Siege of Tobruk - Knowledge

2215: 2161: 2816: 1612: 2827:, made up of Royal Navy and Royal Australian Navy warships, played an important role in the defence of Tobruk providing gunfire support, supplies, fresh troops and by ferrying out the wounded. Control of Tobruk was useful to the Allies because it was the only significant port east of Benghazi and west of Alexandria. The supply of Axis troops on the Egyptian frontier could have been eased by sea transport to Tobruk. The siege of Tobruk was the first occasion in the war that German Panzer units had been stopped. The siege of Tobruk was lifted in December 1941 in the course of Operation Crusader. Axis forces re-captured the port on 21 June 1942, after defeating the Eighth Army in the 2504: 2517:(AIF), with the support of the Australian government, requested the withdrawal of the 9th Division from Tobruk. Blamey wrote that the health of the Australian division had deteriorated "to the point where it was not longer capable of resisting attack"; he also wanted to unite Australian forces in the Middle East. Auchinleck agreed but noted that a troop movement this big could only be made by fast warships during moonless periods, to evade air attacks. The Mediterranean Fleet was busy elsewhere, the Inshore Squadron was carrying supplies into Tobruk and Operation Crusader was being prepared. The Australian withdrawal began in the August non-moon period and from 1486: 1004:, a hot desert wind blows clouds of fine sand, which reduces visibility to a few meters and coats eyes, lungs, machinery, food and equipment; motor vehicles and aircraft need special oil filters and the barren ground means that supplies for military operations have to be transported from outside. German engines tended to overheat and tank engine life fell from 1,400–1,600 mi (2,300–2,600 km) to 300–900 mi (480–1,450 km), which was made worse by the lack of standard parts for German and Italian types. The ground is a hard surface which drops to sea level in steps, with the coast cut by ravines. 57: 284: 229: 1399: 295: 240: 206: 1790: 2425: 259: 145: 2679: 752: 1421:. The road could flood, was vulnerable to the DAF and alternative desert tracks increased vehicle wear. The Axis advance of 300 mi (480 km) to the Egyptian frontier in early 1941, increased the road transport distance for supplies to 1,100 mi (1,800 km). Benghazi was captured in April but coastal shipping could only carry 15,000 long tons (15,241 t) and the port was within range of the DAF. Tobruk could take about 1,500 long tons (1,524 t) per day but lack of shipping made its capture irrelevant. 1647: 2015: 8552: 271: 217: 1496:

defences had been built by the Italians except at the Bardia–El Adem road junction, the barbed wire was in disrepair and an anti-tank ditch was unfinished. The Allies selected another line about 2 mi (3.2 km) back from the perimeter and worked on this while the original line was refurbished. Two battalions of the Australian 24th Infantry Brigade and the newly arrived Australian 18th Brigade (which had been detached from the 7th Division) took over the perimeter and the Australian

157: 2831:. During the course of the siege, two destroyers, three sloops, seven anti-submarine vessels and minesweepers, seven store carriers and schooners, six A lighters and one fast minelayer were sunk, a total of 26 ships. Seven destroyers, a sloop, eleven anti-submarine and minesweeping vessels, three gunboats and a schooner were damaged, a total of 23 vessels. Six Merchant Navy ships and a schooner were sunk and six merchant ships were damaged; a total of 62 ships were sunk or damaged. 172: 2368:, then pressed on and took Fort Capuzzo. The coast group failed to capture the bottom of the Halfaya Pass. The garrison on the east side of the Tobruk defences was strengthened in case of a sortie and a German counter-attack recovered Musaid. The coast group eventually overran the foot of the pass; but, the next day, Allied retirements against German counter-attacks to a line from Sidi Omar to Sidi Suleiman and Sollum, left all but Halfaya Pass in German hands. On 26 May, 1271:). The 3rd Armoured Brigade was south-east of Mersa Brega, where the 2nd Support Group held an 8 mi (13 km) front; the Australians were 150 mi (240 km) to the north, minus a brigade left at Tobruk, deficient in much equipment and out of contact with the 2nd Armoured Division. Allied air reconnaissance had observed German troops west of El Agheila on 25 February and by 5 March, it was expected that the German commander would consolidate the defence of 1993:. The lack of fighters made for a straight battle between the gunners and German pilots. The gunners changed their tactics from a sustained barrage at a fixed altitude, to a staggered, and thickened belt, at various altitudes covering 1000 meters or more, thereby forcing the Ju 87s to fly through fire for much longer. The gunners spread their fire from side to side, to prevent German pilots from travelling down the side of the barrage and sliding in underneath it. The 2606: 712: 187: 719: 1774:, intercepted a Ju 87 raid escorted by fighters. After another two days, 73 Squadron was down to five operational aircraft with very tired pilots. By 23 April, three more Hurricanes had been shot down, a further two were damaged and on 25 April the squadron was withdrawn. The fighters of 274 Squadron stayed at Gerawla and 6 Squadron remained at Tobruk to fly tactical reconnaissance sorties. Fighter cover could only be maintained at intervals by the last 1094: 1833:. Collishaw noted the aggression shown by Axis aviation and reported to Tedder that 274 Squadron, which had only 13 fighters available as of 23 April, formed the major part of the fighter defence for Egypt and he was "loathe to send them to Tobruk." As Collishaw wrote his letter, the RAF lost a further six aircraft over Tobruk, equating to very heavy losses given the small contingent defending the port. He requested Tedder's advice. Air Marshal 726: 2415: 740: 2180:(OKW) agreed that Tobruk should be captured and supplies accumulated, before the advance into Egypt was resumed. Rommel thought that Tobruk could only be taken by a deliberate attack, which could not begin until support units had arrived in the area and the Luftwaffe had been reinforced, particularly with transport aircraft to carry ammunition, fuel and water. On 27 April, Major-General 759: 2276:

and that the army in Libya needed ammunition, fuel and food first, then more vehicles before the dispatch of more men, of whom medium artillery and anti-tank gun crews should have priority. The Tobruk garrison settled into a routine of patrols, air raids and minor attacks, some to regain positions in the Medauar salient and some in connexion with WDF operations.

988:; in British parlance, the Western Desert came to include eastern Cyrenaica in Libya. Extending inland from the coast lies a raised, flat plain of stony desert, about 500 ft (150 m) above sea level, for 120–190 mi (200–300 km) to the sand sea. Scorpions, vipers and flies populated the region, which was inhabited by a small number of nomads. 2291: 2194:, to question Rommel on his intentions, impress on him that there was little more help available and to forecast the defensive possibilities of the area, if Sollum was lost. Paulus refused to allow an attack planned for 30 April, until he had studied the situation and on 29 April, allowed the attack to go ahead, as did General 2812:

Polish Carpathian Brigade and Czechoslovak 11th Infantry Battalion (East). The fresh defenders held Tobruk until they broke out on 21 November and held open an 8 mi (13 km) corridor, unsupported for several days, then captured Ed Duda on 27 November, to link with the advancing Eighth Army, during Operation Crusader.

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harbour and the sinking of two supply ships. The Axis attack was to be made in the south-west, either side of the hillock of Ras el Medauar, about two weeks after the previous attempt, using the 5th Light Division on the right and the 15th Panzer Division on the left, even though it had only recently arrived in Africa. At

3032:(1956), Playfair calculated the losses in the table created by Harrison in 1999. When Harrison calculated other losses, there was no RAF casualty list but he recorded ten aircrew and six ground crew burials at the cemetery and six aircrew shot down in the harbour. Italian casualties from 15 February to 18 November were 1719:

quickly dig in on stony ground, through conducting patrols and small sorties. On 22 April, a company of the 2/48th Australian Battalion, three infantry tanks and a troop of 25-pounders, raided a hillock held by the Fabris Detachment south-west of Ras el Medauar; the raiders destroyed two guns and took

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A thick mist rose and German tanks moved eastwards instead of south-east and then ran into the new minefield, where they were engaged by anti-tank guns and repulsed. Tanks of the 15th Panzer Division, tried to drive north but were prevented by anti-tank fire. No German reserves were left and the most

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Division and 27th Infantry Division "Brescia" to roll up the flanks. German infantry would press forward to reconnoitre the vicinity of Fort Pilastrino, to see if the attack could continue to the harbour. If not, the Italian infantry would dig in on the flanks and artillery would be moved forward for

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in London. He wished to operate in greater strength, and complained reinforcements and fresh pilots were needed to replace the exhausted 73 Squadron. He told London that to maintain patrols, the fighters were forced to refuel at Sidi Barrani granting Axis air units a free hand over Tobruk but arguing

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In the morning, the 132nd Armoured Division "Ariete" attacked again and some tanks reached the most advanced Australian posts, found that their infantry had not followed and retired after five tanks were knocked out. Morshead ordered the garrison to exploit Axis disorganisation and their inability to

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of the British 3rd Armoured Brigade was refitting at Tobruk, with personnel and equipment sent from Egypt by sea and had a regiment of armoured cars, two composite regiments with 15 light, 26 cruiser and a troop of four infantry tanks. There were 4 25-pounder regiments, two anti-tank regiments and an

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On 3 April, Gambier-Parry had received a report that a large enemy armoured force was advancing on Msus, site of the main divisional supply dump. The 3rd Armoured Brigade moved there and found that the petrol had been destroyed to prevent capture. The tank brigade was reduced by losses and breakdowns

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tanks. The cruiser regiment arrived in late March with worn-out tracks, after many breakdowns en route and brought the division up to an under-strength armoured brigade. Most of the British tanks were worn out and the Italian tanks were slow and unreliable. The British 2nd Support Group (similar to a

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Operation Crusader began on 18 November 1941, with an outflanking movement that brought the Eighth Army to within 30 mi (48 km) of the Tobruk perimeter. It was planned that the 70th Infantry Division would break out from Tobruk on 21 December, to cut the German line of communication to the

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counter-attacked Ras el Medauar but met determined resistance and was repulsed. During the day, 73 and 274 Squadrons had maintained standing patrols over the area and on the morning of 2 May, the fighting around Wadi Giaida continued in a dust storm, as German troops tried to trickle forward. On the

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the 5th Panzer Regiment probed the defences of the 20th Australian Brigade near the El Adem road. The tanks were held off by artillery-fire; German infantry who reached the anti-tank ditch were forced back by Australian infantry. The Germans were surprised, having assumed that the shipping at Tobruk

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was intended to lift the siege of Tobruk and capture eastern Cyrenaica. The attack was to be conducted by the 7th Armoured Division and a composite infantry force based on the 4th Indian Division headquarters, with two brigades. The infantry were to attack in the area of Bardia, Sollum, Halfaya and

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in the line and the 2/48th Battalion in reserve at Wadi Giaida. The Australians expected an attack, after withstanding bombing and artillery-fire on the perimeter defences on 29 April; Axis troops seen massing in the evening of 30 April had been dispersed by artillery-fire. The posts either side of

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By mid-afternoon, the Allies had advanced about 3.5 mi (5.6 km) towards Ed Duda on the main supply road, where they paused as it became clear that 7th Armoured Division would not arrive. The central attack by the Black Watch, involved a charge under massed machine-gun fire to strongpoint

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was to hold Cyrenaica regardless of who held Sollum, Bardia or Tobruk and a new line was to be built further back at Gazala. In a report on 12 May, Paulus wrote that sea communications between Italy and Libya should be reinforced, that any air and anti-aircraft units sent to Libya should be German

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The Tobruk garrison continued work on the defences and sowed minefields, the first being planted in the south-west, between the outer and inner perimeters. Twelve infantry tanks had been delivered among 5,000 long tons (5,100 t) of supplies landed during the month, despite Axis bombing of the

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one for a total of 31 aircraft. Reported German losses, excluding RAF claims, were lower. III/StG 1 and II/StG 2 lost eight between them while III/ZG 26 reported three destroyed and one damaged, two killed, one wounded and three captured. III./LG 1 reported the loss of one aircraft. JG 27 suffered

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had to dive and take evasive action when it was mistakenly attacked by Allied aircraft. As a result of these issues the main force was late and landed on the wrong beaches, albeit unopposed. Once ashore the Commandos found that the port was empty of Axis forces and faulty intelligence led to some

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From 1–14 May each side paused to stockpile supplies for the next battle. Of stated losses from 10 April—14 May , 73 Squadron lost 15 fighters and five damaged. Five pilots were killed, one captured and one wounded. 274 Squadron lost six fighters, three pilots killed and two captured. 45 Squadron

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were in base units or local refugees and prisoners of war. Morshead planned an active defence and stressed that, with battalions holding 5 mi (8.0 km) frontages, a break-in should be expected anywhere that the attackers made a serious effort and that it should be eliminated, since there

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took over Cyrcom and predicted that the armoured division would lose many tanks through breakdowns if it had to move far. Neame asked for a proper armoured division, two infantry divisions and adequate air support to hold the area; he was told that there was little to send and none of that before

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leaving a 7,000 yd (6,400 m) gap between the corridor and Ed Duda. On 26 November, Scobie ordered an attack on the Ed Duda ridge and in the early hours of 27 November, the Tobruk garrison captured the ridge and later met a small force of New Zealanders advancing from the south. The 7th

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The Twin Pimples was a defensive strong point outside Tobruk, on two hills close together which overlooked the Tobruk perimeter. It was held by the Italian Army, and the 18th King Edward's Own Cavalry (normally part of the 3rd Indian Motor Brigade) held the perimeter opposite. No. 8 Commando was

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the Germans made a small bridgehead as planned but several Australian posts held out, the reconnaissance party vanished and the Italian troops were not able to reach their objectives. The night passed in confused fighting as the Germans tried to reorganise and mop up at Ras el Medauar and attack

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For much of the siege, Tobruk was defended by the 9th Australian Division and other troops. Wavell ordered Morshead to defend the port for eight weeks; the Australians held on for over five months, before being gradually withdrawn during September and replaced by the 70th Infantry Division, the

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sector, which the Australians repulsed. Another attempt was made later and by dawn a small bridgehead had been established, where the 5th Panzer Regiment drove through and turned northwards, ready to divide into one column for the harbour and one to move west to stop the escape of the garrison.

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airfield and on the night of 12 April, six destroyers and two cruisers made a coastal sweep from Ras Tayones to Ras et Tin. Next day, three ships bombarded Sollum and on 15 April, transport was bombarded at Bardia and Capuzzo, as Gazala airfield was shelled again. For the rest of April, naval

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Work on the fortifications at Tobruk had begun in March, using the Italian defences, two lines of concrete bunkers 8–9 mi (13–14 km) away from the port, making a perimeter about 30 mi (48 km) long, far enough out to keep artillery out of range of the port. Few intermediate

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led him to order the 9th Australian Division back to Wadi Cuff and the elements of the 2nd Armoured Division to guard the desert flank and retire to Mechili. Other reports led Neame to countermand these orders, which caused the Australians much confusion. On 6 April, Allied air reconnaissance

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but not before April. Rommel was identified on 8 March but local intelligence was hard to find under the restrictions to preserve the few troops and vehicles near the front and avoid the danger of the faster German eight-wheeler armoured cars, which inhibited Allied tactical reconnaissance.

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with concrete walls, positioned well for forward observation, an inner anti-tank ditch, some parts of which were behind barbed wire and/or included booby traps, as well as several more fortified positions closer to the port, at the Bardia–El Adem road junction and towards Fort Pilastrino.

1817:) near Tobruk allowed the enemy formations to arrive at great height within ten minutes of an air raid warning, leaving British fighters at lower altitude and a great disadvantage. He remarked attrition had caused "a serious reduction in our fighter force." The bombardment and 2715:

of the 70th Infantry Division. Rommel ordered a retirement from the eastern perimeter of Tobruk, to concentrate against XXX Corps to the south. On 7 December, the 4th Armoured Brigade engaged 15th Panzer Division and knocked out eleven tanks. Rommel was told on 5 December, by

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reduced deliveries to the front. In November, a five-ship convoy was sunk during Operation Crusader and ground attacks on road convoys stopped journeys in daylight. Lack of deliveries and the Eighth Army offensive, forced a retreat to El Agheila from 4 December, crowding the

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advanced troops were south of Wadi Giaida, tired and isolated in a sandstorm. Paulus judged that the attack had failed and Rommel decided to attack on the right to widen the breach. In the afternoon, German tanks attacked south-east towards Bir el Medauar and Morshead sent

2707:(reduced to a composite regiment of fewer than fifty tanks), which was joined later by the 4th Armoured Brigade. As night fell the British tanks disengaged and the New Zealand Division, fighting at the south-east end of the corridor into Tobruk, was endangered by the 1226:; the tanks would move to Antelat to operate against the flank and rear of an attacker moving up the road or across the desert to Tobruk, falling back on a flank if necessary. On 20 March, the 2nd Armoured Division took over from the Australians, who moved back to 2258:

The Axis attack had overrun the perimeter defences on a 3 mi (4.8 km) front, to a maximum depth of 2 mi (3.2 km) and captured higher ground useful as a jumping-off position and from which observation points could be established, for a loss of

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area, overlooking the Axis defences at Bardia. The 70th Infantry Division attack surprised Rommel, who had underestimated the size of the garrison and number of tanks in Tobruk. A three-pronged attack by the 2nd King's Own on the right flank, the 2nd Battalion,

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Neame was ordered to conserve the tank units, retire as far as Benghazi if pressed, abandon it if necessary, and hold the high ground nearby for as long as possible, with no prospect of reinforcement before May. Neame was to fight a delaying action up the

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was a limited offensive to inflict attrition on the Axis forces and to secure positions for a general offensive towards Tobruk. The Allies attacked with a small tank-infantry force in three columns and seized the top of the Halfaya Pass, Bir Wair and

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there being a small difference in Australian casualty figures quoted in the Australian and British official histories. Most of the Australian garrison withdrew from Tobruk between August and October but others remained in Tobruk for the duration. In

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Capuzzo, with the tanks guarding the southern flank. The Tobruk garrison was to stand by but not to sortie until XIII Corps drew close. The Halfaya Pass attack failed, Point 206 was captured and only one of three attacks on Hafid Ridge succeeded.

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In March, destroyers were withdrawn from the Inshore Squadron to escort convoys to Greece and in April, four more ships joined the squadron. As the army retreated to Tobruk and the frontier, coastal operations were conducted on the nights of

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that without patrols to defend fighter squadrons refuelling at Tobruk on the ground, they were "hostage to a fortune we cannot afford." On 1 May, for example, 274 Squadron lost all six Hurricanes it sent on a single mission when a flight of

1782:, were bombed at dusk and night to limit Axis air attacks on Tobruk. The Desert Air Force flew long-range missions to attack German armour massing near Tobruk in the early stages of the siege. On 12 April, for example, 45 and 55 Squadron 1349:, south of Tobruk to observe the approaches from the south and south-west and at Mechili, Gambier-Parry had the 2nd Armoured Division headquarters soft-skinned vehicles and a cruiser tank, most of the 3rd Indian Motor Brigade, M Battery 1070:

attacked the town and quickly created a massive breach and by the evening half of Tobruk. The next day, the naval command surrendered and by 4 pm General dalla Mura also surrendered, Mannella having been captured earlier on in the day.

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reported that there were Axis columns in the desert and the 3rd Indian Motor Brigade repulsed an attack at Mechili, which led to O'Connor at the Cyrcom headquarters (Neame had left to visit Gambier-Parry) to order a general withdrawal.

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in Egypt that the Germans could not attack until May, when the 9th Australian Division, two more divisions and support troops, particularly artillery would be ready and the tanks of the 2nd Armoured Division would have been overhauled.

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tracks linked wells and the more easily traversed ground; navigation was by sun, star, compass and "desert sense", good perception of the environment gained by experience. When Italian troops advanced into Egypt in September 1940, the

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and retreated. The Australian infantry had stood their ground and pinned down the German infantry. As the retreat continued, every gun and aircraft at Tobruk fired into the area and the German 8th Machine-Gun Battalion lost about

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brigades took up a covering position on the outside until 9 April, while more work was done on the defences. Once inside, the three 9th Australian Division brigades took over the defences and the 18th Brigade went into reserve.

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that supply could not improve until the end of the month, when airborne deliveries from Sicily began. Rommel decided to abandon Tobruk and withdraw to Gazala, which led to the relief of Tobruk and the occupation of Cyrenaica.

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The Germans tried twice to bluff Gambier-Parry into surrender but he received orders from Cyrcom to break out and retreat to El Adem and decided to attack at dawn, to gain a measure of surprise. On 8 April, A Squadron of the

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and 24th Infantry Brigades were preparing the defences. (The 18th Australian Infantry Brigade had arrived from Egypt by sea after the dispatch of the 7th Australian Division to Greece had been cancelled.) A small force held

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field gun regiment, an anti-tank battery and a machine-gun company. The division was short of transport and its workshops were understaffed and lacked spare parts. Two brigades of the 9th Australian Division (Major-General

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in September, when Benghazi was bombed and ships diverted to Tripoli; air supply in October made little difference. Deliveries averaged 72,000 long tons (73,000 t) per month from July–October but the consumption of

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The 7th Armoured Brigade and a battery of field artillery turned to meet this threat and without the tanks, the northward attack by the Support Group failed; by the end of the day, the 7th Armoured Brigade had only

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escaped. The garrison had fired most of its small arms ammunition at the vision slits of the German tanks, which had hung back in fear of mines and when Italian infantry attacked, had little left. Gambier-Parry and

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only Tripoli remained, which had a maximum capacity of four troopships or five cargo ships at once, about 45,000 long tons (46,000 t) per month. Tripoli to Benghazi was 600 mi (970 km) along the

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and the Indian 18th King Edward's Own Cavalry, on three destroyers, a minelayer and one destroyer carrying supplies, with cruiser escorts as anti-aircraft ships, a cruiser and a destroyer being damaged. From

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two tanks and a field gun knocked out. Attacks from the south were abandoned and the 5th Light Division dug in, with the Schwerin Group (renamed after Prittwitz had been killed) to the east. In support, the

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was ordered back to Tobruk, where the 70th Infantry Division and the New Zealand Division had gained the initiative. At noon on 27 November, the 15th Panzer Division reached Bir el Chleta and met the

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for Italian artillery to open fire on the captured trenches, and the raiders were only about 100 yd (91 m) away when shelling began to come down onto the position they had just departed.

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selected to carry out an attack on the Twin Pimples, which conducted patrols for several days with the Indians, to reconnoitre the ground. The 18th Cavalry Regiment was to mount a diversion, while

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night of 3 May, the 18th Australian Brigade made a converging counter-attack with two battalions, which lost co-ordination, failed and was ended, to avoid being caught in the open at daybreak.

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towards the Egyptian border (the Dash to the Wire) to exploit the victory and destroy XXX Corps. The blow mostly fell on empty desert and gave the Eighth Army time to regroup and re-arm. The

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in February, which flew frequent dive-bomber sorties by day and medium-bomber raids by day and night on the docks, buildings, anti-aircraft sites, artillery positions and the airfields.

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of the 132nd Armoured Division "Ariete" had captured most of the Australian positions. Paulus ordered that no more attacks be made, unless the Allies were evacuating the port. The

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Squadrons RAF, which rearmed at the airfields inside the perimeter. The attack began after dark, with an attempt to get over the anti-tank ditch west of the El Adem road in the

2372:, a German attack on the pass, succeeded and the Allies were ejected. Brevity failed to achieve most of its objectives, only briefly holding the Halfaya Pass. The Allies lost 8988: 2133:(LCA). On arrival, one LCA could not be lowered and there were difficulties releasing the others. On the run-in, there were no lights to guide them in, because the advance 8802: 7123: 6868: 2448:

tanks remained operational and next day, a German counter-attack forced back the Allies on the western flank but was repulsed in the centre; the Allies were reduced to

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bombed the defences and on day 27 they succeeded in destroying a heavy anti-aircraft battery at Tobruk by swamping the defences with 50 aircraft allowing for an entire

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bombardments continued along the Libyan coast on the Via Balbia, airfields and ports. A Commando raid was carried out on Bardia and supply runs began to Tobruk. From

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being used for supplies but none passed through until late 1942. From February to May 1941, a surplus of 45,000 long tons (46,000 t) was delivered; attacks from

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Rommel had intended to attack Mechili on 7 April but the Axis forces were scattered, short of fuel and tired. Group Fabris moved forward during the morning but the

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troops on the border to the south-east. The 7th Armoured Division would advance from Sidi Rezegh, to rendezvous and roll up the Axis positions around Tobruk. The

6408: 6380: 5524: 2214: 8453: 7132: 6819: 5946: 4407:. The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945 (online ed.). Wellington, NZ: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs. 7435: 6798: 6100: 5725: 3166: 48: 8943: 6441: 6387: 5573: 356: 6905: 6394: 6010: 2649:, which incurred 201 casualties. On 22 November, Scobie ordered the position to be consolidated and the corridor widened, ready for the Eighth Army. The 2198:

who had arrived on 28 April. Nothing more ambitious than securing the Axis hold on the Egyptian frontier, from Siwa Oasis north to Sollum was envisaged.

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bombers, operating from airfields in Egypt, attacked German tank formations near the port. The attack succeeded in breaking up the German advance.

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Neame received conflicting reports about the positions of the Allied and Axis forces and news on 5 April that a large Axis force was advancing on

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for shipment to Greece, which demonstrated the difficulty of tactical moves with insufficient transport and it was withdrawn to the area east of

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and five infantry tanks to counter-attack. The German attack was stopped for a loss of five British tanks and in the evening, the Australian

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On 16 April, Rommel led an attack from the west, with the 132nd Armoured Division "Ariete" reinforced by the 62nd Infantry Regiment of the

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the rest of the 70th Infantry Division was delivered and most of the Australians removed. Ship losses on normal delivery runs, led to the

1136:), despite the inadequacy of the force if the Germans sent reinforcements to Libya. Command in Egypt was taken over by Lieutenant-General 8765: 7989: 7056: 6968: 6912: 6875: 6150: 5274: 2638: 2328:, as the Commandos got within 30 yd (27 m) of the Twin Pimples before challenge, at which the commandos attacked. The password 933:. The garrison repulsed several Axis attacks. The port was frequently bombarded by artillery, dive-bombers and medium bombers, while the 1657:

The German tanks were engaged head on by the 1st RHA and veered away, only to drive into the path of the British cruiser tanks, waiting

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was used when a position had been taken and the Italians were swiftly overcome. The Australian engineers planted explosives on several

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attacked a convoy transporting 7,000 British and Polish soldiers with munitions sailed toward Tobruk. An attack by the Ju 87s sank the

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is a 1953 film about the siege. It also emphasised the Australian defenders but had a number of historical inaccuracies and omissions.

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Ras el Medauar were shelled and bombed and German troops began to dribble forward, under cover of dust and the gathering darkness. By

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two-ton lorries. With seven Axis divisions, air and naval units, 70,000 long tons (71,000 t) of supplies per month were needed.

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Tank Combat In North Africa: The Opening Rounds, Operations Sonnenblume, Brevity, Skorpion and Battleaxe, February 1941 – June 1941

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in case it tried to break out. On the morning of 21 January between 5 and 7 am, the British artillery bombed the town. At 7 am the

349: 8770: 8591: 7211: 7008: 6660: 6038: 5538: 5450: 5386: 2692: 2564: 2556: 1558: 1133: 2242:

south-westwards along the perimeter. The new attack failed and by morning, some of the Australian posts were still holding out.

8860: 8852: 8775: 7414: 6926: 5769: 5307: 5066:]. Le operazioni in Africa Settentrionale (in Italian). Vol. II. Roma: Stato Maggiore dell'esercito, Ufficio Storico. 2704: 2552: 1584: 1317: 1125: 751: 8868: 8010: 7915: 7442: 7188: 7063: 6142: 6116: 5973: 5679: 5596: 5152: 5133: 5114: 5095: 5048: 5029: 4993: 4952: 4930: 4903: 4884: 4858: 4839: 4817: 4798: 4776: 4757: 4738: 4719: 4700: 4681: 4618: 4599: 4561: 4542: 4524: 4498: 4479: 4436: 4391: 4369: 4327: 4305: 4262: 4243: 4203: 4177: 3000: 2528: 1383: 1328:(LRDG) had appeared from the south, to harass Axis movements. By nightfall on 7 April, the 9th Australian Division (less the 1132:), minus a brigade group sent to Greece, were left to garrison Cyrenaica under Cyrenaica Command (Cyrcom: Lieutenant-General 517: 507: 4157:

British merchant vessels lost or damaged by enemy action during Second World War, 3rd September, 1939 to 2nd September, 1945

8760: 8243: 7650: 7536: 6701: 6161: 6157: 6135: 5739: 4971:. Australia in the War of 1939–1945 Series 1 (Army). Vol. I (1st online ed.). Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 4580: 2532: 1650: 1354: 2148:

objectives being missed and others turning out not to exist. The Commandos destroyed an Italian supply dump and a coastal

8968: 8158: 7622: 6954: 6940: 6146: 342: 4493:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. III. Uckfield: Naval & Military Press. 1898:

numbering 88 guns—28 heavy (90 mm or above). Ships lent their weapons to the defenders. In an example, the gunboat

1424:

A German motorised division needed 350 long tons (360 t) per day and moving the supplies 300 mi (480 km)

92: 8792: 8367: 8236: 8114: 7692: 7407: 7358: 7116: 6671: 5916: 5755: 5603: 5457: 4160: 2088:

to disrupt Axis lines of communication and damage installations and equipment. The landing force sailed to the area in

1554: 1350: 2324:

and edged forward just before the diversion by the 18th Cavalry. The diversion attracted Italian machine-gun fire and

1549:

By 8 April, the most advanced German units had arrived at Derna; but some units which had cut across the chord of the

8958: 8483: 7365: 7337: 7154: 6736: 6448: 6415: 2815: 1967:'s destroyers to carry out supply operations in daylight. Moonlit nights also proved hazardous. On 24 June the sloop 1809:

on 24 April. In his view the situation in the air had rapidly deteriorated. The arrival of two German fighter wings (

1362: 1145: 5631: 4279:]. Ufficio storico (in Italian). Vol. I. Roma: Ministero della difesa, Stato maggiore dell'Esercito. 1974. 1731:

from the 27th Infantry Division "Brescia", which led the Germans to hurry on the 15th Panzer Division from Tripoli.

8973: 8963: 8897: 8892: 8520: 7678: 7615: 6750: 6579: 5702: 2543: 2514: 1374: 221: 6256: 8993: 8044: 7885: 7874: 7710: 7469: 7428: 7321: 7259: 6639: 5909: 5778: 5746: 3126: 3029: 2429: 1611: 1518: 210: 6426: 5994: 9023: 8430: 8402: 8280: 8073: 7310: 6761: 6687: 6476: 5847: 5566: 5471: 5356: 4643: 3072: 1444:

of the supplies arrived. Lack of transports in Libya left German supplies in Tripoli and the Italians had only

1324:

Division) and Group Streich took all day to arrive, having been attacked all day by the RAF. A Squadron of the

5199:"The 9th Australian Division Versus the Africa Corps: An Infantry Division against Tanks: Tobruk, Libya, 1941" 5005:

Spearhead General: The Epic Story of General Sir Frank Messervy and his Men in Eritrea, North Africa and Burma

911:

border. However, Tobruk held out, depriving Rommel of a supply port closer to the Egyptian–Libyan border than

9033: 8490: 8423: 8374: 8305: 8130: 7636: 7587: 7351: 7344: 6947: 6708: 6492: 5545: 4491:

The Mediterranean and Middle East: British Fortunes reach their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942)

4474:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. II. Naval & Military Press. 2712: 1366: 565: 2503: 1858:

suffered the loss of three aircraft and five killed, while 55 and 6 Squadron lost one and two respectively.

1007:

The Italian fortifications at Tobruk included an outer perimeter, comprising a double semi-circle of dug-in

9028: 8824: 8564: 8460: 7835: 7796: 6715: 6543: 6528: 6455: 6434: 6252: 5930: 5716: 5709: 5693: 5404: 5363: 5335: 3131: 2588: 2584: 2456:

On 17 June, the Allies evaded encirclement by two Panzer regiments and ended the operation. The Allies had

2233: 1724: 1711: 1639: 850: 9018: 8527: 7851: 7803: 7421: 7393: 7246: 6861: 6840: 6354: 6017: 5923: 5413: 4450: 1067: 1062: 1027: 607: 2160: 718: 8998: 8933: 8325: 7821: 7740: 7685: 7573: 7529: 7179: 6805: 6729: 6624: 6501: 6373: 6366: 6326: 6299: 6031: 5964: 5559: 5370: 5300: 5178: 4195: 2525: 2306: 2206:

on 30 April, the divisions were to break into the Tobruk defences, followed by assault groups from the

2176: 880: 711: 560: 4457:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I. 3rd impression. HMSO. 1485: 9013: 9008: 8629: 8227: 8144: 7929: 7789: 7761: 7594: 7499: 7289: 6722: 5789: 5443: 4750:

Hurricanes Over Tobruk: The Pivotal Role of the Hurricane in the Defence of Tobruk, January-June 1941

4277:

The First Italian-German Counter-offensive in North Africa: (15 February – 18 November 1941) Annex 32

4273:

La Prima controffensiva italo-tedesca in Africa settentrionale: (15 febbraio – 18 novembre 1941)

3181: 2484: 2152:

before re-embarking. Seventy men got lost, ended up on the wrong evacuation beach and were captured.

1021: 980:

150 mi (240 km) inland marked the southern limit of the desert, which was at its widest at

876: 421: 383: 24: 5987: 4343:. Australia in the War of 1939–1945 Series 1 (Army). Vol. III (1st online ed.). Canberra: 1890:, another Ju 87 wing arrived in Africa in the summer. The eight-month long siege was costly for the 1814: 1052:

After blockading the fort for a fortnight, on the night of 20 January, the British Navy, led by the

871:. On 22 January 1941, Tobruk's Italian garrison surrendered. But in early 1941, much of the British 9003: 8928: 8748: 8743: 8737: 7966: 7943: 7195: 6996: 6989: 6646: 6306: 6278: 6271: 5658: 5231: 4446: 2617: 2476: 2268: 1904:, sunk in shallow waters to her deck by II./StG 2, was able to use her 3-inch deck guns. In April, 1501: 1497: 1341: 1329: 1251: 1199: 1179: 1121: 834: 681: 626: 6003: 5980: 5171:

2/43 Infantry Battalion War Diary, April 1941 (Appendix No. 30: Summary No. 2, entry for 16 April)

937:

flew defensive sorties from airfields far away in Egypt. Allied naval forces, such as the British

8780: 8675: 8388: 8332: 8202: 8062: 7747: 7400: 7296: 7202: 6770: 6631: 6601: 6565: 6550: 6422: 6314: 6292: 6238: 6224: 6206: 5870: 5651: 5379: 5328: 4344: 3003:(1967) the Australian Official History, Maughan recorded 9th Australian Division casualties from 2568: 2309:

crossed the Italian forward positions and a supply road, to attack the Twin Pimples from behind.

2186: 1895: 1325: 1046: 1042: 822: 572: 366: 192: 44: 8938: 8656: 8080: 7973: 7775: 7726: 7629: 7522: 7492: 7275: 7163: 6889: 6680: 6264: 6245: 6215: 5762: 5732: 3079: 1887: 1851: 1830: 1826: 1170: 965: 830: 555: 548: 400: 61:

Soldiers of the victorious Allied armies: Polish, British, Indian, Australian, and Czechoslovak

56: 17: 4537:. Public Record Office War Histories (repr. ed.). Richmond, Surrey: Air Ministry. 2001 . 2508:

Men of the 2nd Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment in defences around Tobruk, 10 November 1941.

2134: 1867:

the loss of four fighters, three damaged and three pilots killed. The Regia Aeronautica's 151

1398: 8983: 8571: 8294: 8137: 8033: 8003: 7959: 7699: 7664: 7657: 7580: 7478: 6919: 6896: 6743: 6347: 5884: 5624: 5610: 5293: 5201:. Fort Leavenworth, KN: US Army Command and General Staff College, Combat Studies Institute. 4868: 4402: 2480: 2130: 2096: 1879: 1878:

was mirrored by the air war over the sea as the Luftwaffe and Regia Aeronautica attempted to

1572: 1263: 1140:

and the XIII Corps HQ was replaced by the HQ of the 1st Australian Corps (Lieutenant-General

1129: 1088: 908: 897: 693: 646: 448: 6182: 964:

in Cyrenaica on the Libyan coast, an area about 390 kilometres (240 mi) wide along the

8829: 8395: 8250: 7901: 7858: 7828: 7754: 7564: 7543: 6462: 5939: 5617: 5210: 4554:

Fighters over the desert: the air battles in the Western Desert, June 1940 to December 1942

3136: 2824: 2625: 2621: 2320:

and crossed the Italian lines undetected. At the supply road they took cover, waited until

1945:

was the successful unit, which became among the most successful over Tobruk. The escorting

1843: 1771: 1223: 1157: 872: 633: 543: 2232:

The attack came in the area held by the 26th Australian Brigade, which had the 2/23rd and

1789: 1408:

Axis supplies came from Europe and deliveries were moved by road; after Operation Compass

8: 8834: 8696: 8513: 8287: 8165: 8121: 7643: 6777: 6536: 6063: 5893: 5877: 5826: 4573:

A History of the Mediterranean Air War 1940–1945: North Africa: June 1940 – February 1942

2629: 2424: 2409: 2224: 2126: 2027: 1976: 1964: 1899: 1883: 1863: 1859: 1763: 1635: 1631: 1203: 1149: 1137: 1034: 938: 927: 577: 512: 486: 431: 1886:, was the main sector of operations for Allied and Axis aviation throughout the summer. 1365:

broke through and then turned to attack Italian artillery, as some Indian troops of the

8725: 8704: 8506: 8339: 8264: 8218: 8188: 8096: 7936: 7601: 7485: 7379: 7330: 7268: 7024: 6975: 6784: 6401: 6056: 5854: 5083: 4294: 4187: 3107: 3087: 2600: 2492: 2369: 2116: 2099: 1759: 1102: 1031: 942: 846: 651: 619: 493: 479: 5041:

Rommel's Desert Commanders: The Men who Served the Desert Fox, North Africa, 1941–1942

2678: 1626:

was to evacuate the garrison and planned a night attack by the 5th Light Division for

1452:

A record amount of supplies arrived in June but at the front, the shortages worsened.

8688: 8680: 8645: 8497: 8381: 8271: 8211: 8172: 8105: 8087: 8053: 7996: 7950: 7894: 7719: 7457: 7449: 7386: 7239: 6833: 6358: 5819: 5798: 5508: 5238: 5202: 5148: 5129: 5110: 5091: 5067: 5044: 5025: 5008: 4989: 4972: 4948: 4926: 4909: 4899: 4880: 4854: 4835: 4813: 4794: 4772: 4753: 4734: 4715: 4696: 4677: 4624: 4614: 4595: 4576: 4557: 4538: 4520: 4508: 4494: 4475: 4458: 4432: 4408: 4387: 4365: 4348: 4323: 4301: 4280: 4258: 4239: 4222: 4199: 4173: 3151: 2641:

on the left flank, advanced to capture a series of strong points leading to Ed Duda.

2488: 2354: 2285: 2149: 2141: 2109: 1950: 1818: 1810: 1802: 1770:

fighters were based at the port during the day and on 19 April, Hurricanes of 73 and

1755: 1739:

The defeat of the Axis attacks in April greatly improved the situation in Tobruk but

1116: 1038: 920: 919:

of Tobruk began on 10 April and continued despite two failed Allied relief attempts:

861: 857: 612: 591: 531: 500: 472: 465: 441: 426: 395: 388: 198: 4472:

The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Germans Come to the Help of their Ally (1941)

4221:]. Testimonianze fra cronaca e storia (in Italian). Milano: Ugo Mursia Editore. 8416: 8409: 8353: 8017: 7782: 7768: 7671: 7608: 7559: 7372: 7225: 7172: 6982: 6933: 6847: 6070: 6047: 5580: 5177:. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. pp. 111–112. RCDIG1026557. Archived from 5022:

Churchill's Lions: A Biographical Guide to the key British Generals of World War II

4786: 4769:

Dive-Bomber and Ground-Attack Units of the Luftwaffe, 1933–1945: A Reference Source

4731:

Armies of Empire: The 9th Australian and 50th British divisions in Battle 1939–1945

2828: 2392:

captured. On 12 May, the Tiger convoy lost one ship and arrived in Alexandria with

2251: 2181: 1822: 1783: 1767: 1509: 1053: 969: 783: 598: 584: 538: 436: 416: 5589: 4966: 4455:

The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)

4338: 3076:

is a 1944 Australian film about the siege, focusing upon the Australian defenders.

2005:(2,650 t) with a direct hit—though the vessel could reach 40 knots. The destroyer 1646: 1164:), which had an under-strength light tank regiment and one equipped with captured 8583: 8439: 8151: 8066: 8024: 7922: 7865: 7733: 7515: 7506: 7035: 6610: 6586: 5840: 2695:

repulsed an attack from Tobruk towards Sidi Rezegh and next day, Rommel sent the

2333: 2220: 2195: 2170: 2014: 1875: 1834: 1571:

and ordered that a breakout from Tobruk be prevented. The next day, the port was

1550: 1175: 934: 838: 299: 263: 8551: 4489:

Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.; et al. (2004) . Butler, Sir James (ed.).

1805:, commanding 204 Group RAF (renamed the Desert Air Force), wrote to Air Marshal 8446: 7982: 7908: 5953: 5812: 4873: 4470:

Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.; et al. (2004) . Butler, J. R. M. (ed.).

3146: 3140: 3113: 3096: 2006: 1847: 1740: 1455:

There were fewer Axis attacks on Malta from June and ships sunk increased from

977: 460: 270: 162: 1521:

being sited around the harbour. Rear area units had accumulated at Tobruk and

845:

by German and Italian forces. The tenacious defenders quickly became known as

8922: 8257: 6175: 6024: 5863: 5264: 5206: 5126:

Iron Hulls, Iron Hearts: Mussolini's Elite Armoured Divisions in North Africa

5071: 4462: 4412: 4315: 4226: 2591:

remaining in Tobruk. Command of the garrison passed from Morshead to Scobie.

2560: 2023: 1982: 1924: 1806: 1691: 1671: 1387: 1369:

got away. Most of the garrison was pinned down and after a second attempt at

1183: 1141: 1057: 994: 904: 661: 294: 275: 244: 239: 107: 94: 86: 5269: 5242: 4976: 4628: 4284: 1477:

where Allied ambushes destroyed about half of the remaining Axis transport.

8884: 8556: 8360: 6653: 6558: 6189: 5552: 5316: 5079: 5012: 4923:

That Magnificent 9th: An Illustrated History of the 9th Australian Division

3528: 3526: 3524: 2089: 2040: 1946: 1838: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1429: 1304: 1291: 1275:

before trying to recapture Cyrenaica and then invade Egypt, using bases at

1272: 1255: 1194: 957: 893: 886: 883:

campaigns, leaving only a skeleton force short of equipment and supplies.

826: 671: 656: 288: 283: 233: 228: 5107:

In the Footsteps of Ghosts: With the 2/9th Battalion in the African Desert

4352: 2579:

of the 24th Australian Infantry Brigade left, with no loss of ships. From

334: 8195: 8181: 7843: 6512: 6333: 6318: 5672: 4940: 3156: 2634: 2620:, attached to XIII Corps, would take advantage of the distraction of the 2605: 2075: 1207: 1165: 1008: 686: 177: 3521: 1198:

April. In early March, the 9th Australian Division began to relieve the

7550: 7303: 7282: 6168: 5501: 5429: 4962: 2683: 2325: 1941:

on 25 May before it could reach Tobruk. The squadron involved, the 239

1562: 1418: 1190: 985: 676: 5280: 1093: 7813: 7218: 7015: 6826: 6617: 6572: 4571:

Shores, Christopher F.; Massimello, Giovanni; Guest, Russell (2012).

3021:

were captured between 28 March 1941 and the investment of Tobruk and

2138: 2106: 2059:

brought in and 33,946 long tons (34,491 t) of stores delivered;

1683: 1658: 1247: 1060:, bombarded Tobruk. Further out naval destroyers laid a trap for the 868: 258: 150: 6093: 4986:

The Six Years War: A Concise History of Australia in the 1939–45 War

1955:

was damaged, and sunk by 3./StG 1. Commensurate with the sinking of

915:, 560 mi (900 km) west of the Egyptian frontier. The Axis 6077: 5805: 5237:. Fort Leavenworth, KS: US Army General Command and Staff College. 2575:

and more 2,000 long tons (2,032 t) of supplies arrived, while

2085: 1468:

of fuel deliveries by road transport and truck unserviceability of

1211: 981: 912: 2658:

Armoured Division had planned its attack northwards to Tobruk for

2290: 1882:

supplying the defenders. The air-sea battle, after the failure of

1727:

advanced across the Derna road and in a costly attack, took about

1189:

Lack of transport made it impossible to supply a garrison west of

30:

Military confrontation in North Africa during the Second World War

8808:

89th (Cinque Ports) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery

2711:. On 4 December, Rommel attacked Ed Duda and was repulsed by the 1433: 1346: 1280: 1239: 1235: 1001: 989: 5090:. trans. Findlay, Paul (New ed.). New York: Da Capo Press. 4913: 2414: 2039:

by gunboats, which bombarded transport on the Via Balbia around

1661:

and received anti-tank fire from three sides, losing sixteen of

1156:

The 2nd Armoured Division had a reconnaissance regiment and the

8949:

Battles and operations of World War II involving Czechoslovakia

8614: 6694: 5285: 4733:. Australian Army History. London: Cambridge University Press. 3767: 3410: 2365: 2191: 2125:. The Commandos of 'A' Battalion and a troop of tanks from the 2044: 1779: 1751: 1687: 1580: 1576: 1337: 1243: 961: 842: 821:) took place between 10 April and 27 November 1941, during the 82: 4236:

Rommel's North Africa Campaign: September 1940 – November 1942

3878: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 1850:, and containing the most successful fighter pilot in Africa, 1440:

had some effect but in May, the worst month for ship losses,

6882: 3451: 3449: 2475:(Italian losses are unknown), twelve tanks and ten aircraft. 1998: 1990: 1794: 1437: 1276: 1227: 1186:), which had insufficient training, equipment and transport. 916: 4051: 3902: 3890: 3856: 3854: 3827: 3803: 3779: 2384:

three tanks destroyed and several damaged. The Italians had

2336:

and an ammunition dump. The plan assumed that it would take

997:

got lost leaving Sidi Omar and had to be found by aircraft.

849:. After 231 days, they were finally relieved by the British 8803:

51st (London) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery

5270:

Australian War Memorial – Siege of Tobruk Short Documentary

4516: 4075: 3815: 3586: 3562: 3538: 1986: 1231: 813: 789: 5232:"German Experiences in Desert Warfare during World War II" 4104: 4102: 4015: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3986: 3938: 3926: 3914: 3731: 3719: 3629: 3497: 3446: 3434: 3398: 3386: 3374: 3362: 3338: 2666:

patrols reported the arrival from the south-east of about

2535:

and 1,297 long tons (1,318 t) of stores were landed.

1997:

were active in night operations. On 26/27 October 1941, I/

1340:, about 15 mi (24 km) west of Tobruk, where the 896:, to rescue his beleaguered Italian ally. Rommel launched 801: 3851: 3839: 3617: 3314: 1517:

had sixteen heavy and fifty-nine light guns, all but two

1250:

and Benghazi as a substitute for lorry-borne supply. The

1222:

towards Benghazi and then the defiles near Er Regima and

8979:

Battles and operations of World War II involving Germany

4513:

Combined Operations: The Official Story of the Commandos

4384:

Combined Operations: The Official Story of the Commandos

3791: 3668: 3658: 3656: 3605: 3574: 3550: 3509: 3302: 3100:

is a 1971 movie that used some of the earlier film from

1513:

anti-tank company in each infantry brigade, the British

1403:

One of many Italian convoys heading towards North Africa

1367:

11th Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (Frontier Force)

1097:

Australian troops occupy a front line position at Tobruk

1000:

In spring and summer, days are hot and nights cold; the

4114: 4099: 4087: 4039: 4027: 3998: 3962: 3950: 3685: 3683: 3461: 3422: 3350: 3326: 3290: 3278: 3266: 1758:

aircraft and all but the most essential ground crew of

1041:, surrounded Tobruk, which was defended by the Italian 73:

10 April – 27 November 1941 (7 months, 2 weeks, 3 days)

5947:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

4320:

Panzer Commander: The Memoirs of Colonel Hans von Luck

4126: 4063: 3755: 3743: 3254: 3230: 3206: 2467:

were knocked out or broke down and lost; the RAF lost

2219:

Group of Italian officers, including Italian Generals

1169:

small infantry brigade) had only a motor battalion, a

4570: 4535:

The Rise and Fall of the German Air Force (Air 41/10)

3974: 3707: 3695: 3653: 3532: 3242: 3167:

List of Australian military equipment of World War II

3092:

is a 1967 film which dramatised raids on the Germans.

3047:

and German casualties for the same period were about

2479:

Wavell, the XIII Corps commander, Lieutenant-General

1854:, engaged them from a superior altitude over Tobruk. 1821:

operations in the initial phases were carried out by

1561:

advanced from the west. On 10 April, Rommel made the

804: 49:

Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II

8989:

Battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom

3680: 3641: 3473: 2487:

the 7th Armoured Division commander were sacked and

2184:, a Deputy Chief of the General Staff, arrived from 2022:

burning near Tobruk—souvenir hunters have taken the

1930:(846t) was damaged evoking fury on the Allied side. 889:

felt compelled to send reinforcements, commanded by

810: 798: 795: 786: 8787:

Artillery: (some original units, some replacements)

4812:(Penguin ed.). Sydney: Angus & Robertson. 4766: 4611:

Junkers Ju 87 in North Africa and the Mediterranean

4192:

Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton

3866: 3218: 2610:

General Sikorski visiting Polish soldiers in Tobruk

2400:on 28 May, planning began for Operation Battleaxe. 2168:After the failure to capture Tobruk off the march, 1778:in the desert; Axis airfields at Gazala, Derna and 1490:

Italian troops and arms on their way to Tobruk 1941

792: 8813:13th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery 8613: 5147:(repr. Penguin ed.). Sydney: Halstead Press. 4872: 4767:de Zeng, H.L.; Stankey, D.G.; Creek, E.J. (2009). 4293: 3485: 3177:List of Italian military equipment in World War II 3162:List of British military equipment of World War II 3194: 3172:List of German military equipment of World War II 1871:reported two aircraft destroyed and one damaged. 1230:, near Er Regima. The force was to use depots at 8920: 5043:. Westport, CN: Praeger Security International. 4429:Eighth Army: From the Western Desert to the Alps 4401:Murphy, W. E. (1961). Fairbrother, M. C. (ed.). 4233: 4215:Takfír: Cronaca dell'ultima Battaglia di Alamein 3884: 3007:including two days before the siege started, as 1937:resulted in the sinking of the 3,741-ton tanker 1599:, conducted a delaying-action around Sollum and 1382:Indian and Australian troops surrendered to the 1332:) and British 2nd Support Group had blocked the 4219:Takfír: Chronicle of the Last Battle of Alamein 2295:Australian entrenchment on the Tobruk perimeter 8599: 5301: 4212: 3821: 2498: 2080:The Bardia raid was planned for the night of 1109: 1101:In February of 1941, the Allies defeated the 771:Location of Tobruk on the north Libyan coast. 350: 183: 5275:The Characteristic of Tobruk defence in 1941 4747: 1981:. The vessel had just survived an attack by 1566: 956:The Western Desert Campaign was fought from 841:, was besieged in the North African port of 691: 8944:Battles of World War II involving Australia 8766:Polish Independent Carpathian Rifle Brigade 4646:[The Bersaglieri in North Africa]. 4592:The Junkers Ju 87 Stuka: A Complete History 4378: 3860: 3845: 364: 8798:4th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom) 8606: 8592: 5308: 5294: 4785: 4690: 4551: 3611: 3599: 3580: 3568: 3556: 3544: 3515: 2396:to re-equip the 7th Armoured Division and 1583:to try to reach Mersa Matruh. The British 1261:On 24 March, Rommel advanced with the new 856:In late 1940, the Allies had defeated the 357: 343: 55: 5265:Australian War Memorial – Siege of Tobruk 5057: 4488: 4469: 4426: 4154: 4093: 4057: 4021: 3992: 3968: 3932: 3920: 3908: 3896: 3833: 3809: 3797: 3785: 3773: 3737: 3725: 3635: 3503: 3467: 3455: 3440: 3428: 3416: 3356: 3344: 3332: 3320: 3308: 3296: 3284: 3272: 2513:In mid-1941, Blamey, as commander of the 1923:were sunk by Axis aircraft. On 4 May the 1630:Groups of Axis vehicles were attacked by 8906:90th Light Infantry Division (Wehrmacht) 5109:. St. Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. 4920: 4728: 4671: 4644:"I Bersaglieri in Africa Settentrionale" 4594:. London, UK: Crecy Publishing Limited. 4575:. Vol. I. London, UK: Grub Street. 4552:Ring, Hans; Shores, Christopher (1969). 4507: 4445: 4359: 4252: 4167: 4108: 4045: 4033: 4009: 3761: 3749: 3260: 3236: 3212: 2814: 2677: 2604: 2502: 2423: 2413: 2289: 2213: 2159: 2155: 2013: 1788: 1645: 1610: 1484: 1397: 1092: 1079: 8771:70th Infantry Division (United Kingdom) 5104: 5038: 4939: 4848: 4826: 4807: 4712:Morshead: Hero of Tobruk and El Alamein 4336: 4186: 4132: 4081: 4069: 3944: 3404: 3392: 3380: 3368: 3248: 1579:, and a composite force was sent on to 1553:ran out of water and fuel at Tengeder. 1544: 168: 8921: 8776:16th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom) 7162: 7140:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 5196: 5142: 5123: 5078: 4947:. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press. 4714:. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. 4709: 4400: 3980: 3956: 2403: 2011:was badly damaged in the same attack. 1933:The arrival of Italian Ju 87s from 97 1766:were withdrawn to Egypt. At least ten 8587: 8011:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 7443:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 7089:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 7045:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 6143:Rape during the occupation of Germany 5289: 5225: 5002: 4988:. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 4893: 4589: 4291: 3872: 3689: 3674: 3647: 3479: 3224: 2994:The Rats of Tobruk suffered at least 2653:with tank support, took strong point 2594: 2164:British officers plan tank operations 2137:section had been delayed, when their 1797:Bf 110 crash-landed near Tobruk, 1941 1616:Italian gunners in position at Tobruk 338: 8761:Czechoslovak 11th Infantry Battalion 7133:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 6158:Rape during the liberation of France 5019: 4983: 4961: 4867: 4608: 4314: 4271: 4238:. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Books. 4120: 3713: 3701: 3662: 3623: 3200: 2533:Czechoslovak 11th Infantry Battalion 2529:Carpathian Independent Rifle Brigade 2348: 2343: 2279: 1975:. This unit also sank the destroyer 1651:Czechoslovak 11th Infantry Battalion 1015: 8954:Sieges involving the United Kingdom 5281:https://www.ratsoftobruktribute.com 4748:Cull, Brian; Minterne, Don (1999). 4533: 4234:Greene, J.; Massignani, A. (1994). 4213:Dominioni, P. C.; Izzo, G. (1967). 3533:Shores, Massimello & Guest 2012 3491: 3116:soldier's disillusionment with war. 1670:of its men including its commander 1355:2/3rd Australian Anti-tank Regiment 865:(9 December 1940 – 9 February 1941) 13: 8877:101st Motorized Division "Trieste" 8793:1st Regiment Royal Horse Artillery 7359:German invasion of the Netherlands 5632:Weather events during World War II 5064:Tobruk (March 1941 – January 1942) 5060:Tobruk (marzo 1941 – gennaio 1942) 4945:Tobruk 1941: Rommel's Opening Move 4879:(rev. ed.). London: F. Cass. 4664: 4255:Tobruk: The Great Siege Reassessed 2129:were to land on four beaches from 1734: 1723:At the same time a company of the 1555:Heinrich von Prittwitz und Gaffron 1311: 837:, commanded by Lieutenant-General 14: 9045: 7990:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 5258: 4322:. New York: Dell (Random House). 3001:Australia in the War of 1939–1945 1963:in April, the burden fell to the 1708:102nd Motorised Division "Trento" 1701: 1698:(12) to concentrate on each gun. 1178:) were swapped with two from the 903:, driving the Allies back across 8898:21st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht) 8893:15th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht) 8550: 5315: 4834:. Air Vanguard. Oxford: Osprey. 4693:Tobruk: The Great Siege, 1941–42 4676:. Melbourne: Allen & Unwin. 4556:. London, UK: Neville Spearman. 4447:Playfair, Major-General I. S. O. 3065: 2693:25th Infantry Division "Bologna" 2544:18th Australian Infantry Brigade 1874:The intensity of the battle for 1559:27th Infantry Division "Brescia" 1410:(December 1940 – February 1941), 1318:132nd Armoured Division "Ariete" 948:succeeded in raising the siege. 833:force, consisting mostly of the 782: 757: 750: 738: 724: 717: 710: 293: 282: 269: 257: 238: 227: 215: 204: 185: 170: 155: 143: 8861:55th Infantry Division "Savona" 8853:132nd Armored Division "Ariete" 4515:(Read Books ed.). London: 4161:Her Majesty's Stationery Office 3127:North African campaign timeline 2843:Allied ground forces casualties 2651:2nd York and Lancaster Regiment 1686:and Regia Aeronautica flew 959 1606: 1056:, under the command of Captain 8869:61st Infantry Division "Sirte" 8237:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 5940:Territorial changes of Germany 5848:Indonesian National Revolution 4511:; Mountbatten, Louis (2007) . 4257:. London: Brockhampton Press. 2838: 2733: 2069: 1384:17th Infantry Division "Pavia" 1144:). It was believed by General 1: 8901:Originally 5th Light Division 8684:(December 1940-February 1941) 8669:Allied campaigns and offences 7637:Japanese invasion of Thailand 7588:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 7352:German invasion of Luxembourg 5726:Mediterranean and Middle East 4925:. London: Allen & Unwin. 4142: 3025:were taken during the siege. 2834: 2737:on Tobruk supply operations. 1417:, which was only half-way to 1357:and elements of other units. 1026:In January 1941, the British 951: 8825:Eighth Army (United Kingdom) 7544:Invasion of the Soviet Union 7233:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 6544:Independent State of Croatia 4296:Rommel as Military Commander 3885:Greene & Massignani 1994 3187: 3132:List of World War II Battles 2724: 2227:, near Tobruk in autumn 1941 1690:over Tobruk; on 14 April 40 867:and trapped the remnants at 7: 8528:End of World War II in Asia 8368:Western invasion of Germany 7875:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 7852:Second Battle of El Alamein 7422:Hundred Regiments Offensive 7394:Battle of the Mediterranean 7247:Italian invasion of Albania 5414:Air warfare of World War II 5128:. Ramsbury: Crowood Press. 4613:. London: Osprey Aviation. 4300:. New York: B&N Books. 4155:Admiralty, British (1947). 3120: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2845:10 April – 27 November 1941 2802: 2797: 2792: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2729: 2585:2/13th Australian Battalion 2444:At the end of 15 June only 2419:Operation Battleaxe (Day 1) 2305:of No. 8 Commando and some 1712:2/48th Australian Battalion 1640:2/17th Australian Battalion 946:(18 November – 30 December) 10: 9050: 8969:Sieges involving Australia 8454:Naval bombardment of Japan 7822:First Battle of El Alamein 7741:Battle of Christmas Island 7686:Japanese invasion of Burma 7450:Italian invasion of Greece 7366:German invasion of Belgium 7338:German invasion of Denmark 7311:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 7180:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 5437:Comparative military ranks 4793:. Sydney: Harper Collins. 4771:. Vol. I. Ian Allan. 4691:Buckingham, W. F. (2012). 4196:Cambridge University Press 3143:recipient during the siege 2598: 2499:Australian relief in place 2407: 2352: 2312:The Commandos advanced at 2283: 2177:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht 2073: 1714:counter-attacked and took 1373:when small parties of the 1086: 1074: 1068:2/3rd Australian Battalion 1019: 976:), the only paved road. A 901:(6 February – 25 May 1941) 22: 15: 8845: 8718: 8668: 8630:British capture of Tobruk 8622: 8543: 8375:Bratislava–Brno offensive 8315: 8306:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 8043: 7930:Allied invasion of Sicily 7884: 7790:Aleutian Islands campaign 7762:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 7709: 7700:Greek famine of 1941–1944 7595:Second Battle of Changsha 7500:German invasion of Greece 7468: 7345:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 7320: 7258: 7153: 7034: 6760: 6670: 6511: 6214: 6205: 5963: 5788: 5680:North and Central Pacific 5641: 5403: 5396: 5323: 5279:Rats of Tobruk Tribute – 4172:. Elite. Oxford: Osprey. 3822:Dominioni & Izzo 1967 3182:British Capture of Tobruk 2686:at Tobruk, September 1941 2587:and two companies of the 2515:Australian Imperial Force 2432:in Tobruk, 4 October 1941 2376:five tanks destroyed and 1674:, for a garrison loss of 1515:4th Anti-Aircraft Brigade 1480: 1393: 1351:1st Royal Horse Artillery 1022:British capture of Tobruk 376: 318: 305: 250: 135: 65: 54: 42: 37: 25:British capture of Tobruk 8959:Sieges involving Germany 8749:3rd Indian Motor Brigade 8744:7th Division (Australia) 8738:9th Division (Australia) 8708:(November-December 1941) 7967:Allied invasion of Italy 7944:Solomon Islands campaign 7693:Third Battle of Changsha 7290:First Battle of Changsha 7196:Second Sino-Japanese War 6129:German military brothels 5995:United States war crimes 4898:. Atglen, PN: Schiffer. 4674:Australia's War, 1939–45 4170:Army Commandos 1940–1945 3030:British Official History 2618:2nd New Zealand Division 2269:8th Bersaglieri Regiment 2211:an attack the next day. 2055:were taken from Tobruk, 1591:), on the frontier from 1539: 1536:would be no withdrawal. 1252:3rd Indian Motor Brigade 682:3rd Indian Motor Brigade 368:Western Desert Campaign 23:Not to be confused with 16:Not to be confused with 8974:Western Desert campaign 8964:Sieges involving Poland 8781:4th Royal Tank Regiment 8676:Western Desert campaign 8617:in the Second World War 8389:Second Guangxi campaign 8244:Philippines (1944–1945) 7748:Battle of the Coral Sea 7651:Fall of the Philippines 7297:Battle of South Guangxi 7203:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 6602:Italian Social Republic 5039:Mitcham, S. W. (2007). 4449:; et al. (1959) . 4431:. London: John Murray. 4345:Australian War Memorial 3112:is a 2008 film about a 2735:Allied naval casualties 2569:4th Royal Tank Regiment 2380:German casualties were 2187:Oberkommando des Heeres 2050:11 April – 10 December, 1896:anti-aircraft artillery 1862:lost three bombers and 1326:Long Range Desert Group 1200:6th Australian Division 1180:7th Australian Division 1045:, commanded by General 1030:, under the command of 835:9th Australian Division 823:Western Desert campaign 45:Western Desert campaign 8994:Sieges of World War II 8657:Axis capture of Tobruk 8623:Fighting around Tobruk 7974:Armistice of Cassibile 7776:Battle of Dutch Harbor 7727:Battle of the Java Sea 7630:Attack on Pearl Harbor 7530:Syria–Lebanon campaign 7523:Battle of South Shanxi 7493:Invasion of Yugoslavia 7276:Battle of the Atlantic 6890:Korean Liberation Army 6596:(until September 1943) 6553:(until September 1944) 6531:(until September 1944) 5197:Miller, W. A. (1986). 5058:Montanari, M. (1985). 5024:. Stroud: Spellmount. 4427:Neillands, R. (2004). 4386:. London: Read Books. 4362:Chester Wilmot Reports 4253:Harrison, F. (1999) . 3776:, pp. 40–41, 153. 3612:Ring & Shores 1969 3600:Ring & Shores 1969 3581:Ring & Shores 1969 3569:Ring & Shores 1969 3557:Ring & Shores 1969 3545:Ring & Shores 1969 3516:Ring & Shores 1969 3419:, pp. 390, 36–37. 2820: 2688: 2637:in the centre and the 2612: 2565:32nd Army Tank Brigade 2557:70th Infantry Division 2510: 2485:Michael O'Moore Creagh 2433: 2421: 2297: 2229: 2165: 2031: 1888:Sturzkampfgeschwader 3 1852:Hans-Joachim Marseille 1831:Sturzkampfgeschwader 2 1827:Sturzkampfgeschwader 1 1815:Zerstörergeschwader 26 1798: 1654: 1618: 1567: 1492: 1405: 1110: 1098: 973: 966:Libyan Coastal Highway 692: 251:Commanders and leaders 18:Axis capture of Tobruk 9024:September 1941 events 8719:Allied units involved 8641:(April-November 1941) 8138:Second Battle of Guam 8034:Bengal famine of 1943 8004:Second Battle of Kiev 7960:Battle of the Dnieper 7665:Battle of Wake Island 7537:East African campaign 7479:Battle of South Henan 7124:atrocities by Germans 6897:Korean Volunteer Army 5871:Occupation of Germany 5625:Music in World War II 4921:Johnston, M. (2003). 4894:Jentz, T. L. (1998). 4853:. London: Brassey's. 4808:Glassop, L. (1992) . 4729:Converse, A. (2011). 4672:Beaumont, J. (1996). 4648:Avanti Savoia website 4590:Smith, Peter (2011). 4364:. Sydney: ABC Books. 4360:McDonald, N. (2004). 4340:Tobruk and El Alamein 4168:Chappell, M. (1996). 3626:, pp. 44, 46–48. 3005:8 April – 25 October, 2818: 2713:14th Infantry Brigade 2705:22nd Armoured Brigade 2681: 2608: 2553:16th Infantry Brigade 2506: 2481:Noel Beresford-Peirse 2436:Operation Battleaxe, 2427: 2417: 2293: 2217: 2163: 2156:Battle of the Salient 2131:Landing Craft Assault 2097:anti-aircraft cruiser 2017: 1792: 1649: 1614: 1565:the objective of the 1488: 1401: 1330:24th Infantry Brigade 1264:Deutsches Afrikakorps 1134:Henry Maitland Wilson 1130:Michael Gambier-Parry 1126:2nd Armoured Division 1096: 1089:Operation Sonnenblume 898:Operation Sonnenblume 694:Sonderkommando Blaich 319:Casualties and losses 108:32.07611°N 23.96139°E 9034:November 1941 events 8830:Tobruk Ferry Service 8424:Surrender of Germany 7902:Battle of West Hubei 7859:Guadalcanal campaign 7829:Battle of Stalingrad 7755:Battle of Madagascar 6522:Albania protectorate 6309:(formerly Swaziland) 6018:Wehrmacht war crimes 5834:Expulsion of Germans 5618:Art and World War II 5516:British contribution 5465:Governments in exile 5143:Wilmot, C. (1993) . 5105:Spencer, B. (1999). 4849:Hoffman, K. (2004). 4827:Guardia, M. (2014). 4404:The Relief of Tobruk 4337:Maughan, B. (1966). 4084:, pp. 401, 755. 3137:John Hurst Edmondson 3062:aircraft shot down. 2825:Tobruk Ferry Service 2691:On 22 November, the 2626:15th Panzer Division 2622:21st Panzer Division 2495:of the Middle East. 2307:Australian Engineers 1545:Investment of Tobruk 1380:2,700–3,000 British, 1258:, Barce or Mechili. 1158:3rd Armoured Brigade 873:Western Desert Force 9029:October 1941 events 8846:Axis units involved 8835:Scrap Iron Flotilla 8755:Replacement units: 8697:Operation Battleaxe 8514:Potsdam Declaration 8403:Italy (Spring 1945) 8166:Liberation of Paris 7623:Siege of Sevastopol 6634:(until August 1944) 6537:Wang Jingwei regime 6359:from September 1943 6319:from September 1944 6257:from September 1944 6117:Romanian war crimes 6108:Persecution of Jews 6094:Croatian war crimes 6064:Japanese war crimes 5878:Occupation of Japan 5827:First Indochina War 5539:Military production 5451:Declarations of war 5213:on 25 February 2010 5124:Walker, I. (2006). 4710:Combes, D. (2001). 4609:Weal, John (1998). 4509:Saunders, H. St. G. 4292:Lewin, R. (1998) . 4123:, pp. 258–259. 4060:, pp. 223–277. 3947:, pp. 439–442. 3911:, pp. 163–174. 3899:, pp. 159–163. 3836:, pp. 156–157. 3812:, pp. 155–156. 3788:, pp. 153–155. 3677:, pp. 269–270. 3535:, pp. 128–130. 3407:, pp. 189–190. 3395:, pp. 185–187. 3383:, pp. 182–185. 3371:, pp. 182–187. 3043:Libyan losses were 2847: 2738: 2662:on 21 November. At 2628:and advance to the 2471:German losses were 2428:A group of smiling 2410:Operation Battleaxe 2404:Operation Battleaxe 2225:Alessandro Piazzoni 2127:Royal Tank Regiment 2028:Vertical stabiliser 1965:Mediterranean Fleet 1884:Operation Battleaxe 1880:cut off sea traffic 939:Mediterranean Fleet 928:Operation Battleaxe 825:(1940–1943) of the 641:Associated articles 104: / 9019:August 1941 events 8726:The Rats of Tobruk 8705:Operation Crusader 8507:Surrender of Japan 8340:Battle of Iwo Jima 8189:Belgrade offensive 7602:Siege of Leningrad 7486:Battle of Shanggao 7415:British Somaliland 7380:Dunkirk evacuation 7331:Norwegian campaign 7269:Invasion of Poland 7096:Japanese prisoners 6057:Italian war crimes 5988:British war crimes 5903:Soviet occupations 5687:South-West Pacific 5574:Allied cooperation 5532:Military equipment 5007:. London: Odhams. 5003:Maule, H. (1961). 4695:. Stroud: Tempus. 4650:(in Italian). 2003 3073:The Rats of Tobruk 2839: 2821: 2734: 2689: 2613: 2601:Operation Crusader 2595:Operation Crusader 2538:The navy took out 2511: 2493:Commander-in-Chief 2483:and Major-General 2454:17 Infantry tanks. 2434: 2422: 2370:Operation Skorpion 2359:Operation Brevity 2298: 2230: 2166: 2095:, escorted by the 2084:by 'A' Battalion, 2032: 1846:from JG 27 led by 1799: 1655: 1619: 1493: 1448:for deliveries to 1406: 1162:Reginald Rimington 1099: 1032:Lieutenant-General 943:Operation Crusader 847:the Rats of Tobruk 113:32.07611; 23.96139 8999:April 1941 events 8934:Conflicts in 1941 8916: 8915: 8902: 8889: 8881: 8873: 8865: 8857: 8709: 8701: 8693: 8689:Operation Brevity 8685: 8681:Operation Compass 8661: 8651: 8646:Twin Pimples raid 8642: 8634: 8581: 8580: 8539: 8538: 8382:Battle of Okinawa 8281:Burma (1944–1945) 8115:Mariana and Palau 7895:Tunisian campaign 7720:Fall of Singapore 7644:Fall of Hong Kong 7387:Battle of Britain 7240:Operation Himmler 7149: 7148: 6813:Dutch East Indies 6449:Southern Rhodesia 6201: 6200: 6101:Genocide of Serbs 6004:German war crimes 5981:Soviet war crimes 5974:Allied war crimes 5820:Division of Korea 5799:Chinese Civil War 5597:Strategic bombing 5509:Manhattan Project 5154:978-0-670-07120-3 5135:978-1-86126-839-6 5116:978-1-86508-145-8 5097:978-0-306-80157-0 5088:The Rommel Papers 5050:978-0-275-99436-5 5031:978-1-86227-431-0 5020:Mead, R. (2007). 4995:978-0-642-99375-5 4984:Long, G. (1973). 4954:978-0-275-98287-4 4932:978-1-86508-654-5 4905:978-0-7643-0226-8 4886:978-0-7146-3383-1 4860:978-1-85753-374-3 4841:978-1-4728-0119-7 4819:978-0-14-014924-1 4800:978-0-7322-7645-4 4778:978-1-9065-3708-1 4759:978-1-902304-11-3 4740:978-0-521-19480-8 4721:978-0-19-551398-1 4702:978-0-7524-4501-4 4683:978-1-86448-039-9 4620:978-1-85532-722-1 4601:978-0-85979-156-4 4563:978-0-85435-060-5 4544:978-1-903365-30-4 4526:978-1-4067-5957-0 4500:978-1-84574-067-2 4481:978-1-84574-066-5 4438:978-0-7195-5647-0 4393:978-1-4067-5957-0 4371:978-0-7333-1441-4 4329:978-0-440-20802-0 4307:978-0-7607-0861-3 4264:978-1-86019-986-8 4245:978-0-585-19391-5 4205:978-0-521-29793-6 4179:978-1-85532-579-1 4024:, pp. 73–81. 3995:, pp. 73–87. 3959:, pp. 91–93. 3935:, pp. 25–26. 3923:, pp. 23–25. 3740:, pp. 24–26. 3728:, pp. 39–40. 3716:, pp. 52–53. 3704:, pp. 50–51. 3665:, pp. 48–51. 3638:, pp. 20–21. 3602:, pp. 34–38. 3571:, pp. 36–37. 3547:, pp. 33–37. 3506:, pp. 38–39. 3458:, pp. 37–38. 3443:, pp. 35–36. 3347:, pp. 30–34. 3152:Twin Pimples raid 2996:3,836 casualties, 2992: 2991: 2809: 2808: 2563:), the HQ of the 2489:Claude Auchinleck 2465:64 Infantry tanks 2355:Operation Brevity 2349:Operation Brevity 2344:Relief operations 2286:Twin Pimples raid 2280:Twin Pimples raid 2234:2/24th battalions 2150:artillery battery 1819:close air support 1811:Jagdgeschwader 27 1803:Raymond Collishaw 1756:Westland Lysander 1375:2nd Royal Lancers 1301:20 Italian tanks. 1117:Regia Aeronautica 1039:Operation Compass 1016:Capture of Tobruk 921:Operation Brevity 862:Operation Compass 858:Italian 10th Army 704: 703: 384:Invasion of Egypt 333: 332: 199:Libyan Arab Force 131: 130: 9041: 9014:July 1941 events 9009:June 1941 events 8900: 8887: 8879: 8871: 8863: 8855: 8732:Original units: 8707: 8699: 8691: 8683: 8659: 8649: 8640: 8632: 8608: 8601: 8594: 8585: 8584: 8574: 8567: 8560: 8557:World portal 8555: 8554: 8530: 8523: 8516: 8509: 8500: 8493: 8486: 8477: 8470: 8463: 8456: 8449: 8442: 8433: 8426: 8419: 8417:Prague offensive 8412: 8410:Battle of Berlin 8405: 8398: 8391: 8384: 8377: 8370: 8363: 8356: 8354:Vienna offensive 8349: 8342: 8335: 8333:Battle of Manila 8328: 8308: 8299: 8290: 8283: 8274: 8267: 8260: 8253: 8246: 8239: 8232: 8223: 8214: 8207: 8198: 8191: 8184: 8177: 8168: 8161: 8154: 8147: 8140: 8133: 8126: 8117: 8110: 8101: 8092: 8083: 8076: 8074:Korsun–Cherkassy 8069: 8058: 8036: 8027: 8020: 8013: 8006: 7999: 7992: 7985: 7976: 7969: 7962: 7955: 7946: 7939: 7932: 7925: 7918: 7916:Bombing of Gorky 7911: 7904: 7897: 7877: 7870: 7861: 7854: 7847: 7838: 7831: 7824: 7817: 7806: 7799: 7792: 7785: 7783:Battle of Midway 7778: 7771: 7769:Battle of Gazala 7764: 7757: 7750: 7743: 7736: 7729: 7722: 7702: 7695: 7688: 7681: 7679:Battle of Borneo 7674: 7672:Malayan campaign 7667: 7660: 7653: 7646: 7639: 7632: 7625: 7618: 7616:Bombing of Gorky 7611: 7609:Battle of Moscow 7604: 7597: 7590: 7583: 7576: 7569: 7553: 7546: 7539: 7532: 7525: 7518: 7509: 7502: 7495: 7488: 7481: 7461: 7452: 7445: 7438: 7431: 7424: 7417: 7410: 7403: 7396: 7389: 7382: 7375: 7373:Battle of France 7368: 7361: 7354: 7347: 7340: 7333: 7313: 7306: 7299: 7292: 7285: 7278: 7271: 7249: 7242: 7235: 7228: 7226:Munich Agreement 7221: 7214: 7205: 7198: 7191: 7182: 7175: 7160: 7159: 7142: 7135: 7126: 7119: 7112: 7111:Soviet prisoners 7105: 7098: 7091: 7082: 7075: 7066: 7059: 7052: 7051:German prisoners 7047: 7027: 7018: 7011: 7004: 6999: 6992: 6985: 6978: 6971: 6964: 6957: 6950: 6943: 6936: 6929: 6922: 6915: 6908: 6899: 6892: 6885: 6878: 6871: 6864: 6857: 6850: 6843: 6836: 6829: 6822: 6815: 6808: 6801: 6794: 6787: 6780: 6773: 6753: 6746: 6739: 6732: 6725: 6718: 6711: 6704: 6697: 6690: 6683: 6663: 6656: 6649: 6642: 6635: 6627: 6620: 6613: 6604: 6597: 6589: 6582: 6580:French Indochina 6575: 6568: 6561: 6554: 6546: 6539: 6532: 6524: 6504: 6495: 6488: 6479: 6472: 6465: 6458: 6451: 6444: 6437: 6430: 6427:from August 1944 6418: 6411: 6404: 6397: 6390: 6383: 6376: 6369: 6362: 6350: 6343: 6336: 6329: 6322: 6310: 6302: 6295: 6288: 6281: 6274: 6267: 6260: 6248: 6241: 6234: 6227: 6212: 6211: 6192: 6185: 6178: 6171: 6164: 6153: 6138: 6131: 6124: 6119: 6110: 6103: 6096: 6087: 6080: 6073: 6071:Nanjing Massacre 6066: 6059: 6050: 6048:Nuremberg trials 6041: 6034: 6027: 6020: 6013: 6006: 5997: 5990: 5983: 5976: 5956: 5949: 5942: 5933: 5926: 5919: 5912: 5905: 5898: 5889: 5880: 5873: 5866: 5859: 5850: 5843: 5836: 5829: 5822: 5815: 5808: 5801: 5781: 5772: 5765: 5758: 5749: 5742: 5735: 5728: 5719: 5712: 5705: 5696: 5689: 5682: 5675: 5668: 5661: 5654: 5652:Asia and Pacific 5634: 5627: 5620: 5613: 5606: 5599: 5592: 5583: 5581:Mulberry harbour 5576: 5569: 5562: 5555: 5548: 5541: 5534: 5527: 5518: 5511: 5504: 5495: 5488: 5481: 5474: 5467: 5460: 5453: 5446: 5439: 5432: 5423: 5416: 5401: 5400: 5389: 5382: 5373: 5366: 5359: 5352: 5345: 5338: 5331: 5310: 5303: 5296: 5287: 5286: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5236: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5209:. Archived from 5193: 5191: 5189: 5183: 5176: 5158: 5139: 5120: 5101: 5084:Liddell Hart, B. 5075: 5054: 5035: 5016: 4999: 4980: 4958: 4936: 4917: 4890: 4878: 4864: 4845: 4823: 4810:We Were the Rats 4804: 4782: 4763: 4744: 4725: 4706: 4687: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4632: 4605: 4586: 4582:978-1-9081-17076 4567: 4548: 4530: 4504: 4485: 4466: 4451:Butler, J. R. M. 4442: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4397: 4375: 4356: 4333: 4311: 4299: 4288: 4268: 4249: 4230: 4209: 4183: 4164: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4097: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4007: 3996: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3942: 3936: 3930: 3924: 3918: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3861:Mountbatten 2007 3858: 3849: 3846:Mountbatten 2007 3843: 3837: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3323:, pp. 9–11. 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3035: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3006: 2997: 2848: 2829:Battle of Gazala 2739: 2674: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2589:2/15th Battalion 2582: 2578: 2574: 2550: 2549:19–27 September, 2541: 2523: 2520: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2450:21 Cruiser tanks 2447: 2439: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2362: 2339: 2323: 2319: 2316:on the night of 2315: 2304: 2267:casualties. The 2266: 2262: 2252:2/48th Battalion 2249: 2240: 2205: 2182:Friedrich Paulus 2083: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2051: 2038: 1971:was sunk by 239 1823:Lehrgeschwader 1 1784:Bristol Blenheim 1777: 1768:Hawker Hurricane 1749: 1748:150–200 aircraft 1730: 1725:2/23rd Battalion 1722: 1717: 1680: 1677: 1669: 1664: 1653:defending Tobruk 1629: 1624: 1570: 1534: 1533:36,000 personnel 1530: 1529: 1525: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1458: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1427: 1411: 1381: 1372: 1302: 1298: 1295: 1138:Richard O'Connor 1124:and the British 1113: 1047:Pitassi Mannella 1035:Richard O'Connor 947: 932: 925: 902: 875:was sent to the 866: 827:Second World War 820: 819: 816: 815: 812: 807: 806: 803: 800: 797: 794: 791: 788: 767: 761: 760: 754: 747: 742: 741: 735: 728: 727: 721: 714: 697: 371: 369: 359: 352: 345: 336: 335: 298: 297: 287: 286: 278:(Sep.–Nov. 1941) 274: 273: 266:(Apr.–Sep. 1941) 262: 261: 243: 242: 232: 231: 220: 219: 218: 209: 208: 207: 195: 191: 189: 188: 180: 176: 174: 173: 161: 159: 158: 149: 147: 146: 119: 118: 116: 115: 114: 109: 105: 102: 101: 100: 97: 67: 66: 59: 35: 34: 9049: 9048: 9044: 9043: 9042: 9040: 9039: 9038: 9004:May 1941 events 8929:Siege of Tobruk 8919: 8918: 8917: 8912: 8841: 8714: 8664: 8638:Siege of Tobruk 8618: 8612: 8582: 8577: 8570: 8563: 8549: 8547: 8535: 8526: 8519: 8512: 8505: 8496: 8489: 8482: 8473: 8468:Atomic bombings 8466: 8459: 8452: 8445: 8438: 8429: 8422: 8415: 8408: 8401: 8394: 8387: 8380: 8373: 8366: 8359: 8352: 8345: 8338: 8331: 8324: 8311: 8304: 8293: 8286: 8279: 8270: 8263: 8256: 8249: 8242: 8235: 8226: 8217: 8210: 8201: 8194: 8187: 8180: 8171: 8164: 8159:Eastern Romania 8157: 8152:Warsaw Uprising 8150: 8145:Tannenberg Line 8143: 8136: 8131:Western Ukraine 8129: 8120: 8113: 8104: 8095: 8086: 8079: 8072: 8061: 8052: 8039: 8032: 8023: 8016: 8009: 8002: 7995: 7988: 7981: 7972: 7965: 7958: 7949: 7942: 7935: 7928: 7923:Battle of Kursk 7921: 7914: 7907: 7900: 7893: 7880: 7873: 7864: 7857: 7850: 7841: 7834: 7827: 7820: 7811: 7802: 7795: 7788: 7781: 7774: 7767: 7760: 7753: 7746: 7739: 7734:St Nazaire Raid 7732: 7725: 7718: 7705: 7698: 7691: 7684: 7677: 7670: 7663: 7656: 7649: 7642: 7635: 7628: 7621: 7614: 7607: 7600: 7593: 7586: 7579: 7572: 7558: 7549: 7542: 7535: 7528: 7521: 7516:Anglo-Iraqi War 7514: 7507:Battle of Crete 7505: 7498: 7491: 7484: 7477: 7464: 7455: 7448: 7441: 7436:Eastern Romania 7434: 7427: 7420: 7413: 7406: 7399: 7392: 7385: 7378: 7371: 7364: 7357: 7350: 7343: 7336: 7329: 7316: 7309: 7302: 7295: 7288: 7281: 7274: 7267: 7254: 7245: 7238: 7231: 7224: 7217: 7210: 7201: 7194: 7187: 7178: 7171: 7145: 7138: 7131: 7122: 7115: 7110: 7101: 7094: 7087: 7078: 7071: 7062: 7055: 7050: 7043: 7030: 7023: 7014: 7007: 7002: 6997:Western Ukraine 6995: 6988: 6981: 6974: 6967: 6960: 6953: 6946: 6941:Northeast China 6939: 6932: 6925: 6918: 6911: 6904: 6895: 6888: 6881: 6874: 6867: 6860: 6853: 6846: 6839: 6832: 6825: 6818: 6811: 6804: 6797: 6790: 6783: 6776: 6769: 6756: 6749: 6742: 6735: 6728: 6721: 6714: 6707: 6700: 6693: 6686: 6679: 6666: 6659: 6652: 6645: 6640:Slovak Republic 6638: 6630: 6623: 6616: 6611:Empire of Japan 6609: 6600: 6592: 6585: 6578: 6571: 6564: 6557: 6549: 6542: 6535: 6527: 6520: 6507: 6500: 6491: 6484: 6475: 6468: 6461: 6454: 6447: 6440: 6433: 6421: 6414: 6407: 6400: 6393: 6386: 6379: 6372: 6365: 6353: 6346: 6339: 6332: 6325: 6313: 6305: 6298: 6291: 6284: 6277: 6270: 6263: 6251: 6244: 6237: 6230: 6223: 6197: 6188: 6181: 6174: 6167: 6156: 6141: 6134: 6127: 6123:Sexual violence 6122: 6115: 6106: 6099: 6092: 6083: 6076: 6069: 6062: 6055: 6046: 6037: 6030: 6023: 6016: 6009: 6002: 5993: 5986: 5979: 5972: 5959: 5952: 5945: 5938: 5929: 5922: 5915: 5908: 5901: 5892: 5883: 5876: 5869: 5862: 5853: 5846: 5841:Greek Civil War 5839: 5832: 5825: 5818: 5811: 5804: 5797: 5784: 5777: 5768: 5761: 5754: 5745: 5738: 5731: 5724: 5715: 5708: 5701: 5692: 5685: 5678: 5671: 5666:South-East Asia 5664: 5657: 5650: 5637: 5630: 5623: 5616: 5609: 5602: 5595: 5588: 5579: 5572: 5565: 5558: 5551: 5544: 5537: 5530: 5525:Military awards 5523: 5514: 5507: 5500: 5491: 5484: 5477: 5470: 5463: 5456: 5449: 5442: 5435: 5428: 5419: 5412: 5392: 5385: 5378: 5369: 5362: 5355: 5350: 5341: 5334: 5327: 5319: 5314: 5261: 5256: 5247: 5245: 5234: 5216: 5214: 5187: 5185: 5184:on 4 March 2016 5181: 5174: 5168: 5155: 5136: 5117: 5098: 5051: 5032: 4996: 4955: 4933: 4906: 4887: 4861: 4842: 4820: 4801: 4779: 4760: 4752:. Grub Street. 4741: 4722: 4703: 4684: 4667: 4665:Further reading 4662: 4653: 4651: 4642: 4621: 4602: 4583: 4564: 4545: 4527: 4501: 4482: 4439: 4417: 4415: 4394: 4380:Mountbatten, L. 4372: 4330: 4308: 4265: 4246: 4206: 4188:Creveld, M. van 4180: 4145: 4140: 4139: 4131: 4127: 4119: 4115: 4107: 4100: 4092: 4088: 4080: 4076: 4068: 4064: 4056: 4052: 4044: 4040: 4032: 4028: 4020: 4016: 4008: 3999: 3991: 3987: 3979: 3975: 3967: 3963: 3955: 3951: 3943: 3939: 3931: 3927: 3919: 3915: 3907: 3903: 3895: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3871: 3867: 3859: 3852: 3844: 3840: 3832: 3828: 3820: 3816: 3808: 3804: 3796: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3772: 3768: 3760: 3756: 3748: 3744: 3736: 3732: 3724: 3720: 3712: 3708: 3700: 3696: 3688: 3681: 3673: 3669: 3661: 3654: 3646: 3642: 3634: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3610: 3606: 3598: 3587: 3579: 3575: 3567: 3563: 3555: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3531: 3522: 3514: 3510: 3502: 3498: 3490: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3466: 3462: 3454: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3367: 3363: 3355: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3331: 3327: 3319: 3315: 3311:, pp. 6–8. 3307: 3303: 3299:, pp. 4–6. 3295: 3291: 3287:, pp. 2–4. 3283: 3279: 3275:, pp. 1–3. 3271: 3267: 3259: 3255: 3247: 3243: 3235: 3231: 3223: 3219: 3211: 3207: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3123: 3081:The Desert Rats 3068: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3033: 3022: 3019:507 Australians 3018: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3004: 2995: 2954: 2844: 2842: 2841:Siege of Tobruk 2837: 2773: 2746: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2718:Comando Supremo 2687: 2673:40 of 160 tanks 2672: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2639:2nd Queen's Own 2611: 2603: 2597: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2559:(Major-General 2548: 2539: 2521: 2518: 2509: 2501: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2458:969 casualties, 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2438:15–17 June 1941 2437: 2430:Indian soldiers 2420: 2412: 2406: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2386:395 casualties, 2385: 2381: 2377: 2374:206 casualties, 2373: 2360: 2357: 2351: 2346: 2337: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2302: 2296: 2288: 2282: 2264: 2260: 2247: 2238: 2228: 2221:Gastone Gambara 2203: 2196:Italo Gariboldi 2171:Comando Supremo 2158: 2081: 2078: 2072: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2036: 1876:air superiority 1835:Arthur Longmore 1775: 1747: 1737: 1735:Air and sea war 1728: 1720: 1715: 1704: 1678: 1675: 1667: 1662: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1609: 1547: 1542: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1491: 1483: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1456: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1425: 1409: 1404: 1396: 1379: 1370: 1314: 1312:Loss of Mechili 1300: 1296: 1289: 1202:(Major-General 1182:(Major-General 1176:Leslie Morshead 1128:(Major-General 1091: 1085: 1077: 1024: 1018: 954: 945: 935:Royal Air Force 930: 923: 900: 891:Generalleutnant 864: 839:Leslie Morshead 809: 785: 781: 778:siege of Tobruk 774: 773: 772: 769: 768: 764: 762: 758: 755: 748: 746:Port of Tobruk. 745: 743: 739: 736: 733: 731: 729: 725: 722: 715: 705: 700: 652:Devil's gardens 638: 518:2nd Bir el Gubi 508:1st Bir el Gubi 372: 367: 365: 363: 329:74–150 aircraft 328: 300:Gastone Gambara 292: 291: 281: 268: 267: 264:Leslie Morshead 256: 237: 236: 226: 216: 214: 213: 205: 203: 186: 184: 171: 169: 156: 154: 153: 144: 142: 112: 110: 106: 103: 98: 95: 93: 91: 90: 89: 60: 38:Siege of Tobruk 31: 28: 21: 12: 11: 5: 9047: 9037: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8914: 8913: 8911: 8910: 8909: 8908: 8903: 8895: 8882: 8874: 8866: 8858: 8849: 8847: 8843: 8842: 8840: 8839: 8838: 8837: 8827: 8819:Outside units: 8816: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8784: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8752: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8729: 8728: 8722: 8720: 8716: 8715: 8713: 8712: 8711: 8710: 8702: 8694: 8686: 8672: 8670: 8666: 8665: 8663: 8662: 8654: 8653: 8652: 8635: 8633:(January 1941) 8626: 8624: 8620: 8619: 8611: 8610: 8603: 8596: 8588: 8579: 8578: 8576: 8575: 8568: 8561: 8544: 8541: 8540: 8537: 8536: 8534: 8533: 8532: 8531: 8524: 8517: 8503: 8502: 8501: 8487: 8484:South Sakhalin 8480: 8479: 8478: 8464: 8457: 8450: 8443: 8436: 8435: 8434: 8420: 8413: 8406: 8399: 8392: 8385: 8378: 8371: 8364: 8357: 8350: 8343: 8336: 8329: 8321: 8319: 8313: 8312: 8310: 8309: 8302: 8301: 8300: 8284: 8277: 8276: 8275: 8261: 8254: 8247: 8240: 8233: 8224: 8215: 8208: 8199: 8192: 8185: 8178: 8169: 8162: 8155: 8148: 8141: 8134: 8127: 8118: 8111: 8102: 8093: 8084: 8077: 8070: 8059: 8049: 8047: 8041: 8040: 8038: 8037: 8030: 8029: 8028: 8021: 8007: 8000: 7993: 7986: 7979: 7978: 7977: 7963: 7956: 7947: 7940: 7933: 7926: 7919: 7912: 7909:Battle of Attu 7905: 7898: 7890: 7888: 7882: 7881: 7879: 7878: 7871: 7862: 7855: 7848: 7839: 7832: 7825: 7818: 7809: 7808: 7807: 7800: 7786: 7779: 7772: 7765: 7758: 7751: 7744: 7737: 7730: 7723: 7715: 7713: 7707: 7706: 7704: 7703: 7696: 7689: 7682: 7675: 7668: 7661: 7658:Battle of Guam 7654: 7647: 7640: 7633: 7626: 7619: 7612: 7605: 7598: 7591: 7584: 7581:Battle of Kiev 7577: 7570: 7556: 7555: 7554: 7540: 7533: 7526: 7519: 7512: 7511: 7510: 7496: 7489: 7482: 7474: 7472: 7466: 7465: 7463: 7462: 7453: 7446: 7439: 7432: 7425: 7418: 7411: 7404: 7397: 7390: 7383: 7376: 7369: 7362: 7355: 7348: 7341: 7334: 7326: 7324: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7314: 7307: 7300: 7293: 7286: 7279: 7272: 7264: 7262: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7252: 7251: 7250: 7243: 7236: 7229: 7222: 7208: 7207: 7206: 7199: 7185: 7184: 7183: 7168: 7166: 7157: 7151: 7150: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7143: 7136: 7129: 7128: 7127: 7120: 7108: 7107: 7106: 7092: 7085: 7084: 7083: 7080:United Kingdom 7076: 7069: 7068: 7067: 7048: 7040: 7038: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7028: 7021: 7020: 7019: 7012: 7000: 6993: 6986: 6979: 6972: 6965: 6958: 6951: 6944: 6937: 6930: 6923: 6916: 6909: 6902: 6901: 6900: 6893: 6879: 6872: 6865: 6858: 6851: 6844: 6837: 6830: 6823: 6816: 6809: 6802: 6795: 6788: 6781: 6774: 6766: 6764: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6754: 6747: 6740: 6733: 6726: 6719: 6712: 6705: 6698: 6691: 6684: 6676: 6674: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6664: 6657: 6650: 6643: 6636: 6628: 6621: 6614: 6607: 6606: 6605: 6590: 6583: 6576: 6569: 6562: 6555: 6547: 6540: 6533: 6525: 6517: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6505: 6498: 6497: 6496: 6482: 6481: 6480: 6477:British Empire 6470:United Kingdom 6466: 6459: 6452: 6445: 6438: 6431: 6419: 6412: 6405: 6398: 6391: 6384: 6377: 6370: 6363: 6351: 6344: 6337: 6330: 6323: 6311: 6303: 6296: 6289: 6286:Czechoslovakia 6282: 6275: 6268: 6261: 6249: 6242: 6235: 6228: 6220: 6218: 6209: 6203: 6202: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6195: 6194: 6193: 6186: 6183:Rape of Manila 6179: 6172: 6165: 6154: 6139: 6132: 6120: 6113: 6112: 6111: 6104: 6090: 6089: 6088: 6081: 6074: 6060: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6044: 6043: 6042: 6035: 6021: 6014: 6000: 5999: 5998: 5991: 5984: 5969: 5967: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5957: 5954:United Nations 5950: 5943: 5936: 5935: 5934: 5927: 5920: 5913: 5899: 5890: 5881: 5874: 5867: 5860: 5851: 5844: 5837: 5830: 5823: 5816: 5813:Decolonization 5809: 5802: 5794: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5782: 5775: 5774: 5773: 5759: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5743: 5736: 5722: 5721: 5720: 5713: 5699: 5698: 5697: 5690: 5683: 5676: 5669: 5662: 5647: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5635: 5628: 5621: 5614: 5607: 5600: 5593: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5577: 5563: 5556: 5549: 5542: 5535: 5528: 5521: 5520: 5519: 5505: 5498: 5497: 5496: 5489: 5486:United Kingdom 5482: 5468: 5461: 5454: 5447: 5440: 5433: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5409: 5407: 5398: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5390: 5383: 5376: 5375: 5374: 5367: 5360: 5348: 5347: 5346: 5332: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5313: 5312: 5305: 5298: 5290: 5284: 5283: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5260: 5259:External links 5257: 5255: 5254: 5223: 5194: 5160: 5159: 5153: 5140: 5134: 5121: 5115: 5102: 5096: 5076: 5055: 5049: 5036: 5030: 5017: 5000: 4994: 4981: 4959: 4953: 4937: 4931: 4918: 4904: 4891: 4885: 4865: 4859: 4846: 4840: 4829:Junkers Ju 87 4824: 4818: 4805: 4799: 4787:FitzSimons, P. 4783: 4777: 4764: 4758: 4745: 4739: 4726: 4720: 4707: 4701: 4688: 4682: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4660: 4634: 4633: 4619: 4606: 4600: 4587: 4581: 4568: 4562: 4549: 4543: 4531: 4525: 4505: 4499: 4486: 4480: 4467: 4443: 4437: 4424: 4398: 4392: 4376: 4370: 4357: 4334: 4328: 4312: 4306: 4289: 4269: 4263: 4250: 4244: 4231: 4210: 4204: 4184: 4178: 4165: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4137: 4135:, p. 413. 4125: 4113: 4111:, p. 228. 4098: 4094:Playfair 2004b 4086: 4074: 4072:, p. 395. 4062: 4058:Playfair 2004b 4050: 4048:, p. 204. 4038: 4036:, p. 325. 4026: 4022:Playfair 2004b 4014: 4012:, p. 338. 3997: 3993:Playfair 2004b 3985: 3983:, p. 355. 3973: 3969:Neillands 2004 3961: 3949: 3937: 3933:Playfair 2004b 3925: 3921:Playfair 2004b 3913: 3909:Playfair 2004a 3901: 3897:Playfair 2004a 3889: 3877: 3865: 3850: 3838: 3834:Playfair 2004a 3826: 3814: 3810:Playfair 2004a 3802: 3800:, p. 155. 3798:Playfair 2004a 3790: 3786:Playfair 2004a 3778: 3774:Playfair 2004a 3766: 3754: 3742: 3738:Playfair 2004b 3730: 3726:Playfair 2004a 3718: 3706: 3694: 3692:, p. 270. 3679: 3667: 3652: 3650:, p. 272. 3640: 3636:Admiralty 1947 3628: 3616: 3604: 3585: 3573: 3561: 3549: 3537: 3520: 3508: 3504:Playfair 2004a 3496: 3494:, p. 130. 3484: 3482:, p. 268. 3472: 3468:Playfair 2004a 3460: 3456:Playfair 2004a 3445: 3441:Playfair 2004a 3433: 3429:Playfair 2004a 3421: 3417:Playfair 2004a 3409: 3397: 3385: 3373: 3361: 3357:Playfair 2004a 3349: 3345:Playfair 2004a 3337: 3333:Playfair 2004a 3325: 3321:Playfair 2004a 3313: 3309:Playfair 2004a 3301: 3297:Playfair 2004a 3289: 3285:Playfair 2004a 3277: 3273:Playfair 2004a 3265: 3263:, p. 290. 3253: 3251:, p. 183. 3241: 3239:, p. 115. 3229: 3227:, p. 149. 3217: 3215:, p. 116. 3205: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3185: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3147:Rats of Tobruk 3144: 3141:Victoria Cross 3134: 3129: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3117: 3105: 3097:Raid on Rommel 3093: 3085: 3077: 3067: 3064: 3052:1,657 wounded, 3041:3,851 missing. 3015:604 prisoners, 3012:1,996 wounded, 2990: 2989: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2933: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2916: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2882: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2865: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2836: 2833: 2807: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2755: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2743: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2682: 2609: 2599:Main article: 2596: 2593: 2581:12–25 October, 2507: 2500: 2497: 2418: 2408:Main article: 2405: 2402: 2353:Main article: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2318:July 17 and 18 2294: 2284:Main article: 2281: 2278: 2218: 2157: 2154: 2074:Main article: 2071: 2068: 2063:were sunk and 1983:Junkers Ju 88s 1848:Gerhard Homuth 1801:Air Commodore 1750:to Libya from 1736: 1733: 1721:370 prisoners. 1716:803 prisoners. 1703: 1702:Ras el Medauar 1700: 1676:26 men killed, 1615: 1608: 1605: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1489: 1482: 1479: 1402: 1395: 1392: 1353:, part of the 1313: 1310: 1297:20 light tanks 1087:Main article: 1084: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1020:Main article: 1017: 1014: 953: 950: 770: 763: 756: 749: 744: 737: 730: 723: 716: 709: 708: 707: 706: 702: 701: 699: 698: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 637: 636: 631: 630: 629: 624: 617: 605: 604: 603: 596: 589: 575: 570: 569: 568: 558: 553: 552: 551: 546: 536: 523: 522: 521: 520: 515: 510: 505: 491: 484: 477: 470: 469: 468: 463: 453: 446: 445: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 406: 405: 404: 403: 398: 386: 377: 374: 373: 362: 361: 354: 347: 339: 331: 330: 325: 321: 320: 316: 315: 312: 308: 307: 303: 302: 279: 253: 252: 248: 247: 224: 222:Czechoslovakia 202: 201: 196: 181: 163:United Kingdom 138: 137: 133: 132: 129: 128: 127:Allied victory 125: 121: 120: 81: 79: 75: 74: 71: 63: 62: 52: 51: 40: 39: 29: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9046: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8939:1941 in Libya 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8926: 8924: 8907: 8904: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8890: 8886: 8883: 8878: 8875: 8870: 8867: 8862: 8859: 8854: 8851: 8850: 8848: 8844: 8836: 8833: 8832: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8822: 8821: 8820: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8790: 8789: 8788: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8758: 8757: 8756: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8739: 8736: 8735: 8734: 8733: 8727: 8724: 8723: 8721: 8717: 8706: 8703: 8698: 8695: 8690: 8687: 8682: 8679: 8678: 8677: 8674: 8673: 8671: 8667: 8658: 8655: 8647: 8644: 8643: 8639: 8636: 8631: 8628: 8627: 8625: 8621: 8616: 8609: 8604: 8602: 8597: 8595: 8590: 8589: 8586: 8573: 8569: 8566: 8562: 8559: 8558: 8553: 8546: 8545: 8542: 8529: 8525: 8522: 8518: 8515: 8511: 8510: 8508: 8504: 8499: 8495: 8494: 8492: 8491:Kuril Islands 8488: 8485: 8481: 8476: 8472: 8471: 8469: 8465: 8462: 8458: 8455: 8451: 8448: 8444: 8441: 8437: 8432: 8428: 8427: 8425: 8421: 8418: 8414: 8411: 8407: 8404: 8400: 8397: 8393: 8390: 8386: 8383: 8379: 8376: 8372: 8369: 8365: 8362: 8358: 8355: 8351: 8348: 8344: 8341: 8337: 8334: 8330: 8327: 8323: 8322: 8320: 8318: 8314: 8307: 8303: 8298: 8297: 8292: 8291: 8289: 8285: 8282: 8278: 8273: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8262: 8259: 8258:Syrmian Front 8255: 8252: 8248: 8245: 8241: 8238: 8234: 8231: 8230: 8225: 8222: 8221: 8216: 8213: 8209: 8206: 8205: 8204:Market Garden 8200: 8197: 8193: 8190: 8186: 8183: 8179: 8176: 8175: 8170: 8167: 8163: 8160: 8156: 8153: 8149: 8146: 8142: 8139: 8135: 8132: 8128: 8125: 8124: 8119: 8116: 8112: 8109: 8108: 8103: 8100: 8099: 8094: 8091: 8090: 8085: 8082: 8078: 8075: 8071: 8068: 8064: 8063:Monte Cassino 8060: 8057: 8056: 8051: 8050: 8048: 8046: 8042: 8035: 8031: 8026: 8022: 8019: 8015: 8014: 8012: 8008: 8005: 8001: 7998: 7994: 7991: 7987: 7984: 7980: 7975: 7971: 7970: 7968: 7964: 7961: 7957: 7954: 7953: 7948: 7945: 7941: 7938: 7934: 7931: 7927: 7924: 7920: 7917: 7913: 7910: 7906: 7903: 7899: 7896: 7892: 7891: 7889: 7887: 7883: 7876: 7872: 7869: 7868: 7863: 7860: 7856: 7853: 7849: 7846: 7845: 7840: 7837: 7833: 7830: 7826: 7823: 7819: 7816: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7801: 7798: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7787: 7784: 7780: 7777: 7773: 7770: 7766: 7763: 7759: 7756: 7752: 7749: 7745: 7742: 7738: 7735: 7731: 7728: 7724: 7721: 7717: 7716: 7714: 7712: 7708: 7701: 7697: 7694: 7690: 7687: 7683: 7680: 7676: 7673: 7669: 7666: 7662: 7659: 7655: 7652: 7648: 7645: 7641: 7638: 7634: 7631: 7627: 7624: 7620: 7617: 7613: 7610: 7606: 7603: 7599: 7596: 7592: 7589: 7585: 7582: 7578: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7566: 7561: 7557: 7552: 7548: 7547: 7545: 7541: 7538: 7534: 7531: 7527: 7524: 7520: 7517: 7513: 7508: 7504: 7503: 7501: 7497: 7494: 7490: 7487: 7483: 7480: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7471: 7467: 7460: 7459: 7454: 7451: 7447: 7444: 7440: 7437: 7433: 7430: 7429:Baltic states 7426: 7423: 7419: 7416: 7412: 7409: 7405: 7402: 7398: 7395: 7391: 7388: 7384: 7381: 7377: 7374: 7370: 7367: 7363: 7360: 7356: 7353: 7349: 7346: 7342: 7339: 7335: 7332: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7323: 7319: 7312: 7308: 7305: 7301: 7298: 7294: 7291: 7287: 7284: 7280: 7277: 7273: 7270: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7261: 7257: 7248: 7244: 7241: 7237: 7234: 7230: 7227: 7223: 7220: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7209: 7204: 7200: 7197: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7186: 7181: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7170: 7169: 7167: 7165: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7152: 7141: 7137: 7134: 7130: 7125: 7121: 7118: 7114: 7113: 7109: 7104: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7093: 7090: 7086: 7081: 7077: 7074: 7073:United States 7070: 7065: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7054: 7053: 7049: 7046: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7033: 7026: 7022: 7017: 7013: 7010: 7009:Quốc dân Đảng 7006: 7005: 7001: 6998: 6994: 6991: 6987: 6984: 6980: 6977: 6973: 6970: 6966: 6963: 6959: 6956: 6952: 6949: 6945: 6942: 6938: 6935: 6931: 6928: 6924: 6921: 6917: 6914: 6910: 6907: 6903: 6898: 6894: 6891: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6880: 6877: 6873: 6870: 6866: 6863: 6859: 6856: 6852: 6849: 6845: 6842: 6838: 6835: 6831: 6828: 6824: 6821: 6817: 6814: 6810: 6807: 6803: 6800: 6796: 6793: 6789: 6786: 6782: 6779: 6775: 6772: 6768: 6767: 6765: 6763: 6759: 6752: 6748: 6745: 6741: 6738: 6734: 6731: 6727: 6724: 6720: 6717: 6713: 6710: 6709:Liechtenstein 6706: 6703: 6699: 6696: 6692: 6689: 6685: 6682: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6669: 6662: 6661:Collaboration 6658: 6655: 6651: 6648: 6644: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6626: 6622: 6619: 6615: 6612: 6608: 6603: 6599: 6598: 6595: 6591: 6588: 6584: 6581: 6577: 6574: 6570: 6567: 6563: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6545: 6541: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6523: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6510: 6503: 6499: 6494: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6486:United States 6483: 6478: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6467: 6464: 6460: 6457: 6453: 6450: 6446: 6443: 6439: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6417: 6413: 6410: 6406: 6403: 6399: 6396: 6392: 6389: 6385: 6382: 6378: 6375: 6371: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6349: 6345: 6342: 6338: 6335: 6331: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6301: 6297: 6294: 6290: 6287: 6283: 6280: 6276: 6273: 6269: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6247: 6243: 6240: 6236: 6233: 6229: 6226: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6204: 6191: 6187: 6184: 6180: 6177: 6176:Comfort women 6173: 6170: 6166: 6163: 6160: / 6159: 6155: 6152: 6149: / 6148: 6145: / 6144: 6140: 6137: 6136:Camp brothels 6133: 6130: 6126: 6125: 6121: 6118: 6114: 6109: 6105: 6102: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6091: 6086: 6082: 6079: 6075: 6072: 6068: 6067: 6065: 6061: 6058: 6054: 6049: 6045: 6040: 6036: 6033: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6025:The Holocaust 6022: 6019: 6015: 6012: 6011:forced labour 6008: 6007: 6005: 6001: 5996: 5992: 5989: 5985: 5982: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5962: 5955: 5951: 5948: 5944: 5941: 5937: 5932: 5928: 5925: 5921: 5918: 5914: 5911: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5900: 5897: 5896: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5882: 5879: 5875: 5872: 5868: 5865: 5864:Marshall Plan 5861: 5858: 5857: 5852: 5849: 5845: 5842: 5838: 5835: 5831: 5828: 5824: 5821: 5817: 5814: 5810: 5807: 5803: 5800: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5787: 5780: 5776: 5771: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5760: 5757: 5753: 5748: 5744: 5741: 5737: 5734: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5723: 5718: 5717:Eastern Front 5714: 5711: 5710:Western Front 5707: 5706: 5704: 5700: 5695: 5691: 5688: 5684: 5681: 5677: 5674: 5670: 5667: 5663: 5660: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5640: 5633: 5629: 5626: 5622: 5619: 5615: 5612: 5608: 5605: 5604:Puppet states 5601: 5598: 5594: 5591: 5587: 5582: 5578: 5575: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5564: 5561: 5557: 5554: 5550: 5547: 5546:Naval history 5543: 5540: 5536: 5533: 5529: 5526: 5522: 5517: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5506: 5503: 5499: 5494: 5493:United States 5490: 5487: 5483: 5480: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5469: 5466: 5462: 5459: 5455: 5452: 5448: 5445: 5441: 5438: 5434: 5431: 5427: 5422: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5399: 5395: 5388: 5384: 5381: 5377: 5372: 5368: 5365: 5361: 5358: 5354: 5353: 5349: 5344: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5333: 5330: 5326: 5325: 5322: 5318: 5311: 5306: 5304: 5299: 5297: 5292: 5291: 5288: 5282: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5244: 5240: 5233: 5229: 5224: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5195: 5180: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5164: 5156: 5150: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5131: 5127: 5122: 5118: 5112: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5056: 5052: 5046: 5042: 5037: 5033: 5027: 5023: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4969: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4928: 4924: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4901: 4897: 4892: 4888: 4882: 4877: 4876: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4856: 4852: 4847: 4843: 4837: 4833: 4830: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4774: 4770: 4765: 4761: 4755: 4751: 4746: 4742: 4736: 4732: 4727: 4723: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4698: 4694: 4689: 4685: 4679: 4675: 4670: 4669: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4640: 4639: 4638: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4612: 4607: 4603: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4565: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4546: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4477: 4473: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4434: 4430: 4425: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4405: 4399: 4395: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4341: 4335: 4331: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4303: 4298: 4297: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4197: 4194:. Cambridge: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4175: 4171: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4152: 4151: 4150: 4134: 4129: 4122: 4117: 4110: 4109:Harrison 1996 4105: 4103: 4096:, p. 26. 4095: 4090: 4083: 4078: 4071: 4066: 4059: 4054: 4047: 4046:McDonald 2004 4042: 4035: 4034:Harrison 1996 4030: 4023: 4018: 4011: 4010:Harrison 1996 4006: 4004: 4002: 3994: 3989: 3982: 3977: 3971:, p. 90. 3970: 3965: 3958: 3953: 3946: 3941: 3934: 3929: 3922: 3917: 3910: 3905: 3898: 3893: 3887:, p. 70. 3886: 3881: 3875:, p. 43. 3874: 3869: 3863:, p. 40. 3862: 3857: 3855: 3848:, p. 39. 3847: 3842: 3835: 3830: 3824:, p. 18. 3823: 3818: 3811: 3806: 3799: 3794: 3787: 3782: 3775: 3770: 3764:, p. 16. 3763: 3762:Chappell 1996 3758: 3752:, p. 53. 3751: 3750:Saunders 2007 3746: 3739: 3734: 3727: 3722: 3715: 3710: 3703: 3698: 3691: 3686: 3684: 3676: 3671: 3664: 3659: 3657: 3649: 3644: 3637: 3632: 3625: 3620: 3614:, p. 47. 3613: 3608: 3601: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3583:, p. 38. 3582: 3577: 3570: 3565: 3559:, p. 36. 3558: 3553: 3546: 3541: 3534: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3518:, p. 34. 3517: 3512: 3505: 3500: 3493: 3488: 3481: 3476: 3470:, p. 38. 3469: 3464: 3457: 3452: 3450: 3442: 3437: 3431:, p. 37. 3430: 3425: 3418: 3413: 3406: 3401: 3394: 3389: 3382: 3377: 3370: 3365: 3359:, p. 30. 3358: 3353: 3346: 3341: 3335:, p. 28. 3334: 3329: 3322: 3317: 3310: 3305: 3298: 3293: 3286: 3281: 3274: 3269: 3262: 3261:Playfair 1954 3257: 3250: 3245: 3238: 3237:Playfair 1954 3233: 3226: 3221: 3214: 3213:Playfair 1954 3209: 3203:, p. 92. 3202: 3197: 3193: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3124: 3115: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3103: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3069: 3066:Fiction films 3063: 3037:4,255 wounded 3034:1,130 killed, 3031: 3026: 3002: 2988: 2974: 2971: 2970: 2952: 2951: 2935: 2934: 2918: 2917: 2901: 2900: 2884: 2883: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2849: 2846: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2817: 2813: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2787: 2786: 2771: 2770: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2749: 2744: 2741: 2740: 2722: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2685: 2684:Matilda tanks 2680: 2676: 2675:operational. 2656: 2652: 2648: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2607: 2602: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2561:Ronald Scobie 2558: 2554: 2545: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2519:19–29 August, 2516: 2505: 2496: 2494: 2491:took over as 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2442: 2431: 2426: 2416: 2411: 2401: 2371: 2367: 2356: 2341: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2310: 2308: 2292: 2287: 2277: 2274: 2270: 2256: 2253: 2243: 2235: 2226: 2222: 2216: 2212: 2209: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2188: 2183: 2179: 2178: 2173: 2172: 2162: 2153: 2151: 2146: 2145: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2119: 2114: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2093: 2087: 2077: 2067: 2046: 2042: 2029: 2025: 2024:Nazi Swastika 2021: 2016: 2012: 2010: 2009: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1925:hospital ship 1922: 1921: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1892:Stuka gruppen 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1807:Arthur Tedder 1804: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1776:14 Hurricanes 1773: 1772:274 Squadrons 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1745: 1743: 1732: 1729:100 prisoners 1726: 1713: 1709: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1673: 1672:Gustav Ponath 1660: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1613: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1537: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1503: 1499: 1487: 1478: 1476: 1466:30–50 percent 1453: 1446:7,000 lorries 1439: 1435: 1431: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1400: 1391: 1389: 1388:Pietro Zaglio 1385: 1376: 1368: 1364: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1309: 1306: 1293: 1292:Cruiser tanks 1285: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1265: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1185: 1184:John Lavarack 1181: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1142:Thomas Blamey 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1118: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1095: 1090: 1083: 1072: 1069: 1065: 1064: 1059: 1058:Hector Waller 1055: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1037:, as part of 1036: 1033: 1029: 1023: 1013: 1010: 1005: 1003: 998: 996: 995:Maletti Group 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 949: 944: 940: 936: 929: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 899: 895: 892: 888: 884: 882: 881:Syria–Lebanon 878: 874: 870: 863: 859: 854: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 818: 779: 766: 753: 720: 713: 696: 695: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 662:Maletti Group 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 647:Frontier Wire 645: 644: 643: 642: 635: 632: 628: 627:Outpost Snipe 625: 623: 622: 618: 616: 615: 611: 610: 609: 606: 602: 601: 597: 595: 594: 590: 588: 587: 583: 582: 581: 580: 576: 574: 571: 567: 564: 563: 562: 559: 557: 554: 550: 547: 545: 542: 541: 540: 537: 535: 534: 530: 529: 528: 527: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 503: 499: 498: 497: 496: 492: 490: 489: 485: 483: 482: 478: 476: 475: 471: 467: 464: 462: 459: 458: 457: 454: 452: 451: 447: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 414: 413: 412: 411: 410: 402: 399: 397: 394: 393: 392: 391: 387: 385: 382: 381: 380: 375: 370: 360: 355: 353: 348: 346: 341: 340: 337: 326: 323: 322: 317: 313: 310: 309: 304: 301: 296: 290: 285: 280: 277: 276:Ronald Scobie 272: 265: 260: 255: 254: 249: 246: 241: 235: 230: 225: 223: 212: 200: 197: 194: 182: 179: 167: 166: 165: 164: 152: 140: 139: 134: 126: 123: 122: 117: 88: 84: 80: 77: 76: 72: 69: 68: 64: 58: 53: 50: 46: 41: 36: 33: 26: 19: 8984:Erwin Rommel 8885:Afrika Korps 8818: 8817: 8786: 8785: 8754: 8753: 8731: 8730: 8637: 8565:Bibliography 8548: 8361:Project Hula 8326:Vistula–Oder 8295: 8228: 8219: 8203: 8173: 8122: 8106: 8097: 8088: 8054: 7951: 7866: 7842: 7812: 7563: 7456: 7401:North Africa 7103:Soviet Union 7057:Soviet Union 6983:Soviet Union 6751:Vatican City 6654:Vichy France 6559:German Reich 6456:Soviet Union 6442:South Africa 6435:Sierra Leone 6388:Newfoundland 6207:Participants 6190:Marocchinate 5894: 5885: 5855: 5733:North Africa 5694:Indian Ocean 5553:Nazi plunder 5444:Cryptography 5317:World War II 5246:. Retrieved 5230:A. (1991) . 5228:Generalmajor 5227: 5215:. Retrieved 5211:the original 5186:. Retrieved 5179:the original 5170: 5162: 5161: 5144: 5125: 5106: 5087: 5063: 5059: 5040: 5021: 5004: 4985: 4967: 4944: 4922: 4895: 4875:A Don at War 4874: 4869:Hunt, Sir D. 4851:Erwin Rommel 4850: 4832: 4828: 4809: 4790: 4768: 4749: 4730: 4711: 4692: 4673: 4652:. Retrieved 4647: 4636: 4635: 4610: 4591: 4572: 4553: 4534: 4512: 4490: 4471: 4454: 4428: 4416:. Retrieved 4403: 4383: 4361: 4339: 4319: 4316:von Luck, H. 4295: 4276: 4272: 4254: 4235: 4218: 4214: 4191: 4169: 4156: 4148: 4147: 4133:Maughan 1966 4128: 4116: 4089: 4082:Maughan 1966 4077: 4070:Maughan 1966 4065: 4053: 4041: 4029: 4017: 3988: 3976: 3964: 3952: 3945:Maughan 1966 3940: 3928: 3916: 3904: 3892: 3880: 3868: 3841: 3829: 3817: 3805: 3793: 3781: 3769: 3757: 3745: 3733: 3721: 3709: 3697: 3670: 3643: 3631: 3619: 3607: 3576: 3564: 3552: 3540: 3511: 3499: 3487: 3475: 3463: 3436: 3424: 3412: 3405:Creveld 1977 3400: 3393:Creveld 1977 3388: 3381:Creveld 1977 3376: 3369:Creveld 1977 3364: 3352: 3340: 3328: 3316: 3304: 3292: 3280: 3268: 3256: 3249:Creveld 1977 3244: 3232: 3220: 3208: 3196: 3114:Czechoslovak 3108: 3101: 3095: 3088: 3080: 3071: 3027: 2993: 2986: 2972: 2840: 2822: 2810: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2717: 2709:Afrika Korps 2708: 2701:Afrika Korps 2700: 2697:Afrika Korps 2696: 2690: 2654: 2646: 2643: 2614: 2551:the British 2537: 2512: 2469:36 aircraft. 2443: 2435: 2398:43 aircraft; 2358: 2329: 2311: 2299: 2272: 2257: 2244: 2231: 2207: 2200: 2185: 2175: 2169: 2167: 2143: 2122: 2117: 2111: 2101: 2091: 2082:19/20 April, 2079: 2033: 2019: 2007: 2002: 1994: 1977: 1972: 1968: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1932: 1927: 1919: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1891: 1873: 1868: 1856: 1839:Air Ministry 1800: 1742:Fliegerkorps 1741: 1738: 1705: 1695: 1656: 1628:13/14 April. 1623:11–12 April, 1620: 1607:El Adem road 1597:Sidi Barrani 1593:Halfaya Pass 1589:William Gott 1585:Mobile Force 1568:Afrika Korps 1551:Jebel Akhdar 1548: 1507: 1494: 1474: 1459:in July, to 1454: 1450:225,000 men. 1430:Vichy France 1423: 1414: 1407: 1363:18th Cavalry 1359: 1333: 1321: 1315: 1286: 1273:Tripolitania 1268: 1262: 1260: 1219: 1216: 1195:Philip Neame 1188: 1155: 1122:9th Division 1115: 1106: 1100: 1081: 1061: 1051: 1025: 1009:strongpoints 1006: 999: 960:in Egypt to 958:Mersa Matruh 955: 931:(15–17 June) 894:Erwin Rommel 890: 887:Adolf Hitler 885: 855: 777: 775: 672:Babini Group 657:Fort Capuzzo 640: 639: 620: 613: 599: 592: 585: 578: 566:Sidi Haneish 556:Mersa Matruh 532: 525: 524: 501: 494: 487: 480: 473: 466:Twin Pimples 456:Tobruk siege 455: 449: 408: 407: 401:Sidi Barrani 389: 378: 289:Erwin Rommel 141: 136:Belligerents 43:Part of the 32: 8740:(main unit) 8700:(June 1941) 8660:(June 1942) 8650:(July 1941) 8296:Bodenplatte 8182:Gothic Line 7408:West Africa 6955:Philippines 6934:Netherlands 6799:Czech lands 6737:Switzerland 6681:Afghanistan 6625:Philippines 6493:Puerto Rico 6409:Philippines 6395:New Zealand 6381:Netherlands 6334:Free France 6085:Prosecution 5886:Osoaviakhim 5756:West Africa 5740:East Africa 5387:Conferences 5145:Tobruk 1941 4968:To Benghazi 4941:Latimer, J. 3981:Murphy 1961 3957:Murphy 1961 3157:Africa Star 3060:74–150 Axis 3056:681 missing 3049:538 killed, 3009:746 killed, 2635:Black Watch 2378:13 damaged. 2361:(15–16 May) 2326:Very lights 2265:500 Italian 2076:Bardia raid 2070:Bardia raid 2065:33 damaged. 2057:34,113 were 2037:10–11 April 1973:Squadriglia 1943:Squadriglia 1864:14 Squadron 1860:39 Squadron 1837:cabled the 1764:73 Squadron 1679:64 wounded, 1587:(Brigadier 1519:Bofors guns 1208:Mersa Brega 1204:Iven Mackay 1166:Fiat M13/40 1160:(Brigadier 1082:Sonnenblume 1063:San Giorgio 924:(15–16 May) 851:Eighth Army 687:Baggush Box 608:2nd Alamein 561:1st Alamein 549:Tobruk 1942 450:Sonnenblume 422:Tobruk 1941 193:New Zealand 111: / 8923:Categories 8692:(May 1941) 8396:West Hunan 8229:Pointblank 7565:Silver Fox 7551:Summer War 7304:Winter War 7283:Phoney War 7064:Azerbaijan 7025:Yugoslavia 6920:Luxembourg 6762:Resistance 6502:Yugoslavia 6367:Luxembourg 6169:Sook Ching 5965:War crimes 5567:Technology 5560:Opposition 5502:Lend-Lease 5479:Australian 5472:Home front 5430:Blitzkrieg 5380:Casualties 5371:Commanders 5343:Operations 5080:Rommel, E. 4159:. London: 4143:References 3873:Lewin 1998 3690:Smith 2011 3675:Smith 2011 3648:Smith 2011 3480:Smith 2011 3225:Lewin 1998 3045:184 killed 2936:Sub-totals 2868:Australian 2835:Casualties 2819:German POW 2668:200 tanks. 2630:Sidi Azeiz 2461:27 cruiser 2446:48 British 2394:238 tanks, 2338:15 minutes 2314:11:00 p.m. 2303:43 members 2261:650 German 2248:15 cruiser 2239:9:30 p.m., 2110:HMAS 2107:destroyers 2053:47,280 men 1668:75 percent 1563:Suez Canal 1475:Via Balbia 1470:35 percent 1432:agreed to 1426:took 1,170 1419:Alexandria 1415:Via Balbia 1334:Via Balbia 1234:, Tecnis, 1220:Via Balbia 1191:El Agheila 1171:25-pounder 1080:Operation 1054:HMS Terror 1043:XXII Corps 1028:XIII Corps 974:Via Balbia 952:Background 677:Combeforce 667:Camouflage 634:El Agheila 573:Alam Halfa 544:Bir Hakeim 461:2nd Bardia 417:1st Bardia 99:23°57′41″E 96:32°04′34″N 8888:(Germany) 8461:Manchuria 8347:Indochina 8123:Bagration 7574:Lithuania 7219:Anschluss 7016:Viet Minh 6913:Lithuania 6855:Hong Kong 6618:Manchukuo 6573:Azad Hind 6232:Australia 6032:Aftermath 5895:Paperclip 5790:Aftermath 5590:Total war 5458:Diplomacy 5421:In Europe 5207:815355690 5082:(1982) . 5072:886499428 4871:(1990) . 4463:888934805 4413:846906679 4227:163936563 4121:ITOH 1974 3714:Weal 1998 3702:Weal 1998 3663:Weal 1998 3624:Weal 1998 3201:Luck 1989 3188:Citations 3058:and from 2725:Aftermath 2664:7:45 a.m. 2660:8:30 a.m. 2577:5,989 men 2573:6,308 men 2540:5,040 men 2522:6,116 men 2322:1:00 a.m. 2204:8:00 p.m. 2190:(OKH) in 2142:HMS 2139:submarine 2100:HMS 2090:HMS 2026:from the 1918:HMS 1746:had sent 1684:Luftwaffe 1659:hull-down 1386:(General 1371:8:00 a.m. 1248:El Magrun 1103:10th Army 869:Beda Fomm 579:Agreement 513:Point 175 488:Battleaxe 432:Beda Fomm 151:Australia 8572:Category 8521:document 8431:document 8288:Ardennes 8272:Budapest 8220:Crossbow 8098:Overlord 7937:Smolensk 7155:Timeline 6990:Slovakia 6976:Thailand 6827:Ethiopia 6792:Bulgaria 6716:Portugal 6647:Thailand 6529:Bulgaria 6307:Eswatini 6300:Ethiopia 6253:Bulgaria 6078:Unit 731 6039:Response 5856:Keelhaul 5806:Cold War 5779:Americas 5770:timeline 5763:Atlantic 5643:Theaters 5243:58531612 5163:Websites 4977:18400892 4965:(1952). 4963:Long, G. 4943:(2004). 4914:97-80326 4789:(2006). 4637:Websites 4629:40883686 4418:18 March 4382:(2007). 4318:(1989). 4285:13007244 4190:(1977). 3492:PRO 2001 3121:See also 3023:467 more 2955:Division 2860:Missing 2857:Wounded 2772:Merchant 2750:Wounded 2747:missing 2742:Service 2730:Analysis 2567:and the 2390:347 were 2388:of whom 2382:258 men, 2174:and the 2123:Waterhen 2105:and the 2102:Coventry 2092:Glengyle 2086:Layforce 2061:34 ships 1978:Waterhen 1969:Auckland 1901:Ladybird 1829:and II./ 1663:38 tanks 1573:invested 1305:El Abiar 1212:Benghazi 1148:and the 1105:and the 982:Giarabub 978:sand sea 913:Benghazi 909:Egyptian 734:100miles 621:Braganza 495:Crusader 481:Skorpion 442:Giarabub 306:Strength 78:Location 8880:(Italy) 8872:(Italy) 8864:(Italy) 8856:(Italy) 8498:Shumshu 8265:Hungary 8212:Estonia 8196:Lapland 8174:Dragoon 8107:Neptune 8089:Ichi-Go 8055:Tempest 7997:Changde 7952:Cottage 7844:Jubilee 7560:Finland 7458:Compass 7164:Prelude 7117:Finland 7003:Vietnam 6969:Romania 6841:Germany 6820:Estonia 6806:Denmark 6785:Belgium 6778:Austria 6771:Albania 6702:Ireland 6688:Andorra 6672:Neutral 6632:Romania 6566:Hungary 6551:Finland 6423:Romania 6315:Finland 6293:Denmark 6239:Belgium 6225:Algeria 5931:Romania 5917:Hungary 5673:Pacific 5397:General 5351:Leaders 5336:Battles 5329:Outline 5248:5 April 5226:Toppe, 5217:5 April 5188:5 April 5086:(ed.). 5013:2127215 4654:5 April 4453:(ed.). 3028:In the 2885:British 2854:Killed 2851:Forces 2758:RN, RAN 2745:Killed/ 2542:of the 2524:of the 2477:General 2473:678 men 2334:mortars 2144:Triumph 2118:Voyager 1989:and II/ 1985:of III/ 1952:Grimsby 1910:Bankura 1844:Bf 109s 1825:, III./ 1696:staffel 1688:sorties 1601:Capuzzo 1531:of the 1526:⁄ 1434:Bizerta 1347:El Adem 1281:Nofilia 1240:Mechili 1236:Martuba 1114:of the 1111:Squadra 1075:Prelude 1002:sirocco 990:Bedouin 970:Italian 907:to the 860:during 614:Bertram 593:Caravan 533:Acrobat 502:Flipper 474:Brevity 427:Mechili 396:Nibeiwa 390:Compass 234:Germany 47:of the 8615:Tobruk 8475:Debate 8447:Taipei 8440:Borneo 8018:Tarawa 7212:Europe 7173:Africa 6962:Poland 6948:Norway 6927:Malaya 6906:Latvia 6848:Greece 6834:France 6730:Sweden 6695:Bhutan 6416:Poland 6402:Norway 6374:Mexico 6341:Greece 6327:France 6265:Canada 6246:Brazil 6216:Allies 6162:Serbia 6151:Poland 5924:Poland 5910:Baltic 5703:Europe 5405:Topics 5357:Allied 5241: 5205: 5151: 5132: 5113: 5094: 5070: 5047: 5028: 5011: 4992: 4975: 4951: 4929: 4912: 4902: 4883: 4857: 4838: 4816: 4797: 4791:Tobruk 4775: 4756: 4737: 4718: 4699: 4680: 4627: 4617: 4598: 4579: 4560: 4541: 4523: 4497: 4478: 4461: 4435: 4411: 4390: 4368: 4353:954993 4351: 4326: 4304: 4283: 4261: 4242: 4225: 4202: 4176: 3109:Tobruk 3102:Tobruk 3089:Tobruk 3054:about 2967:2,153 2948:3,836 2919:Polish 2902:Indian 2880:3,194 2863:Total 2753:Total 2526:Polish 2366:Musaid 2208:Ariete 2192:Berlin 2135:Folbot 2112:Stuart 2045:Gambut 2018:Ju 87 2003:Latona 1995:Stukas 1961:Chakla 1935:Gruppo 1928:Kapara 1920:Chakla 1916:, and 1914:Urania 1869:Gruppo 1780:Benina 1752:Sicily 1710:. The 1692:Ju 87s 1581:Sollum 1577:Bardia 1481:Tobruk 1394:Supply 1338:Acroma 1322:Ariete 1146:Wavell 962:Gazala 843:Tobruk 831:Allied 829:. An 600:Nicety 586:Bigamy 539:Gazala 327:12,296 314:35,000 311:27,000 211:Poland 190: 175: 160: 148: 124:Result 83:Tobruk 8251:Leyte 8081:Narva 8067:Anzio 8025:Makin 7983:Burma 7867:Torch 7836:Rzhev 7797:Kiska 6883:Korea 6869:Japan 6862:Italy 6744:Tibet 6723:Spain 6594:Italy 6355:Italy 6348:India 6272:China 6147:Japan 5747:Italy 5659:China 5611:Women 5235:(PDF) 5182:(PDF) 5175:(PDF) 5062:[ 4831:Stuka 4275:[ 4217:[ 4149:Books 3017:that 2987:5,989 2973:Total 2942:2,487 2874:1,974 2789:Total 2647:Tiger 2571:with 2041:Bomba 2020:Stuka 1999:StG 1 1991:StG 2 1957:Fiona 1947:sloop 1939:Helka 1906:Draco 1795:ZG 26 1621:From 1540:Siege 1510:cadre 1438:Malta 1277:Sirte 1256:Derna 1244:Tmimi 1228:Tocra 1224:Barce 1206:) at 917:siege 905:Libya 877:Greek 732:150km 437:Kufra 324:5,989 245:Italy 178:India 87:Libya 8317:1945 8045:1944 7886:1943 7814:Blue 7804:Attu 7711:1942 7470:1941 7322:1940 7260:1939 7189:Asia 7036:POWs 6876:Jews 6587:Iraq 6513:Axis 6463:Tuva 6279:Cuba 5364:Axis 5250:2015 5239:OCLC 5219:2015 5203:OCLC 5190:2015 5149:ISBN 5130:ISBN 5111:ISBN 5092:ISBN 5068:OCLC 5045:ISBN 5026:ISBN 5009:OCLC 4990:ISBN 4973:OCLC 4949:ISBN 4927:ISBN 4910:LCCN 4900:ISBN 4881:ISBN 4855:ISBN 4836:ISBN 4814:ISBN 4795:ISBN 4773:ISBN 4754:ISBN 4735:ISBN 4716:ISBN 4697:ISBN 4678:ISBN 4656:2015 4625:OCLC 4615:ISBN 4596:ISBN 4577:ISBN 4558:ISBN 4539:ISBN 4521:ISBN 4517:HMSO 4495:ISBN 4476:ISBN 4459:OCLC 4433:ISBN 4420:2015 4409:OCLC 4388:ISBN 4366:ISBN 4349:OCLC 4324:ISBN 4302:ISBN 4281:OCLC 4259:ISBN 4240:ISBN 4223:OCLC 4200:ISBN 4174:ISBN 3039:and 2953:70th 2931:107 2897:509 2823:The 2783:125 2774:Navy 2767:655 2655:Lion 2624:and 2531:and 2463:and 2452:and 2330:Jock 2263:and 2223:and 2121:and 2043:and 2008:Hero 1987:LG 1 1959:and 1813:and 1762:and 1634:and 1502:26th 1500:and 1498:20th 1342:18th 1299:and 1279:and 1242:and 1232:Msus 986:Siwa 984:and 926:and 879:and 776:The 526:1942 409:1941 379:1940 70:Date 2945:494 2939:855 2914:26 2891:406 2877:476 2871:744 2804:780 2799:241 2794:539 2764:186 2761:469 2273:DAK 1595:to 1461:25% 1457:19% 1442:91% 1390:). 1336:at 1290:12 1288:to 1269:DAK 1150:GHQ 8925:: 8065:/ 4908:. 4623:. 4519:. 4347:. 4198:. 4101:^ 4000:^ 3853:^ 3682:^ 3655:^ 3588:^ 3523:^ 3448:^ 3139:: 2925:82 2922:22 2908:25 2894:15 2888:88 2780:55 2777:70 2555:, 2115:, 1949:, 1912:, 1908:, 1793:A 1636:55 1632:45 1603:. 1508:A 1246:, 1238:, 1214:. 1107:5° 1049:. 972:: 853:. 817:-/ 814:oʊ 85:, 8648:( 8607:e 8600:t 8593:v 7568:) 7562:( 6429:) 6425:( 6361:) 6357:( 6321:) 6317:( 6259:) 6255:( 5309:e 5302:t 5295:v 5252:. 5221:. 5192:. 5157:. 5138:. 5119:. 5100:. 5074:. 5053:. 5034:. 5015:. 4998:. 4979:. 4957:. 4935:. 4916:. 4889:. 4863:. 4844:. 4822:. 4803:. 4781:. 4762:. 4743:. 4724:. 4705:. 4686:. 4658:. 4631:. 4604:. 4585:. 4566:. 4547:. 4529:. 4503:. 4484:. 4465:. 4441:. 4422:. 4396:. 4374:. 4355:. 4332:. 4310:. 4287:. 4267:. 4248:. 4229:. 4208:. 4182:. 4163:. 3104:. 2983:— 2980:— 2977:— 2964:— 2961:— 2958:— 2928:3 2911:0 2905:1 2030:. 1760:6 1744:X 1528:3 1524:1 1320:( 1294:, 1267:( 968:( 811:t 808:, 805:k 802:ʊ 799:r 796:b 793:ˈ 790:ə 787:t 784:/ 780:( 358:e 351:t 344:v 27:. 20:.

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