35:
622:
678:
wrote a descriptive note for each book, detailing the author's name along with place and year of birth. Next, after they determined what parts of the author's work would go into the compilation, they analyzed the main points of the author's argument. This short annotation, which reflected their own
297:, but each was given a government position after he had transcribed a set number of sections of the encyclopedia. Following its ten-year-long compilation, seven copies were produced of the completed encyclopedia, which were distributed throughout the empire.
479:
by highlighting the cruelty of its early rulers and contrasting it with the policies of his the Qing. The compilers did not see Zhang
Shicheng's rule as legitimate, but as a natural response to the tyranny imposed on the people under the Ming.
269:
in 1772. Local and provincial officers were put in charge of locating and collecting important books, and the emperor encouraged owners of rare or valuable books to send them to the capital. At first, few did, because of concerns about the
193:
history, comprising 36,381 volumes, 79,337 manuscript rolls, 2.3 million pages, and about 997 million words. The complete encyclopedia contains an annotated catalogue of 10,680 titles along with a compendiums of 3,593 titles. The
458:
The
Qianlong Emperor reviewed many of the works that were being compiled, and his opinions were conveyed through direct comments or imperial edicts. These colored the compilers' criteria for works suitable for inclusion in the
274:, but towards the end of 1772 the emperor issued a decree stating that books would be returned to their owners once the compilation was finished and that the owners would not be punished if their books contained
1829:
430:
itself, documents that could not be verified were often included by title only. Even officially sponsored writings, such as local gazetteers, were not safe from the scrutiny of the compilers.
422:
In the course of editing, a large number of corrections were made to local records. Personal documents, often describing the actions of noteworthy local people, were often included in the
1893:
597:. An additional four to five hundred books were also edited or censored. The majority of the books that were banned had been written towards the end of the Ming dynasty and contained
2449:
613:. However, it has been also pointed out that most works banned under the Qing's censorship have been preserved, whereas most of the works lost were not among those prohibited.
1727:
2488:
342:
bibliography, which was completed by 1773. The first workable drafts were completed in 1781. These included bibliographical information on all the works included in the
1333:"Destruction of Chinese Books in the Peking Siege of 1900" by Donald G. Davis, Jr. (of the University of Texas at Austin) and Cheng Huanwen (of Zhongshan University)
1822:
2493:
2329:
237:
447:'s writings as their model, though they came to be divided into two types: "archival", meaning scholarly articles, and "cultural", meaning Buddhist
2168:
1908:
1046:
2313:
2284:
1903:
1359:
522:
327:
455:
redefined the classifications in several compilations and set boundaries based on authors' biographies and the purposes of their writings.
1985:
1316:
1524:
451:. Because authors and previous compilers had not considered philosophical works to form part of historical records, the compilers of the
1212:
581:
It is said that the
Qianlong Emperor did not keep his promise to return books to their owners. Any books that did not make it into the
1866:
1973:
1958:
1660:
2696:
2035:
870:
2727:
1968:
349:
As indicated by its title, the work is structured in four categories, which reference the divisions of the imperial library:
2197:
1948:
1861:
1585:
492:. The first four copies were for the emperor himself and were kept in the north, in specially constructed libraries in the
2763:
1770:
1600:
1197:
2413:
1782:
1655:
1479:
1332:
1326:
2702:
2543:
2418:
1775:
1352:
1272:
1110:
1083:
1056:
903:
545:
were also completely destroyed, while the copy kept in
Hangzhou was only about 70 to 80 percent destroyed during the
2778:
2513:
815:
2758:
2630:
1873:
1560:
1446:
2768:
2214:
2080:
1848:
1595:
1534:
1504:
1494:
1137:
968:
791:
439:
281:
By March 1773, an editorial board composed of hundreds of editors, collators, and copyists had been created in
47:
34:
2648:
2423:
2279:
1963:
1953:
1938:
1933:
1765:
1715:
1695:
1635:
1469:
61:
2407:
2185:
2052:
1918:
1812:
1422:
1412:
1345:
821:
2324:
2307:
1817:
1792:
1755:
1665:
1625:
1377:
508:. The remaining three copies were sent to the south, where they deposited in libraries in the cities of
2707:
2153:
1236:
150:
433:
Medical knowledge was often documented through case studies, on the model of twenty-five instances in
2717:
2436:
2365:
2158:
1690:
1615:
1484:
1402:
669:
554:
338:
302:
278:. Less than three months after the issue of this decree, four to five thousand books were handed in.
213:
2638:
2458:
2192:
2163:
1913:
840:
779:
562:
550:
683:
and formed the
Complete Catalogue. The catalogue divided the Siku Quanshu into its four sections (
609:
by executing scholars and burning any books that made direct or implicit political attacks on the
2234:
1700:
1685:
1519:
1417:
310:, had also been completed. It contains bibliographical information about the 3,593 titles in the
1155:
Hung, William (1939). "Preface to an Index to Ssu-k'u ch'uan-shu tsung-mu and Wei-shou shu-mu".
2615:
2503:
2384:
2209:
1427:
1310:
558:
405:), containing literature such as poetry and personal letters, and writings meant for the masses
379:
221:
593:), a catalogue of over 2,855 books that were rejected and banned during the completion of the
2689:
2548:
2508:
2175:
2137:
2025:
2005:
1923:
1722:
1705:
1570:
1539:
1474:
1305:
1224:
731:
354:
285:
to gather and review books brought to them. This board included more than 361 scholars, with
1209:
898:(in Chinese). Editorial Board of the Encyclopedia of China. 2 March 2024. pp. 146–147.
2620:
2587:
2553:
2498:
2378:
2360:
2070:
2000:
1807:
1590:
1292:
846:
749:
294:
271:
178:
293:) as chief editors. Around 3,826 scribes copied every word by hand. They were not paid in
8:
2673:
2523:
2463:
2395:
2075:
1928:
1883:
1630:
1509:
1489:
1397:
598:
464:
275:
200:
2558:
2269:
2264:
2090:
2030:
2020:
2015:
2010:
1834:
1680:
1499:
1172:
1116:
1089:
834:
656:). In total, each copy is around 2.3 million pages, and has approximately 800 million
2568:
2563:
2538:
2483:
2478:
2401:
2349:
2254:
2085:
1990:
1888:
1787:
1750:
1675:
1605:
1575:
1529:
1288:
1268:
1251:
1143:
1133:
1106:
1079:
1052:
974:
964:
899:
773:
657:
546:
530:
497:
318:, which was published in 1793, became the largest Chinese book catalog of the time.
2722:
2605:
2528:
2468:
2274:
1995:
1856:
1802:
1645:
1610:
1514:
1439:
1407:
1164:
1071:
767:
534:
258:
190:
186:
92:
2773:
2737:
2683:
2533:
2518:
2342:
1797:
1760:
1710:
1670:
1620:
1565:
1434:
1320:
1216:
1201:
1130:
The
Emperor's Four Treasuries: Scholars and the State in the Late Chʻien-lung Era
136:
2600:
2473:
2239:
2202:
1650:
1640:
1580:
803:
797:
743:
737:
729:
to those written during the Qing. Included within the 44 subcategories are the
606:
493:
468:
426:
if their contents could be verified through central government records. In the
113:
1194:
2752:
2712:
2678:
2643:
2259:
2249:
2065:
1456:
1255:
1068:
After the
Prosperous Age: State and Elites in Early Nineteenth-Century Suzhou
785:
761:
610:
472:
443:, which blended narrative with analysis. Similarly, works on philosophy took
346:
in full as well as a large number of works that are mentioned only by title.
229:
1147:
1093:
978:
2732:
2371:
2060:
2042:
1898:
1368:
1120:
809:
720:
605:
was partially the
Qianlong Emperor's attempt to rid China of any remaining
476:
444:
262:
205:
182:
99:
2668:
2389:
2110:
2105:
1075:
372:
189:
in 1772, and completed in 1782. It is the largest collection of books in
520:. All seven libraries also received copies of the imperial encyclopedia
2336:
2180:
2130:
2100:
1943:
1176:
1337:
208:, which had been China's largest encyclopedia. Complete copies of the
2125:
2115:
1103:
Thinking with Cases: Specialist
Knowledge in Chinese Cultural History
538:
513:
467:. This can be exemplified in the compilers' handling of the story of
434:
368:
1265:
A Translucent Mirror: History and
Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology
1168:
1132:. Cambridge, MA: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University.
2610:
2355:
2302:
2244:
2120:
2095:
1298:
570:
542:
517:
509:
501:
241:
306:('Annotated Bibliography of the Four Treasuries'), a guide to the
2595:
755:
725:
566:
505:
282:
233:
217:
963:(Rev. ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center.
286:
225:
1070:. Vol. 101 (1 ed.). Harvard University Asia Center.
314:
and about 6,793 other books that were not included in it. The
2319:
1878:
549:. The four remaining copies suffered some damage during the
2489:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
1978:
448:
1210:
http://www.peopledaily.com.cn/GB/paper39/4099/481459.html
1048:
The Cambridge History of China: The Ch'ing Empire to 1800
621:
418:), whose texts focus on philosophy, arts, and sciences.
719:
includes most major Chinese texts, from pre-Classical
488:
The Qianlong Emperor commissioned seven copies of the
118:
104:
2494:
Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
1066:Han, Seunghyun (2016). "After the Prosperous Age".
1009:
1007:
942:
940:
938:
936:
994:
992:
990:
988:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
2750:
1329:, Studiolum: the Library of the Humanist article
1101:Furth, Charlotte (2007). "Thinking with Cases".
1004:
933:
475:. The Qianlong Emperor sought to discredit the
1894:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
985:
912:
2314:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
2285:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
1353:
1237:
1225:
701:The books are divided into 44 subcategories (
523:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
463:, especially in relation to works expressing
424:Annotated Bibliography of the Four Treasuries
328:Annotated Bibliography of the Four Treasuries
316:Annotated Bibliography of the Four Treasuries
66:
52:
1267:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1195:http://bbs.i56i.com/archiver/tid-50680.html
1051:. Vol. 9. Cambridge University Press.
1360:
1346:
679:opinions, was put at the beginning of the
33:
1974:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
1314:(Complete Library of the Four Treasuries)
1302:(Complete Library of the Four Treasuries)
958:
871:"Complete Library of the Four Treasuries"
553:. Today, those copies are located in the
1823:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
1262:
1044:
1025:
620:
78:complete books of the four repositories
2430:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
1367:
1289:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
174:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
2751:
1327:All That Is Worth to Know Under Heaven
2728:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
1969:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
1341:
1248:Title Index to the Ssŭ K'u Ch'üan Shu
1100:
1013:
375:(202 BC – 220 AD)
1949:Ministry of Posts and Communications
1154:
946:
2697:History of Qing (People's Republic)
1245:
1127:
1065:
998:
927:
13:
2414:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
1783:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
1776:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
1656:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
1480:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
1185:
1157:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
646:), with more than 79,000 volumes (
14:
2790:
2703:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
2544:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
2419:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
1571:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
1282:
16:18th-century Chinese encyclopedia
2514:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
1830:Articles of Favourable Treatment
1586:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
1323:, National Palace Museum webpage
816:Stratagems of the Warring States
696:
537:in 1860. The two copies kept in
321:
1561:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
1447:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
1105:. University of Hawai'i Press.
1045:Fairbank, John K., ed. (1978).
636:was bound into 36,381 volumes (
483:
332:The initial compilation of the
2215:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
1505:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
1037:
1028:The Cambridge History of China
1019:
952:
884:
863:
792:Records of the Grand Historian
711:
706:
689:
652:
642:
590:
569:, and the Zhejiang Library in
440:Records of the Grand Historian
414:
401:
388:
363:
247:
119:
105:
67:
53:
1:
2649:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
2424:Islam during the Qing dynasty
2280:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
1964:Provincial military commander
1954:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
1939:Imperial Household Department
1766:Preparative Constitutionalism
1470:Sino-Russian border conflicts
852:
576:
2408:Researches on Manchu Origins
1813:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
1423:Transition from Ming to Qing
1413:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
959:Wilkinson, Endymion (2000).
857:
822:Compendium of Materia Medica
674:The scholars working on the
663:
585:risked becoming part of the
265:ordered the creation of the
7:
2308:Changzhou School of Thought
1818:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
1793:Railway Protection Movement
1771:1909 Parliamentary election
1756:British expedition to Tibet
1666:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
1626:Self-Strengthening Movement
1601:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
1250:. Beijing: Standard Press.
1030:. Vol. 8. p. 781.
828:
616:
252:
10:
2795:
2764:18th-century encyclopedias
2708:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
1596:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)
1535:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
1525:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
1495:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)
667:
371:and traditional since the
325:
141:
2718:Names of the Qing dynasty
2661:
2629:
2586:
2579:
2448:
2366:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
2293:
2225:
2146:
2051:
1847:
1738:
1696:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
1691:Gongche Shangshu movement
1636:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
1548:
1485:Chinese Rites controversy
1455:
1385:
1376:
1263:Crossley, Pamela (1999).
1238:
1226:
1200:19 September 2018 at the
961:Chinese History: A Manual
702:
693:; 'repository').
684:
670:Siku Quanshu Zongmu Tiyao
647:
637:
555:National Library of China
533:was destroyed during the
409:
396:
383:
367:), the canon ramified by
358:
339:Siku Quanshu Zongmu Tiyao
303:Siku Quanshu Zongmu Tiyao
290:
214:National Library of China
159:
149:
135:
130:
112:
98:
91:
86:
82:
74:
60:
46:
41:
32:
28:
23:
2639:Great Qing Treasure Note
2459:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
2169:Administrative divisions
1986:Administrative divisions
1914:Flag of the Qing dynasty
1215:18 December 2018 at the
895:
891:
841:Four Great Books of Song
780:Spring and Autumn Annals
563:Gansu Provincial Library
551:Second Sino-Japanese War
204:created by the previous
155:duin namun i yooni bithe
48:Traditional Chinese
2779:Qing dynasty literature
2235:Chengde Mountain Resort
2036:Three Eastern Provinces
1686:First Sino-Japanese War
1661:Northern Chinese Famine
1520:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
1418:Qing invasion of Joseon
1026:Fairbank, John (2008).
62:Simplified Chinese
2759:1781 non-fiction books
2616:Great Qing Copper Coin
2504:Convention of Tientsin
2437:Annotated Bibliography
2385:Qing official headwear
1428:Battle of Shanhai Pass
1246:Yue, Ping-yao (1934).
892:四庫七閣、《四庫全書》、《四庫全書總目提要》
825:, and other classics.
629:
559:National Palace Museum
222:National Palace Museum
2769:Chinese encyclopedias
2690:Draft History of Qing
2549:Treaty of Shimonoseki
2330:performance criticism
1934:Imperial Commissioner
1924:Great Qing Legal Code
1723:Eight-Nation Alliance
1706:Third plague pandemic
1616:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
1540:White Lotus Rebellion
1319:28 March 2018 at the
1306:World Digital Library
1128:Guy, R. Kent (1987).
732:Analects of Confucius
624:
529:The copy kept in the
526:, completed in 1725.
143:ᡩᡠᡳᠨᠨᠠᠮᡠᠨ ᡳᠶᠣᡠᠨᡳᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ
2621:Great Qing Gold Coin
2554:Treaty of Tarbagatai
2499:Convention of Peking
2379:Pentaglot Dictionary
2361:Literary inquisition
2071:Ever Victorious Army
1904:Deliberative Council
1808:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
1761:1905 Batang uprising
1701:Hundred Days' Reform
1591:Small Swords Society
1293:Chinese Text Project
1076:10.2307/j.ctt1dnn8ht
847:Literary inquisition
750:Doctrine of the Mean
465:anti-Qing sentiments
272:Literary Inquisition
181:commissioned by the
179:Chinese encyclopedia
2674:Anti-Qing sentiment
2524:Treaty of the Bogue
2464:Treaty of Nerchinsk
2396:Complete Tang Poems
2076:Green Standard Army
1959:Provincial governor
1929:Imperial Clan Court
1909:Diplomatic missions
1884:Consultative Bureau
1631:Tongzhi Restoration
1510:Afaqi Khoja revolts
1490:Ten Great Campaigns
1398:Jurchen unification
599:anti-Qing sentiment
276:Anti-Qing sentiment
201:Yongle Encyclopedia
198:surpassed the 1403
2559:Treaty of Tientsin
2270:Western Qing tombs
2265:Eastern Qing tombs
2091:Peking Field Force
1835:Manchu Restoration
1728:Declaration of war
1681:Jindandao incident
1500:Lhasa riot of 1750
1312:Ssu-k'u ch'uan-shu
1239:乾隆編"四庫全書"為引蛇出洞燒異說？
835:Libraries in China
658:Chinese characters
630:
120:Ssu-k'u Ch'üan-shu
2746:
2745:
2657:
2656:
2569:Treaty of Whampoa
2564:Treaty of Wanghia
2539:Treaty of Nanking
2509:Li–Lobanov Treaty
2484:Chefoo Convention
2479:Burlingame Treaty
2350:Kangxi Dictionary
2255:Old Summer Palace
2086:Firearm Battalion
1889:Cup of Solid Gold
1843:
1842:
1788:Manchurian plague
1751:Late Qing reforms
1742:(1901–1912)
1676:Sikkim expedition
1606:Panthay Rebellion
1576:Taiping Rebellion
1552:(1801–1900)
1530:Sino-Nepalese War
1475:Dzungar–Qing Wars
1461:(1683–1799)
1389:(1616–1683)
1291:scanned texts at
1227:炮轟《四庫全書》和紀曉嵐有何不可？
774:Classic of Poetry
632:Each copy of the
547:Taiping Rebellion
531:Old Summer Palace
498:Old Summer Palace
336:started with the
163:
162:
126:
125:
93:Standard Mandarin
2786:
2723:New Qing History
2606:Qianlong Tongbao
2584:
2583:
2529:Treaty of Canton
2469:Unequal treaties
2275:Fuling Mausoleum
1874:Advisory Council
1803:Wuchang Uprising
1743:
1646:Tianjin Massacre
1611:Second Opium War
1553:
1515:Sino-Burmese War
1462:
1440:Battle of Penghu
1408:Seven Grievances
1390:
1383:
1382:
1362:
1355:
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1339:
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768:Classic of Rites
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639:
625:A page from the
592:
557:in Beijing, the
535:Second Opium War
416:
411:
403:
398:
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385:
365:
360:
292:
289:and Lu Xixiong (
259:Qianlong Emperor
238:Zhejiang Library
212:are held at the
191:imperial Chinese
187:Qianlong Emperor
171:, literally the
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108:
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84:
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2742:
2738:Willow Palisade
2684:Chuang Guandong
2653:
2625:
2575:
2534:Treaty of Kulja
2519:Treaty of Aigun
2452:
2444:
2343:History of Ming
2295:
2289:
2227:
2221:
2147:Special regions
2142:
2081:Imperial Guards
2047:
1839:
1798:1911 Revolution
1744:
1741:
1734:
1711:Boxer Rebellion
1671:Sino-French War
1621:Amur Annexation
1566:First Opium War
1554:
1551:
1544:
1463:
1460:
1451:
1435:Great Clearance
1391:
1388:
1372:
1366:
1321:Wayback Machine
1285:
1275:
1233:
1221:
1217:Wayback Machine
1206:
1202:Wayback Machine
1191:
1188:
1186:Further reading
1183:
1169:10.2307/2717904
1140:
1113:
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2043:Zongli Yamen
1899:Da-Qing Bank
1716:Red Lanterns
1369:Qing dynasty
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1234:(in Chinese)
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1163:(1): 47–58.
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484:Distribution
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106:Sìkù Quánshū
100:Hanyu Pinyin
42:Chinese name
24:Siku Quanshu
18:
2669:Aisin Gioro
2631:Paper money
2390:Qing poetry
2111:Wuwei Corps
2106:Shuishiying
1867:Family tree
1121:j.ctt6wr1vg
1038:Works cited
947:Hung (1939)
876:8 September
603:Siku Jinshu
587:Siku Jinshu
408:"Masters" (
395:"Letters" (
373:Han dynasty
322:Compilation
248:Compilation
151:Möllendorff
131:Manchu name
2753:Categories
2337:Four Wangs
2228:mausoleums
2181:Golden Urn
2154:Inner Asia
2131:Xiang Army
2101:Hushenying
2026:Liangguang
2006:Liangjiang
1944:Lifan Yuan
1849:Government
1139:0674251156
999:Han (2016)
970:0674002474
928:Guy (1987)
853:References
577:Censorship
236:, and the
114:Wade–Giles
2159:Manchuria
2126:Huai Army
2116:Yong Ying
2001:Shaan-Gan
1457:High Qing
1403:Later Jin
1295:(Chinese)
1256:250671091
858:Citations
664:Catalogue
539:Zhenjiang
514:Zhenjiang
435:Sima Qian
380:Histories
369:Confucius
2611:Hongqian
2580:Currency
2450:Treaties
2356:Kaozheng
2303:Booi Aha
2245:Hetu Ala
2198:Timeline
2193:Xinjiang
2164:Mongolia
2121:Chu Army
2096:New Army
2053:Military
1991:Viceroys
1317:Archived
1213:Archived
1198:Archived
1148:15133087
979:42772193
829:See also
617:Contents
571:Hangzhou
543:Yangzhou
518:Yangzhou
510:Hangzhou
502:Shenyang
355:Classics
253:Creation
242:Hangzhou
177:, was a
2596:Zhiqian
2588:Coinage
2325:Economy
2296:culture
2031:Yun-Gui
2021:Min-Zhe
2016:Sichuan
2011:Huguang
1857:Emperor
1378:History
1177:2717904
756:I Ching
738:Mencius
726:I Ching
715:). The
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