1473:
1368:
1423:
and that he subsequently rejected a request for a ceasefire. An agreement was finally made for an unconditional surrender the next morning, with hostages being taken by
English forces to ensure compliance. The following morning, an English force entered the fort to secure and guard armaments and supplies. Grey de Wilton's account in his despatch says "Then put I in certain bands, who straight fell to execution. There were six hundred slain." Grey de Wilton's forces spared those of higher rank: "Those that I gave life unto, I have bestowed upon the captains and gentlemen that hath well deserved ...."
195:
228:
41:
1444:, and Russell. According to these versions, Grey de Wilton promised the garrison their lives in return for their surrender, a promise which he broke, remembered in the term "Grey's faith". Like Grey himself, none of these commentators can be described as neutral, as they were all either serving the state or opposed to it. Cusack's own interpretation of the events likewise could not be described as unbiased, given her position as a Catholic nun and fervent Irish nationalist at the time.
138:
235:
202:
1415:, sparing only the commanders. Grey had also heard that the main Irish rebel army of 4,000 "who had promised to be on the mountains", were somewhere in the hills to his east, looking to be rearmed and supplied by Di San Giuseppe, and they might, in turn, surround his army; but this army never appeared.
1422:
dated 11 November 1580, he rejected an approach made by the besieged
Spanish and Italian forces to agree to terms of a conditional surrender in which they would cede the fort and leave. Grey de Wilton claimed that he insisted that they surrender without preconditions and put themselves at his mercy
1467:
In a few days the courage of the
Spanish commander failed, and he entered into treaty with the Lord Deputy. A bargain was made that he should receive a large share of the spoils. He had obtained a personal interview in the Viceroy's camp, and the only persons for whom he made conditions were the
1352:
From information obtained from prisoners, Lord Ormond ascertained the size of the defending forces to be around 700, but with military equipment that would serve a force of 5,000; the prisoners said the defences of the fort were being strengthened. Ormond retreated, leaving a small party to keep
1487:
faith. Upon refusal, their arms and legs were broken in three places by an ironsmith. They were left in agony for a day and night and then hanged. In contrast, Grey's report mentioned: "Execution of the
Englishman who served
1440:(writing as M. F. Cusack) noted in 1871 that there had long been a degree of controversy about Grey de Wilton's version of events to Elizabeth, and identifies three other contemporary accounts which contradict it, by O'Daly,
1561:
in one of his trials. Raleigh argued that he was "obliged to obey the commands of his superior officer" but he was unable to exonerate himself. He was executed on 29 October 1618, chiefly for his involvement in the
1276:
to aid the rebellion. It was found later that none of the
Spanish officers had a commission from King Philip, nor the Italians from Pope Gregory, though the latter had been granted
2002:
1308:
and take service under him in
Ireland. Some of them, however, did not follow the free-booting profession, and we may assume that Ercole di Pisa was an honourable man, although a
1386:, and landing eight artillery pieces. On 7 November, Grey de Wilton laid siege to the Smerwick garrison. The besieged forces were geographically isolated on the tip of the
1261:
1543:('Field of Cutting'); their bodies later being thrown into the sea. Archaeologists have not yet discovered human remains at the site, although a nearby field is known as
277:
1537:
According to the folklore of the area, the execution of the captives took two days, with many of the captives being beheaded in a field known locally in Irish as
357:
1483:
Cusack also mentions that some of the few who were spared summary execution actually suffered a worse fate: They were offered life if they would renounce their
1394:, one of the highest mountains in Ireland, on one side, and the much larger English force on the other. The English forces began the artillery barrage on
1218:. The Papal commander parleyed and was bribed, and the defenders surrendered within a few days. The officers were spared, but the other ranks were then
1468:
Spaniards who had accompanied him on the expedition. The
English were admitted to the fortress on the following day, and a feast was prepared for them.
1204:
freelance soldiers, mostly of
Spanish and Italian origin, landed at Smerwick to support the Catholic rebels. They were forced to retreat to the nearby
79:
1808:
391:
426:
270:
350:
194:
1896:
1492:, and two others, whose arms and legs were broken for torture." He did not specify why they were tortured, nor refer to their religion.
2017:
1967:
1459:) for a bribe: "Colonel Sebastian San José, who proved eventually so fearful a traitor to the cause he had volunteered to defend. The
210:
1260:, near Fitzmaurice's landing-point. The force numbered 600 men, and brought with it arms for several thousand. It was commanded by
1557:
Three decades after the siege, when
Raleigh had fallen from favour, his involvement with this massacre was brought against him as a
648:
643:
1850:
1472:
1997:
1879:
1495:
1320:
1316:
263:
658:
1328:
1223:
421:
343:
165:
1728:
611:
1944:
The event is commemorated on site by a fine sculpture by
Cliodhna Cussen, which was erected on the 400th anniversary in 1980
1523:
411:
227:
386:
1379:
1323:, and John of Desmond tried to link up to receive the supplies brought by the expeditionary force. English forces under
1048:
734:
396:
1928:
1324:
859:
789:
712:
668:
2012:
1972:
1962:
1862:
1771:
1693:
879:
744:
482:
460:
367:
1992:
1367:
517:
1009:
929:
638:
522:
1343:'s ships blockaded their ships in the bay at Smerwick. San Giuseppe had no choice but to retreat to the fort at
1058:
1103:
874:
653:
544:
534:
445:
406:
301:
1987:
1441:
469:
1595:
1419:
1238:
1150:
824:
759:
606:
601:
512:
492:
436:
318:
1098:
2007:
1024:
764:
663:
2022:
1982:
1312:. Be that as it may, his Holiness and travellers in Italy must have been glad to get rid of them all."
989:
984:
559:
554:
1447:
Cusack confirmed that Di San Giuseppe (whom she named by the Spanish version, San José) had sold the "
1304:
pardoned at the entreaty of Fitzmaurice on the strict understanding that they should clear out of the
1515:
1504:
1340:
1280:
for taking part. At the time, neither Spain nor the Papacy was formally at war with England, but the
1160:
1034:
999:
969:
964:
939:
934:
924:
919:
819:
774:
769:
707:
549:
502:
487:
1508:) written in 1587, the bands ordered to carry out the executions were led by Captain Raleigh (later
1977:
1249:
1242:
1193:
914:
894:
784:
455:
431:
307:
32:
401:
1831:
1123:
979:
949:
889:
884:
829:
574:
569:
450:
1714:
1659:
1531:
1431:
1297:
1248:
The following year, on 10 September 1580, a squadron of Spanish ships under the command of Don
1227:
1138:
1133:
1004:
809:
754:
702:
673:
539:
507:
1681:
1245:. This continued for three years, though Fitzmaurice was killed within weeks of the landing.
1906:
1718:
1170:
1093:
1063:
1053:
974:
959:
909:
869:
849:
844:
564:
416:
1434:
spared to report in Spain and Italy the poverty and infidelity of their Irish consociates."
1400:
on the morning of 8 November, which rapidly broke down the improvised defences of the fort.
1790:
1759:
1437:
1376:
1128:
1029:
1019:
994:
904:
814:
779:
724:
584:
313:
8:
1632:
1430:
wrote to London on 14 November about the prisoners that a further "20 or 30 Captains and
1285:
1014:
954:
944:
899:
839:
799:
1382:
arrived at Smerwick Bay, replenishing the supplies of Grey de Wilton, who was camped at
683:
1802:
1509:
1460:
1273:
1219:
1215:
693:
688:
287:
143:
1858:
1767:
1724:
1689:
1412:
1269:
1108:
864:
678:
1489:
1411:
Accounts vary on whether they had been granted quarter. Grey de Wilton ordered the
1403:
After a three-day siege, the commander Di San Giuseppe surrendered on 10 November.
1387:
1257:
1165:
1083:
804:
794:
739:
1583:
1558:
1484:
1427:
1205:
1118:
1113:
1043:
854:
834:
749:
579:
497:
1662:, "The rise, increase, and exit of the Geraldines, earls of Desmond" (1878) p.82
335:
1527:
1336:
1332:
1253:
1189:
1088:
729:
629:
620:
589:
152:
71:
1463:
was reduced to the lowest ebb by the treachery of José." She explained that:
1956:
1391:
94:
81:
148:
1677:
1290:
1201:
1526:, although he claimed the massacre was perpetrated by sailors. The poet
1289:
of 1570 had released observant Catholics from their allegiance to Queen
1301:
1281:
1277:
40:
1901:
1574:
A monument to commemorate the victims of the massacre was erected at
1563:
1309:
255:
1349:, which however is a banked field with no spring or drinking water.
1575:
1519:
1305:
45:
Map of the English attack on Spanish and Italian forces at Smerwick
1897:"Massacre victims from Raleigh's time return to haunt Irish shore"
1241:
landed a small Papal invasion force in July 1579, initiating the
1197:
1549:('Field of the Heads') and local folklore recalls the massacre.
1383:
1300:
commented: ".. in or about one thousand, ... most of them were
1192:(known in English as Smerwick) in November 1580, during the
16:
Siege and massacre during the Second Desmond Rebellion, 1580
1315:
Leading a rebel force of 4,000 men somewhere to the east,
1418:
In Grey de Wilton's account, contained in a despatch to
2003:
16th-century military history of the Kingdom of England
1648:
Scorched Earth: Studies in the Archaeology of Conflict
1296:
Regarding the Papal force, the Irish historian Father
1836:
Life of Sir Walter Raleigh, 1552–1618, in Two Volumes
1795:
An Illustrated History of Ireland from AD 400 to 1800
1821:
Calendar of State Papers Ireland, 11 November 1580.
1522:, was present and described events in a letter to
1849:Nicholls, Mark; Williams, Penry (31 March 2011).
365:
1954:
1848:
1252:landed a Papal force of Spanish and Italians at
1688:. Syracuse University Press. pp. 142–144.
1754:
1752:
1682:"Chapter X The Desmond Rebellion: Last Phase"
1448:
1375:On 5 November, an English naval force led by
351:
271:
1785:
1783:
1766:. Edmund Burke Publisher. pp. 187–189.
1268:Sebastiano da Modena), paid for and sent by
1615:
1544:
1538:
1476:Memorial to the victims of the massacre at
1454:
1395:
1354:
1344:
1209:
1807:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1749:
1614:Possibly a persistent mistranscription of
358:
344:
278:
264:
1834:. "Perpetrates the Massacre of Del Oro".
1780:
1628:
1626:
234:
201:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1534:, is also thought to have been present.
1471:
1366:
1222:on the orders of the English commander,
1672:
1670:
1668:
1640:
1955:
1894:
1877:
1855:Sir Walter Raleigh: In Life and Legend
1830:
1789:
1758:
1713:
1634:The Scenery and Antiquities of Ireland
1623:
1272:, and was a clandestine initiative by
285:
1702:
1676:
1552:
1265:
339:
259:
1665:
1321:James Eustace (Viscount Baltinglass)
1764:The History of the Kingdom of Kerry
1317:Gerald FitzGerald (Earl of Desmond)
13:
1329:Arthur Grey (Baron Grey de Wilton)
1224:Arthur Grey (Baron Grey de Wilton)
1214:, where they were besieged by the
119:Papal and Spanish troops massacred
14:
2034:
2018:Sieges of the early modern period
1968:Sieges involving the Papal States
1620:, 'The gold fort', 'Fort del oro)
1524:Robert Dudley (Earl of Leicester)
1339:as chronicler) blocked them, and
1200:. A force of between 400 and 700
1744:Calendar of State Papers Ireland
1723:. Echo Library. pp. 41–44.
233:
226:
200:
193:
136:
39:
1921:
1895:Lister, David (13 April 2004).
1888:
1871:
1842:
1824:
1815:
1998:Massacres committed by England
1838:. Vol. 1. pp. 52–77.
1737:
1653:
1608:
1325:Thomas Butler (Earl of Ormond)
1:
1881:Queen Elizabeth and Her Times
1857:. A&C Black. p. 15.
1601:
1500:Supply to the Irish Chronicle
1233:
369:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
166:The 14th Baron Grey de Wilton
1878:Wright, Thomas, ed. (1838).
1596:List of massacres in Ireland
1420:Queen Elizabeth I of England
1239:James Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald
422:Cavendish's circumnavigation
214:Location within County Kerry
7:
1589:
1579:
1569:
1406:
621:Spanish Armada (1st Calais
381:Caribbean and South America
242:Siege of Smerwick (Ireland)
10:
2039:
1832:Saint-John, James Augustus
1646:Tony Pollard, Iain Banks.
1262:Sebastiano di San Giuseppe
392:Drake's 1572-73 expedition
170:Sebastiano di San Giuseppe
1512:) and Captain Mackworth.
719:Low Countries and Germany
377:
297:
187:
174:
159:
129:
49:
38:
30:
25:
2013:1580 in the Papal States
1973:Sieges involving Ireland
1963:Second Desmond Rebellion
1905:. London. Archived from
1530:, then secretary to the
1453:" ('Fort of Gold', i.e.
1362:
1293:of England and Ireland.
1250:Juan Martinez de Recalde
1243:Second Desmond rebellion
1194:Second Desmond Rebellion
630:English Armada (Corunna
397:Drake's circumnavigation
217:Show map of County Kerry
33:Second Desmond Rebellion
1993:History of County Kerry
1578:in 1980. The sculpture
1371:The massacre site today
95:52.190386°N 10.415546°W
1686:Elizabeth's Irish Wars
1616:
1545:
1539:
1532:Lord Deputy of Ireland
1518:, future commander of
1505:Holinshed's Chronicles
1480:
1470:
1455:
1449:
1396:
1372:
1355:
1345:
1228:Lord Deputy of Ireland
1210:
160:Commanders and leaders
1650:. BRILL, 2007. p. 222
1582:is by Irish sculptor
1475:
1465:
1370:
100:52.190386; -10.415546
1988:Massacres in Ireland
1637:. Chapter IV. (1841)
1438:Margaret Anna Cusack
1359:under surveillance.
649:2nd Gibraltar Strait
644:1st Gibraltar Strait
535:Vila Franca do Campo
211:class=notpageimage|
1884:. pp. 120–122.
1746:, 14 November 1580.
1286:Regnans in Excelsis
930:3rd Geertruidenberg
880:2nd Geertruidenberg
745:1st Geertruidenberg
518:2nd Puerto Caballos
446:1st Puerto Caballos
427:Spanish West Indies
319:Carrigafoyle Castle
245:Show map of Ireland
91: /
2008:FitzGerald dynasty
1580:(see illustration)
1553:In Raleigh's trial
1510:Sir Walter Raleigh
1481:
1413:summary executions
1380:Sir William Winter
1373:
1310:soldier of fortune
1274:Philip II of Spain
1220:summarily executed
289:Desmond Rebellions
144:Kingdom of England
57:7–10 November 1580
2023:Massacres in 1580
1983:Conflicts in 1580
1730:978-1-4068-5574-6
1306:Pontifical States
1270:Pope Gregory XIII
1186:siege of Smerwick
1179:
1178:
332:
331:
254:
253:
125:
124:
26:Siege of Smerwick
2030:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1806:
1798:
1787:
1778:
1777:
1756:
1747:
1741:
1735:
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1711:
1700:
1699:
1674:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1644:
1638:
1630:
1621:
1619:
1612:
1581:
1548:
1542:
1540:Gort a Ghearradh
1502:(an addition to
1458:
1452:
1442:O'Sullivan Beare
1399:
1388:Dingle Peninsula
1358:
1348:
1267:
1258:Dingle Peninsula
1213:
1161:Irish West Coast
1049:'s-Hertogenbosch
523:Santiago de Cuba
387:San Juan de Ulúa
372:
370:
360:
353:
346:
337:
336:
308:Second rebellion
292:
290:
280:
273:
266:
257:
256:
246:
237:
236:
230:
218:
204:
203:
197:
142:
140:
139:
115:English victory
106:
105:
103:
102:
101:
96:
92:
89:
88:
87:
84:
51:
50:
43:
23:
22:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2027:
1978:1580 in Ireland
1953:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1937:
1935:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1893:
1889:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1851:"The Devon Man"
1847:
1843:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1800:
1799:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1757:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1712:
1703:
1696:
1675:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1645:
1641:
1631:
1624:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1592:
1584:Cliodhna Cussen
1572:
1559:criminal charge
1555:
1516:Richard Bingham
1461:Geraldine cause
1428:Geoffrey Fenton
1409:
1365:
1341:Richard Bingham
1236:
1206:promontory fort
1182:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1099:Château-Laudran
1010:Schenckenschans
689:Cape Finisterre
659:Gulf of Almería
596:European waters
441:Bay of Honduras
373:
368:
366:
364:
334:
333:
328:
302:First rebellion
293:
288:
286:
284:
250:
249:
248:
247:
244:
243:
240:
239:
238:
221:
220:
219:
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215:
213:
207:
206:
205:
137:
135:
99:
97:
93:
90:
85:
82:
80:
78:
77:
76:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2036:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1949:
1948:
1920:
1909:on 4 June 2011
1887:
1870:
1863:
1841:
1823:
1814:
1779:
1772:
1748:
1736:
1729:
1701:
1694:
1664:
1652:
1639:
1622:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1591:
1588:
1571:
1568:
1554:
1551:
1546:Gort na gCeann
1528:Edmund Spenser
1498:states in his
1408:
1405:
1364:
1361:
1337:Edmund Spenser
1333:Walter Raleigh
1235:
1232:
1190:Ard na Caithne
1188:took place at
1177:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1035:3rd Rheinberg
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
875:Bergen op Zoom
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
721:
720:
716:
715:
710:
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700:
691:
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520:
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467:
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453:
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132:
131:
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120:
112:
108:
107:
72:Ard na Caithne
65:
63:
59:
58:
55:
47:
46:
36:
35:
28:
27:
21:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2035:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1945:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1891:
1883:
1882:
1874:
1866:
1864:9781441112095
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1818:
1810:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1791:Cusack, M. F.
1786:
1784:
1775:
1773:9780946130122
1769:
1765:
1761:
1760:Cusack, M. F.
1755:
1753:
1745:
1740:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1715:Church, R. W.
1710:
1708:
1706:
1697:
1695:0-8156-0435-1
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1661:
1656:
1649:
1643:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1618:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1587:
1585:
1577:
1567:
1565:
1560:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1491:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1392:Mount Brandon
1390:, cut off by
1389:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1369:
1360:
1357:
1350:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1335:and the poet
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1288:
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1279:
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1263:
1259:
1255:
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1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1172:
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1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
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1148:
1144:
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1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
970:2nd Rheinberg
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
935:2nd Coevorden
933:
931:
928:
926:
925:1st Coevorden
923:
921:
920:2nd Steenwijk
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
860:1st Rheinberg
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
790:1st Steenwijk
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
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748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
722:
718:
717:
714:
713:Gulf of Cádiz
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
697:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
669:Bay of Biscay
667:
665:
664:Barbary Coast
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
633:
628:
626:
624:
619:
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583:
581:
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568:
566:
563:
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548:
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541:
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435:
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420:
418:
417:St. Augustine
415:
413:
410:
408:
407:Santo Domingo
405:
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229:
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196:
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150:
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134:
133:
128:
118:
117:
116:
113:
110:
109:
104:
74:
73:
68:
64:
61:
60:
56:
53:
52:
48:
42:
37:
34:
29:
24:
19:
1943:
1936:. Retrieved
1932:
1929:"Dún an Óir"
1923:
1911:. Retrieved
1907:the original
1900:
1890:
1880:
1873:
1854:
1844:
1835:
1826:
1817:
1794:
1763:
1743:
1739:
1719:
1685:
1678:Falls, Cyril
1655:
1647:
1642:
1633:
1610:
1573:
1556:
1536:
1514:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1482:
1477:
1466:
1450:Fort del Ore
1446:
1436:
1425:
1417:
1410:
1402:
1374:
1351:
1314:
1295:
1284:
1247:
1237:
1185:
1183:
1155:
1151:Carrigafoyle
1069:
1065:
1036:
708:Dover Strait
695:
631:
622:
613:
545:Newfoundland
503:2nd San Juan
488:1st San Juan
475:
471:
462:
438:
323:
130:Belligerents
114:
70:
66:
31:Part of the
18:
1496:John Hooker
1331:(including
1291:Elizabeth I
1278:indulgences
1171:Castlehaven
1059:Hoogstraten
1025:San Andreas
980:2nd Groenlo
950:1st Groenlo
905:Knodsenburg
890:2nd Zutphen
865:1st Zutphen
825:Steenbergen
765:Schoonhoven
674:Mount's Bay
625:Gravelines)
607:Pantelleria
437:Hispaniola
402:São Vicente
310:(1579–1583)
304:(1569–1573)
98: /
1957:Categories
1938:3 February
1933:gokerry.ie
1617:Dún an Óir
1602:References
1490:Dr Sanders
1478:Dún an Óir
1456:Dún an Óir
1432:Alphiaries
1397:Dún an Óir
1356:Dún an Óir
1346:Dún an Óir
1282:papal bull
1234:Background
1211:Dún an Óir
1134:2nd Calais
1064:Ardenburg
1030:Nieuwpoort
1015:Zaltbommel
985:Bredevoort
780:Borgerhout
760:Valkenburg
735:Middelburg
698:West Wales
612:1st Cádiz
590:2nd Azores
585:Las Palmas
575:2nd Flores
570:1st Flores
565:1st Azores
513:Portobello
470:La Guaira
314:Glenmalure
86:10°24′56″W
83:52°11′25″N
67:Dún an Óir
1902:The Times
1803:cite book
1797:. Dublin.
1762:(1995) .
1717:(2010) .
1680:(1997) .
1660:Meehan CP
1564:Main Plot
1298:CP Meehan
1256:, on the
1072:2nd Sluis
1068:Oostberg
1054:2nd Grave
1039:2nd Meurs
1000:Oldenzaal
995:Ootmarsum
960:2nd Hulst
940:Groningen
910:1st Hulst
870:1st Sluis
845:1st Grave
820:Eindhoven
800:Noordhorn
694:Cornwall
684:2nd Cádiz
654:Berlengas
483:Guadalupe
461:Trinidad
451:San Mateo
412:Cartagena
75:, Ireland
1793:(1868).
1590:See also
1576:Smerwick
1570:Monument
1520:Connacht
1485:Catholic
1407:Massacre
1302:brigands
1254:Smerwick
1156:Smerwick
1109:Caudebec
990:Enschede
965:Turnhout
915:Nijmegen
900:Delfzijl
895:Deventer
785:Mechelen
775:Rijmenam
770:Gembloux
703:Sesimbra
555:Santiago
540:Terceira
529:Atlantic
474:Caracas
324:Smerwick
175:Strength
62:Location
1913:18 July
1720:Spenser
1377:Admiral
1216:English
1198:Ireland
1166:Kinsale
1145:Ireland
1124:Morlaix
835:Antwerp
805:Niezijl
740:Haarlem
679:Cawsand
634:Lisbon)
616:Algarve
602:Scheldt
560:Senegal
550:Bermuda
508:Tabasco
465:Orinoco
183:400–700
153:Spanish
1861:
1770:
1727:
1692:
1384:Dingle
1266:a.k.a.
1226:, the
1139:Amiens
1129:Crozon
1084:Arques
1078:France
1044:Ostend
1005:Lingen
840:Arnhem
810:Lochem
795:Kollum
750:Leiden
639:Bayona
493:Panama
456:Recife
432:Havana
180:~4,000
155:troops
141:
111:Result
1363:Siege
1202:Papal
1119:Blaye
1114:Craon
1104:Rouen
1094:Paris
975:Meurs
955:Lippe
885:Breda
850:Venlo
830:Aalst
755:Delft
580:Faial
498:Pinos
149:Papal
69:near
1940:2022
1915:2011
1859:ISBN
1809:link
1768:ISBN
1725:ISBN
1690:ISBN
1426:Sir
1327:and
1184:The
1089:Ivry
1020:Rees
855:Axel
815:Lier
730:Goes
725:Mons
478:Coro
151:and
54:Date
1208:of
1196:in
945:Huy
1959::
1942:.
1931:.
1899:.
1853:.
1805:}}
1801:{{
1782:^
1751:^
1704:^
1684:.
1667:^
1625:^
1586:.
1566:.
1319:,
1230:.
1917:.
1867:.
1811:)
1776:.
1733:.
1698:.
1264:(
1070:·
1066:·
1037:·
696:·
632:·
623:·
614:·
476:·
472:·
463:·
439:·
359:e
352:t
345:v
279:e
272:t
265:v
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