Manstein 1029:Western Carpathian 969:2nd Jassy–Kishinev 939:1st Jassy–Kishinev 924:Leningrad–Novgorod 919:Dnieper–Carpathian 415:2 flotilla leaders 284:Filipp Oktyabrskiy 250:Gheorghe Avramescu 228:Erich von Manstein 125:44.60472; 33.54111 7500:Conflicts in 1942 7495:Conflicts in 1941 7427: 7426: 7385: 7384: 7228:Battle of Okinawa 7127:Burma (1944–1945) 6961:Mariana and Palau 6741:Tunisian campaign 6566:Fall of Singapore 6490:Fall of Hong Kong 6233:Battle of Britain 6086:Operation Himmler 5995: 5994: 5659:Dutch East Indies 5295:Southern Rhodesia 5047: 5046: 4947:Genocide of Serbs 4850:German war crimes 4827:Soviet war crimes 4820:Allied war crimes 4666:Division of Korea 4645:Chinese Civil War 4443:Strategic bombing 4355:Manhattan Project 4123:978-0-297-84561-4 4079:978-1-86019-995-0 4063:978-0-7006-1146-1 4049:978-1-84603-221-9 4039:Forczyk, Robert. 4011:978-1-4738-7927-0 3993:978-0-7110-2890-6 3983:Brookes, Andrew. 3968:978-1-85780-276-4 3953:978-1-85780-270-2 3938:978-0-316-02375-7 3353:978-3-8132-0485-8 2959:Wolfgang von Wild 2511:Sturmgeschütz III 2329:sank the cruiser 2278:, light cruisers 2128: 2127: 2113:Nine Minesweepers 2104:One Light Cruiser 1993:Defence Sector I 1939: 1938: 1911: 1910: 1894:Jagdgeschwader 52 1880:Jagdgeschwader 77 1716:30.5 cm Mrs. 1694:42 cm Haubitze(t) 1655: 1654: 1514:Filipp Oktyabrsky 1506:Romanian 3rd Army 1230: 1203: 1202: 1103: 1102: 529: 528: 143: 142: 7567: 7480: 7472: 7471: 7470: 7460: 7444: 7443: 7442: 7435: 7420: 7413: 7406: 7403:World portal 7401: 7400: 7376: 7369: 7362: 7355: 7346: 7339: 7332: 7323: 7316: 7309: 7302: 7295: 7288: 7279: 7272: 7265: 7263:Prague offensive 7258: 7256:Battle of Berlin 7251: 7244: 7237: 7230: 7223: 7216: 7209: 7202: 7200:Vienna offensive 7195: 7188: 7181: 7179:Battle of Manila 7174: 7154: 7145: 7136: 7129: 7120: 7113: 7106: 7099: 7092: 7085: 7078: 7069: 7060: 7053: 7044: 7037: 7030: 7023: 7014: 7007: 7000: 6993: 6986: 6979: 6972: 6963: 6956: 6947: 6938: 6929: 6922: 6920:Korsun–Cherkassy 6915: 6904: 6882: 6873: 6866: 6859: 6852: 6845: 6838: 6831: 6822: 6815: 6808: 6801: 6792: 6785: 6778: 6771: 6764: 6762:Bombing of Gorky 6757: 6750: 6743: 6723: 6716: 6707: 6700: 6693: 6684: 6677: 6670: 6663: 6652: 6645: 6638: 6631: 6629:Battle of Midway 6624: 6617: 6615:Battle of Gazala 6610: 6603: 6596: 6589: 6582: 6575: 6568: 6548: 6541: 6534: 6527: 6525:Battle of Borneo 6520: 6518:Malayan campaign 6513: 6506: 6499: 6492: 6485: 6478: 6471: 6464: 6462:Bombing of Gorky 6457: 6455:Battle of Moscow 6450: 6443: 6436: 6429: 6422: 6415: 6399: 6392: 6385: 6378: 6371: 6364: 6355: 6348: 6341: 6334: 6327: 6307: 6298: 6291: 6284: 6277: 6270: 6263: 6256: 6249: 6242: 6235: 6228: 6221: 6219:Battle of France 6214: 6207: 6200: 6193: 6186: 6179: 6159: 6152: 6145: 6138: 6131: 6124: 6117: 6095: 6088: 6081: 6074: 6072:Munich Agreement 6067: 6060: 6051: 6044: 6037: 6028: 6021: 6006: 6005: 5988: 5981: 5972: 5965: 5958: 5957:Soviet prisoners 5951: 5944: 5937: 5928: 5921: 5912: 5905: 5898: 5897:German prisoners 5893: 5873: 5864: 5857: 5850: 5845: 5838: 5831: 5824: 5817: 5810: 5803: 5796: 5789: 5782: 5775: 5768: 5761: 5754: 5745: 5738: 5731: 5724: 5717: 5710: 5703: 5696: 5689: 5682: 5675: 5668: 5661: 5654: 5647: 5640: 5633: 5626: 5619: 5599: 5592: 5585: 5578: 5571: 5564: 5557: 5550: 5543: 5536: 5529: 5509: 5502: 5495: 5488: 5481: 5473: 5466: 5459: 5450: 5443: 5435: 5428: 5426:French Indochina 5421: 5414: 5407: 5400: 5392: 5385: 5378: 5370: 5350: 5341: 5334: 5325: 5318: 5311: 5304: 5297: 5290: 5283: 5276: 5273:from August 1944 5264: 5257: 5250: 5243: 5236: 5229: 5222: 5215: 5208: 5196: 5189: 5182: 5175: 5168: 5156: 5148: 5141: 5134: 5127: 5120: 5113: 5106: 5094: 5087: 5080: 5073: 5058: 5057: 5038: 5031: 5024: 5017: 5010: 4999: 4984: 4977: 4970: 4965: 4956: 4949: 4942: 4933: 4926: 4919: 4917:Nanjing Massacre 4912: 4905: 4896: 4894:Nuremberg trials 4887: 4880: 4873: 4866: 4859: 4852: 4843: 4836: 4829: 4822: 4802: 4795: 4788: 4779: 4772: 4765: 4758: 4751: 4744: 4735: 4726: 4719: 4712: 4705: 4696: 4689: 4682: 4675: 4668: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4627: 4618: 4611: 4604: 4595: 4588: 4581: 4574: 4565: 4558: 4551: 4542: 4535: 4528: 4521: 4514: 4507: 4500: 4498:Asia and Pacific 4480: 4473: 4466: 4459: 4452: 4445: 4438: 4429: 4427:Mulberry harbour 4422: 4415: 4408: 4401: 4394: 4387: 4380: 4373: 4364: 4357: 4350: 4341: 4334: 4327: 4320: 4313: 4306: 4299: 4292: 4285: 4278: 4269: 4262: 4247: 4246: 4235: 4228: 4219: 4212: 4205: 4198: 4191: 4184: 4177: 4156: 4149: 4142: 4133: 4132: 4127: 4105: 4036: 4015: 3980: 3928:Beevor, Antony. 3916: 3913: 3907: 3900: 3894: 3887: 3881: 3870: 3864: 3858:David Schranck, 3855: 3849: 3840: 3834: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3783: 3777: 3774: 3768: 3765: 3759: 3756: 3750: 3747: 3741: 3738: 3732: 3729: 3723: 3720: 3714: 3711: 3702: 3699: 3690: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3666: 3660: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3639: 3636: 3630: 3627: 3621: 3618: 3612: 3609: 3603: 3600: 3594: 3587: 3568: 3565: 3559: 3556: 3547: 3544: 3538: 3535: 3529: 3526: 3517: 3514: 3505: 3502: 3496: 3493: 3487: 3484: 3478: 3475: 3469: 3466: 3460: 3457: 3451: 3448: 3442: 3439: 3433: 3430: 3424: 3421: 3412: 3409: 3403: 3400: 3394: 3391: 3382: 3379: 3370: 3367: 3358: 3357: 3339: 3333: 3330: 3324: 3321: 3315: 3312: 3306: 3303: 3292: 3289: 3283: 3280: 3274: 3271: 3265: 3262: 3256: 3253: 3247: 3244: 3238: 3235: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3207: 3201: 3198: 3189: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3146:Army Group South 2722:, and transport 2718:, the destroyer 2563:Munich Agreement 2481:122 mm howitzers 2332:Chervona Ukraina 2287:Chervona Ukraina 2270:Battle of Moscow 2241:Chervona Ukraina 2180:Jagdgeschwader 3 2154:resulting battle 1971: 1915: 1887:Jagdgeschwader 3 1831:Lehrgeschwader 1 1760:German XXX Corps 1733:German LIV Corps 1664:German 11th Army 1658: 1650: 1647: 1629: 1628: 1622: 1550: 1477:German 11th Army 1442:aircraft carrier 1398:Crimean campaign 1267:Second World War 1245: 1235: 1225: 1223: 1185:Kuban bridgehead 1145: 1130: 1123: 1116: 1107: 1106: 995:Petsamo–Kirkenes 873:Belgorod-Kharkov 839:Voronezh–Kharkov 565: 555: 548: 541: 532: 531: 477: 476: 456: 455: 411:2 heavy cruisers 375: 374: 364: 363: 352: 351: 341: 340: 330: 329: 312: 304: 303: 295:Gordey Levchenko 293: 292: 282: 281: 271: 270: 261:Gheorghe Manoliu 259: 258: 248: 247: 237: 236: 226: 225: 207: 205: 204: 197: 193: 191: 190: 179: 175: 173: 172: 165: 161: 159: 158: 131: 130: 128: 127: 126: 121: 117: 114: 113: 112: 109: 73: 72: 65: 47:Crimean campaign 37: 36: 7575: 7574: 7570: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7565: 7564: 7485: 7484: 7483: 7473: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7459:sister projects 7456:at Knowledge's 7450: 7440: 7438: 7430: 7428: 7423: 7416: 7409: 7395: 7393: 7381: 7372: 7365: 7358: 7351: 7342: 7335: 7328: 7319: 7314:Atomic bombings 7312: 7305: 7298: 7291: 7284: 7275: 7268: 7261: 7254: 7247: 7240: 7233: 7226: 7219: 7212: 7205: 7198: 7191: 7184: 7177: 7170: 7157: 7150: 7139: 7132: 7125: 7116: 7109: 7102: 7095: 7088: 7081: 7072: 7063: 7056: 7047: 7040: 7033: 7026: 7017: 7010: 7005:Eastern Romania 7003: 6998:Warsaw Uprising 6996: 6991:Tannenberg Line 6989: 6982: 6977:Western Ukraine 6975: 6966: 6959: 6950: 6941: 6932: 6925: 6918: 6907: 6898: 6885: 6878: 6869: 6862: 6855: 6848: 6841: 6834: 6827: 6818: 6811: 6804: 6795: 6788: 6781: 6774: 6769:Battle of Kursk 6767: 6760: 6753: 6746: 6739: 6726: 6719: 6710: 6703: 6696: 6687: 6680: 6673: 6666: 6657: 6648: 6641: 6634: 6627: 6620: 6613: 6606: 6599: 6592: 6585: 6580:St Nazaire Raid 6578: 6571: 6564: 6551: 6544: 6537: 6530: 6523: 6516: 6509: 6502: 6495: 6488: 6481: 6474: 6467: 6460: 6453: 6446: 6439: 6432: 6425: 6418: 6404: 6395: 6388: 6381: 6374: 6367: 6362:Anglo-Iraqi War 6360: 6353:Battle of Crete 6351: 6344: 6337: 6330: 6323: 6310: 6301: 6294: 6287: 6282:Eastern Romania 6280: 6273: 6266: 6259: 6252: 6245: 6238: 6231: 6224: 6217: 6210: 6203: 6196: 6189: 6182: 6175: 6162: 6155: 6148: 6141: 6134: 6127: 6120: 6113: 6100: 6091: 6084: 6077: 6070: 6063: 6056: 6047: 6040: 6033: 6024: 6017: 5991: 5984: 5977: 5968: 5961: 5956: 5947: 5940: 5933: 5924: 5917: 5908: 5901: 5896: 5889: 5876: 5869: 5860: 5853: 5848: 5843:Western Ukraine 5841: 5834: 5827: 5820: 5813: 5806: 5799: 5792: 5787:Northeast China 5785: 5778: 5771: 5764: 5757: 5750: 5741: 5734: 5727: 5720: 5713: 5706: 5699: 5692: 5685: 5678: 5671: 5664: 5657: 5650: 5643: 5636: 5629: 5622: 5615: 5602: 5595: 5588: 5581: 5574: 5567: 5560: 5553: 5546: 5539: 5532: 5525: 5512: 5505: 5498: 5491: 5486:Slovak Republic 5484: 5476: 5469: 5462: 5457:Empire of Japan 5455: 5446: 5438: 5431: 5424: 5417: 5410: 5403: 5395: 5388: 5381: 5373: 5366: 5353: 5346: 5337: 5330: 5321: 5314: 5307: 5300: 5293: 5286: 5279: 5267: 5260: 5253: 5246: 5239: 5232: 5225: 5218: 5211: 5199: 5192: 5185: 5178: 5171: 5159: 5151: 5144: 5137: 5130: 5123: 5116: 5109: 5097: 5090: 5083: 5076: 5069: 5043: 5034: 5027: 5020: 5013: 5002: 4987: 4980: 4973: 4969:Sexual violence 4968: 4961: 4952: 4945: 4938: 4929: 4922: 4915: 4908: 4901: 4892: 4883: 4876: 4869: 4862: 4855: 4848: 4839: 4832: 4825: 4818: 4805: 4798: 4791: 4784: 4775: 4768: 4761: 4754: 4747: 4738: 4729: 4722: 4715: 4708: 4699: 4692: 4687:Greek Civil War 4685: 4678: 4671: 4664: 4657: 4650: 4643: 4630: 4623: 4614: 4607: 4600: 4591: 4584: 4577: 4570: 4561: 4554: 4547: 4538: 4531: 4524: 4517: 4512:South-East Asia 4510: 4503: 4496: 4483: 4476: 4469: 4462: 4455: 4448: 4441: 4434: 4425: 4418: 4411: 4404: 4397: 4390: 4383: 4376: 4371:Military awards 4369: 4360: 4353: 4346: 4337: 4330: 4323: 4316: 4309: 4302: 4295: 4288: 4281: 4274: 4265: 4258: 4238: 4231: 4224: 4215: 4208: 4201: 4196: 4187: 4180: 4173: 4165: 4160: 4130: 4124: 4102: 4012: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3901: 3897: 3888: 3884: 3871: 3867: 3856: 3852: 3841: 3837: 3826: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3705: 3700: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3663: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3597: 3588: 3571: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3532: 3527: 3520: 3515: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3481: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3385: 3380: 3373: 3368: 3361: 3354: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3225: 3219:Krivosheev 1997 3217: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3154:German 6th Army 3103: 3077: 3072: 3004: 2903: 2756: 2685: 2680: 2600:Kampfgeschwader 2555:First World War 2543:Schwerer Gustav 2494: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2406: 2400: 2367: 2319:sank the liner 2247:on 12 November. 2234: 2232:Initial battles 2229: 2223:on 27 October. 2198:Heinkel He 111s 2165:air superiority 2134: 2129: 1965:siege of Odessa 1945: 1940: 1912: 1673:Schwerer Gustav 1651: 1645: 1642: 1626: 1617:order of battle 1548: 1531: 1526: 1524:Forces involved 1400: 1394: 1328:Black Sea Fleet 1285:for control of 1241: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1165:Kerch Peninsula 1146: 1136: 1134: 1104: 1099: 1093:Prague uprising 1076:Bratislava–Brno 1066:Moravia–Ostrava 956:Lvov–Sandomierz 784:Rzhev–Sychyovka 612:Białystok–Minsk 566: 561: 559: 512: 510:June–July 1942: 497: 471: 450: 449: 447: 445: 443: 441:June–July 1942: 439: 437: 422: 420: 418: 416: 414: 413:1 light cruiser 412: 410: 408: 406: 404: 402: 397: 395: 393: 392:65 assault guns 391: 389: 388:On 6 June 1942: 377:Black Sea Fleet 369: 368: 358: 346: 345: 335: 334: 324: 298: 297: 287: 286: 276: 275: 265: 253: 252: 242: 241: 231: 230: 220: 202: 200: 188: 186: 184: 180: 170: 168: 166: 156: 154: 124: 122: 118: 115: 110: 107: 105: 103: 102: 101: 80: 66: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7573: 7563: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7482: 7481: 7452: 7449: 7448: 7425: 7424: 7422: 7421: 7414: 7407: 7390: 7387: 7386: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7379: 7378: 7377: 7370: 7363: 7349: 7348: 7347: 7333: 7330:South Sakhalin 7326: 7325: 7324: 7310: 7303: 7296: 7289: 7282: 7281: 7280: 7266: 7259: 7252: 7245: 7238: 7231: 7224: 7217: 7210: 7203: 7196: 7189: 7182: 7175: 7167: 7165: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7155: 7148: 7147: 7146: 7130: 7123: 7122: 7121: 7107: 7100: 7093: 7086: 7079: 7070: 7061: 7054: 7045: 7038: 7031: 7024: 7015: 7008: 7001: 6994: 6987: 6980: 6973: 6964: 6957: 6948: 6939: 6930: 6923: 6916: 6905: 6895: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6883: 6876: 6875: 6874: 6867: 6853: 6846: 6839: 6832: 6825: 6824: 6823: 6809: 6802: 6793: 6786: 6779: 6772: 6765: 6758: 6755:Battle of Attu 6751: 6744: 6736: 6734: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6724: 6717: 6708: 6701: 6694: 6685: 6678: 6671: 6664: 6655: 6654: 6653: 6646: 6632: 6625: 6618: 6611: 6604: 6597: 6590: 6583: 6576: 6569: 6561: 6559: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6549: 6542: 6535: 6528: 6521: 6514: 6507: 6504:Battle of Guam 6500: 6493: 6486: 6479: 6472: 6465: 6458: 6451: 6444: 6437: 6430: 6427:Battle of Kiev 6423: 6416: 6402: 6401: 6400: 6386: 6379: 6372: 6365: 6358: 6357: 6356: 6342: 6335: 6328: 6320: 6318: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6308: 6299: 6292: 6285: 6278: 6271: 6264: 6257: 6250: 6243: 6236: 6229: 6222: 6215: 6208: 6201: 6194: 6187: 6180: 6172: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6160: 6153: 6146: 6139: 6132: 6125: 6118: 6110: 6108: 6102: 6101: 6099: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6089: 6082: 6075: 6068: 6054: 6053: 6052: 6045: 6031: 6030: 6029: 6014: 6012: 6003: 5997: 5996: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5989: 5982: 5975: 5974: 5973: 5966: 5954: 5953: 5952: 5938: 5931: 5930: 5929: 5926:United Kingdom 5922: 5915: 5914: 5913: 5894: 5886: 5884: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5874: 5867: 5866: 5865: 5858: 5846: 5839: 5832: 5825: 5818: 5811: 5804: 5797: 5790: 5783: 5776: 5769: 5762: 5755: 5748: 5747: 5746: 5739: 5725: 5718: 5711: 5704: 5697: 5690: 5683: 5676: 5669: 5662: 5655: 5648: 5641: 5634: 5627: 5620: 5612: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5600: 5593: 5586: 5579: 5572: 5565: 5558: 5551: 5544: 5537: 5530: 5522: 5520: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5510: 5503: 5496: 5489: 5482: 5474: 5467: 5460: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5436: 5429: 5422: 5415: 5408: 5401: 5393: 5386: 5379: 5371: 5363: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5351: 5344: 5343: 5342: 5328: 5327: 5326: 5323:British Empire 5316:United Kingdom 5312: 5305: 5298: 5291: 5284: 5277: 5265: 5258: 5251: 5244: 5237: 5230: 5223: 5216: 5209: 5197: 5190: 5183: 5176: 5169: 5157: 5149: 5142: 5135: 5132:Czechoslovakia 5128: 5121: 5114: 5107: 5095: 5088: 5081: 5074: 5066: 5064: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5041: 5040: 5039: 5032: 5029:Rape of Manila 5025: 5018: 5011: 5000: 4985: 4978: 4966: 4959: 4958: 4957: 4950: 4936: 4935: 4934: 4927: 4920: 4906: 4899: 4898: 4897: 4890: 4889: 4888: 4881: 4867: 4860: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4837: 4830: 4815: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4803: 4800:United Nations 4796: 4789: 4782: 4781: 4780: 4773: 4766: 4759: 4745: 4736: 4727: 4720: 4713: 4706: 4697: 4690: 4683: 4676: 4669: 4662: 4659:Decolonization 4655: 4648: 4640: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4628: 4621: 4620: 4619: 4605: 4598: 4597: 4596: 4589: 4582: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4559: 4545: 4544: 4543: 4536: 4529: 4522: 4515: 4508: 4493: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4481: 4474: 4467: 4460: 4453: 4446: 4439: 4432: 4431: 4430: 4423: 4409: 4402: 4395: 4388: 4381: 4374: 4367: 4366: 4365: 4351: 4344: 4343: 4342: 4335: 4332:United Kingdom 4328: 4314: 4307: 4300: 4293: 4286: 4279: 4272: 4271: 4270: 4255: 4253: 4244: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4236: 4229: 4222: 4221: 4220: 4213: 4206: 4194: 4193: 4192: 4178: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4159: 4158: 4151: 4144: 4136: 4129: 4128: 4122: 4106: 4100: 4084: 4081: 4065: 4051: 4037: 4021:War in History 4016: 4010: 3995: 3981: 3970: 3956: 3941: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3917: 3908: 3895: 3882: 3865: 3850: 3835: 3820: 3818:, p. 224. 3808: 3799: 3787: 3778: 3769: 3760: 3751: 3742: 3733: 3724: 3715: 3703: 3691: 3682: 3670: 3661: 3652: 3640: 3631: 3622: 3613: 3604: 3595: 3569: 3560: 3548: 3539: 3530: 3518: 3506: 3497: 3488: 3479: 3470: 3461: 3452: 3443: 3434: 3425: 3413: 3404: 3395: 3383: 3371: 3359: 3352: 3334: 3325: 3316: 3307: 3293: 3284: 3275: 3266: 3257: 3248: 3239: 3223: 3221:, p. 107. 3211: 3202: 3190: 3181: 3179:, p. 276. 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3142:Operation Blau 3102: 3099: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3003: 3000: 2955:Operation Blue 2937:, patrol boat 2925:and destroyer 2902: 2899: 2869:and destroyer 2795:, knocked out 2755: 2752: 2712:Mikhail Gromov 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2629:Jagdgeschwader 2559:Czechoslovakia 2522:flame throwers 2493: 2490: 2424: 2423:Soviet defence 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2402:Main article: 2399: 2396: 2366: 2363: 2353:Chernaya river 2345:Besposhchadnyy 2303:Junkers Ju 88s 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2171:Jagdgeschwader 2133: 2130: 2126: 2125: 2121: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2110:Six Destroyers 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2088: 2087: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2057: 2056: 2055: 2054: 2053: 2048: 2040: 2039: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2027: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2014: 2006: 2005: 2004: 1999: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1986: 1969: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1931: 1930: 1929: 1913: 1909: 1908: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1901: 1900: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1890: 1883: 1876: 1869: 1862: 1855: 1848: 1841: 1834: 1810: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1806: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1784: 1783: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1730: 1729: 1728: 1725: 1719: 1712: 1709: 1702: 1696: 1690: 1684: 1678: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1646:September 2013 1632: 1630: 1579:torpedo bomber 1552:(Air Fleet 4) 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1396:Main article: 1393: 1390: 1201: 1200: 1198: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1133: 1132: 1125: 1118: 1110: 1101: 1100: 1098: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1085: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1056:East Pomerania 1053: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1018: 1017: 1013: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 965: 958: 953: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 915: 914: 910: 909: 904: 899: 892: 891: 890: 880: 875: 870: 865: 858: 853: 848: 841: 836: 831: 823: 822: 818: 817: 810: 803: 798: 791: 786: 781: 776: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 747:Toropets–Kholm 744: 737: 732: 726: 725: 721: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 699: 698: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 596: 595: 591: 590: 585: 580: 574: 571: 568: 567: 558: 557: 550: 543: 535: 527: 526: 525: 524: 521: 518: 507: 506: 503: 491: 490: 489: 486: 483: 469: 468: 465: 464:21,626 wounded 462: 430: 429: 425: 424: 419:9 minesweepers 399: 385: 384: 380: 379: 356: 354:Mountain Corps 321: 320: 319:Units involved 316: 315: 263: 217: 216: 212: 211: 198: 182:Naval support: 150: 149: 145: 144: 141: 140: 137: 133: 132: 89: 87: 83: 82: 77: 69: 68: 58: 57: 42: 41: 35: 34: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7572: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7492: 7490: 7478: 7477: 7465: 7464: 7461: 7455: 7447: 7437: 7436: 7433: 7419: 7415: 7412: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7399: 7392: 7391: 7388: 7375: 7371: 7368: 7364: 7361: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7350: 7345: 7341: 7340: 7338: 7337:Kuril Islands 7334: 7331: 7327: 7322: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7311: 7308: 7304: 7301: 7297: 7294: 7290: 7287: 7283: 7278: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7267: 7264: 7260: 7257: 7253: 7250: 7246: 7243: 7239: 7236: 7232: 7229: 7225: 7222: 7218: 7215: 7211: 7208: 7204: 7201: 7197: 7194: 7190: 7187: 7183: 7180: 7176: 7173: 7169: 7168: 7166: 7164: 7160: 7153: 7149: 7144: 7143: 7138: 7137: 7135: 7131: 7128: 7124: 7119: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7108: 7105: 7104:Syrmian Front 7101: 7098: 7094: 7091: 7087: 7084: 7080: 7077: 7076: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7062: 7059: 7055: 7052: 7051: 7050:Market Garden 7046: 7043: 7039: 7036: 7032: 7029: 7025: 7022: 7021: 7016: 7013: 7009: 7006: 7002: 6999: 6995: 6992: 6988: 6985: 6981: 6978: 6974: 6971: 6970: 6965: 6962: 6958: 6955: 6954: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6940: 6937: 6936: 6931: 6928: 6924: 6921: 6917: 6914: 6910: 6909:Monte Cassino 6906: 6903: 6902: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6888: 6881: 6877: 6872: 6868: 6865: 6861: 6860: 6858: 6854: 6851: 6847: 6844: 6840: 6837: 6833: 6830: 6826: 6821: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6810: 6807: 6803: 6800: 6799: 6794: 6791: 6787: 6784: 6780: 6777: 6773: 6770: 6766: 6763: 6759: 6756: 6752: 6749: 6745: 6742: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6733: 6729: 6722: 6718: 6715: 6714: 6709: 6706: 6702: 6699: 6695: 6692: 6691: 6686: 6683: 6679: 6676: 6672: 6669: 6665: 6662: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6647: 6644: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6633: 6630: 6626: 6623: 6619: 6616: 6612: 6609: 6605: 6602: 6598: 6595: 6591: 6588: 6584: 6581: 6577: 6574: 6570: 6567: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6558: 6554: 6547: 6543: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6529: 6526: 6522: 6519: 6515: 6512: 6508: 6505: 6501: 6498: 6494: 6491: 6487: 6484: 6480: 6477: 6473: 6470: 6466: 6463: 6459: 6456: 6452: 6449: 6445: 6442: 6438: 6435: 6431: 6428: 6424: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6412: 6407: 6403: 6398: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6387: 6384: 6380: 6377: 6373: 6370: 6366: 6363: 6359: 6354: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6340: 6336: 6333: 6329: 6326: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6313: 6306: 6305: 6300: 6297: 6293: 6290: 6286: 6283: 6279: 6276: 6275:Baltic states 6272: 6269: 6265: 6262: 6258: 6255: 6251: 6248: 6244: 6241: 6237: 6234: 6230: 6227: 6223: 6220: 6216: 6213: 6209: 6206: 6202: 6199: 6195: 6192: 6188: 6185: 6181: 6178: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6165: 6158: 6154: 6151: 6147: 6144: 6140: 6137: 6133: 6130: 6126: 6123: 6119: 6116: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6094: 6090: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6076: 6073: 6069: 6066: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6055: 6050: 6046: 6043: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6032: 6027: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5998: 5987: 5983: 5980: 5976: 5971: 5967: 5964: 5960: 5959: 5955: 5950: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5939: 5936: 5932: 5927: 5923: 5920: 5919:United States 5916: 5911: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5900: 5899: 5895: 5892: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5879: 5872: 5868: 5863: 5859: 5856: 5855:Quốc dân Đảng 5852: 5851: 5847: 5844: 5840: 5837: 5833: 5830: 5826: 5823: 5819: 5816: 5812: 5809: 5805: 5802: 5798: 5795: 5791: 5788: 5784: 5781: 5777: 5774: 5770: 5767: 5763: 5760: 5756: 5753: 5749: 5744: 5740: 5737: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5726: 5723: 5719: 5716: 5712: 5709: 5705: 5702: 5698: 5695: 5691: 5688: 5684: 5681: 5677: 5674: 5670: 5667: 5663: 5660: 5656: 5653: 5649: 5646: 5642: 5639: 5635: 5632: 5628: 5625: 5621: 5618: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5605: 5598: 5594: 5591: 5587: 5584: 5580: 5577: 5573: 5570: 5566: 5563: 5559: 5556: 5555:Liechtenstein 5552: 5549: 5545: 5542: 5538: 5535: 5531: 5528: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5515: 5508: 5507:Collaboration 5504: 5501: 5497: 5494: 5490: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5472: 5468: 5465: 5461: 5458: 5454: 5449: 5445: 5444: 5441: 5437: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5423: 5420: 5416: 5413: 5409: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5391: 5387: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5369: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5356: 5349: 5345: 5340: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5332:United States 5329: 5324: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5313: 5310: 5306: 5303: 5299: 5296: 5292: 5289: 5285: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5263: 5259: 5256: 5252: 5249: 5245: 5242: 5238: 5235: 5231: 5228: 5224: 5221: 5217: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5195: 5191: 5188: 5184: 5181: 5177: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5147: 5143: 5140: 5136: 5133: 5129: 5126: 5122: 5119: 5115: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5093: 5089: 5086: 5082: 5079: 5075: 5072: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5050: 5037: 5033: 5030: 5026: 5023: 5022:Comfort women 5019: 5016: 5012: 5009: 5006: / 5005: 5001: 4998: 4995: / 4994: 4991: / 4990: 4986: 4983: 4982:Camp brothels 4979: 4976: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4964: 4960: 4955: 4951: 4948: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4937: 4932: 4928: 4925: 4921: 4918: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4907: 4904: 4900: 4895: 4891: 4886: 4882: 4879: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4871:The Holocaust 4868: 4865: 4861: 4858: 4857:forced labour 4854: 4853: 4851: 4847: 4842: 4838: 4835: 4831: 4828: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4817: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4808: 4801: 4797: 4794: 4790: 4787: 4783: 4778: 4774: 4771: 4767: 4764: 4760: 4757: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4737: 4734: 4733: 4728: 4725: 4721: 4718: 4714: 4711: 4710:Marshall Plan 4707: 4704: 4703: 4698: 4695: 4691: 4688: 4684: 4681: 4677: 4674: 4670: 4667: 4663: 4660: 4656: 4653: 4649: 4646: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4633: 4626: 4622: 4617: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4599: 4594: 4590: 4587: 4583: 4580: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4563:Eastern Front 4560: 4557: 4556:Western Front 4553: 4552: 4550: 4546: 4541: 4537: 4534: 4530: 4527: 4523: 4520: 4516: 4513: 4509: 4506: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4479: 4475: 4472: 4468: 4465: 4461: 4458: 4454: 4451: 4450:Puppet states 4447: 4444: 4440: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4407: 4403: 4400: 4396: 4393: 4392:Naval history 4389: 4386: 4382: 4379: 4375: 4372: 4368: 4363: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4339:United States 4336: 4333: 4329: 4326: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4315: 4312: 4308: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4294: 4291: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4277: 4273: 4268: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4248: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4230: 4227: 4223: 4218: 4214: 4211: 4207: 4204: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4179: 4176: 4172: 4171: 4168: 4164: 4157: 4152: 4150: 4145: 4143: 4138: 4137: 4134: 4125: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4110:Melvin, Mungo 4107: 4103: 4101:1-85367-280-7 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4069: 4068:Hooton, E. R. 4066: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4007: 4003: 4002: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3977: 3971: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3926: 3912: 3905: 3899: 3892: 3886: 3880:, 1970, p. 19 3879: 3875: 3872:Paul Carell, 3869: 3863: 3861: 3854: 3848: 3846: 3839: 3833: 3831: 3824: 3817: 3812: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3782: 3773: 3764: 3755: 3746: 3737: 3728: 3719: 3710: 3708: 3698: 3696: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3665: 3656: 3647: 3645: 3635: 3626: 3617: 3608: 3599: 3592: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3564: 3555: 3553: 3543: 3534: 3525: 3523: 3513: 3511: 3501: 3492: 3483: 3474: 3465: 3456: 3447: 3438: 3429: 3420: 3418: 3408: 3399: 3390: 3388: 3378: 3376: 3366: 3364: 3355: 3349: 3345: 3338: 3329: 3320: 3311: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3288: 3279: 3270: 3261: 3252: 3243: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3220: 3215: 3206: 3197: 3195: 3185: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3157: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3127:Ion Antonescu 3124: 3123:Crimea Shield 3119: 3112: 3107: 3097: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3082: 3067: 3064: 3058: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3022: 3016: 3008: 2999: 2997: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2976: 2971: 2970:combined arms 2966: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2946: 2944: 2941:, motor boat 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2912: 2907: 2898: 2896: 2890: 2888: 2878: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2854: 2850: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2836: 2826: 2822: 2819: 2813: 2805: 2801: 2798: 2797:Maxim Gorky's 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2776: 2768: 2760: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2700: 2693: 2689: 2683:Air offensive 2675: 2672: 2668: 2667: 2662: 2661: 2654: 2652: 2651: 2645: 2641: 2640: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2601: 2596: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2545: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2503: 2498: 2489: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2454:Maxim Gorky I 2451: 2442: 2437: 2429: 2410: 2405: 2398:Kerch landing 2395: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2379: 2371: 2362: 2360: 2359: 2354: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2333: 2328: 2324: 2323: 2318: 2314: 2313: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2289: 2288: 2283: 2282: 2277: 2276: 2275:Krasny Kavkaz 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2253: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2224: 2222: 2221:Crimean Front 2218: 2215: 2214:Junkers Ju 87 2211: 2210: 2205: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2193: 2188: 2187: 2182: 2181: 2175: 2173: 2172: 2166: 2161: 2160: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2124: 2119:24 Submarines 2118: 2116:One Guardship 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2089: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2062: 2061: 2058: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2041: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2020: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2007: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1992: 1987: 1985:12 battalions 1984: 1983: 1981: 1980: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1972: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1954: 1949: 1935: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1923: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1916: 1907: 1896: 1895: 1891: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1882: 1881: 1877: 1875: 1874: 1870: 1868: 1867: 1863: 1861: 1860: 1856: 1854: 1853: 1849: 1847: 1846: 1842: 1840: 1839: 1835: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1825:8th Air Corps 1823: 1822: 1821: 1820: 1816: 1815: 1813: 1812: 1811: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1731: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1717: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1689: 1688:28 cm lg.Br.K 1685: 1683: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1670: 1669: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1649: 1640: 1636: 1633:This list is 1631: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1571:medium bomber 1568: 1565: 1564:Generaloberst 1561: 1560: 1555: 1554:8th Air Corps 1551: 1547: 1542: 1541: 1536: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1490: 1489:Major-General 1485: 1483: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1469: 1468:Generaloberst 1464: 1460: 1456: 1455: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1426: 1424: 1419: 1418:Red Air Force 1413: 1410: 1405: 1399: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1336:8th Air Corps 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1315: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1263:Eastern Front 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1228: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1190:Kerch–Eltigen 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1144: 1140: 1131: 1126: 1124: 1119: 1117: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1083: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1051: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1019: 1015: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 970: 966: 964: 963: 959: 957: 954: 952: 951: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 916: 912: 911: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 897: 893: 889: 886: 885: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 863: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 846: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 829: 825: 824: 820: 819: 816: 815: 814:Little Saturn 811: 809: 808: 804: 802: 801:Velikiye Luki 799: 797: 796: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 774: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 742: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 727: 723: 722: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 697: 696: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 659: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 604: 603: 602: 598: 597: 593: 592: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 575: 573:Naval warfare 572: 569: 564: 563:Eastern Front 556: 551: 549: 544: 542: 537: 536: 533: 522: 520:5,000 wounded 519: 516: 515: 514: 511: 504: 501: 500: 499: 496: 492: 487: 485:6,571 wounded 484: 481: 480: 479: 475: 467:1,522 missing 466: 463: 460: 459: 458: 454: 442: 436: 432: 431: 426: 423:24 submarines 407:2,000 mortars 400: 387: 386: 381: 378: 373: 367: 362: 357: 355: 350: 344: 343:8th Air Corps 339: 333: 328: 323: 322: 317: 313: 307: 306:Pyotr Novikov 302: 296: 291: 285: 280: 274: 269: 264: 262: 257: 251: 246: 240: 235: 229: 224: 219: 218: 213: 210: 199: 196: 183: 178: 164: 152: 151: 146: 138: 135: 134: 129: 100: 96: 92: 88: 85: 84: 78: 75: 74: 70: 64: 59: 56: 52: 51:Eastern Front 48: 43: 38: 33: 29: 22: 7479:from Commons 7474: 7453: 7446:Soviet Union 7411:Bibliography 7394: 7207:Project Hula 7172:Vistula–Oder 7141: 7074: 7065: 7049: 7019: 6968: 6952: 6943: 6934: 6900: 6797: 6712: 6688: 6658: 6468: 6409: 6302: 6247:North Africa 5949:Soviet Union 5903:Soviet Union 5829:Soviet Union 5597:Vatican City 5500:Vichy France 5405:German Reich 5302:Soviet Union 5288:South Africa 5281:Sierra Leone 5234:Newfoundland 5053:Participants 5036:Marocchinate 4740: 4731: 4701: 4579:North Africa 4540:Indian Ocean 4399:Nazi plunder 4290:Cryptography 4163:World War II 4113: 4091: 4070: 4054: 4040: 4027:(1): 82–96. 4024: 4020: 4000: 3984: 3975: 3959: 3944: 3929: 3922:Bibliography 3911: 3903: 3898: 3890: 3885: 3878:G. G. Harrap 3873: 3868: 3859: 3853: 3844: 3838: 3829: 3823: 3816:Donnell 2016 3811: 3802: 3795: 3790: 3781: 3772: 3763: 3754: 3745: 3736: 3727: 3718: 3685: 3678: 3673: 3664: 3655: 3634: 3625: 3616: 3607: 3598: 3590: 3563: 3542: 3533: 3500: 3491: 3482: 3473: 3464: 3455: 3446: 3437: 3428: 3407: 3398: 3343: 3337: 3328: 3319: 3310: 3287: 3278: 3269: 3260: 3251: 3242: 3214: 3205: 3184: 3172: 3139: 3135: 3120: 3116: 3094: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3062: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3026: 3017: 3013: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2967: 2963: 2947: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2891: 2886: 2883: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2859:Sovershennyy 2858: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2839: 2834: 2831: 2817: 2814: 2810: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2777: 2773: 2749: 2723: 2720:Bezuprechnyy 2719: 2715: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2671:Regia Marina 2670: 2664: 2660:Kriegsmarine 2658: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2638: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2612: 2604: 2598: 2595:Kampfgruppen 2594: 2592: 2576: 2548: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2518: 2514:assault guns 2507: 2474: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2446: 2407: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2356: 2349: 2344: 2341:Sovershennyy 2340: 2336: 2330: 2326: 2320: 2316: 2310: 2306: 2298: 2294: 2292: 2285: 2279: 2273: 2254: 2250: 2240: 2216: 2207: 2201: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2176: 2169: 2157: 2135: 2122: 2096: 2095:Battleship, 2090: 2059: 1974: 1958: 1933: 1922:Regia Marina 1921: 1905: 1892: 1885: 1878: 1871: 1864: 1857: 1850: 1843: 1836: 1829: 1819:Luftflotte 4 1817: 1675: 1643: 1614: 1605: 1586: 1581: 1563: 1557: 1546:Luftflotte 4 1544: 1543:dispatched 1538: 1532: 1518:Novorossiysk 1511:Vice Admiral 1486: 1466: 1452: 1450: 1429: 1427: 1414: 1401: 1374: 1368: 1363: 1319: 1316: 1289:, a port in 1283:Soviet Union 1281:against the 1237: 1213: 1209: 1207: 1174: 1137:Invasion of 1080: 1061:Lake Balaton 1049: 1034:East Prussia 1023:Vistula–Oder 1021: 967: 960: 948: 894: 883:2nd Smolensk 860: 844: 827: 813: 806: 793: 771: 739: 718:Air war 1941 693: 678: 656: 632:1st Smolensk 599: 588:Arctic Ocean 513:118,000 men 509: 508: 498:200,481 men 494: 493: 482:1,597 killed 470: 461:4,264 killed 440: 434: 433: 417:6 destroyers 409:1 battleship 398:803 aircraft 366:Coastal Army 209:Soviet Union 181: 148:Belligerents 139:Axis victory 99:Soviet Union 95:Russian SFSR 55:World War II 45:Part of the 32: 7142:Bodenplatte 7028:Gothic Line 6254:West Africa 5801:Philippines 5780:Netherlands 5645:Czech lands 5583:Switzerland 5527:Afghanistan 5471:Philippines 5339:Puerto Rico 5255:Philippines 5241:New Zealand 5227:Netherlands 5180:Free France 4931:Prosecution 4732:Osoaviakhim 4602:West Africa 4586:East Africa 4233:Conferences 3393:Fiore 2024. 3177:Melvin 2010 3111:Mount Sapun 2887:Maxim Gorky 2847:Maxim Gorky 2842:Maxim Gorky 2835:Maxim Gorky 2818:Maxim Gorky 2789:Maxim Gorky 2733:Ivan Laskin 2666:Schnellboot 2627:of Ju 87s. 2571:Nebelwerfer 2492:Axis forces 2281:Krasny Krym 1988:3 batteries 1575:dive bomber 1459:the capture 1271:Axis powers 856:Gorky Blitz 851:3rd Kharkov 767:2nd Kharkov 669:1st Kharkov 664:Sea of Azov 488:277 missing 448:31 aircraft 421:1 guardship 403:118,000 men 396:720 mortars 390:203,800 men 273:Ivan Petrov 123: / 49:during the 7489:Categories 7242:West Hunan 7075:Pointblank 6411:Silver Fox 6397:Summer War 6150:Winter War 6129:Phoney War 5910:Azerbaijan 5871:Yugoslavia 5766:Luxembourg 5608:Resistance 5348:Yugoslavia 5213:Luxembourg 5015:Sook Ching 4811:War crimes 4413:Technology 4406:Opposition 4348:Lend-Lease 4325:Australian 4318:Home front 4276:Blitzkrieg 4226:Casualties 4217:Commanders 4189:Operations 3796:Stalingrad 3679:Stalingrad 3591:Stalingrad 3160:References 3063:Geschwader 3021:Panzer III 2975:fog of war 2927:Bditel'nyy 2663:to supply 2589:(MAS) boat 2561:after the 2530:Karl-Gerät 2312:Voroshilov 1814:Luftwaffe 1682:Karl-Gerät 1635:incomplete 1582:Geschwader 1559:Geschwader 1482:Simferopol 1430:Barbarossa 1392:Background 1287:Sevastopol 1195:2nd Crimea 1175:Sevastopol 1160:1st Rostov 1155:1st Crimea 980:2nd Baltic 975:Dukla Pass 962:Doppelkopf 934:2nd Crimea 878:2nd Donbas 868:1st Donbas 845:Polar Star 795:Stalingrad 679:Sevastopol 674:1st Crimea 617:1st Baltic 601:Barbarossa 578:Baltic Sea 444:35,866 men 401:June 1942: 111:33°32′28″E 108:44°36′17″N 91:Sevastopol 7307:Manchuria 7193:Indochina 6969:Bagration 6420:Lithuania 6065:Anschluss 5862:Viet Minh 5759:Lithuania 5701:Hong Kong 5464:Manchukuo 5419:Azad Hind 5078:Australia 4878:Aftermath 4741:Paperclip 4636:Aftermath 4436:Total war 4304:Diplomacy 4267:In Europe 3165:Citations 3131:Bucharest 3101:Aftermath 3085:Luftwaffe 3038:Komintern 3029:Luftwaffe 2996:Feodosiya 2871:Svobodnyy 2867:Abkhaziya 2741:Rotterdam 2724:Abkhaziya 2692:Satellite 2502:11th Army 2441:commissar 2439:A Soviet 2295:Luftwaffe 2262:Balaklava 2150:Melitopol 1706:28 cm Hb. 1615:The Axis 1610:Black Sea 1501:51st Army 1404:limestone 1386:oilfields 1379:Case Blue 1360:11th Army 1352:Rotterdam 1332:Luftwaffe 1295:Black Sea 1243:‹See Tfd› 1236:) or the 1227:romanized 1005:Gumbinnen 950:Bagration 789:Sinyavino 773:Case Blue 658:Leningrad 583:Black Sea 332:11th Army 7418:Category 7367:document 7277:document 7134:Ardennes 7118:Budapest 7066:Crossbow 6944:Overlord 6783:Smolensk 6001:Timeline 5836:Slovakia 5822:Thailand 5673:Ethiopia 5638:Bulgaria 5562:Portugal 5493:Thailand 5375:Bulgaria 5153:Eswatini 5146:Ethiopia 5099:Bulgaria 4924:Unit 731 4885:Response 4702:Keelhaul 4652:Cold War 4625:Americas 4616:timeline 4609:Atlantic 4489:Theaters 4112:(2010). 4090:(1997). 3150:Caucasus 3113:memorial 2978:killed. 2716:Tashkent 2605:Edelweiß 2585:Italian 2322:Armeniya 2183:(JG 3), 1976:Red Army 1920:Italian 1602:Bulgaria 1434:Red Army 1423:invasion 1383:Caucasus 1375:Störfang 1364:Störfang 1324:Red Army 1320:Störfang 1255:Romanian 1180:Caucasus 1143:Caucasus 1050:Solstice 1010:Budapest 1000:Courland 990:Debrecen 985:Belgrade 907:2nd Kiev 779:Caucasus 752:Demyansk 713:Chechnya 647:1st Kiev 383:Strength 86:Location 7344:Shumshu 7111:Hungary 7058:Estonia 7042:Lapland 7020:Dragoon 6953:Neptune 6935:Ichi-Go 6901:Tempest 6843:Changde 6798:Cottage 6690:Jubilee 6406:Finland 6304:Compass 6010:Prelude 5963:Finland 5849:Vietnam 5815:Romania 5687:Germany 5666:Estonia 5652:Denmark 5631:Belgium 5624:Austria 5617:Albania 5548:Ireland 5534:Andorra 5518:Neutral 5478:Romania 5412:Hungary 5397:Finland 5269:Romania 5161:Finland 5139:Denmark 5085:Belgium 5071:Algeria 4777:Romania 4763:Hungary 4519:Pacific 4243:General 4197:Leaders 4182:Battles 4175:Outline 3033:Kharkov 2939:SKA-092 2935:TSch-27 2931:Gruzyia 2923:Molotov 2911:StuGIII 2785:Molotov 2729:SC 1000 2639:Herz As 2625:gruppen 2500:German 2479:and 40 2458:Molotov 2138:Perekop 1446:Ukraine 1438:Dnieper 1340:sorties 1293:on the 1279:Romania 1275:Germany 1265:of the 1229:: 1218:Russian 1044:Breslau 1039:Silesia 944:Karelia 896:Dnieper 762:Bamberg 703:Finland 652:Tallinn 457:27,412 446:78 guns 438:unknown 308: ( 177:Romania 163:Germany 7432:Portal 7321:Debate 7293:Taipei 7286:Borneo 6864:Tarawa 6058:Europe 6019:Africa 5808:Poland 5794:Norway 5773:Malaya 5752:Latvia 5694:Greece 5680:France 5576:Sweden 5541:Bhutan 5262:Poland 5248:Norway 5220:Mexico 5187:Greece 5173:France 5111:Canada 5092:Brazil 5062:Allies 5008:Serbia 4997:Poland 4770:Poland 4756:Baltic 4549:Europe 4251:Topics 4203:Allied 4120: 4098: 4077: 4061: 4047: 4008: 3991: 3966: 3951: 3936: 3350: 2787:, and 2781:Stalin 2745:London 2737:Warsaw 2678:Battle 2648:KG 26 2644:Gruppe 2637:JG 77 2621:StG 77 2613:Gruppe 2565:, the 2551:280 mm 2486:305 mm 2477:152 mm 2470:TMD-40 2460:, and 2450:Stalin 2327:StG 77 2299:Bodryy 2245:StG 77 2217:Stukas 2189:, and 2159:Stavka 2123: 1943:Soviet 1934: 1906: 1577:, and 1549:'s 1496:Odessa 1356:London 1348:Warsaw 1291:Crimea 1247:German 1139:Crimea 1088:Prague 1082:Berlin 1071:Vienna 888:Lenino 730:Lyuban 695:Moscow 684:Rostov 642:Odessa 478:8,454 206: 192: 174: 160: 136:Result 7476:Media 7097:Leyte 6927:Narva 6913:Anzio 6871:Makin 6829:Burma 6713:Torch 6682:Rzhev 6643:Kiska 5729:Korea 5715:Japan 5708:Italy 5590:Tibet 5569:Spain 5440:Italy 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