346:
176:
957:-like structure where silicon is 6-coordinate. The density of stishovite is 4.287 g/cm, which compares to α-quartz, the densest of the low-pressure forms, which has a density of 2.648 g/cm. The difference in density can be ascribed to the increase in coordination as the six shortest SiâO bond lengths in stishovite (four SiâO bond lengths of 176 pm and two others of 181 pm) are greater than the SiâO bond length (161 pm) in α-quartz. The change in the coordination increases the ionicity of the SiâO bond.
36:
8390:
1066:
4015:
517:
1525:
4069:
3960:
4047:
3762:
3734:
3675:
3701:
3935:
847:
839:
726:
855:
3861:
3646:
3617:
3902:
3819:
3303:
520:
522:
1052:). In dimeric silicon dioxide there are two oxygen atoms bridging between the silicon atoms with an SiâOâSi angle of 94° and bond length of 164.6 pm and the terminal SiâO bond length is 150.2 pm. The SiâO bond length is 148.3 pm, which compares with the length of 161 pm in α-quartz. The bond energy is estimated at 621.7 kJ/mol.
5853:
These soft-focus pigments, mainly composed of polymers, micas and talcs covered with rough or spherical particles of small diameters, such as silica or titanium dioxide, are used to optically reduce the appearance of wrinkles. These effects are obtained by optimizing outlines of wrinkles and reducing
1516:
It can also be produced by vaporizing quartz sand in a 3000 °C electric arc. Both processes result in microscopic droplets of amorphous silica fused into branched, chainlike, three-dimensional secondary particles which then agglomerate into tertiary particles, a white powder with extremely low
3404:
The solubility of silicon dioxide in water strongly depends on its crystalline form and is three to four times higher for amorphous silica than quartz; as a function of temperature, it peaks around 340 °C (644 °F). This property is used to grow single crystals of quartz in a hydrothermal
1294:
The structural geometry of silicon and oxygen in glass is similar to that in quartz and most other crystalline forms of silicon and oxygen with silicon surrounded by regular tetrahedra of oxygen centres. The difference between the glass and crystalline forms arises from the connectivity of the
3422:
7097:
NIOSH (2002) Hazard Review, Health
Effects of Occupational Exposure to Respirable Crystalline Silica. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
3405:
process where natural quartz is dissolved in superheated water in a pressure vessel that is cooler at the top. Crystals of 0.5â1 kg can be grown for 1â2 months. These crystals are a source of very pure quartz for use in electronic applications. Above the
2874:), strong bases react with glass and easily dissolve it. Therefore, strong bases have to be stored in plastic bottles to avoid jamming the bottle cap, to preserve the integrity of the recipient, and to avoid undesirable contamination by silicate anions.
3542:/m of air. Prior to 2013, it had allowed 100 ÎŒg/m and in construction workers even 250 ÎŒg/m. In 2013, OSHA also required the "green completion" of fracked wells to reduce exposure to crystalline silica and restrict the exposure limit.
3479:
or work with powdered crystalline silica products. Amorphous silica, such as fumed silica, may cause irreversible lung damage in some cases but is not associated with the development of silicosis. Children, asthmatics of any age, those with
2024:
of so-called native oxide. Higher temperatures and alternative environments are used to grow well-controlled layers of silicon dioxide on silicon, for example at temperatures between 600 and 1200 °C, using so-called dry oxidation with
3455:, as the dust becomes lodged in the lungs and continuously irritates the tissue, reducing lung capacities. When fine silica particles are inhaled in large enough quantities (such as through occupational exposure), it increases the risk of
1692:
is the process by which a semiconductor surface is rendered inert, and does not change semiconductor properties as a result of interaction with air or other materials in contact with the surface or edge of the crystal. The formation of a
1712:
and prevent these electrical characteristics from deteriorating by the gaseous ambient environment. Silicon oxide layers could be used to electrically stabilize silicon surfaces. The surface passivation process is an important method of
2770:
Silicon dioxide is a relatively inert material (hence its widespread occurrence as a mineral). Silica is often used as inert containers for chemical reactions. At high temperatures, it is converted to silicon by reduction with carbon.
948:
takes place abruptly at 573 °C. Since the transformation is accompanied by a significant change in volume, it can easily induce fracturing of ceramics or rocks passing through this temperature limit. The high-pressure minerals,
1295:
tetrahedral units: Although there is no long-range periodicity in the glassy network ordering remains at length scales well beyond the SiO bond length. One example of this ordering is the preference to form rings of 6-tetrahedra.
889:
Based on the crystal structural differences, silicon dioxide can be divided into two categories: crystalline and non-crystalline (amorphous). In crystalline form, this substance can be found naturally occurring as
2495:
1995:
2647:
1721:
with an insulating layer of silicon oxide so that electricity could reliably penetrate to the conducting silicon below. Growing a layer of silicon dioxide on top of a silicon wafer enables it to overcome the
1511:
1005:: negative temperature expansion, density maximum at temperatures ~5000 °C, and a heat capacity minimum. Its density decreases from 2.08 g/cm at 1950 °C to 2.03 g/cm at 2200 °C.
2344:
2968:
2753:
4438:
3089:
2177:
3175:
1392:
3266:
1244:
of metallic products. The high melting point of silica enables it to be used in such applications such as iron casting; modern sand casting sometimes uses other minerals for other reasons.
6856:
3394:
2086:
1082:, which comprises more than 10% by mass of the Earth's crust. Quartz is the only polymorph of silica stable at the Earth's surface. Metastable occurrences of the high-pressure forms
944:
at room temperature. The high-temperature minerals, cristobalite and tridymite, have both lower densities and indices of refraction than quartz. The transformation from α-quartz to
521:
5292:
3531:
Regulations restricting silica exposure 'with respect to the silicosis hazard' specify that they are concerned only with silica, which is both crystalline and dust-forming.
6526:
Nandiyanto AB, Kim SG, Iskandar F, et al. (2009). "Synthesis of spherical mesoporous silica nanoparticles with nanometer-size controllable pores and outer diameters".
6428:
Chrystie RS, Ebertz FL, Dreier T, Schulz C (2019-01-28). "Absolute SiO concentration imaging in low-pressure nanoparticle-synthesis flames via laser-induced fluorescence".
3210:
7364:
Kihara K, Matsumoto T, Imamura M (1986). "Structural change of orthorhombic-Itridymite with temperature: A study based on second-order thermal-vibrational parameters".
1819:. Quartz is suitable for many purposes, while chemical processing is required to make a purer or otherwise more suitable (e.g. more reactive or fine-grained) product.
5641:
523:
1738:
5598:
6979:
4336:
4314:
557:
3436:
of 5000 mg/kg (5 g/kg). A 2008 study following subjects for 15 years found that higher levels of silica in water appeared to decrease the risk of
1659:
as a second passivation layer (for protecting semiconductor elements and the metallization layers) typically today layered with some other dielectrics like
925:
always have the same local structure around Si and O. In α-quartz the SiâO bond length is 161 pm, whereas in α-tridymite it is in the range 154â171 pm. The
4126:
This extended list enumerates synonyms for silicon dioxide; all of these values are from a single source; values in the source were presented capitalized.
1543:(non-crystalline) spherical particles with an average particle diameter of 150 nm, without the branching of the pyrogenic product. The main use is as
4835:
4407:
1521:
thickening agent, or as an anti-caking agent, and can be treated to make them hydrophilic or hydrophobic for either water or organic liquid applications.
531:
5667:
739:
7112:
6780:"Aluminum and Silica in Drinking Water and the Risk of Alzheimer's Disease or Cognitive Decline: Findings from 15-Year Follow-up of the PAQUID Cohort"
5458:"Purity, Morphological, and Electrical Characterization of Silicon Dioxide from Cogon Grass (Imperata cylindrica) Using Different Ashing Temperatures"
2000:
Approximately one billion kilograms/year (1999) of silica were produced in this manner, mainly for use for polymer composites â tires and shoe soles.
1645:. Today when scaling (dimension of the gate length of the MOS transistor) has progressed below 10 nm, silicon dioxide has been replaced by other
5094:
3511:
In the body, crystalline silica particles do not dissolve over clinically relevant periods. Silica crystals inside the lungs can activate the NLRP3
979:(over 800 m/g). Faujasite-silica has very high thermal and acid stability. For example, it maintains a high degree of long-range molecular order or
2190:
with high chemical stability. It can protect the silicon, store charge, block current, and even act as a controlled pathway to limit current flow.
6700:
1163:
in and by cells has been common in the biological world and it occurs in bacteria, protists, plants, and animals (invertebrates and vertebrates).
1803:
Pure silica (silicon dioxide), when cooled as fused quartz into a glass with no true melting point, can be used as a glass fibre for fibreglass.
545:
6983:
6149:"The Influence of Spherical Nano-SiO 2 Content on the Thermal Protection Performance of Thermal Insulation Ablation Resistant Coated Fabrics"
3535:
2847:, being able to react with bases under certain conditions. As it does not contain any hydrogen, non-hydrated silica cannot directly act as a
878:
forms 3-dimensional network solids in which each silicon atom is covalently bonded in a tetrahedral manner to 4 oxygen atoms. In contrast, CO
1555:
Silica, either colloidal, precipitated, or pyrogenic fumed, is a common additive in food production. It is used primarily as a flow or anti-
7193:
5867:
5836:
4003:
2355:
11228:
3409:
of water 647.096 K (373.946 °C; 705.103 °F) and a pressure of 22.064 megapascals (3,200.1 psi) or higher, water is a
1845:
823:, and as components in the food and pharmaceutical industries. All forms are white or colorless, although impure samples can be colored.
7983:
4921:
2514:
2203:
Many routes to silicon dioxide start with an organosilicon compound, e.g., HMDSO, TEOS. Synthesis of silica is illustrated below using
1547:
material for high performance concrete. Fumed silica nanoparticles can be successfully used as an anti-aging agent in asphalt binders.
7626:
6987:
6936:
Reuzel PG, Bruijntjes JP, Feron VJ, et al. (1991). "Subchronic inhalation toxicity of amorphous silica and quartz dust in rats".
2848:
8109:
1229:
About 95% of the commercial use of silicon dioxide (sand) occurs in the construction industry, e.g. for the production of concrete (
7807:
Björkman T, Kurasch S, Lehtinen O, Kotakoski J, Yazyev OV, Srivastava A, Skakalova V, Smet JH, Kaiser U, Krasheninnikov AV (2013).
5041:
3499:
because the process of cutting and installing the countertops creates large amounts of airborne silica. Crystalline silica used in
1835:, is first washed and then dehydrated to produce colorless microporous silica. The idealized equation involving a trisilicate and
11486:
7417:
5025:
2840:
does not react to HF to any significant degree. HF is used to remove or pattern silicon dioxide in the semiconductor industry.
2657:
Being highly stable, silicon dioxide arises from many methods. Conceptually simple, but of little practical value, combustion of
1559:
agent in powdered foods such as spices and non-dairy coffee creamer, or powders to be formed into pharmaceutical tablets. It can
1422:
6885:"Pesticide Exposure and Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis among Licensed Male Pesticide Applicators in the Agricultural Health Study"
6214:
2213:
5497:"Siliceous spicules and skeleton frameworks in sponges: Origin, diversity, ultrastructural patterns, and biological functions"
2883:
8004:
7998:
7992:
7953:
7764:
6734:
6268:
5651:
5435:
5351:
4784:
4633:
4598:
4513:
4362:
4275:
3641:
Closely related to α-quartz (with an Si-O-Si angle of 155°) and optically active; ÎČ-quartz converts to ÎČ-tridymite at 1140 K
689:
7567:
5565:
4475:
5897:
2667:
929:
also varies between a low value of 140° in α-tridymite, up to 180° in ÎČ-tridymite. In α-quartz, the SiâOâSi angle is 144°.
734:
8068:
8055:
8045:
3334:
silicates which provide access to a wide variety of new silicon compounds. The silicates are essentially insoluble in all
8082:
6481:"Synthesis and characterization of silicaâlead sulfide coreâshell nanospheres for applications in optoelectronic devices"
3007:
2101:
1779:
6402:"The Silicon Dioxide Solution: How physicist Jean Hoerni built the bridge from the transistor to the integrated circuit"
882:
is a linear molecule. The starkly different structures of the dioxides of carbon and silicon are a manifestation of the
8076:
8059:
8049:
8027:
6479:
Romero-Jaime AK, Acosta-EnrĂquez MC, Vargas-HernĂĄndez D, TĂĄnori-CĂłrdova JC, Pineda LeĂłn HA, Castillo SJ (August 2021).
5780:"Rheological, physicochemical, and microstructural properties of asphalt binder modified by fumed silica nanoparticles"
5111:
3097:
2993:
and glasses as the Si-O-Si bonds in silica are broken successively). As an example the reaction of sodium oxide and SiO
1592:, a mined product, has been used in food and cosmetics for centuries. It consists of the silica shells of microscopic
1339:
2762:
of silicon dioxide onto crystal surface from silane had been used using nitrogen as a carrier gas at 200â500 °C.
11466:
7918:
7866:"Pulmonary Chemokine and Mutagenic Responses in Rats after Subchronic Inhalation of Amorphous and Crystalline Silica"
7225:
6889:
6753:"Formation of silica particles from supercritical fluids and its impacts on the hydrological properties in the crust"
6630:
6570:
6384:
6359:
6334:
6197:
6101:
6041:
6007:
5973:
5877:
5846:
5737:
5136:
5067:
4809:
4735:
4702:
4676:
4387:
4288:
360:
7260:
6602:
3331:
3214:
2844:
8430:
6784:
6093:
5496:
3555:
3440:. An increase of 10 mg/day of silica in drinking water was associated with a reduced risk of dementia of 11%.
1714:
1099:
922:
7780:
Weiss A, Weiss A (1954). "Ăber
Siliciumchalkogenide. VI. Zur Kenntnis der faserigen Siliciumdioxyd-Modifikation".
7253:
Respirable
Crystalline Silica in the Workplace: New Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Standards
3351:
2877:
Silicon dioxide dissolves in hot concentrated alkali or fused hydroxide, as described in this idealized equation:
2508:. The course of the reaction and nature of the product are affected by catalysts, but the idealized equation is:
1667:
Because silicon dioxide is a native oxide of silicon it is more widely used compared to other semiconductors like
746:
11221:
7908:
7326:
Wright AF, Lehmann MS (1981). "The structure of quartz at 25 and 590 °C determined by neutron diffraction".
6125:
3406:
953:, stishovite, and coesite, though, have higher densities and indices of refraction than quartz. Stishovite has a
5154:"Silica in grasses as a defence against insect herbivores: Contrasting effects on folivores and a phloem feeder"
5965:
2037:
867:
254:
11461:
8102:
7063:
6861:
926:
7285:
Lager G. A., Jorgensen J. D., Rotella F.J. (1982). "Crystal structure and thermal expansion of a-quartz SiO
7119:
6938:
6851:
3955:
One of the densest (together with stishovite) polymorphs of silica; is produced at pressures above 40 GPa.
303:
171:
3612:
Helical chains making individual single crystals optically active; α-quartz converts to ÎČ-quartz at 846 K
11476:
5331:
4099:
3456:
324:
6647:
5375:"Morphology and Structure of Biomorphous Silica Isolated from Equisetum hyemale and Equisetum telmateia"
4118:
silicon dioxide, in high doses, leads to non-permanent short-term inflammation, where all effects heal.
3284:. In these glasses, silica is termed the network former or lattice former. The reaction is also used in
11456:
11214:
8640:
7291:
7014:"Silica crystals and aluminum salts activate the NALP3 inflammasome through phagosomal destabilization"
971:
with combined acid and thermal treatment. The resulting product contains over 99% silica, and has high
585:
568:
5253:
4615:
5208:
5158:
3520:
2759:
1272:
183:
7809:"Defects in bilayer silica and graphene: common trends in diverse hexagonal two-dimensional systems"
7479:
Shropshire J, Keat PP, Vaughan PA (1959). "The crystal structure of keatite, a new form of silica".
11451:
8095:
3627:
2204:
1230:
341:
248:
1656:
as a dielectric layer between metal (wiring) layers (sometimes up to 8â10) connecting elements and
9870:
8606:
7940:. Advances in Chemistry. Vol. 234. Washington DC: American Chemical Society. pp. 1â47.
7186:
6752:
6285:
452:
20:
3183:
1149:, which is used, for example, in filtration and as supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in
1001:
exhibits several peculiar physical characteristics that are similar to those observed in liquid
10441:
10427:
9615:
9513:
8036:
7870:
7444:
2808:
1734:
1326:
665:
7586:"H in rutile-type compounds: II. Crystal chemistry of Al substitution in H-bearing stishovite"
7514:
Miehe G, Graetsch H (1992). "Crystal structure of moganite: a new structure type for silica".
6620:
5993:
11426:
11328:
11320:
11042:
10778:
9887:
9666:
9598:
9222:
8674:
7710:
7649:
7593:
7558:
7408:
6726:
6087:
5959:
4980:
4692:
4467:
3554:, more so than almost any material, exists in many crystalline forms. These forms are called
2778:
1797:
1406:
1287:
is rapidly cooled, it does not crystallize, but solidifies as a glass. Because of this, most
976:
52:
7585:
6972:
5204:"Silicon as a plant defence against insect herbivory: Response to Massey, Ennos and Hartley"
11413:
11307:
10991:
10761:
10727:
10525:
10242:
10057:
9819:
9802:
9445:
9394:
8555:
8538:
8504:
8423:
8299:
7820:
7719:
7705:
7658:
7602:
7523:
7488:
7453:
7373:
7335:
7300:
6760:
6666:
6535:
6437:
6297:
6248:
5909:
5791:
5694:
5606:
5304:
5216:
5166:
4948:
4894:
4844:
4547:
4107:
3744:
3500:
3464:
1646:
1330:
1248:
464:
312:
153:
8046:
Epidemiological evidence on the carcinogenicity of silica: factors in scientific judgement
7645:"Characterization of a high-pressure phase of silica from the Martian meteorite Shergotty"
7644:
6646:
Laine RM, Blohowiak KY, Robinson TR, Hoppe ML, Nardi P, Kampf J, Uhm J (17 October 1991).
6215:"This cloud-like, futuristic material has been sneaking its way into your life since 1931"
5254:"Production of rice husk ash for use in concrete as a supplementary cementitious material"
1586:
In cosmetics, silica is useful for its light-diffusing properties and natural absorbency.
113:
8:
11471:
11344:
11256:
11098:
11008:
10854:
10469:
10399:
10343:
10144:
10116:
10040:
10023:
10006:
9972:
9921:
9853:
9785:
9649:
9581:
9547:
9496:
9360:
9202:
9192:
9152:
8955:
8931:
8788:
8708:
8691:
8657:
8521:
6478:
6401:
5005:
3492:
3410:
3273:
2864:
2856:
1827:
Precipitated silica or amorphous silica is produced by the acidification of solutions of
1689:
1683:
1613:
1138:. Silica accelerates tooth wear, and high levels of silica in plants frequently eaten by
842:
Structural motif found in α-quartz, but also found in almost all forms of silicon dioxide
816:
103:
7824:
7723:
7662:
7606:
7527:
7492:
7457:
7377:
7339:
7304:
7219:"What you should know about crystalline silica, silicosis, and Oregon OSHA silica rules"
6764:
6670:
6539:
6441:
6301:
6252:
6062:
5913:
5795:
5698:
5610:
5415:
5308:
5220:
5170:
4952:
4848:
4551:
345:
175:
133:
11388:
11284:
11025:
10924:
10795:
10676:
10637:
10609:
10214:
10074:
9989:
9955:
9904:
9717:
9683:
9462:
9319:
9309:
9102:
9092:
9075:
9045:
8975:
8736:
8623:
8572:
8453:
7841:
7808:
7735:
7674:
7618:
7400:
7039:
7013:
6973:"Worker Exposure to Silica during Countertop Manufacturing, Finishing and Installation"
6913:
6884:
6806:
6779:
6692:
6508:
6480:
6461:
5812:
5779:
5710:
5622:
5570:
5343:
5037:
4972:
4938:
4571:
4007:
3430:
3277:
2187:
1772:
1761:
1757:
1742:
1589:
1303:
1002:
915:
7977:
5269:
4625:
1236:
Certain deposits of silica sand, with desirable particle size and shape and desirable
964:
11368:
11237:
11126:
11070:
10938:
10896:
10868:
10840:
10812:
10744:
10710:
10693:
10651:
10553:
10539:
10455:
10329:
10301:
10259:
10102:
9836:
9734:
9632:
9564:
9530:
9411:
9329:
9212:
9166:
9162:
9035:
8905:
8844:
8775:
8589:
8289:
8182:
8129:
7949:
7935:
7914:
7889:
7846:
7760:
7678:
7622:
7347:
7144:
7044:
7018:
6954:
6950:
6918:
6811:
6719:"The solubility of amorphous silica in water at high temperatures and high pressures"
6626:
6566:
6565:(2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons. p. 27.
6512:
6500:
6465:
6453:
6380:
6379:(2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons. p. 72.
6355:
6330:
6264:
6242:
6193:
6170:
6097:
6037:
6003:
5969:
5961:
To the
Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology
5925:
5873:
5842:
5817:
5743:
5733:
5647:
5626:
5524:
5516:
5477:
5457:
5431:
5396:
5347:
5273:
5234:
5229:
5203:
5184:
5179:
5153:
5132:
5107:
5063:
4964:
4929:
4906:
4862:
4805:
4780:
4731:
4698:
4672:
4629:
4594:
4575:
4563:
4535:
4509:
4430:
4383:
4358:
4284:
4240:
4235:
3476:
2868:
2804:
2013:
1730:
1694:
1617:
984:
652:
628:
7739:
7434:
Wright AF, Leadbetter AJ (1975). "The structures of the ÎČ-cristobalite phases of SiO
6547:
5473:
910:(high-pressure form). On the other hand, amorphous silica can be found in nature as
11251:
11084:
10952:
10882:
10595:
10483:
10413:
10385:
10357:
10228:
10200:
10186:
9428:
9289:
9272:
9242:
9172:
9065:
9055:
8995:
8840:
8801:
8762:
8360:
7941:
7879:
7836:
7828:
7789:
7727:
7666:
7610:
7531:
7496:
7461:
7381:
7343:
7308:
7084:
7080:
7072:
7034:
7026:
6946:
6908:
6898:
6801:
6793:
6718:
6696:
6682:
6674:
6543:
6492:
6445:
6305:
6256:
6219:
6160:
6033:
5917:
5807:
5799:
5714:
5702:
5685:
5614:
5508:
5469:
5423:
5386:
5339:
5312:
5265:
5224:
5174:
5099:
5033:
4976:
4956:
4902:
4852:
4766:
4723:
4671:, translated by Eagleson M, Brewer W, San Diego/Berlin: Academic Press/De Gruyter,
4621:
4555:
4501:
4422:
4158:
3345:
Silicon dioxide reacts with elemental silicon at high temperatures to produce SiO:
3293:
2183:
1787:
1709:
1672:
1668:
1568:
1276:
1091:
1025:
937:
883:
820:
774:
648:
475:
388:
7550:
7500:
5103:
4459:
4082:
Inhaling finely divided crystalline silica can lead to severe inflammation of the
1306:
are also made from silica. It is a primary raw material for many ceramics such as
276:
11481:
11376:
11315:
11197:
11193:
11112:
10910:
10623:
10567:
10287:
10172:
10130:
9768:
9751:
9700:
9377:
9262:
9252:
9142:
9122:
9025:
8985:
8866:
8814:
8749:
8487:
8416:
8394:
8215:
8072:
7754:
7385:
6324:
6309:
6027:
5683:
Elliott SR (1991). "Medium-range structural order in covalent amorphous solids".
4770:
4245:
4036:
3696:
Closely related to α-tridymite; ÎČ-tridymite converts to ÎČ-cristobalite at 2010 K
3323:
2978:
2661:
gives silicon dioxide. This reaction is analogous to the combustion of methane:
2505:
1828:
1660:
1638:
1597:
1517:
bulk density (0.03-0.15 g/cm) and thus high surface area. The particles act as a
1186:
217:
7165:
5427:
5293:"Silicification: The Processes by Which Organisms Capture and Mineralize Silica"
4727:
1596:; in a less processed form it was sold as "tooth powder". Manufactured or mined
10966:
10511:
10371:
10273:
10158:
9938:
9479:
9132:
9112:
8879:
8470:
8370:
8249:
8228:
8065:
7945:
7535:
6496:
6120:
5803:
4960:
4776:
4426:
4207:
3967:
3575:
2982:
1793:
1746:
1723:
1698:
1642:
1621:
1208:
1170:
1160:
1134:
content appear to be of importance to grazing animals, from chewing insects to
717:
624:
8016:
8010:
7884:
7865:
7465:
6449:
6260:
6032:. International series on advances in solid state electronics and technology.
5921:
4857:
4826:
4559:
4332:
4310:
11445:
10581:
9299:
9015:
9005:
8853:
8827:
7972:
7793:
6504:
6457:
6406:
6174:
6089:
New
Perspectives on Surface Passivation: Understanding the Si-Al2O3 Interface
5929:
5747:
5520:
5481:
5400:
5277:
4567:
4505:
3814:
rings; synthesised from glassy silica and alkali at 600â900 K and 40â400 MPa
3307:
3289:
3285:
2998:
2009:
1836:
1718:
1679:
1650:
1299:
1288:
1146:
1111:
998:
980:
972:
490:
441:
431:
209:
164:
7913:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons (Wiley-Interscience). pp. 250â1.
7731:
7642:
6286:"Resource, characteristic, purification and application of quartz: a review"
4620:, Journal of Chromatography Library, vol. 16, Elsevier, pp. 1â14,
35:
10782:
10445:
10431:
10315:
9874:
9232:
9226:
9182:
8965:
8918:
8892:
8644:
8365:
8142:
7893:
7850:
7218:
7099:
7076:
7048:
6922:
6815:
6165:
6148:
5821:
5528:
5238:
5188:
4968:
4866:
4493:
4434:
4178:
3656:
3597:
3515:
inside macrophages and dendritic cells and thereby result in production of
3512:
3485:
3327:
3001:, sodium silicate, and glasses, dependent on the proportions of reactants:
2974:
1726:
that otherwise prevent electricity from reaching the semiconducting layer.
1572:
1536:
1402:
1241:
1197:
1107:
899:
804:
800:
636:
7614:
7251:
6958:
5456:
Irzaman I, Yustaeni D, Aminullah A, Irmansyah I, Yuliarto B (2021-04-19).
5391:
5374:
2851:. While silicon dioxide is only poorly soluble in water at low or neutral
544:
11181:
10148:
9619:
9517:
8294:
7670:
6797:
6687:
6587:
5995:
Makers of the
Microchip: A Documentary History of Fairchild Semiconductor
5778:
Cheraghian G, Wistuba MP, Kiani S, Barron AR, Behnood A (December 2021).
4943:
4095:
4014:
4002:
rings; mineral always found with hydrocarbons in interstitial spaces - a
3516:
3452:
3425:
Quartz sand (silica) as main raw material for commercial glass production
1812:
1532:
1307:
1201:
945:
918:. Quartz glass is a form of intermediate state between these structures.
632:
5884:
The silica is a multiporous ingredient, which absorbs the oil and sebum.
1524:
530:
11352:
11176:
11046:
10858:
10765:
10529:
9891:
9857:
9670:
9602:
9339:
9206:
8375:
8304:
8271:
8190:
8167:
8162:
7691:
5512:
4111:
4091:
3942:
3909:
3831:
3711:
3539:
3496:
3448:
3319:
3281:
2986:
2871:
2837:
2501:
1832:
1768:
1653:
or similar with higher dielectric constant compared to silicon dioxide,
1601:
1564:
1560:
1544:
1518:
1182:
1126:
Even though it is poorly soluble, silica occurs in many plants such as
1087:
1065:
950:
903:
537:
403:
184:
144:
7832:
7284:
5618:
4068:
3959:
2490:{\displaystyle {\ce {Si(OC2H5)4 + 12 O2 -> SiO2 + 10 H2O + 8 CO2}}}
2207:(TEOS). Simply heating TEOS at 680â730 °C results in the oxide:
1786:
due to its ability to bind to the nucleic acids under the presence of
871:
11151:
11102:
11012:
10928:
10655:
10543:
10473:
10403:
10347:
10333:
10263:
10120:
10106:
10061:
9823:
9806:
9772:
9449:
9398:
9381:
9256:
9196:
9156:
9146:
9106:
8989:
8979:
8959:
8870:
8740:
8610:
8332:
8284:
8223:
8172:
7312:
7071:. Cincinnati, OH: US Department of Health and Human Services, NIOSH.
6857:
National
Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
6678:
5999:
5706:
4280:
4115:
4087:
4054:
3444:
2017:
1705:
1540:
1315:
1311:
1256:
1252:
1193:
1139:
1131:
1103:
960:
895:
11206:
7030:
6903:
6247:. Springer Geology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
5316:
3926:
One of the densest (together with seifertite) polymorphs of silica;
1990:{\displaystyle {\ce {Na2Si3O7 + H2SO4 -> 3 SiO2 + Na2SO4 + H2O}}}
1682:
surface. Silicon oxide layers could protect silicon surfaces during
1634:
for the primary passivation (directly on the semiconductor surface),
1535:
is an ultrafine powder collected as a by-product of the silicon and
1275:
lowers the melting point of the mixture and increases fluidity. The
716:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
11272:
11171:
11161:
11156:
10995:
10942:
10900:
10872:
10844:
10816:
10799:
10731:
10680:
10641:
10613:
10599:
10487:
10417:
10389:
10361:
10246:
10218:
10204:
10044:
10027:
10010:
9976:
9942:
9925:
9789:
9653:
9585:
9551:
9415:
9364:
9323:
9313:
9216:
9186:
9096:
9079:
9049:
9039:
8935:
8909:
8883:
8857:
8792:
8559:
8525:
8508:
8457:
8355:
8350:
8152:
6777:
5596:
as a percolation phase transition in a system of network defects".
4880:
Scherzer J (1978). "Dealuminated faujasite-type structures with SiO
4408:"Checklist, diversity and distribution of testate amoebae in Chile"
3826:
3437:
3339:
2990:
2774:
2021:
1576:
1174:
1154:
1135:
1095:
792:
503:
237:
201:
8087:
8021:
7583:
4330:
4308:
3421:
2642:{\displaystyle {\ce {Si(OC2H5)4 + 2 H2O -> SiO2 + 4 HOCH2CH3}}}
1550:
11400:
11166:
11130:
11074:
11029:
10956:
10886:
10748:
10714:
10697:
10627:
10571:
10557:
10501:
10459:
10305:
10291:
10134:
10078:
9993:
9959:
9908:
9721:
9687:
9500:
9466:
9432:
9333:
9293:
9246:
9019:
9009:
8999:
8831:
8805:
8766:
8712:
8695:
8678:
8327:
8147:
8137:
8121:
5455:
4046:
3868:
3769:
3761:
3733:
3481:
3335:
1697:
grown silicon dioxide layer greatly reduces the concentration of
1593:
1322:
1114:. In many parts of the world, silica is the major constituent of
1083:
968:
907:
812:
796:
787:. In many parts of the world, silica is the major constituent of
770:
538:
421:
263:
7863:
7806:
7551:"High-pressure crystal structure and compressibility of coesite"
6882:
4718:
De La Rocha C, Conley DJ (2017). "Mystical
Crystals of Silica".
3413:
and solubility is once again higher than at lower temperatures.
1630:
Silicon dioxide is widely used in the semiconductor technology:
11336:
11088:
10914:
10515:
10375:
10277:
10232:
10190:
10176:
10162:
9840:
9738:
9636:
9568:
9534:
9276:
9266:
9236:
9176:
9126:
9069:
9059:
9029:
8969:
8922:
8896:
8818:
8779:
8753:
8661:
8627:
8542:
8491:
8342:
8205:
8157:
8022:
Formation of silicon oxide layers in the semiconductor industry
6829:
5414:
Tubaña BS, Heckman JR (2015), Rodrigues FA, Datnoff LE (eds.),
5092:
Flörke OW, Graetsch HA, Brunk F, et al. (2018). "Silica".
4919:
3927:
3315:
2860:
2658:
2026:
1816:
1625:
1556:
1212:
1178:
1150:
1079:
954:
891:
784:
7864:
Johnston CJ, Driscoll KE, Finkelstein JN, et al. (2000).
7011:
6935:
6622:
Descriptive
Inorganic, Coordination, and Solid State Chemistry
5732:(5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 354.
3700:
3674:
1528:
Manufactured fumed silica with maximum surface area of 380 m/g
858:
Relationship between refractive index and density for some SiO
11116:
10970:
9483:
8474:
8439:
8279:
8254:
8200:
8195:
7976:
7703:
6778:
Rondeau V, Jacqmin-Gadda H, Commenges D, et al. (2008).
5338:(Second ed.). Oxford: Academic Press. pp. 698â707.
4103:
3934:
3460:
3302:
1271:. As other minerals are melted with silica, the principle of
1268:
1142:
may have developed as a defense mechanism against predation.
1029:
838:
827:
791:. Silica is one of the most complex and abundant families of
766:
287:
124:
7756:
Molecular sieves: Principles of
Synthesis and Identification
6525:
5777:
4697:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. pp. 93â95.
3443:
Inhaling finely divided crystalline silica dust can lead to
3288:
to remove sand impurities in the ore by neutralisation with
3272:
Examples of such glasses have commercial significance, e.g.
1506:{\displaystyle {\ce {SiCl4 + 2 H2 + O2 -> SiO2 + 4 HCl}}}
1412:
in an oxygen-rich hydrogen flame to produce a "smoke" of SiO
866:
In the majority of silicon dioxides, the silicon atom shows
329:
10319:
9755:
9704:
9343:
9136:
9116:
8593:
8576:
8319:
8309:
8233:
8056:
Scientific opinion on the health effects of airborne silica
7643:
Dera P., Prewitt C. T., Boctor N. Z., Hemley R. J. (2002).
6883:
Meyer A, Sandler DP, Beane Freeman LE, et al. (2017).
6645:
5764:
5373:
Neumann M, Wagner S, Noske R, Tiersch B, Strauch P (2010).
4922:"Molecular structural order and anomalies in liquid silica"
4083:
3860:
3645:
3616:
3296:
1267:
Silica is the primary ingredient in the production of most
1237:
1127:
1115:
911:
854:
846:
808:
788:
600:
228:
8024:. LPCVD and PECVD method in comparison. Stress prevention.
6832:. CPWR - The Center for Construction Research and Training
6427:
5728:
Atkins PW, Overton T, Rourke J, et al., eds. (2010).
5643:
Fundamentals of Amorphous Solids: Structure and Properties
5422:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 7â51,
3901:
3818:
2339:{\displaystyle {\ce {Si(OC2H5)4 -> SiO2 + 2 O(C2H5)2}}}
10585:
9303:
8408:
5727:
5372:
3366:
3248:
3229:
3160:
3147:
3131:
3112:
3074:
3061:
3045:
3026:
2973:
Silicon dioxide will neutralise basic metal oxides (e.g.
2963:{\displaystyle {\ce {SiO2 + 2 NaOH -> Na2SiO3 + H2O}}}
2953:
2937:
2924:
2898:
2803:
Most forms of silicon dioxide are attacked ("etched") by
2738:
2718:
2702:
2682:
2635:
2622:
2602:
2583:
2563:
2550:
2537:
2483:
2460:
2440:
2424:
2404:
2391:
2378:
2332:
2319:
2306:
2278:
2262:
2249:
2236:
2165:
2145:
2126:
2074:
2058:
1980:
1964:
1951:
1935:
1915:
1902:
1886:
1873:
1860:
1783:
1489:
1473:
1457:
1437:
1405:, also known as pyrogenic silica, is prepared by burning
1354:
6648:"Synthesis of pentacoordinate silicon complexes from SiO
6029:
Invention of integrated circuits: untold important facts
5091:
3429:
Silica ingested orally is essentially nontoxic, with an
1811:
Silicon dioxide is mostly obtained by mining, including
870:, with four oxygen atoms surrounding a central Si atom (
436:
1,713 °C (3,115 °F; 1,986 K) (amorphous)
7398:
7012:
Hornung V, Bauernfeind F, Halle A, et al. (2008).
5947:. Washington DC, United States of America: Smithsonian.
5854:
the difference of brightness due to diffuse reflection.
5260:. Composite Materials and Adhesive Bonding Technology.
4824:
2852:
826:
Silicon dioxide is a common fundamental constituent of
7548:
7363:
6485:
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics
4662:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4650:
3467:
compared to expected rates in the general population.
2748:{\displaystyle {\ce {SiH4 + 2 O2 -> SiO2 + 2 H2O}}}
7478:
6980:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
5494:
4920:
Shell SM, Debenedetti PG, Panagiotopoulos AZ (2002).
4533:
4405:
4337:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
4315:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
3354:
3217:
3186:
3100:
3010:
2886:
2670:
2517:
2358:
2216:
2104:
2040:
1848:
1425:
1342:
202:
5251:
5060:
Silicon chemistry: from the atom to extended systems
4536:"Electronic structure of silicon dioxide (a review)"
4042:
consisting of edge-sharing chains, melts at ~1700 K
3084:{\displaystyle {\ce {2 Na2O + SiO2 -> Na4SiO4;}}}
2172:{\displaystyle {\ce {Si + 2 H2O -> SiO2 + 2 H2}}}
5592:
Ojovan MI (2004). "Glass formation in amorphous SiO
4647:
3757:Closely related to α-cristobalite; melts at 1978 K
3475:Silica is an occupational hazard for people who do
1771:, it is useful in fiber form as a high-temperature
7782:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie
7259:. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
6326:Handbook of Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology
6187:
5151:
4593:. Oxford University Press. pp. 50â52, 65â67.
4494:"Crystal Structures of Silica and Metal Silicates"
4352:
3388:
3260:
3204:
3170:{\displaystyle {\ce {Na2O + SiO2 -> Na2SiO3;}}}
3169:
3083:
2962:
2747:
2641:
2489:
2338:
2171:
2080:
1989:
1739:metalâoxideâsemiconductor field-effect transistors
1505:
1387:{\displaystyle {\ce {SiO2 + 2 C -> Si + 2 CO}}}
1386:
1044:with matrix isolated dimeric silicon monoxide, (Si
469:12 (|| c-axis), 6.8 (â„ c-axis), 1.4 (am.) W/(mâ
K)
7752:
6554:
4827:"Electron-density distribution in stishovite, SiO
4825:Kirfel A, Krane HG, Blaha P, et al. (2001).
4765:
4717:
1262:
11443:
7433:
6601:(2). Mineralogical Society of America: 172â174.
6563:An Introduction To Semiconductor Microtechnology
6377:An Introduction To Semiconductor Microtechnology
6368:
6284:Pan X, Li S, Li Y, Guo P, Zhao X, Cai Y (2022).
5865:
5834:
5546:. University of the State of New York at Albany.
4831:: a new high-energy synchrotron-radiation study"
2193:
1283:is about 1475 K. When molten silicon dioxide SiO
850:Typical subunit for low pressure silicon dioxide
275:
7584:Smyth J. R., Swope R. J., Pawley A. R. (1995).
6063:"Martin Atalla in Inventors Hall of Fame, 2009"
5201:
4457:
3261:{\displaystyle {\ce {Na2O + SiO2 -> glass}}}
2198:
1551:Food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical applications
519:
112:
5495:Uriz MJ, Turon X, Becerro MA, Agell G (2003).
5095:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
5003:
4667:Holleman AF, Wiberg E (2001), Wiberg N (ed.),
4666:
3930:-like with 6-fold coordinated Si; 7.5â8.5 GPa
1729:The process of silicon surface passivation by
1240:and other mineral content, were important for
963:silica, another polymorph, is obtained by the
11222:
8424:
8103:
7706:"The crystal structure of low melanophlogite"
7513:
7325:
6984:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
6579:
5413:
5252:Zain MF, Islam MN, Mahmud F, Jamil M (2011).
5057:
4498:Structure and Chemistry of Crystalline Solids
4460:"Melanophlogite, a cubic polymorph of silica"
3536:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
3389:{\displaystyle {\ce {SiO2 + Si -> 2 SiO}}}
1321:Silicon dioxide is used to produce elemental
799:and as a synthetic product. Examples include
19:"Silica" redirects here. For other uses, see
7987:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
6716:
6322:
5991:
5563:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4694:Ceramic Technology for Potters and Sculptors
4588:
4534:Nekrashevich SS, Gritsenko VA (2014-02-01).
4500:, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 233â278,
3484:, and the elderly (all of whom have reduced
2349:Similarly TEOS combusts around 400 °C:
2016:, producing a very shallow layer of about 1
1678:Silicon dioxide could be grown on a silicon
1064:
446:2,950 °C (5,340 °F; 3,220 K)
6612:
6560:
6374:
6343:
6240:
6212:
5898:"On the Causes of Elevation and Subsidence"
5869:Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology
5838:Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology
5559:
5557:
5555:
5553:
4591:Periodicity and the s- and p-Block Elements
2008:Thin films of silica grow spontaneously on
1708:preserve the electrical characteristics of
1686:, and could be used for diffusion masking.
11229:
11215:
8431:
8417:
8110:
8096:
7779:
7704:Nakagawa T., Kihara K., Harada K. (2001).
7249:
6876:
6283:
6244:Quartz: Deposits, Mineralogy and Analytics
6146:
5987:
5985:
5639:
5566:"New Rules Would Cut Silica Dust Exposure"
5544:Albany moulding sands of the Hudson Valley
4406:FernĂĄndez LD, Lara E, Mitchell EA (2015).
4326:
4324:
4304:
4302:
4300:
2081:{\displaystyle {\ce {Si + O2 -> SiO2}}}
1078:is most commonly encountered in nature as
1032:matrix. The dimeric silicon dioxide, (SiO
344:
174:
152:
7883:
7840:
7401:"The pressure behavior of a cristobalite"
7087:. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication Number 86-102.
7038:
6912:
6902:
6805:
6757:EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts
6686:
6585:
6399:
6164:
6057:
6055:
6053:
6021:
6019:
5951:
5811:
5730:Shriver & Atkins' inorganic chemistry
5390:
5228:
5178:
4942:
4856:
4744:
4491:
4357:. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A22.
3381:
3015:
2907:
2727:
2691:
2611:
2572:
2472:
2449:
2413:
2287:
2154:
2115:
1924:
1498:
1446:
1379:
1363:
426:2.648 (α-quartz), 2.196 (amorphous) g·cm
311:
7971:
7061:
6115:
6113:
6081:
6079:
5872:(4th ed.). CRC Press. p. 442.
5841:(4th ed.). CRC Press. p. 444.
5759:
5757:
5669:Advanced Inorganic Chemistry: Vollume II
5550:
5152:Massey FP, Ennos AR, Hartley SE (2006).
5126:
4879:
4331:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.
4309:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.
3420:
3301:
2182:The native oxide layer is beneficial in
1699:electronic states at the silicon surface
1523:
1145:Silica is also the primary component of
853:
845:
837:
8005:International Chemical Safety Card 0809
7999:International Chemical Safety Card 0808
7993:International Chemical Safety Card 0807
7359:
7357:
6750:
6618:
5982:
5957:
5895:
5682:
5672:. Krishna Prakashan Media. p. 563.
4321:
4297:
1800:to collect extraterrestrial particles.
340:
253:
11444:
8017:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
8011:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
7933:
6965:
6050:
6025:
6016:
5945:The Economic Importance of the Diatoms
5646:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 176.
5591:
5329:
5297:Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry
5129:An Introduction to Forensic Geoscience
5087:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5079:
4582:
4401:
4399:
4272:
3729:Metastable form under normal pressure
3670:Metastable form under normal pressure
3470:
1822:
1196:in the cells of many plants including
165:
11236:
11210:
8412:
8091:
7906:
7187:"If It's Silica, It's Not Just Dust!"
7100:DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2002-129
6639:
6349:
6188:Goodwin W, Linacre A, Hadi S (2007).
6110:
6085:
6076:
5866:Barel AO, Paye M, Maibach HI (2014).
5835:Barel AO, Paye M, Maibach HI (2014).
5754:
5541:
5290:
5051:
4799:
4617:Chapter 1 General chemistry of silica
4613:
4453:
4451:
4276:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
4268:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4260:
3503:presents a health hazard to workers.
2765:
1737:. It is commonly used to manufacture
1733:(silicon dioxide) is critical to the
1055:
372:Key: VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
132:
7354:
6625:. Cengage Learning. pp. 421â2.
6528:Microporous and Mesoporous Materials
6190:An Introduction to Forensic Genetics
5942:
5004:Aksay IA, Pask JA, Davis RF (1979).
4690:
4377:
4348:
4346:
3545:
2777:reacts with silicon dioxide to form
1575:for wine, beer, and juice, with the
1291:have silica as the main ingredient.
1200:, many grasses, and a wide range of
1024:. It has been produced by combining
940:is the most stable form of solid SiO
795:, existing as a compound of several
8117:
7910:1001 chemicals in everyday products
6352:Encyclopedia of chemical processing
5332:"Archaeobotany: Plant Microfossils"
5258:Construction and Building Materials
5076:
4873:
4396:
3399:
2788:whereas the other halogen gases (Cl
1130:. Plant materials with high silica
983:even after boiling in concentrated
266:
236:
13:
8077:Institute of Occupational Medicine
8060:Institute of Occupational Medicine
8050:Institute of Occupational Medicine
7399:Downs R. T., Palmer D. C. (1994).
7250:Szymendera SD (January 16, 2018).
5344:10.1016/b978-0-323-90799-6.00114-2
5038:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1979.tb19071.x
4722:. Cham: Springer. pp. 50â55.
4448:
4257:
3506:
515:
14:
11498:
8015:Crystalline, as respirable dust,
7965:
7549:Levien L., Prewitt C. T. (1981).
7065:Occupational Respiratory Diseases
6890:Environmental Health Perspectives
6323:Doering R, Nishi Y, eds. (2007).
5501:Microscopy Research and Technique
5270:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.07.003
5131:. Wiley & Sons. p. 138.
4343:
4279:(92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL:
3538:reduced the exposure limit to 50
3416:
3330:base to produce highly reactive,
3314:Silicon dioxide reacts in heated
2989:, or mixtures of oxides, forming
1607:
1539:alloy production. It consists of
1224:
1008:
8388:
8083:Structure of precipitated silica
7927:
7900:
7857:
7632:from the original on 2022-10-10.
7573:from the original on 2022-10-10.
7481:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Kristallographie
7423:from the original on 2022-10-10.
7366:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Kristallographie
7328:Journal of Solid State Chemistry
6852:"Action Plan for Lupus Research"
6785:American Journal of Epidemiology
6740:from the original on 2022-10-10.
6706:from the original on 2017-08-19.
6608:from the original on 2011-07-22.
6241:Götze J, Möckel R, eds. (2012).
6192:. Wiley & Sons. p. 29.
5379:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Naturforschung B
5334:. In Nikita E, Rehren T (eds.).
5230:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01380.x
5202:Keeping MG, Kvedaras OL (2008).
5180:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01082.x
5047:from the original on 2022-10-10.
4492:Douglas BE, Ho SM, eds. (2006),
4481:from the original on 2022-10-10.
4458:Skinner BJ, Appleman DE (1963).
4444:from the original on 2022-10-10.
4415:European Journal of Protistology
4067:
4045:
4013:
3958:
3933:
3900:
3859:
3817:
3760:
3732:
3699:
3673:
3644:
3615:
3488:) can be affected in less time.
2652:
2003:
1831:. The gelatinous precipitate or
1715:semiconductor device fabrication
1600:is used as the hard abrasive in
1102:. The high-temperature forms of
1100:ultra-high-pressure metamorphism
967:of a low-sodium, ultra-stable Y
724:
34:
7937:The Colloid Chemistry of Silica
7800:
7773:
7746:
7697:
7685:
7636:
7577:
7542:
7507:
7472:
7427:
7392:
7319:
7278:
7266:from the original on 2022-10-10
7243:
7231:from the original on 2022-10-10
7211:
7199:from the original on 2022-10-10
7179:
7158:
7137:
7105:
7091:
7055:
7005:
6993:from the original on 2022-10-10
6929:
6844:
6822:
6771:
6744:
6710:
6548:10.1016/j.micromeso.2008.12.019
6519:
6472:
6421:
6393:
6316:
6277:
6234:
6206:
6181:
6140:
6126:National Inventors Hall of Fame
5936:
5889:
5859:
5828:
5771:
5721:
5676:
5660:
5633:
5585:
5535:
5488:
5474:10.21608/ejchem.2019.15430.1962
5449:
5407:
5366:
5323:
5284:
5245:
5195:
5145:
5120:
4997:
4913:
4818:
4804:. Oxford Science Publications.
4793:
4711:
4684:
4607:
1397:
1040:has been obtained by reacting O
932:
720:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
11487:Occupational safety and health
7516:European Journal of Mineralogy
5966:Johns Hopkins University Press
5765:"Cab-O-Sil Fumed Metal Oxides"
4802:Structural Inorganic Chemistry
4527:
4485:
4371:
4121:
3375:
3310:composed of high purity silica
3251:
3199:
3187:
3134:
3048:
2911:
2705:
2589:
2553:
2524:
2427:
2394:
2365:
2322:
2293:
2265:
2252:
2223:
2132:
2061:
1918:
1476:
1367:
1263:Precursor to glass and silicon
1247:Crystalline silica is used in
1020:has a linear structure like CO
990:
783:, commonly found in nature as
1:
7934:Bergna HE, ed. (1994-05-05).
7923:– via Internet Archive.
7501:10.1524/zkri.1959.112.1-6.409
6862:National Institutes of Health
6717:Fournier RO, Rowe JJ (1977).
6147:Liu G, Liu Y, Zhao X (2017).
5462:Egyptian Journal of Chemistry
5416:"Silicon in Soils and Plants"
5104:10.1002/14356007.a23_583.pub3
4626:10.1016/s0301-4770(08)60805-2
4251:
4064:Sheet-like bilayer structure
3976:32, No.208) or tetragonal (P4
3526:
3495:for those working with stone
2194:Laboratory or special methods
1806:
1211:forming the skeleton of many
562:(US health exposure limits):
8058:by A Pilkington and others.
7386:10.1524/zkri.1986.177.1-2.27
7348:10.1016/0022-4596(81)90449-7
7166:"Frequently Asked Questions"
6951:10.1016/0278-6915(91)90205-L
6310:10.1016/j.mineng.2022.107600
5992:LĂ©cuyer C, Brock DC (2010).
5564:Greenhouse S (23 Aug 2013).
5058:Jutzi P, Schubert U (2003).
4907:10.1016/0021-9517(78)90051-9
4100:systemic autoimmune diseases
3457:systemic autoimmune diseases
2199:From organosilicon compounds
1251:of formations which contain
1166:Prominent examples include:
833:
7:
8066:The toxic effects of silica
6561:Morgan DV, Board K (1991).
6375:Morgan DV, Board K (1991).
6213:Calderone J (20 Aug 2015).
5428:10.1007/978-3-319-22930-0_2
5336:Encyclopedia of Archaeology
4728:10.1007/978-3-319-54054-2_4
4353:Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009).
4229:
3897:rings; 900 K and 3â3.5 GPa
1110:are known from silica-rich
41:A sample of silicon dioxide
10:
11503:
8641:Praseodymium(III,IV) oxide
8438:
8032:) piezoelectric properties
7946:10.1021/ba-1994-0234.ch001
7753:Rosemarie Szostak (1998).
7292:Journal of Applied Physics
6497:10.1007/s10854-021-06648-1
5804:10.1038/s41598-021-90620-w
5420:Silicon and Plant Diseases
4961:10.1103/PhysRevE.66.011202
4540:Physics of the Solid State
4427:10.1016/j.ejop.2015.07.001
4355:Chemical Principles 6th Ed
4221:Synthetic amorphous silica
3205:{\displaystyle (0.25-0.8)}
2843:Silicon dioxide acts as a
1611:
1121:
1060:
923:distinct crystalline forms
906:(high-pressure form), and
575:TWA 20 mppcf (80 mg/m/%SiO
18:
11300:
11265:
11244:
11190:
11144:
11063:
10984:
10833:
10669:
10095:
9353:
8948:
8729:
8446:
8384:
8341:
8318:
8270:
8263:
8242:
8214:
8181:
8128:
8075:by A. Seaton and others.
8048:by C. Soutar and others.
7466:10.1080/00318087508228690
7062:Merchant JA, ed. (1986).
6830:"Work Safely with Silica"
6450:10.1007/s00340-019-7137-8
6261:10.1007/978-3-642-22161-3
5922:10.1017/S0016756800172474
4858:10.1107/S0108767301010698
4772:Chemistry of the Elements
4560:10.1134/S106378341402022X
4163:Colloidal silicon dioxide
4077:
3521:pro-inflammatory cytokine
3491:Crystalline silica is an
2760:chemical vapor deposition
1273:freezing point depression
902:(high-temperature form),
898:(high-temperature form),
714:
658:
613:
556:
497:
408:60.08 g/mol
381:
356:
210:(acidity regulators, ...)
96:
61:
51:
46:
33:
11467:IARC Group 1 carcinogens
8079:Research Report TM/87/13
8062:Research Report TM/95/08
8052:Research Report TM/97/09
7794:10.1002/zaac.19542760110
6897:(7): 077010-1â077010-7.
6153:Journal of Nanomaterials
4506:10.1007/0-387-36687-3_10
3562:Crystalline forms of SiO
2205:tetraethyl orthosilicate
1752:
1717:that involves coating a
1231:Portland cement concrete
1028:(SiO) with oxygen in an
868:tetrahedral coordination
9871:Praseodymium(III) oxide
8607:Manganese(II,III) oxide
7984:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
7885:10.1093/toxsci/56.2.405
7732:10.2138/am-2001-11-1219
7113:"Crystalline Factsheet"
7085:2027/uc1.31210023588922
5098:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
4380:The Chemistry of Silica
4273:Haynes WM, ed. (2011).
2091:or wet oxidation with H
1325:. The process involves
1279:temperature of pure SiO
1219:
1090:have been found around
453:Magnetic susceptibility
21:Silica (disambiguation)
10442:Protactinium(IV) oxide
10428:Praseodymium(IV) oxide
9616:Einsteinium(III) oxide
9514:Californium(III) oxide
8932:Water (hydrogen oxide)
8447:Mixed oxidation states
7871:Toxicological Sciences
7445:Philosophical Magazine
7077:10.26616/NIOSHPUB86102
5640:Stachurski ZH (2015).
4614:Unger KK, ed. (1979),
4169:DRI-DIE Insecticide 67
3523:in the immune system.
3426:
3390:
3311:
3262:
3206:
3171:
3085:
2964:
2809:hexafluorosilicic acid
2749:
2643:
2491:
2340:
2173:
2082:
1991:
1778:Silica is used in the
1741:(MOSFETs) and silicon
1735:semiconductor industry
1529:
1507:
1388:
1327:carbothermic reduction
1069:
863:
851:
843:
592:TWA 6 mg/m (amorphous)
526:
459:−29.6·10 cm/mol
11192:Oxides are sorted by
11043:Technetium(VII) oxide
10779:Protactinium(V) oxide
9888:Promethium(III) oxide
9667:Gadolinium(III) oxide
9599:Dysprosium(III) oxide
9223:Protactinium monoxide
8675:Terbium(III,IV) oxide
7711:American Mineralogist
7650:American Mineralogist
7615:10.2138/am-1995-5-605
7594:American Mineralogist
7559:American Mineralogist
7409:American Mineralogist
7289:at low temperature".
7145:"Silica, Crystalline"
6595:American Mineralogist
5392:10.1515/znb-2010-0910
4769:, Earnshaw A (1984).
4589:N. C. Norman (1997).
4183:Fumed silicon dioxide
4140:Amorphous silica dust
3424:
3391:
3305:
3263:
3207:
3172:
3086:
2965:
2750:
2644:
2492:
2341:
2174:
2083:
1992:
1767:In its capacity as a
1527:
1508:
1389:
1068:
977:specific surface area
857:
849:
841:
607:3000 mg/m (amorphous)
525:
416:Transparent or white
11462:Refractory materials
10992:Dichlorine heptoxide
10762:Phosphorus pentoxide
10728:Dinitrogen pentoxide
10526:Technetium(IV) oxide
10243:Dinitrogen tetroxide
10058:Ytterbium(III) oxide
9820:Neodymium(III) oxide
9803:Manganese(III) oxide
9446:Berkelium(III) oxide
9395:Americium(III) oxide
8556:Dichlorine pentoxide
8539:Cobalt(II,III) oxide
8505:Chlorine perchlorate
7671:10.2138/am-2002-0728
7536:10.1127/ejm/4/4/0693
6586:Fleischer M (1962).
6290:Minerals Engineering
6166:10.1155/2017/2176795
4108:rheumatoid arthritis
3501:hydraulic fracturing
3465:rheumatoid arthritis
3407:critical temperature
3352:
3215:
3184:
3098:
3008:
2884:
2668:
2515:
2356:
2214:
2102:
2038:
1846:
1815:and purification of
1647:dielectric materials
1423:
1340:
1331:electric arc furnace
1249:hydraulic fracturing
1094:and associated with
817:structural materials
508:(fire diamond)
465:Thermal conductivity
369:InChI=1S/O2Si/c1-3-2
11099:Ruthenium tetroxide
11009:Manganese heptoxide
10855:Molybdenum trioxide
10470:Ruthenium(IV) oxide
10400:Plutonium(IV) oxide
10344:Neptunium(IV) oxide
10145:Californium dioxide
10117:Berkelium(IV) oxide
10041:Vanadium(III) oxide
10024:Tungsten(III) oxide
10007:Titanium(III) oxide
9973:Thallium(III) oxide
9922:Samarium(III) oxide
9854:Phosphorus trioxide
9786:Lutetium(III) oxide
9650:Europium(III) oxide
9582:Dinitrogen trioxide
9548:Chromium(III) oxide
9497:Caesium sesquioxide
9361:Actinium(III) oxide
9203:Phosphorus monoxide
9193:Palladium(II) oxide
9153:Manganese(II) oxide
8956:Aluminium(II) oxide
8789:Dichlorine monoxide
8709:Triuranium octoxide
8692:Tribromine octoxide
8658:Silver(I,III) oxide
8522:Chloryl perchlorate
8395:Minerals portal
7825:2013NatSR...3E3482B
7724:2001AmMin..86.1506N
7663:2002AmMin..87.1018D
7607:1995AmMin..80..454S
7528:1992EJMin...4..693M
7493:1959ZK....112..409S
7458:1975PMag...31.1391W
7378:1986ZK....177...27K
7340:1981JSSCh..36..371W
7305:1982JAP....53.6751L
7125:on 22 December 2017
6939:Food Chem. Toxicol.
6765:2019EGUGA..21.4614O
6671:1991Natur.353..642L
6619:Rodgers GE (2011).
6588:"New mineral names"
6540:2009MicMM.120..447N
6491:(16): 21425â21431.
6442:2019ApPhB.125...29C
6302:2022MiEng.18307600P
6253:2012qdma.book.....G
5958:Bassett RK (2007).
5914:1882GeoM....9..479G
5902:Geological Magazine
5896:Gardner JS (1882).
5796:2021NatSR..1111455C
5699:1991Natur.354..445E
5611:2004JETPL..79..632O
5309:2003RvMG...54..291P
5221:2008JAnEc..77..631K
5171:2006JAnEc..75..595M
5127:Berslien E (2012).
4953:2002PhRvE..66a1202S
4849:2001AcCrA..57..663K
4836:Acta Crystallogr. A
4779:. pp. 393â99.
4669:Inorganic Chemistry
4552:2014PhSS...56..207N
4382:. New York: Wiley.
3566:
3493:occupational hazard
3471:Occupational hazard
3411:supercritical fluid
3368:
3250:
3231:
3162:
3149:
3133:
3114:
3076:
3063:
3047:
3028:
2997:can produce sodium
2955:
2939:
2926:
2900:
2855:(typically, 2 Ă 10
2849:BrĂžnstedâLowry acid
2740:
2720:
2704:
2684:
2637:
2624:
2604:
2585:
2565:
2552:
2539:
2485:
2462:
2442:
2426:
2406:
2393:
2380:
2334:
2321:
2308:
2280:
2264:
2251:
2238:
2186:, where it acts as
2167:
2147:
2128:
2076:
2060:
1982:
1966:
1953:
1937:
1917:
1904:
1888:
1875:
1862:
1823:Precipitated silica
1798:Stardust spacecraft
1690:Surface passivation
1684:diffusion processes
1614:Surface passivation
1491:
1475:
1459:
1439:
1356:
30:
11477:E-number additives
11064:+8 oxidation state
11026:Rhenium(VII) oxide
10985:+7 oxidation state
10925:Tellurium trioxide
10834:+6 oxidation state
10796:Tantalum pentoxide
10677:Antimony pentoxide
10670:+5 oxidation state
10638:Vanadium(IV) oxide
10610:Tungsten(IV) oxide
10215:Chromium(IV) oxide
10096:+4 oxidation state
10075:Yttrium(III) oxide
9990:Thulium(III) oxide
9956:Terbium(III) oxide
9905:Rhodium(III) oxide
9718:Holmium(III) oxide
9684:Gallium(III) oxide
9463:Bismuth(III) oxide
9354:+3 oxidation state
9320:Vanadium(II) oxide
9310:Titanium(II) oxide
9103:Germanium monoxide
9093:Europium(II) oxide
9076:Dinitrogen dioxide
9046:Chromium(II) oxide
8976:Berkelium monoxide
8949:+2 oxidation state
8737:Aluminium(I) oxide
8730:+1 oxidation state
8624:Mellitic anhydride
8573:Iron(II,III) oxide
8454:Antimony tetroxide
8071:2016-04-15 at the
7813:Scientific Reports
6798:10.1093/aje/kwn348
6751:Okamoto A (2019).
6400:Riordan M (2007).
6036:. pp. 96â97.
5968:. pp. 22â23.
5784:Scientific Reports
5571:The New York Times
5513:10.1002/jemt.10395
5026:J. Am. Ceram. Soc.
4892:ratios over 100".
4029:oI12, Ibam, No.72
3875:mS48, C2/c, No.15
3835:mS46, C2/c, No.15
3561:
3534:In 2013, the U.S.
3427:
3386:
3356:
3312:
3278:borosilicate glass
3258:
3238:
3219:
3202:
3167:
3150:
3137:
3121:
3102:
3081:
3064:
3051:
3035:
3016:
2960:
2943:
2927:
2914:
2888:
2800:) are unreactive.
2766:Chemical reactions
2745:
2728:
2708:
2692:
2672:
2639:
2625:
2612:
2592:
2573:
2540:
2527:
2522:
2504:via the so-called
2487:
2473:
2450:
2430:
2414:
2381:
2368:
2363:
2336:
2309:
2296:
2291:
2268:
2239:
2226:
2221:
2188:electric insulator
2169:
2155:
2135:
2116:
2078:
2064:
2048:
1987:
1970:
1954:
1941:
1925:
1905:
1892:
1876:
1863:
1850:
1773:thermal protection
1762:defoamer component
1758:Hydrophobic silica
1743:integrated circuit
1590:Diatomaceous earth
1530:
1503:
1479:
1463:
1447:
1427:
1384:
1344:
1304:telecommunications
1070:
1056:Natural occurrence
916:diatomaceous earth
864:
852:
844:
747:Infobox references
614:Related compounds
603:(Immediate danger)
527:
79:Crystalline silica
28:
11457:Ceramic materials
11439:
11438:
11238:Silicon compounds
11204:
11203:
11127:Hassium tetroxide
11071:Iridium tetroxide
10939:Tungsten trioxide
10897:Selenium trioxide
10869:Polonium trioxide
10841:Chromium trioxide
10813:Vanadium(V) oxide
10745:Niobium pentoxide
10711:Bismuth pentoxide
10694:Arsenic pentoxide
10652:Zirconium dioxide
10554:Terbium(IV) oxide
10540:Tellurium dioxide
10456:Rhodium(IV) oxide
10330:Manganese dioxide
10302:Hafnium(IV) oxide
10260:Germanium dioxide
10103:Americium dioxide
9837:Nickel(III) oxide
9735:Indium(III) oxide
9633:Erbium(III) oxide
9565:Cobalt(III) oxide
9531:Cerium(III) oxide
9412:Antimony trioxide
9330:Yttrium(II) oxide
9213:Polonium monoxide
9163:Mercury(II) oxide
9036:Chlorine monoxide
8906:Thallium(I) oxide
8776:Dicarbon monoxide
8590:Lead(II,IV) oxide
8406:
8405:
8402:
8401:
8290:Chrome chalcedony
8264:Notable varieties
8183:Cryptocrystalline
7955:978-0-8412-2103-1
7907:Lewis GR (1999).
7833:10.1038/srep03482
7766:978-0-7514-0480-7
7299:(10): 6751â6756.
6665:(6345): 642â644.
6430:Applied Physics B
6270:978-3-642-22160-6
6086:Black LE (2016).
6026:Saxena A (2009).
5693:(6353): 445â452.
5653:978-3-527-68219-5
5619:10.1134/1.1790021
5542:Nevin CM (1925).
5437:978-3-319-22929-4
5353:978-0-323-91856-5
5330:Radini A (2024).
5291:Perry CC (2003).
5006:"Densities of SiO
4800:Wells AF (1984).
4786:978-0-08-022057-4
4635:978-0-444-41683-4
4600:978-0-19-855961-0
4515:978-0-387-36687-6
4364:978-0-618-94690-7
4241:Orthosilicic acid
4236:Mesoporous silica
4215:Silicic anhydride
4212:Silica, amorphous
4075:
4074:
3573:Crystal symmetry
3546:Crystalline forms
3384:
3374:
3359:
3256:
3241:
3234:
3222:
3153:
3140:
3124:
3117:
3105:
3067:
3054:
3038:
3031:
3019:
2958:
2946:
2930:
2917:
2910:
2891:
2869:cryptocrystalline
2805:hydrofluoric acid
2743:
2731:
2711:
2695:
2675:
2628:
2615:
2595:
2588:
2576:
2543:
2530:
2521:
2476:
2465:
2453:
2433:
2417:
2384:
2371:
2362:
2312:
2299:
2290:
2271:
2242:
2229:
2220:
2158:
2138:
2131:
2119:
2108:
2067:
2051:
2044:
2014:thermal oxidation
1985:
1973:
1957:
1944:
1928:
1908:
1895:
1879:
1866:
1853:
1780:extraction of DNA
1731:thermal oxidation
1618:Thermal oxidation
1501:
1482:
1466:
1450:
1430:
1382:
1372:
1366:
1347:
1177:(i.e. shells) of
1092:impact structures
1016:The molecular SiO
985:hydrochloric acid
872:see 3-D Unit Cell
755:Chemical compound
753:
752:
710:â911 kJ·mol
653:Silicon disulfide
644:Related compounds
629:Germanium dioxide
594:Ca TWA 0.05 mg/m
325:CompTox Dashboard
76:Silicon(IV) oxide
11494:
11231:
11224:
11217:
11208:
11207:
11085:Osmium tetroxide
10953:Uranium trioxide
10883:Rhenium trioxide
10596:Titanium dioxide
10484:Selenium dioxide
10414:Polonium dioxide
10386:Platinum dioxide
10358:Nitrogen dioxide
10229:Curium(IV) oxide
10201:Chlorine dioxide
10187:Cerium(IV) oxide
9429:Arsenic trioxide
9290:Thorium monoxide
9273:Disulfur dioxide
9243:Silicon monoxide
9173:Nickel(II) oxide
9066:Copper(II) oxide
9056:Cobalt(II) oxide
8996:Bromine monoxide
8841:Mercury(I) oxide
8802:Gallium(I) oxide
8763:Caesium monoxide
8433:
8426:
8419:
8410:
8409:
8393:
8392:
8391:
8361:Herkimer diamond
8268:
8267:
8112:
8105:
8098:
8089:
8088:
7988:
7980:
7960:
7959:
7931:
7925:
7924:
7904:
7898:
7897:
7887:
7861:
7855:
7854:
7844:
7804:
7798:
7797:
7777:
7771:
7770:
7750:
7744:
7743:
7701:
7695:
7689:
7683:
7682:
7640:
7634:
7633:
7631:
7601:(5â6): 454â456.
7590:
7581:
7575:
7574:
7572:
7555:
7546:
7540:
7539:
7511:
7505:
7504:
7476:
7470:
7469:
7431:
7425:
7424:
7422:
7405:
7396:
7390:
7389:
7361:
7352:
7351:
7323:
7317:
7316:
7313:10.1063/1.330062
7282:
7276:
7275:
7273:
7271:
7265:
7258:
7247:
7241:
7240:
7238:
7236:
7230:
7223:
7215:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7204:
7198:
7191:
7183:
7177:
7176:
7174:
7172:
7162:
7156:
7155:
7153:
7151:
7141:
7135:
7134:
7132:
7130:
7124:
7118:. Archived from
7117:
7109:
7103:
7095:
7089:
7088:
7070:
7059:
7053:
7052:
7042:
7009:
7003:
7002:
7000:
6998:
6992:
6977:
6969:
6963:
6962:
6933:
6927:
6926:
6916:
6906:
6880:
6874:
6873:
6871:
6869:
6848:
6842:
6841:
6839:
6837:
6826:
6820:
6819:
6809:
6775:
6769:
6768:
6748:
6742:
6741:
6739:
6723:
6714:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6690:
6679:10.1038/353642a0
6656:
6643:
6637:
6636:
6616:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6592:
6583:
6577:
6576:
6558:
6552:
6551:
6523:
6517:
6516:
6476:
6470:
6469:
6425:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6414:
6397:
6391:
6390:
6372:
6366:
6365:
6347:
6341:
6340:
6320:
6314:
6313:
6281:
6275:
6274:
6238:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6227:
6220:Business Insider
6210:
6204:
6203:
6185:
6179:
6178:
6168:
6144:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6117:
6108:
6107:
6083:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6069:
6059:
6048:
6047:
6034:World Scientific
6023:
6014:
6013:
5989:
5980:
5979:
5955:
5949:
5948:
5940:
5934:
5933:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5863:
5857:
5856:
5832:
5826:
5825:
5815:
5775:
5769:
5768:
5761:
5752:
5751:
5725:
5719:
5718:
5707:10.1038/354445a0
5680:
5674:
5673:
5664:
5658:
5657:
5637:
5631:
5630:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5561:
5548:
5547:
5539:
5533:
5532:
5492:
5486:
5485:
5468:(8): 4143â4149.
5453:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5444:
5411:
5405:
5404:
5394:
5385:(9): 1113â1120.
5370:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5360:
5327:
5321:
5320:
5288:
5282:
5281:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5232:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5182:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5089:
5074:
5073:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5032:(7â8): 332â336.
5022:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4985:
4979:. Archived from
4946:
4944:cond-mat/0203383
4926:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4877:
4871:
4870:
4860:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4797:
4791:
4790:
4763:
4742:
4741:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4691:Cuff YH (1996).
4688:
4682:
4681:
4664:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4464:
4455:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4412:
4403:
4394:
4393:
4378:Iler RK (1979).
4375:
4369:
4368:
4350:
4341:
4340:
4328:
4319:
4318:
4306:
4295:
4294:
4270:
4159:Colloidal silica
4071:
4049:
4017:
3962:
3937:
3904:
3863:
3821:
3764:
3736:
3703:
3677:
3648:
3619:
3567:
3560:
3400:Water solubility
3395:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3372:
3367:
3364:
3357:
3294:calcium silicate
3267:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3249:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3220:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3166:
3161:
3158:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3103:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3075:
3072:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3017:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2899:
2896:
2889:
2833:
2807:(HF) to produce
2754:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2729:
2719:
2716:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2693:
2683:
2680:
2673:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2613:
2603:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2574:
2564:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2548:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2528:
2519:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2474:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2451:
2441:
2438:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2415:
2405:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2389:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2369:
2360:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2317:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2297:
2288:
2279:
2276:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2247:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2227:
2218:
2184:microelectronics
2178:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2156:
2146:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2117:
2106:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2049:
2042:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1926:
1916:
1913:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1851:
1796:was used in the
1745:chips (with the
1673:indium phosphide
1669:gallium arsenide
1569:Colloidal silica
1512:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1490:
1487:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1448:
1438:
1435:
1428:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1370:
1364:
1355:
1352:
1345:
1298:The majority of
1277:glass transition
1077:
1026:silicon monoxide
884:double bond rule
821:microelectronics
815:. It is used in
782:
775:chemical formula
761:, also known as
737:
731:
728:
727:
706:
683:42 J·mol·K
679:
659:Thermochemistry
649:Silicon monoxide
547:
540:
533:
518:
476:Refractive index
389:Chemical formula
349:
348:
333:
331:
315:
279:
268:
257:
240:
218:Gmelin Reference
204:
186:
178:
167:
156:
136:
116:
38:
31:
29:Silicon dioxide
27:
16:Oxide of silicon
11502:
11501:
11497:
11496:
11495:
11493:
11492:
11491:
11452:Silicon dioxide
11442:
11441:
11440:
11435:
11430:
11421:
11417:
11408:
11404:
11396:
11392:
11384:
11380:
11372:
11364:
11356:
11348:
11340:
11332:
11324:
11311:
11296:
11292:
11288:
11280:
11276:
11261:
11240:
11235:
11205:
11200:
11198:Category:Oxides
11194:oxidation state
11186:
11140:
11136:
11122:
11113:Xenon tetroxide
11108:
11094:
11080:
11059:
11055:
11051:
11038:
11034:
11021:
11017:
11004:
11000:
10980:
10976:
10962:
10948:
10934:
10920:
10911:Sulfur trioxide
10906:
10892:
10878:
10864:
10850:
10829:
10825:
10821:
10808:
10804:
10791:
10787:
10774:
10770:
10757:
10753:
10740:
10736:
10723:
10719:
10706:
10702:
10689:
10685:
10665:
10661:
10647:
10633:
10624:Uranium dioxide
10619:
10605:
10591:
10577:
10568:Thorium dioxide
10563:
10549:
10535:
10521:
10507:
10498:Silicon dioxide
10493:
10479:
10465:
10451:
10437:
10423:
10409:
10395:
10381:
10367:
10353:
10339:
10325:
10311:
10297:
10288:Iridium dioxide
10283:
10269:
10255:
10251:
10238:
10224:
10210:
10196:
10182:
10173:Carbon trioxide
10168:
10154:
10140:
10131:Bromine dioxide
10126:
10112:
10091:
10087:
10083:
10070:
10066:
10053:
10049:
10036:
10032:
10019:
10015:
10002:
9998:
9985:
9981:
9968:
9964:
9951:
9947:
9934:
9930:
9917:
9913:
9900:
9896:
9883:
9879:
9866:
9862:
9849:
9845:
9832:
9828:
9815:
9811:
9798:
9794:
9781:
9777:
9769:Lanthanum oxide
9764:
9760:
9752:Iron(III) oxide
9747:
9743:
9730:
9726:
9713:
9709:
9701:Gold(III) oxide
9696:
9692:
9679:
9675:
9662:
9658:
9645:
9641:
9628:
9624:
9611:
9607:
9594:
9590:
9577:
9573:
9560:
9556:
9543:
9539:
9526:
9522:
9509:
9505:
9492:
9488:
9475:
9471:
9458:
9454:
9441:
9437:
9424:
9420:
9407:
9403:
9390:
9386:
9378:Aluminium oxide
9373:
9369:
9349:
9285:
9281:
9263:Sulfur monoxide
9253:Strontium oxide
9143:Magnesium oxide
9123:Iodine monoxide
9088:
9084:
9026:Carbon monoxide
8986:Beryllium oxide
8944:
8940:
8927:
8914:
8901:
8888:
8875:
8867:Potassium oxide
8862:
8849:
8836:
8823:
8815:Iodine(I) oxide
8810:
8797:
8784:
8771:
8758:
8750:Copper(I) oxide
8745:
8725:
8721:
8717:
8704:
8700:
8687:
8683:
8670:
8666:
8653:
8649:
8636:
8632:
8619:
8615:
8602:
8598:
8585:
8581:
8568:
8564:
8551:
8547:
8534:
8530:
8517:
8513:
8500:
8496:
8488:Carbon suboxide
8483:
8479:
8466:
8462:
8442:
8437:
8407:
8398:
8389:
8387:
8380:
8337:
8314:
8259:
8238:
8210:
8177:
8124:
8116:
8073:Wayback Machine
8040:
8031:
7968:
7963:
7956:
7932:
7928:
7921:
7905:
7901:
7862:
7858:
7805:
7801:
7788:(1â2): 95â112.
7778:
7774:
7767:
7751:
7747:
7718:(11â12): 1506.
7702:
7698:
7690:
7686:
7641:
7637:
7629:
7588:
7582:
7578:
7570:
7553:
7547:
7543:
7512:
7508:
7487:(1â6): 409â13.
7477:
7473:
7452:(6): 1391â401.
7441:
7437:
7432:
7428:
7420:
7403:
7397:
7393:
7362:
7355:
7324:
7320:
7288:
7283:
7279:
7269:
7267:
7263:
7256:
7248:
7244:
7234:
7232:
7228:
7221:
7217:
7216:
7212:
7202:
7200:
7196:
7189:
7185:
7184:
7180:
7170:
7168:
7164:
7163:
7159:
7149:
7147:
7143:
7142:
7138:
7128:
7126:
7122:
7115:
7111:
7110:
7106:
7096:
7092:
7068:
7060:
7056:
7031:10.1038/ni.1631
7010:
7006:
6996:
6994:
6990:
6975:
6971:
6970:
6966:
6934:
6930:
6904:10.1289/EHP1013
6881:
6877:
6867:
6865:
6850:
6849:
6845:
6835:
6833:
6828:
6827:
6823:
6776:
6772:
6749:
6745:
6737:
6721:
6715:
6711:
6703:
6654:
6651:
6644:
6640:
6633:
6617:
6613:
6605:
6590:
6584:
6580:
6573:
6559:
6555:
6524:
6520:
6477:
6473:
6426:
6422:
6412:
6410:
6398:
6394:
6387:
6373:
6369:
6362:
6348:
6344:
6337:
6321:
6317:
6282:
6278:
6271:
6239:
6235:
6225:
6223:
6211:
6207:
6200:
6186:
6182:
6145:
6141:
6131:
6129:
6119:
6118:
6111:
6104:
6084:
6077:
6067:
6065:
6061:
6060:
6051:
6044:
6024:
6017:
6010:
6002:. p. 111.
5990:
5983:
5976:
5956:
5952:
5943:Mann A (1917).
5941:
5937:
5908:(10): 479â480.
5894:
5890:
5880:
5864:
5860:
5849:
5833:
5829:
5776:
5772:
5763:
5762:
5755:
5740:
5726:
5722:
5681:
5677:
5666:
5665:
5661:
5654:
5638:
5634:
5605:(12): 632â634.
5595:
5590:
5586:
5576:
5574:
5562:
5551:
5540:
5536:
5493:
5489:
5454:
5450:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5412:
5408:
5371:
5367:
5358:
5356:
5354:
5328:
5324:
5317:10.2113/0540291
5303:(54): 291â327.
5289:
5285:
5250:
5246:
5200:
5196:
5150:
5146:
5139:
5125:
5121:
5114:
5090:
5077:
5070:
5056:
5052:
5044:
5020:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5002:
4998:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4924:
4918:
4914:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4878:
4874:
4830:
4823:
4819:
4812:
4798:
4794:
4787:
4764:
4745:
4738:
4716:
4712:
4705:
4689:
4685:
4679:
4665:
4648:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4612:
4608:
4601:
4587:
4583:
4532:
4528:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4490:
4486:
4478:
4462:
4456:
4449:
4441:
4410:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4376:
4372:
4365:
4351:
4344:
4329:
4322:
4307:
4298:
4291:
4271:
4258:
4254:
4246:Silicon carbide
4232:
4227:
4131:CAS 112945-52-5
4124:
4080:
4040:
4028:
4023:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3979:
3975:
3948:
3919:
3915:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3874:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3834:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3747:
3741:ÎČ-cristobalite
3722:
3718:
3714:
3708:α-cristobalite
3690:
3686:
3663:
3659:
3634:
3630:
3605:
3601:
3582:
3574:
3565:
3553:
3548:
3529:
3509:
3507:Pathophysiology
3473:
3434:
3419:
3402:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3332:pentacoordinate
3324:ethylene glycol
3274:sodaâlime glass
3247:
3242:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3159:
3154:
3146:
3141:
3130:
3125:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3073:
3068:
3060:
3055:
3044:
3039:
3025:
3020:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
2996:
2979:potassium oxide
2952:
2947:
2936:
2931:
2923:
2918:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2768:
2737:
2732:
2717:
2712:
2701:
2696:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2655:
2634:
2629:
2621:
2616:
2601:
2596:
2582:
2577:
2562:
2557:
2549:
2544:
2536:
2531:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2506:sol-gel process
2500:TEOS undergoes
2482:
2477:
2459:
2454:
2439:
2434:
2423:
2418:
2403:
2398:
2390:
2385:
2377:
2372:
2364:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2331:
2326:
2318:
2313:
2305:
2300:
2292:
2277:
2272:
2261:
2256:
2248:
2243:
2235:
2230:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2201:
2196:
2164:
2159:
2144:
2139:
2125:
2120:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2073:
2068:
2057:
2052:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2006:
1979:
1974:
1963:
1958:
1950:
1945:
1934:
1929:
1914:
1909:
1901:
1896:
1885:
1880:
1872:
1867:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1829:sodium silicate
1825:
1809:
1755:
1704:
1661:silicon nitride
1639:gate dielectric
1637:as an original
1628:
1610:
1598:hydrated silica
1553:
1488:
1483:
1472:
1467:
1456:
1451:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1400:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1286:
1282:
1265:
1227:
1222:
1187:testate amoebae
1157:manufacturing.
1124:
1076:
1072:
1063:
1058:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1012:
996:
994:
943:
935:
881:
877:
861:
836:
781:
777:
759:Silicon dioxide
756:
749:
744:
743:
742: ?)
733:
729:
725:
721:
707:
704:
698:
694:
691:
690:Std enthalpy of
680:
677:
670:
667:
651:
645:
635:
631:
627:
621:
608:
604:
593:
589:
578:
572:
552:
551:
550:
549:
542:
535:
528:
524:
516:
486:
484:
456:
397:
391:
377:
374:
373:
370:
364:
363:
352:
334:
327:
318:
298:
282:
269:
255:Silicon+dioxide
243:
220:
196:
159:
139:
119:
106:
92:
91:
57:
56:Silicon dioxide
42:
39:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
11500:
11490:
11489:
11484:
11479:
11474:
11469:
11464:
11459:
11454:
11437:
11436:
11434:
11433:
11428:
11424:
11419:
11415:
11411:
11406:
11402:
11398:
11394:
11390:
11386:
11382:
11378:
11374:
11370:
11366:
11362:
11358:
11354:
11350:
11346:
11342:
11338:
11334:
11330:
11326:
11322:
11318:
11313:
11309:
11304:
11302:
11298:
11297:
11295:
11294:
11290:
11286:
11282:
11278:
11274:
11269:
11267:
11263:
11262:
11260:
11259:
11254:
11248:
11246:
11242:
11241:
11234:
11233:
11226:
11219:
11211:
11202:
11201:
11191:
11188:
11187:
11185:
11184:
11179:
11174:
11169:
11164:
11159:
11154:
11148:
11146:
11142:
11141:
11139:
11138:
11134:
11124:
11120:
11110:
11106:
11096:
11092:
11082:
11078:
11067:
11065:
11061:
11060:
11058:
11057:
11053:
11049:
11040:
11036:
11032:
11023:
11019:
11015:
11006:
11002:
10998:
10988:
10986:
10982:
10981:
10979:
10978:
10974:
10967:Xenon trioxide
10964:
10960:
10950:
10946:
10936:
10932:
10922:
10918:
10908:
10904:
10894:
10890:
10880:
10876:
10866:
10862:
10852:
10848:
10837:
10835:
10831:
10830:
10828:
10827:
10823:
10819:
10810:
10806:
10802:
10793:
10789:
10785:
10776:
10772:
10768:
10759:
10755:
10751:
10742:
10738:
10734:
10725:
10721:
10717:
10708:
10704:
10700:
10691:
10687:
10683:
10673:
10671:
10667:
10666:
10664:
10663:
10659:
10649:
10645:
10635:
10631:
10621:
10617:
10607:
10603:
10593:
10589:
10579:
10575:
10565:
10561:
10551:
10547:
10537:
10533:
10523:
10519:
10512:Sulfur dioxide
10509:
10505:
10495:
10491:
10481:
10477:
10467:
10463:
10453:
10449:
10439:
10435:
10425:
10421:
10411:
10407:
10397:
10393:
10383:
10379:
10372:Osmium dioxide
10369:
10365:
10355:
10351:
10341:
10337:
10327:
10323:
10313:
10309:
10299:
10295:
10285:
10281:
10274:Iodine dioxide
10271:
10267:
10257:
10253:
10249:
10240:
10236:
10226:
10222:
10212:
10208:
10198:
10194:
10184:
10180:
10170:
10166:
10159:Carbon dioxide
10156:
10152:
10142:
10138:
10128:
10124:
10114:
10110:
10099:
10097:
10093:
10092:
10090:
10089:
10085:
10081:
10072:
10068:
10064:
10055:
10051:
10047:
10038:
10034:
10030:
10021:
10017:
10013:
10004:
10000:
9996:
9987:
9983:
9979:
9970:
9966:
9962:
9953:
9949:
9945:
9939:Scandium oxide
9936:
9932:
9928:
9919:
9915:
9911:
9902:
9898:
9894:
9885:
9881:
9877:
9868:
9864:
9860:
9851:
9847:
9843:
9834:
9830:
9826:
9817:
9813:
9809:
9800:
9796:
9792:
9783:
9779:
9775:
9766:
9762:
9758:
9749:
9745:
9741:
9732:
9728:
9724:
9715:
9711:
9707:
9698:
9694:
9690:
9681:
9677:
9673:
9664:
9660:
9656:
9647:
9643:
9639:
9630:
9626:
9622:
9613:
9609:
9605:
9596:
9592:
9588:
9579:
9575:
9571:
9562:
9558:
9554:
9545:
9541:
9537:
9528:
9524:
9520:
9511:
9507:
9503:
9494:
9490:
9486:
9480:Boron trioxide
9477:
9473:
9469:
9460:
9456:
9452:
9443:
9439:
9435:
9426:
9422:
9418:
9409:
9405:
9401:
9392:
9388:
9384:
9375:
9371:
9367:
9357:
9355:
9351:
9350:
9348:
9347:
9337:
9327:
9317:
9307:
9297:
9287:
9283:
9279:
9270:
9260:
9250:
9240:
9230:
9220:
9210:
9200:
9190:
9180:
9170:
9160:
9150:
9140:
9133:Lead(II) oxide
9130:
9120:
9113:Iron(II) oxide
9110:
9100:
9090:
9086:
9082:
9073:
9063:
9053:
9043:
9033:
9023:
9013:
9003:
8993:
8983:
8973:
8963:
8952:
8950:
8946:
8945:
8943:
8942:
8938:
8929:
8925:
8916:
8912:
8903:
8899:
8890:
8886:
8880:Rubidium oxide
8877:
8873:
8864:
8860:
8851:
8847:
8838:
8834:
8825:
8821:
8812:
8808:
8799:
8795:
8786:
8782:
8773:
8769:
8760:
8756:
8747:
8743:
8733:
8731:
8727:
8726:
8724:
8723:
8719:
8715:
8706:
8702:
8698:
8689:
8685:
8681:
8672:
8668:
8664:
8655:
8651:
8647:
8638:
8634:
8630:
8621:
8617:
8613:
8604:
8600:
8596:
8587:
8583:
8579:
8570:
8566:
8562:
8553:
8549:
8545:
8536:
8532:
8528:
8519:
8515:
8511:
8502:
8498:
8494:
8485:
8481:
8477:
8471:Boron suboxide
8468:
8464:
8460:
8450:
8448:
8444:
8443:
8436:
8435:
8428:
8421:
8413:
8404:
8403:
8400:
8399:
8385:
8382:
8381:
8379:
8378:
8373:
8371:Shocked quartz
8368:
8363:
8358:
8353:
8347:
8345:
8339:
8338:
8336:
8335:
8330:
8324:
8322:
8316:
8315:
8313:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8276:
8274:
8265:
8261:
8260:
8258:
8257:
8252:
8246:
8244:
8240:
8239:
8237:
8236:
8231:
8229:Lechatelierite
8226:
8220:
8218:
8212:
8211:
8209:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8187:
8185:
8179:
8178:
8176:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8134:
8132:
8126:
8125:
8115:
8114:
8107:
8100:
8092:
8086:
8085:
8080:
8063:
8053:
8043:
8038:
8034:
8029:
8025:
8019:
8013:
8007:
8003:Cristobalite,
8001:
7995:
7989:
7978:"Silica"
7975:, ed. (1911).
7967:
7966:External links
7964:
7962:
7961:
7954:
7926:
7919:
7899:
7878:(2): 405â413.
7856:
7799:
7772:
7765:
7745:
7696:
7684:
7635:
7576:
7541:
7522:(4): 693â706.
7506:
7471:
7439:
7435:
7426:
7391:
7372:(1â2): 27â38.
7353:
7318:
7286:
7277:
7242:
7210:
7178:
7157:
7136:
7104:
7090:
7054:
7025:(8): 847â856.
7004:
6964:
6928:
6875:
6843:
6821:
6770:
6743:
6709:
6649:
6638:
6631:
6611:
6578:
6571:
6553:
6534:(3): 447â453.
6518:
6471:
6420:
6392:
6385:
6367:
6360:
6350:Lee S (2006).
6342:
6335:
6315:
6276:
6269:
6233:
6205:
6198:
6180:
6139:
6109:
6102:
6096:. p. 17.
6075:
6049:
6042:
6015:
6008:
5981:
5974:
5950:
5935:
5888:
5878:
5858:
5847:
5827:
5770:
5753:
5738:
5720:
5675:
5659:
5652:
5632:
5593:
5584:
5549:
5534:
5507:(4): 279â299.
5487:
5448:
5436:
5406:
5365:
5352:
5322:
5283:
5264:(2): 798â805.
5244:
5209:J. Anim. Ecol.
5194:
5165:(2): 595â603.
5159:J. Anim. Ecol.
5144:
5137:
5119:
5113:978-3527306732
5112:
5075:
5068:
5050:
5015:
5011:
5007:
4996:
4912:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4872:
4828:
4817:
4810:
4792:
4785:
4777:Pergamon Press
4743:
4736:
4720:Silica Stories
4710:
4703:
4683:
4677:
4646:
4634:
4606:
4599:
4581:
4546:(2): 207â222.
4526:
4514:
4484:
4447:
4395:
4388:
4370:
4363:
4342:
4320:
4296:
4289:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4208:Silica aerogel
4205:
4202:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4128:
4123:
4120:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4030:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4011:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3972:cubic (cP*, P4
3970:
3968:melanophlogite
3964:
3963:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3691:/mmc, No. 194
3688:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3654:
3650:
3649:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3595:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3579:
3576:Pearson symbol
3571:
3563:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3528:
3525:
3508:
3505:
3472:
3469:
3432:
3418:
3417:Health effects
3415:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3380:
3377:
3371:
3363:
3308:optical fibres
3286:blast furnaces
3270:
3269:
3253:
3245:
3237:
3226:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3178:
3177:
3165:
3157:
3144:
3136:
3128:
3120:
3109:
3092:
3091:
3079:
3071:
3058:
3050:
3042:
3034:
3023:
3014:
2994:
2983:lead(II) oxide
2971:
2970:
2950:
2942:
2934:
2921:
2913:
2906:
2903:
2895:
2845:LuxâFlood acid
2835:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2767:
2764:
2756:
2755:
2735:
2726:
2723:
2715:
2707:
2699:
2690:
2687:
2679:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2632:
2619:
2610:
2607:
2599:
2591:
2580:
2571:
2568:
2560:
2555:
2547:
2534:
2526:
2498:
2497:
2480:
2471:
2468:
2457:
2448:
2445:
2437:
2429:
2421:
2412:
2409:
2401:
2396:
2388:
2375:
2367:
2347:
2346:
2329:
2324:
2316:
2303:
2295:
2286:
2283:
2275:
2267:
2259:
2254:
2246:
2233:
2225:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2180:
2179:
2162:
2153:
2150:
2142:
2134:
2123:
2114:
2111:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2071:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2028:
2010:silicon wafers
2005:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1977:
1969:
1961:
1948:
1940:
1932:
1923:
1920:
1912:
1899:
1891:
1883:
1870:
1857:
1824:
1821:
1808:
1805:
1794:Silica aerogel
1754:
1751:
1747:planar process
1724:surface states
1702:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1654:
1643:MOS technology
1635:
1622:Planar process
1609:
1608:Semiconductors
1606:
1567:applications.
1552:
1549:
1514:
1513:
1497:
1494:
1486:
1478:
1470:
1462:
1454:
1445:
1442:
1434:
1413:
1408:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1362:
1359:
1351:
1300:optical fibers
1289:ceramic glazes
1284:
1280:
1264:
1261:
1226:
1225:Structural use
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1205:
1190:
1161:Silicification
1123:
1120:
1112:volcanic rocks
1098:formed during
1074:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1007:
995:
992:
989:
941:
934:
931:
879:
875:
859:
835:
832:
779:
754:
751:
750:
745:
723:
722:
718:standard state
715:
712:
711:
708:
702:
696:
688:
685:
684:
681:
675:
664:
661:
660:
656:
655:
646:
643:
640:
639:
625:Carbon dioxide
622:
620:Related diones
619:
616:
615:
611:
610:
605:
599:
596:
595:
590:
584:
581:
580:
579:) (amorphous)
576:
573:
567:
564:
563:
554:
553:
543:
536:
529:
514:
513:
512:
511:
509:
500:
499:
495:
494:
487:
482:
474:
471:
470:
467:
461:
460:
457:
451:
448:
447:
444:
438:
437:
434:
428:
427:
424:
418:
417:
414:
410:
409:
406:
400:
399:
395:
392:
387:
384:
383:
379:
378:
376:
375:
371:
368:
367:
359:
358:
357:
354:
353:
351:
350:
337:
335:
323:
320:
319:
317:
316:
308:
306:
300:
299:
297:
296:
292:
290:
284:
283:
281:
280:
272:
270:
262:
259:
258:
251:
245:
244:
242:
241:
233:
231:
225:
224:
221:
216:
213:
212:
206:
198:
197:
195:
194:
190:
188:
180:
179:
169:
161:
160:
158:
157:
149:
147:
141:
140:
138:
137:
129:
127:
121:
120:
118:
117:
109:
107:
102:
99:
98:
94:
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
71:
68:
64:
63:
59:
58:
55:
49:
48:
44:
43:
40:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11499:
11488:
11485:
11483:
11480:
11478:
11475:
11473:
11470:
11468:
11465:
11463:
11460:
11458:
11455:
11453:
11450:
11449:
11447:
11432:
11425:
11423:
11412:
11410:
11399:
11397:
11387:
11385:
11375:
11373:
11367:
11365:
11359:
11357:
11351:
11349:
11343:
11341:
11335:
11333:
11327:
11325:
11319:
11317:
11314:
11312:
11306:
11305:
11303:
11299:
11293:
11283:
11281:
11271:
11270:
11268:
11264:
11258:
11255:
11253:
11250:
11249:
11247:
11243:
11239:
11232:
11227:
11225:
11220:
11218:
11213:
11212:
11209:
11199:
11195:
11189:
11183:
11180:
11178:
11175:
11173:
11170:
11168:
11165:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11153:
11150:
11149:
11147:
11143:
11132:
11128:
11125:
11118:
11114:
11111:
11104:
11100:
11097:
11090:
11086:
11083:
11076:
11072:
11069:
11068:
11066:
11062:
11048:
11044:
11041:
11031:
11027:
11024:
11014:
11010:
11007:
10997:
10993:
10990:
10989:
10987:
10983:
10972:
10968:
10965:
10958:
10954:
10951:
10944:
10940:
10937:
10930:
10926:
10923:
10916:
10912:
10909:
10902:
10898:
10895:
10888:
10884:
10881:
10874:
10870:
10867:
10860:
10856:
10853:
10846:
10842:
10839:
10838:
10836:
10832:
10818:
10814:
10811:
10801:
10797:
10794:
10784:
10780:
10777:
10767:
10763:
10760:
10750:
10746:
10743:
10733:
10729:
10726:
10716:
10712:
10709:
10699:
10695:
10692:
10682:
10678:
10675:
10674:
10672:
10668:
10657:
10653:
10650:
10643:
10639:
10636:
10629:
10625:
10622:
10615:
10611:
10608:
10601:
10597:
10594:
10587:
10583:
10580:
10573:
10569:
10566:
10559:
10555:
10552:
10545:
10541:
10538:
10531:
10527:
10524:
10517:
10513:
10510:
10503:
10499:
10496:
10489:
10485:
10482:
10475:
10471:
10468:
10461:
10457:
10454:
10447:
10443:
10440:
10433:
10429:
10426:
10419:
10415:
10412:
10405:
10401:
10398:
10391:
10387:
10384:
10377:
10373:
10370:
10363:
10359:
10356:
10349:
10345:
10342:
10335:
10331:
10328:
10321:
10317:
10314:
10307:
10303:
10300:
10293:
10289:
10286:
10279:
10275:
10272:
10265:
10261:
10258:
10248:
10244:
10241:
10234:
10230:
10227:
10220:
10216:
10213:
10206:
10202:
10199:
10192:
10188:
10185:
10178:
10174:
10171:
10164:
10160:
10157:
10150:
10146:
10143:
10136:
10132:
10129:
10122:
10118:
10115:
10108:
10104:
10101:
10100:
10098:
10094:
10080:
10076:
10073:
10063:
10059:
10056:
10046:
10042:
10039:
10029:
10025:
10022:
10012:
10008:
10005:
9995:
9991:
9988:
9978:
9974:
9971:
9961:
9957:
9954:
9944:
9940:
9937:
9927:
9923:
9920:
9910:
9906:
9903:
9893:
9889:
9886:
9876:
9872:
9869:
9859:
9855:
9852:
9842:
9838:
9835:
9825:
9821:
9818:
9808:
9804:
9801:
9791:
9787:
9784:
9774:
9770:
9767:
9757:
9753:
9750:
9740:
9736:
9733:
9723:
9719:
9716:
9706:
9702:
9699:
9689:
9685:
9682:
9672:
9668:
9665:
9655:
9651:
9648:
9638:
9634:
9631:
9621:
9617:
9614:
9604:
9600:
9597:
9587:
9583:
9580:
9570:
9566:
9563:
9553:
9549:
9546:
9536:
9532:
9529:
9519:
9515:
9512:
9502:
9498:
9495:
9485:
9481:
9478:
9468:
9464:
9461:
9451:
9447:
9444:
9434:
9430:
9427:
9417:
9413:
9410:
9400:
9396:
9393:
9383:
9379:
9376:
9366:
9362:
9359:
9358:
9356:
9352:
9345:
9341:
9338:
9335:
9331:
9328:
9325:
9321:
9318:
9315:
9311:
9308:
9305:
9301:
9300:Tin(II) oxide
9298:
9295:
9291:
9288:
9278:
9274:
9271:
9268:
9264:
9261:
9258:
9254:
9251:
9248:
9244:
9241:
9238:
9234:
9231:
9228:
9224:
9221:
9218:
9214:
9211:
9208:
9204:
9201:
9198:
9194:
9191:
9188:
9184:
9181:
9178:
9174:
9171:
9168:
9164:
9161:
9158:
9154:
9151:
9148:
9144:
9141:
9138:
9134:
9131:
9128:
9124:
9121:
9118:
9114:
9111:
9108:
9104:
9101:
9098:
9094:
9091:
9081:
9077:
9074:
9071:
9067:
9064:
9061:
9057:
9054:
9051:
9047:
9044:
9041:
9037:
9034:
9031:
9027:
9024:
9021:
9017:
9016:Calcium oxide
9014:
9011:
9007:
9006:Cadmium oxide
9004:
9001:
8997:
8994:
8991:
8987:
8984:
8981:
8977:
8974:
8971:
8967:
8964:
8961:
8957:
8954:
8953:
8951:
8947:
8937:
8933:
8930:
8924:
8920:
8917:
8911:
8907:
8904:
8898:
8894:
8891:
8885:
8881:
8878:
8872:
8868:
8865:
8859:
8855:
8854:Nitrous oxide
8852:
8846:
8842:
8839:
8833:
8829:
8828:Lithium oxide
8826:
8820:
8816:
8813:
8807:
8803:
8800:
8794:
8790:
8787:
8781:
8777:
8774:
8768:
8764:
8761:
8755:
8751:
8748:
8742:
8738:
8735:
8734:
8732:
8728:
8714:
8710:
8707:
8697:
8693:
8690:
8680:
8676:
8673:
8663:
8659:
8656:
8646:
8642:
8639:
8629:
8625:
8622:
8612:
8608:
8605:
8595:
8591:
8588:
8578:
8574:
8571:
8561:
8557:
8554:
8544:
8540:
8537:
8527:
8523:
8520:
8510:
8506:
8503:
8493:
8489:
8486:
8476:
8472:
8469:
8459:
8455:
8452:
8451:
8449:
8445:
8441:
8434:
8429:
8427:
8422:
8420:
8415:
8414:
8411:
8397:
8396:
8383:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8348:
8346:
8344:
8340:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8325:
8323:
8321:
8317:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8277:
8275:
8273:
8269:
8266:
8262:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8247:
8245:
8243:Miscellaneous
8241:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8221:
8219:
8217:
8213:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8188:
8186:
8184:
8180:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8135:
8133:
8131:
8127:
8123:
8120:
8113:
8108:
8106:
8101:
8099:
8094:
8093:
8090:
8084:
8081:
8078:
8074:
8070:
8067:
8064:
8061:
8057:
8054:
8051:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8035:
8033:
8026:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8014:
8012:
8008:
8006:
8002:
8000:
7996:
7994:
7990:
7986:
7985:
7979:
7974:
7970:
7969:
7957:
7951:
7947:
7943:
7939:
7938:
7930:
7922:
7920:0-471-29212-5
7916:
7912:
7911:
7903:
7895:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7877:
7873:
7872:
7867:
7860:
7852:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7834:
7830:
7826:
7822:
7818:
7814:
7810:
7803:
7795:
7791:
7787:
7783:
7776:
7768:
7762:
7758:
7757:
7749:
7741:
7737:
7733:
7729:
7725:
7721:
7717:
7713:
7712:
7707:
7700:
7694:. Mindat.org.
7693:
7688:
7680:
7676:
7672:
7668:
7664:
7660:
7656:
7652:
7651:
7646:
7639:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7612:
7608:
7604:
7600:
7596:
7595:
7587:
7580:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7560:
7552:
7545:
7537:
7533:
7529:
7525:
7521:
7517:
7510:
7502:
7498:
7494:
7490:
7486:
7482:
7475:
7467:
7463:
7459:
7455:
7451:
7447:
7446:
7430:
7419:
7415:
7411:
7410:
7402:
7395:
7387:
7383:
7379:
7375:
7371:
7367:
7360:
7358:
7349:
7345:
7341:
7337:
7334:(3): 371â80.
7333:
7329:
7322:
7314:
7310:
7306:
7302:
7298:
7294:
7293:
7281:
7262:
7255:
7254:
7246:
7227:
7220:
7214:
7195:
7188:
7182:
7167:
7161:
7146:
7140:
7121:
7114:
7108:
7101:
7094:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7067:
7066:
7058:
7050:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7032:
7028:
7024:
7021:
7020:
7019:Nat. Immunol.
7015:
7008:
6989:
6985:
6981:
6974:
6968:
6960:
6956:
6952:
6948:
6945:(5): 341â54.
6944:
6941:
6940:
6932:
6924:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6896:
6892:
6891:
6886:
6879:
6863:
6859:
6858:
6853:
6847:
6831:
6825:
6817:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6792:(4): 489â96.
6791:
6787:
6786:
6781:
6774:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6747:
6736:
6733:: 1052â1056.
6732:
6729:
6728:
6720:
6713:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6689:
6688:2027.42/62810
6684:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6660:
6653:
6642:
6634:
6632:9781133172482
6628:
6624:
6623:
6615:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6589:
6582:
6574:
6572:9780471924784
6568:
6564:
6557:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6522:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6475:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6447:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6424:
6409:
6408:
6407:IEEE Spectrum
6403:
6396:
6388:
6386:9780471924784
6382:
6378:
6371:
6363:
6361:9780824755638
6357:
6354:. CRC Press.
6353:
6346:
6338:
6336:9781574446753
6332:
6329:. CRC Press.
6328:
6327:
6319:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6280:
6272:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6245:
6237:
6222:
6221:
6216:
6209:
6201:
6199:9780470010259
6195:
6191:
6184:
6176:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6143:
6128:
6127:
6122:
6121:"Dawon Kahng"
6116:
6114:
6105:
6103:9783319325217
6099:
6095:
6091:
6090:
6082:
6080:
6064:
6058:
6056:
6054:
6045:
6043:9789812814456
6039:
6035:
6031:
6030:
6022:
6020:
6011:
6009:9780262294324
6005:
6001:
5997:
5996:
5988:
5986:
5977:
5975:9780801886393
5971:
5967:
5963:
5962:
5954:
5946:
5939:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5892:
5885:
5881:
5879:9781842145654
5875:
5871:
5870:
5862:
5855:
5850:
5848:9781842145654
5844:
5840:
5839:
5831:
5823:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5774:
5766:
5760:
5758:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5739:9780199236176
5735:
5731:
5724:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5687:
5679:
5671:
5670:
5663:
5655:
5649:
5645:
5644:
5636:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5588:
5573:
5572:
5567:
5560:
5558:
5556:
5554:
5545:
5538:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5491:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5452:
5439:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5410:
5402:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5369:
5355:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5326:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5287:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5248:
5240:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5205:
5198:
5190:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5155:
5148:
5140:
5138:9781405160544
5134:
5130:
5123:
5115:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5096:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5071:
5069:9783527306473
5065:
5062:. Wiley-VCH.
5061:
5054:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5019:
5000:
4986:on 2016-06-04
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4937:(1): 011202.
4936:
4932:
4931:
4923:
4916:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4876:
4868:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4843:(6): 663â77.
4842:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4821:
4813:
4811:9780198553700
4807:
4803:
4796:
4788:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4739:
4737:9783319540542
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4714:
4706:
4704:9780812213775
4700:
4696:
4695:
4687:
4680:
4678:0-12-352651-5
4674:
4670:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4637:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4618:
4610:
4602:
4596:
4592:
4585:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4530:
4517:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4488:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4461:
4454:
4452:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4421:(5): 409â24.
4420:
4416:
4409:
4402:
4400:
4391:
4389:9780471024040
4385:
4381:
4374:
4366:
4360:
4356:
4349:
4347:
4338:
4334:
4327:
4325:
4316:
4312:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4292:
4290:1-4398-5511-0
4286:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4256:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4146:CAB-O-GRIP II
4145:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4034:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4005:
3985:
3982:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3920:/mnm, No.136
3913:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3880:
3877:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3789:
3786:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3580:
3577:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3559:
3557:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3487:
3486:lung capacity
3483:
3478:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3423:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3378:
3369:
3361:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3336:polar solvent
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3290:calcium oxide
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3243:
3235:
3224:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3180:
3179:
3163:
3155:
3142:
3126:
3118:
3107:
3094:
3093:
3077:
3069:
3056:
3040:
3032:
3021:
3012:
3004:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:orthosilicate
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2948:
2940:
2932:
2919:
2904:
2901:
2893:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2839:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2783:
2776:
2772:
2763:
2761:
2733:
2724:
2721:
2713:
2697:
2688:
2685:
2677:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2653:Other methods
2630:
2617:
2608:
2605:
2597:
2578:
2569:
2566:
2558:
2545:
2532:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2478:
2469:
2466:
2455:
2446:
2443:
2435:
2419:
2410:
2407:
2399:
2386:
2373:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2327:
2314:
2301:
2284:
2281:
2273:
2257:
2244:
2231:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2160:
2151:
2148:
2140:
2121:
2112:
2109:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2069:
2053:
2045:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2004:On microchips
2001:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1946:
1938:
1930:
1921:
1910:
1897:
1889:
1881:
1868:
1855:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:sulfuric acid
1834:
1830:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1760:is used as a
1759:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1720:
1719:silicon wafer
1716:
1711:
1710:pân junctions
1707:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1680:semiconductor
1676:
1674:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1651:hafnium oxide
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1571:is used as a
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1495:
1492:
1484:
1468:
1460:
1452:
1443:
1440:
1432:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1411:
1404:
1376:
1373:
1360:
1357:
1349:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:rice husk ash
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1067:
1053:
1031:
1027:
1009:Molecular SiO
1006:
1004:
1000:
999:Molten silica
988:
986:
982:
981:crystallinity
978:
974:
973:crystallinity
970:
966:
965:dealumination
962:
958:
956:
952:
947:
939:
930:
928:
927:SiâOâSi angle
924:
921:All of these
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
887:
885:
873:
869:
856:
848:
840:
831:
829:
824:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
748:
741:
736:
719:
713:
709:
701:
693:
687:
686:
682:
674:
669:
663:
662:
657:
654:
650:
647:
642:
641:
638:
634:
630:
626:
623:
618:
617:
612:
606:
602:
598:
597:
591:
588:(Recommended)
587:
583:
582:
574:
571:(Permissible)
570:
566:
565:
561:
560:
555:
548:
541:
534:
510:
507:
506:
502:
501:
496:
493:), 1.553 (e)
492:
488:
481:
477:
473:
472:
468:
466:
463:
462:
458:
454:
450:
449:
445:
443:
442:Boiling point
440:
439:
435:
433:
432:Melting point
430:
429:
425:
423:
420:
419:
415:
412:
411:
407:
405:
402:
401:
393:
390:
386:
385:
380:
366:
365:
362:
355:
347:
343:
342:DTXSID1029677
339:
338:
336:
326:
322:
321:
314:
310:
309:
307:
305:
302:
301:
294:
293:
291:
289:
286:
285:
278:
274:
273:
271:
265:
261:
260:
256:
252:
250:
247:
246:
239:
235:
234:
232:
230:
227:
226:
222:
219:
215:
214:
211:
207:
205:
200:
199:
192:
191:
189:
187:
182:
181:
177:
173:
170:
168:
166:ECHA InfoCard
163:
162:
155:
151:
150:
148:
146:
143:
142:
135:
131:
130:
128:
126:
123:
122:
115:
111:
110:
108:
105:
101:
100:
95:
87:
84:
81:
78:
75:
73:Silicic oxide
72:
69:
66:
65:
60:
54:
50:
45:
37:
32:
26:
22:
11360:
10497:
10316:Lead dioxide
9233:Radium oxide
9183:Nitric oxide
8966:Barium oxide
8919:Sodium oxide
8893:Silver oxide
8386:
8366:Smoky quartz
8143:Cristobalite
8118:
7982:
7936:
7929:
7909:
7902:
7875:
7869:
7859:
7816:
7812:
7802:
7785:
7781:
7775:
7759:. Springer.
7755:
7748:
7715:
7709:
7699:
7687:
7654:
7648:
7638:
7598:
7592:
7579:
7563:
7557:
7544:
7519:
7515:
7509:
7484:
7480:
7474:
7449:
7443:
7429:
7413:
7407:
7394:
7369:
7365:
7331:
7327:
7321:
7296:
7290:
7280:
7268:. Retrieved
7252:
7245:
7233:. Retrieved
7213:
7201:. Retrieved
7181:
7169:. Retrieved
7160:
7148:. Retrieved
7139:
7127:. Retrieved
7120:the original
7107:
7093:
7064:
7057:
7022:
7017:
7007:
6995:. Retrieved
6967:
6942:
6937:
6931:
6894:
6888:
6878:
6866:. Retrieved
6855:
6846:
6834:. Retrieved
6824:
6789:
6783:
6773:
6756:
6746:
6730:
6727:Am. Mineral.
6725:
6712:
6662:
6658:
6641:
6621:
6614:
6598:
6594:
6581:
6562:
6556:
6531:
6527:
6521:
6488:
6484:
6474:
6433:
6429:
6423:
6411:. Retrieved
6405:
6395:
6376:
6370:
6351:
6345:
6325:
6318:
6293:
6289:
6279:
6243:
6236:
6224:. Retrieved
6218:
6208:
6189:
6183:
6156:
6152:
6142:
6130:. Retrieved
6124:
6088:
6066:. Retrieved
6028:
5994:
5960:
5953:
5944:
5938:
5905:
5901:
5891:
5883:
5868:
5861:
5852:
5837:
5830:
5790:(1): 11455.
5787:
5783:
5773:
5729:
5723:
5690:
5684:
5678:
5668:
5662:
5642:
5635:
5602:
5597:
5587:
5575:. Retrieved
5569:
5543:
5537:
5504:
5500:
5490:
5465:
5461:
5451:
5441:, retrieved
5419:
5409:
5382:
5378:
5368:
5357:. Retrieved
5335:
5325:
5300:
5296:
5286:
5261:
5257:
5247:
5215:(3): 631â3.
5212:
5207:
5197:
5162:
5157:
5147:
5128:
5122:
5093:
5059:
5053:
5029:
5024:
4999:
4988:. Retrieved
4981:the original
4934:
4930:Phys. Rev. E
4928:
4915:
4898:
4893:
4875:
4840:
4834:
4820:
4801:
4795:
4771:
4767:Greenwood NN
4719:
4713:
4693:
4686:
4668:
4639:, retrieved
4616:
4609:
4590:
4584:
4543:
4539:
4529:
4519:, retrieved
4497:
4487:
4471:
4468:Am. Mineral.
4466:
4418:
4414:
4379:
4373:
4354:
4274:
4179:Fumed silica
4175:Fossil flour
4152:CAB-O-SPERSE
4125:
4081:
4027:orthorhombic
3947:orthorhombic
3749:
3682:ÎČ-tridymite
3657:orthorhombic
3653:α-tridymite
3635:22, No. 180
3598:rhombohedral
3578:, group no.
3549:
3533:
3530:
3513:inflammasome
3510:
3490:
3477:sandblasting
3474:
3442:
3428:
3403:
3344:
3328:alkali metal
3313:
3271:
2975:sodium oxide
2972:
2876:
2842:
2836:
2820:+ 6 HF â H
2802:
2773:
2769:
2758:However the
2757:
2656:
2499:
2348:
2202:
2181:
2090:
2007:
1999:
1826:
1810:
1802:
1792:
1777:
1766:
1756:
1728:
1688:
1677:
1666:
1629:
1588:
1585:
1580:
1573:fining agent
1554:
1537:ferrosilicon
1531:
1515:
1403:Fumed silica
1401:
1398:Fumed silica
1320:
1297:
1293:
1266:
1246:
1242:sand casting
1235:
1228:
1202:dicotyledons
1198:Equisetaceae
1165:
1159:
1144:
1125:
1108:cristobalite
1071:
1015:
997:
959:
938:Alpha quartz
936:
933:Polymorphism
920:
900:cristobalite
888:
874:). Thus, SiO
865:
825:
805:fumed silica
801:fused quartz
762:
758:
757:
699:
672:
637:Lead dioxide
558:
504:
479:
288:RTECS number
97:Identifiers
62:Other names
25:
11182:Oxypnictide
10582:Tin dioxide
8295:Chrysoprase
8250:Tiger's eye
8130:Crystalline
8041:) and water
8037:Silica (SiO
8028:Quartz (SiO
8009:Amorphous,
7991:Tridymite,
7657:(7): 1018.
7566:: 324â333.
4474:: 854â867.
4122:Other names
4096:lung cancer
3519:, a highly
3517:interleukin
3497:countertops
3453:lung cancer
1813:sand mining
1565:hygroscopic
1533:Silica fume
1519:thixotropic
1308:earthenware
946:beta-quartz
633:Tin dioxide
413:Appearance
382:Properties
172:100.028.678
134:CHEBI:30563
88:Silica sand
82:Pure Silica
11472:Excipients
11446:Categories
11177:Superoxide
9340:Zinc oxide
8376:Prasiolite
8305:Moss agate
8300:Heliotrope
8272:Chalcedony
8191:Chalcedony
8168:Stishovite
8163:Seifertite
7973:Chisholm H
7692:Seifertite
7270:27 January
6296:: 107600.
5599:JETP Lett.
5443:2024-07-19
5359:2024-06-20
4990:2009-07-07
4901:(2): 285.
4775:. Oxford:
4641:2023-09-12
4521:2023-10-08
4252:References
4112:Inhalation
4102:, such as
4092:bronchitis
4059:hexagonal
4004:clathrasil
3943:seifertite
3914:tetragonal
3910:stishovite
3873:monoclinic
3832:monoclinic
3784:2, No. 92
3774:tetragonal
3752:m, No.227
3723:2, No. 92
3712:tetragonal
3660:oS24, C222
3606:21 No.152
3600:(trigonal)
3589:Structure
3556:polymorphs
3527:Regulation
3449:bronchitis
3320:dinitrogen
3306:Bundle of
3292:, forming
3282:lead glass
2987:zinc oxide
2872:chalcedony
2838:Stishovite
2502:hydrolysis
1833:silica gel
1807:Production
1788:chaotropes
1769:refractory
1612:See also:
1602:toothpaste
1579:reference
1545:pozzolanic
1194:phytoliths
1183:Radiolaria
1140:herbivores
1088:stishovite
991:Molten SiO
951:seifertite
904:stishovite
404:Molar mass
313:ETJ7Z6XBU4
145:ChemSpider
104:CAS Number
53:IUPAC name
11152:Oxocarbon
8333:Geyserite
8285:Carnelian
8224:Fulgurite
8216:Amorphous
8173:Tridymite
7679:129400258
7623:196903109
6513:236182027
6505:0957-4522
6466:127735545
6458:1432-0649
6436:(2): 29.
6175:1687-4110
6000:MIT Press
5930:0016-7568
5748:430678988
5627:124299526
5521:1059-910X
5482:2357-0245
5401:1865-7117
5278:0950-0618
4895:J. Catal.
4576:255234311
4568:1090-6460
4281:CRC Press
4155:Catalogue
4149:CAB-O-SIL
4116:amorphous
4088:silicosis
4055:2D silica
4024:W-silica
4008:clathrate
3949:oP, Pbcn
3748:cF104, Fd
3685:hexagonal
3628:hexagonal
3624:ÎČ-quartz
3594:α-quartz
3482:allergies
3445:silicosis
3376:⟶
3252:⟶
3194:−
3135:⟶
3049:⟶
2991:silicates
2912:⟶
2863:up to 10
2706:⟶
2590:⟶
2428:⟶
2266:⟶
2133:⟶
2062:⟶
1919:⟶
1695:thermally
1563:water in
1541:amorphous
1477:⟶
1368:⟶
1316:porcelain
1312:stoneware
1257:shale gas
1253:tight oil
1175:frustules
1136:ungulates
1132:phytolith
1104:tridymite
1096:eclogites
961:Faujasite
896:tridymite
834:Structure
793:materials
773:with the
692:formation
666:Std molar
295:VV7565000
193:231-545-4
185:EC Number
114:7631-86-9
11172:Peroxide
11162:Oxyanion
11157:Suboxide
8356:Ametrine
8351:Amethyst
8153:Moganite
8122:minerals
8069:Archived
7997:Quartz,
7894:10911000
7851:24336488
7819:: 3482.
7740:53525827
7627:Archived
7568:Archived
7438:and AlPO
7418:Archived
7416:: 9â14.
7261:Archived
7235:3 August
7226:Archived
7203:3 August
7194:Archived
7171:3 August
7150:3 August
7129:3 August
7049:18604214
6988:Archived
6986:. 2015.
6923:28718769
6816:19064650
6759:: 4614.
6735:Archived
6701:Archived
6603:Archived
6159:: 1â11.
6094:Springer
5822:34075083
5529:14534903
5239:18341561
5189:16638012
5042:Archived
4969:12241346
4867:11679696
4476:Archived
4439:Archived
4435:26340665
4339:(NIOSH).
4317:(NIOSH).
4230:See also
4224:Vulkasil
4218:Silikill
4201:Santocel
4172:FLO-GARD
4166:Dicalite
4086:tissue,
4006:(silica
3827:moganite
3776:tP36, P4
3715:tP12, P4
3687:hP12, P6
3664:, No.20
3631:hP18, P6
3459:such as
3438:dementia
3340:methanol
2775:Fluorine
1775:fabric.
1577:E number
1209:spicules
1155:concrete
813:aerogels
797:minerals
765:, is an
505:NFPA 704
498:Hazards
455:(χ)
203:E number
11266:Si(III)
11167:Ozonide
11145:Related
8328:Fiorite
8148:Keatite
8138:Coesite
7842:3863822
7821:Bibcode
7720:Bibcode
7659:Bibcode
7603:Bibcode
7524:Bibcode
7489:Bibcode
7454:Bibcode
7374:Bibcode
7336:Bibcode
7301:Bibcode
7040:2834784
6959:1648030
6914:5744649
6807:2809081
6761:Bibcode
6697:4310228
6667:Bibcode
6536:Bibcode
6438:Bibcode
6298:Bibcode
6249:Bibcode
6132:27 June
6068:21 June
5910:Bibcode
5813:8169902
5792:Bibcode
5715:4344891
5695:Bibcode
5607:Bibcode
5305:Bibcode
5217:Bibcode
5167:Bibcode
4977:6109212
4949:Bibcode
4845:Bibcode
4548:Bibcode
4333:"#0682"
4311:"#0552"
4195:Nalcoag
4143:Aquafil
4137:Aerosil
4134:Acitcel
4022:fibrous
3916:tP6, P4
3869:coesite
3770:keatite
3602:hP9, P3
3583:(g/cm)
3338:except
3326:and an
1594:diatoms
1323:silicon
1213:sponges
1192:Silica
1179:diatoms
1122:Biology
1084:coesite
1061:Geology
969:zeolite
908:coesite
771:silicon
740:what is
738: (
668:entropy
489:1.544 (
422:Density
398:
264:PubChem
223:200274
85:Silicea
11482:Oxides
11301:Si(IV)
11245:Si(II)
8440:Oxides
8343:Quartz
8206:Jasper
8158:Quartz
8119:Silica
7952:
7917:
7892:
7849:
7839:
7763:
7738:
7677:
7621:
7047:
7037:
6997:26 Feb
6957:
6921:
6911:
6868:11 Feb
6864:. 2017
6836:11 Feb
6814:
6804:
6695:
6659:Nature
6629:
6569:
6511:
6503:
6464:
6456:
6413:11 Feb
6383:
6358:
6333:
6267:
6226:11 Feb
6196:
6173:
6100:
6040:
6006:
5972:
5928:
5876:
5845:
5820:
5810:
5746:
5736:
5713:
5686:Nature
5650:
5625:
5577:24 Aug
5527:
5519:
5480:
5434:
5399:
5350:
5276:
5237:
5187:
5135:
5110:
5066:
5018:Melts"
4975:
4967:
4865:
4808:
4783:
4734:
4701:
4675:
4632:
4597:
4574:
4566:
4512:
4433:
4386:
4361:
4287:
4204:Silica
4198:Nyacol
4189:LO-VEL
4186:HI-SEL
4098:, and
4078:Safety
3980:/nbc)
3952:4.294
3928:rutile
3923:4.287
3889:and Si
3878:2.911
3856:rings
3848:and Si
3787:3.011
3726:2.334
3667:2.265
3638:2.533
3609:2.648
3586:Notes
3318:under
3316:reflux
2861:quartz
2659:silane
2020:or 10
1817:quartz
1626:MOSFET
1624:, and
1561:adsorb
1557:caking
1329:in an
1314:, and
1185:, and
1151:cement
1080:quartz
955:rutile
892:quartz
811:, and
785:quartz
763:silica
735:verify
732:
238:C16459
70:Silica
67:Quartz
47:Names
8280:Agate
8255:Aqeeq
8201:Flint
8196:Chert
7736:S2CID
7675:S2CID
7630:(PDF)
7619:S2CID
7589:(PDF)
7571:(PDF)
7554:(PDF)
7421:(PDF)
7404:(PDF)
7264:(PDF)
7257:(PDF)
7229:(PDF)
7222:(PDF)
7197:(PDF)
7190:(PDF)
7123:(PDF)
7116:(PDF)
7069:(PDF)
6991:(PDF)
6976:(PDF)
6738:(PDF)
6722:(PDF)
6704:(PDF)
6693:S2CID
6655:(PDF)
6606:(PDF)
6591:(PDF)
6509:S2CID
6462:S2CID
5711:S2CID
5623:S2CID
5045:(PDF)
5021:(PDF)
4984:(PDF)
4973:S2CID
4939:arXiv
4925:(PDF)
4572:S2CID
4479:(PDF)
4463:(PDF)
4442:(PDF)
4411:(PDF)
4192:Ludox
4104:lupus
4035:Like
4032:1.97
3983:2.04
3745:cubic
3570:Form
3461:lupus
3451:, or
3322:with
3255:glass
2828:+ 2 H
2784:and O
1753:Other
1706:films
1701:. SiO
1649:like
1269:glass
1171:Tests
1030:argon
1003:water
862:forms
828:glass
767:oxide
559:NIOSH
361:InChI
277:24261
208:E551
154:22683
125:ChEBI
11389:Si(N
11353:SiAu
11321:SiCl
11308:SiBr
8320:Opal
8310:Onyx
8234:Opal
7950:ISBN
7915:ISBN
7890:PMID
7847:PMID
7761:ISBN
7272:2018
7237:2017
7205:2017
7173:2017
7152:2017
7131:2017
7045:PMID
6999:2015
6982:and
6955:PMID
6919:PMID
6870:2019
6838:2019
6812:PMID
6627:ISBN
6567:ISBN
6501:ISSN
6454:ISSN
6415:2019
6381:ISBN
6356:ISBN
6331:ISBN
6265:ISBN
6228:2019
6194:ISBN
6171:ISSN
6157:2017
6134:2019
6098:ISBN
6070:2013
6038:ISBN
6004:ISBN
5970:ISBN
5926:ISSN
5874:ISBN
5843:ISBN
5818:PMID
5744:OCLC
5734:ISBN
5648:ISBN
5579:2013
5525:PMID
5517:ISSN
5478:ISSN
5432:ISBN
5397:ISSN
5348:ISBN
5274:ISSN
5235:PMID
5185:PMID
5133:ISBN
5108:ISBN
5064:ISBN
4965:PMID
4863:PMID
4806:ISBN
4781:ISBN
4732:ISBN
4699:ISBN
4673:ISBN
4630:ISBN
4595:ISBN
4564:ISSN
4510:ISBN
4431:PMID
4384:ISBN
4359:ISBN
4285:ISBN
4106:and
4084:lung
3994:, Si
3806:, Si
3798:, Si
3463:and
3297:slag
3191:0.25
2909:NaOH
2867:for
2859:for
2792:, Br
2614:HOCH
2012:via
1839:is:
1782:and
1581:E551
1429:SiCl
1407:SiCl
1302:for
1255:and
1238:clay
1220:Uses
1207:The
1153:and
1128:rice
1116:sand
1106:and
1086:and
975:and
914:and
912:opal
809:opal
789:sand
609:Ca
601:IDLH
304:UNII
249:MeSH
229:KEGG
11427:SiF
11369:SiS
11361:SiO
11345:SiI
11337:SiH
11329:SiF
11316:SiC
11257:SiS
11252:SiO
7942:doi
7880:doi
7837:PMC
7829:doi
7790:doi
7786:276
7728:doi
7667:doi
7611:doi
7532:doi
7497:doi
7485:112
7462:doi
7442:".
7382:doi
7370:177
7344:doi
7309:doi
7081:hdl
7073:doi
7035:PMC
7027:doi
6947:doi
6909:PMC
6899:doi
6895:125
6802:PMC
6794:doi
6790:169
6683:hdl
6675:doi
6663:353
6544:doi
6532:120
6493:doi
6446:doi
6434:125
6306:doi
6294:183
6257:doi
6161:doi
5918:doi
5808:PMC
5800:doi
5703:doi
5691:354
5615:doi
5509:doi
5470:doi
5424:doi
5387:doi
5340:doi
5313:doi
5266:doi
5225:doi
5175:doi
5100:doi
5034:doi
5010:-Al
4957:doi
4903:doi
4884:/Al
4853:doi
4724:doi
4622:doi
4556:doi
4502:doi
4423:doi
4114:of
4037:SiS
3550:SiO
3383:SiO
3358:SiO
3240:SiO
3197:0.8
3152:SiO
3123:SiO
3066:SiO
3037:SiO
2929:SiO
2890:SiO
2824:SiF
2816:SiO
2796:, I
2779:SiF
2710:SiO
2674:SiH
2594:SiO
2432:SiO
2270:SiO
2137:SiO
2095:O.
2066:SiO
1927:SiO
1784:RNA
1749:).
1671:or
1641:in
1500:HCl
1481:SiO
1416:.
1346:SiO
1233:).
1173:or
1073:SiO
778:SiO
769:of
703:298
676:298
586:REL
569:PEL
394:SiO
330:EPA
267:CID
11448::
11431:Cl
11418:Cl
11414:Si
11401:Si
11377:Si
11289:Cl
11285:Si
11273:Si
11196:.
11131:Hs
11117:Xe
11103:Ru
11089:Os
11075:Ir
11047:Tc
11030:Re
11013:Mn
10996:Cl
10971:Xe
10929:Te
10901:Se
10887:Re
10873:Po
10859:Mo
10845:Cr
10800:Ta
10783:Pa
10749:Nb
10715:Bi
10698:As
10681:Sb
10656:Zr
10600:Ti
10586:Sn
10572:Th
10558:Tb
10544:Te
10530:Tc
10502:Si
10488:Se
10474:Ru
10460:Rh
10446:Pa
10432:Pr
10418:Po
10404:Pu
10390:Pt
10376:Os
10348:Np
10334:Mn
10320:Pb
10306:Hf
10292:Ir
10264:Ge
10233:Cm
10219:Cr
10205:Cl
10191:Ce
10149:Cf
10135:Br
10121:Bk
10107:Am
10062:Yb
10011:Ti
9994:Tm
9977:Tl
9960:Tb
9943:Sc
9926:Sm
9909:Rh
9892:Pm
9875:Pr
9841:Ni
9824:Nd
9807:Mn
9790:Lu
9773:La
9756:Fe
9739:In
9722:Ho
9705:Au
9688:Ga
9671:Gd
9654:Eu
9637:Er
9620:Es
9603:Dy
9569:Co
9552:Cr
9535:Ce
9518:Cf
9501:Cs
9467:Bi
9450:Bk
9433:As
9416:Sb
9399:Am
9382:Al
9365:Ac
9346:O)
9344:Zn
9336:O)
9326:O)
9316:O)
9314:Ti
9306:O)
9304:Sn
9296:O)
9294:Th
9269:O)
9259:O)
9257:Sr
9249:O)
9247:Si
9239:O)
9237:Ra
9229:O)
9227:Pa
9219:O)
9217:Po
9209:O)
9199:O)
9197:Pd
9189:O)
9179:O)
9177:Ni
9169:O)
9167:Hg
9159:O)
9157:Mn
9149:O)
9147:Mg
9139:O)
9137:Pb
9129:O)
9119:O)
9117:Fe
9109:O)
9107:Ge
9099:O)
9097:Eu
9072:O)
9070:Cu
9062:O)
9060:Co
9052:O)
9050:Cr
9042:O)
9040:Cl
9032:O)
9022:O)
9020:Ca
9012:O)
9010:Cd
9002:O)
9000:Br
8992:O)
8990:Be
8982:O)
8980:Bk
8972:O)
8970:Ba
8962:O)
8960:Al
8941:O)
8928:O)
8923:Na
8915:O)
8910:Tl
8902:O)
8897:Ag
8889:O)
8884:Rb
8876:O)
8863:O)
8850:O)
8845:Hg
8837:O)
8832:Li
8824:O)
8811:O)
8806:Ga
8798:O)
8793:Cl
8785:O)
8772:O)
8767:Cs
8759:O)
8754:Cu
8746:O)
8741:Al
8696:Br
8679:Tb
8662:Ag
8652:11
8645:Pr
8631:12
8611:Mn
8594:Pb
8577:Fe
8560:Cl
8543:Co
8526:Cl
8509:Cl
8478:12
8458:Sb
7981:.
7948:.
7888:.
7876:56
7874:.
7868:.
7845:.
7835:.
7827:.
7815:.
7811:.
7784:.
7734:.
7726:.
7716:86
7714:.
7708:.
7673:.
7665:.
7655:87
7653:.
7647:.
7625:.
7617:.
7609:.
7599:80
7597:.
7591:.
7564:66
7562:.
7556:.
7530:.
7518:.
7495:.
7483:.
7460:.
7450:31
7448:.
7414:79
7412:.
7406:.
7380:.
7368:.
7356:^
7342:.
7332:36
7330:.
7307:.
7297:53
7295:.
7224:.
7192:.
7079:.
7043:.
7033:.
7016:.
6978:.
6953:.
6943:29
6917:.
6907:.
6893:.
6887:.
6860:.
6854:.
6810:.
6800:.
6788:.
6782:.
6755:.
6731:62
6724:.
6699:.
6691:.
6681:.
6673:.
6661:.
6657:.
6599:47
6597:.
6593:.
6542:.
6530:.
6507:.
6499:.
6489:32
6487:.
6483:.
6460:.
6452:.
6444:.
6432:.
6404:.
6304:.
6292:.
6288:.
6263:.
6255:.
6217:.
6169:.
6155:.
6151:.
6123:.
6112:^
6092:.
6078:^
6052:^
6018:^
5998:.
5984:^
5964:.
5924:.
5916:.
5904:.
5900:.
5882:.
5851:.
5816:.
5806:.
5798:.
5788:11
5786:.
5782:.
5756:^
5742:.
5709:.
5701:.
5689:.
5621:.
5613:.
5603:79
5568:.
5552:^
5523:.
5515:.
5505:62
5503:.
5499:.
5476:.
5466:64
5464:.
5460:.
5430:,
5418:,
5395:.
5383:65
5381:.
5377:.
5346:.
5311:.
5299:.
5295:.
5272:.
5262:25
5256:.
5233:.
5223:.
5213:77
5206:.
5183:.
5173:.
5163:75
5156:.
5106:.
5078:^
5040:.
5030:62
5023:.
4971:.
4963:.
4955:.
4947:.
4935:66
4933:.
4927:.
4899:54
4861:.
4851:.
4841:57
4839:.
4833:.
4746:^
4730:.
4649:^
4628:,
4570:.
4562:.
4554:.
4544:56
4542:.
4538:.
4508:,
4496:,
4472:48
4465:.
4450:^
4437:.
4429:.
4419:51
4417:.
4413:.
4398:^
4345:^
4335:.
4323:^
4313:.
4299:^
4283:.
4259:^
4110:.
4094:,
4090:,
4010:)
4000:12
3992:10
3986:Si
3895:16
3881:Si
3854:12
3840:Si
3812:16
3796:10
3790:Si
3581:Ï
3558:.
3540:ÎŒg
3447:,
3433:50
3431:LD
3373:Si
3342:.
3299:.
3280:,
3276:,
3221:Na
3139:Na
3104:Na
3053:Na
3018:Na
2985:,
2981:,
2977:,
2916:Na
2853:pH
2811::
2627:CH
2529:OC
2520:Si
2475:CO
2447:10
2411:12
2370:OC
2361:Si
2228:OC
2219:Si
2107:Si
2043:Si
2018:nm
1956:SO
1943:Na
1907:SO
1865:Si
1852:Na
1790:.
1764:.
1675:.
1620:,
1616:,
1604:.
1583:.
1381:CO
1371:Si
1333::
1318:.
1310:,
1259:.
1181:,
1118:.
987:.
894:,
886:.
830:.
819:,
807:,
803:,
695:(Î
11429:3
11422:O
11420:6
11416:2
11409:O
11407:2
11405:N
11403:2
11395:4
11393:)
11391:3
11383:4
11381:N
11379:3
11371:2
11363:2
11355:4
11347:4
11339:4
11331:4
11323:4
11310:4
11291:6
11287:2
11279:6
11277:H
11275:2
11230:e
11223:t
11216:v
11137:)
11135:4
11133:O
11129:(
11123:)
11121:4
11119:O
11115:(
11109:)
11107:4
11105:O
11101:(
11095:)
11093:4
11091:O
11087:(
11081:)
11079:4
11077:O
11073:(
11056:)
11054:7
11052:O
11050:2
11045:(
11039:)
11037:7
11035:O
11033:2
11028:(
11022:)
11020:7
11018:O
11016:2
11011:(
11005:)
11003:7
11001:O
10999:2
10994:(
10977:)
10975:3
10973:O
10969:(
10963:)
10961:3
10959:O
10957:U
10955:(
10949:)
10947:3
10945:O
10943:W
10941:(
10935:)
10933:3
10931:O
10927:(
10921:)
10919:3
10917:O
10915:S
10913:(
10907:)
10905:3
10903:O
10899:(
10893:)
10891:3
10889:O
10885:(
10879:)
10877:3
10875:O
10871:(
10865:)
10863:3
10861:O
10857:(
10851:)
10849:3
10847:O
10843:(
10826:)
10824:5
10822:O
10820:2
10817:V
10815:(
10809:)
10807:5
10805:O
10803:2
10798:(
10792:)
10790:5
10788:O
10786:2
10781:(
10775:)
10773:5
10771:O
10769:2
10766:P
10764:(
10758:)
10756:5
10754:O
10752:2
10747:(
10741:)
10739:5
10737:O
10735:2
10732:N
10730:(
10724:)
10722:5
10720:O
10718:2
10713:(
10707:)
10705:5
10703:O
10701:2
10696:(
10690:)
10688:5
10686:O
10684:2
10679:(
10662:)
10660:2
10658:O
10654:(
10648:)
10646:2
10644:O
10642:V
10640:(
10634:)
10632:2
10630:O
10628:U
10626:(
10620:)
10618:2
10616:O
10614:W
10612:(
10606:)
10604:2
10602:O
10598:(
10592:)
10590:2
10588:O
10584:(
10578:)
10576:2
10574:O
10570:(
10564:)
10562:2
10560:O
10556:(
10550:)
10548:2
10546:O
10542:(
10536:)
10534:2
10532:O
10528:(
10522:)
10520:2
10518:O
10516:S
10514:(
10508:)
10506:2
10504:O
10500:(
10494:)
10492:2
10490:O
10486:(
10480:)
10478:2
10476:O
10472:(
10466:)
10464:2
10462:O
10458:(
10452:)
10450:2
10448:O
10444:(
10438:)
10436:2
10434:O
10430:(
10424:)
10422:2
10420:O
10416:(
10410:)
10408:2
10406:O
10402:(
10396:)
10394:2
10392:O
10388:(
10382:)
10380:2
10378:O
10374:(
10368:)
10366:2
10364:O
10362:N
10360:(
10354:)
10352:2
10350:O
10346:(
10340:)
10338:2
10336:O
10332:(
10326:)
10324:2
10322:O
10318:(
10312:)
10310:2
10308:O
10304:(
10298:)
10296:2
10294:O
10290:(
10284:)
10282:2
10280:O
10278:I
10276:(
10270:)
10268:2
10266:O
10262:(
10256:)
10254:4
10252:O
10250:2
10247:N
10245:(
10239:)
10237:2
10235:O
10231:(
10225:)
10223:2
10221:O
10217:(
10211:)
10209:2
10207:O
10203:(
10197:)
10195:2
10193:O
10189:(
10183:)
10181:3
10179:O
10177:C
10175:(
10169:)
10167:2
10165:O
10163:C
10161:(
10155:)
10153:2
10151:O
10147:(
10141:)
10139:2
10137:O
10133:(
10127:)
10125:2
10123:O
10119:(
10113:)
10111:2
10109:O
10105:(
10088:)
10086:3
10084:O
10082:2
10079:Y
10077:(
10071:)
10069:3
10067:O
10065:2
10060:(
10054:)
10052:3
10050:O
10048:2
10045:V
10043:(
10037:)
10035:3
10033:O
10031:2
10028:W
10026:(
10020:)
10018:3
10016:O
10014:2
10009:(
10003:)
10001:3
9999:O
9997:2
9992:(
9986:)
9984:3
9982:O
9980:2
9975:(
9969:)
9967:3
9965:O
9963:2
9958:(
9952:)
9950:3
9948:O
9946:2
9941:(
9935:)
9933:3
9931:O
9929:2
9924:(
9918:)
9916:3
9914:O
9912:2
9907:(
9901:)
9899:3
9897:O
9895:2
9890:(
9884:)
9882:3
9880:O
9878:2
9873:(
9867:)
9865:6
9863:O
9861:4
9858:P
9856:(
9850:)
9848:3
9846:O
9844:2
9839:(
9833:)
9831:3
9829:O
9827:2
9822:(
9816:)
9814:3
9812:O
9810:2
9805:(
9799:)
9797:3
9795:O
9793:2
9788:(
9782:)
9780:3
9778:O
9776:2
9771:(
9765:)
9763:3
9761:O
9759:2
9754:(
9748:)
9746:3
9744:O
9742:2
9737:(
9731:)
9729:3
9727:O
9725:2
9720:(
9714:)
9712:3
9710:O
9708:2
9703:(
9697:)
9695:3
9693:O
9691:2
9686:(
9680:)
9678:3
9676:O
9674:2
9669:(
9663:)
9661:3
9659:O
9657:2
9652:(
9646:)
9644:3
9642:O
9640:2
9635:(
9629:)
9627:3
9625:O
9623:2
9618:(
9612:)
9610:3
9608:O
9606:2
9601:(
9595:)
9593:3
9591:O
9589:2
9586:N
9584:(
9578:)
9576:3
9574:O
9572:2
9567:(
9561:)
9559:3
9557:O
9555:2
9550:(
9544:)
9542:3
9540:O
9538:2
9533:(
9527:)
9525:3
9523:O
9521:2
9516:(
9510:)
9508:3
9506:O
9504:2
9499:(
9493:)
9491:3
9489:O
9487:2
9484:B
9482:(
9476:)
9474:3
9472:O
9470:2
9465:(
9459:)
9457:3
9455:O
9453:2
9448:(
9442:)
9440:3
9438:O
9436:2
9431:(
9425:)
9423:3
9421:O
9419:2
9414:(
9408:)
9406:3
9404:O
9402:2
9397:(
9391:)
9389:3
9387:O
9385:2
9380:(
9374:)
9372:3
9370:O
9368:2
9363:(
9342:(
9334:Y
9332:(
9324:V
9322:(
9312:(
9302:(
9292:(
9286:)
9284:2
9282:O
9280:2
9277:S
9275:(
9267:S
9265:(
9255:(
9245:(
9235:(
9225:(
9215:(
9207:P
9205:(
9195:(
9187:N
9185:(
9175:(
9165:(
9155:(
9145:(
9135:(
9127:I
9125:(
9115:(
9105:(
9095:(
9089:)
9087:2
9085:O
9083:2
9080:N
9078:(
9068:(
9058:(
9048:(
9038:(
9030:C
9028:(
9018:(
9008:(
8998:(
8988:(
8978:(
8968:(
8958:(
8939:2
8936:H
8934:(
8926:2
8921:(
8913:2
8908:(
8900:2
8895:(
8887:2
8882:(
8874:2
8871:K
8869:(
8861:2
8858:N
8856:(
8848:2
8843:(
8835:2
8830:(
8822:2
8819:I
8817:(
8809:2
8804:(
8796:2
8791:(
8783:2
8780:C
8778:(
8770:2
8765:(
8757:2
8752:(
8744:2
8739:(
8722:)
8720:8
8718:O
8716:3
8713:U
8711:(
8705:)
8703:8
8701:O
8699:3
8694:(
8688:)
8686:7
8684:O
8682:4
8677:(
8671:)
8669:2
8667:O
8665:2
8660:(
8654:)
8650:O
8648:6
8643:(
8637:)
8635:9
8633:O
8628:C
8626:(
8620:)
8618:4
8616:O
8614:3
8609:(
8603:)
8601:4
8599:O
8597:3
8592:(
8586:)
8584:4
8582:O
8580:3
8575:(
8569:)
8567:5
8565:O
8563:2
8558:(
8552:)
8550:4
8548:O
8546:3
8541:(
8535:)
8533:6
8531:O
8529:2
8524:(
8518:)
8516:4
8514:O
8512:2
8507:(
8501:)
8499:2
8497:O
8495:3
8492:C
8490:(
8484:)
8482:2
8480:O
8475:B
8473:(
8467:)
8465:4
8463:O
8461:2
8456:(
8432:e
8425:t
8418:v
8111:e
8104:t
8097:v
8039:2
8030:2
7958:.
7944::
7896:.
7882::
7853:.
7831::
7823::
7817:3
7796:.
7792::
7769:.
7742:.
7730::
7722::
7681:.
7669::
7661::
7613::
7605::
7538:.
7534::
7526::
7520:4
7503:.
7499::
7491::
7468:.
7464::
7456::
7440:4
7436:2
7388:.
7384::
7376::
7350:.
7346::
7338::
7315:.
7311::
7303::
7287:2
7274:.
7239:.
7207:.
7175:.
7154:.
7133:.
7102:.
7083::
7075::
7051:.
7029::
7023:9
7001:.
6961:.
6949::
6925:.
6901::
6872:.
6840:.
6818:.
6796::
6767:.
6763::
6685::
6677::
6669::
6652:"
6650:2
6635:.
6575:.
6550:.
6546::
6538::
6515:.
6495::
6468:.
6448::
6440::
6417:.
6389:.
6364:.
6339:.
6312:.
6308::
6300::
6273:.
6259::
6251::
6230:.
6202:.
6177:.
6163::
6136:.
6106:.
6072:.
6046:.
6012:.
5978:.
5932:.
5920::
5912::
5906:9
5824:.
5802::
5794::
5767:.
5750:.
5717:.
5705::
5697::
5656:.
5629:.
5617::
5609::
5594:2
5581:.
5531:.
5511::
5484:.
5472::
5426::
5403:.
5389::
5362:.
5342::
5319:.
5315::
5307::
5301:1
5280:.
5268::
5241:.
5227::
5219::
5191:.
5177::
5169::
5141:.
5116:.
5102::
5072:.
5036::
5016:3
5014:O
5012:2
5008:2
4993:.
4959::
4951::
4941::
4909:.
4905::
4890:3
4888:O
4886:2
4882:2
4869:.
4855::
4847::
4829:2
4814:.
4789:.
4740:.
4726::
4707:.
4624::
4603:.
4578:.
4558::
4550::
4504::
4425::
4392:.
4367:.
4293:.
4039:2
3998:O
3996:6
3990:O
3988:5
3978:2
3974:2
3918:2
3893:O
3891:8
3887:8
3885:O
3883:4
3852:O
3850:6
3846:8
3844:O
3842:4
3810:O
3808:8
3804:8
3802:O
3800:4
3794:O
3792:5
3782:1
3780:2
3778:1
3750:3
3721:1
3719:2
3717:1
3689:3
3662:1
3633:2
3604:1
3564:2
3552:2
3379:2
3370:+
3362:2
3268:.
3244:2
3236:+
3233:O
3225:2
3200:)
3188:(
3164:;
3156:3
3143:2
3127:2
3119:+
3116:O
3108:2
3078:;
3070:4
3057:4
3041:2
3033:+
3030:O
3022:2
3013:2
2995:2
2957:O
2949:2
2945:H
2941:+
2933:3
2920:2
2905:2
2902:+
2894:2
2865:M
2857:M
2832:O
2830:2
2826:6
2822:2
2818:2
2798:2
2794:2
2790:2
2786:2
2781:4
2742:O
2734:2
2730:H
2725:2
2722:+
2714:2
2698:2
2694:O
2689:2
2686:+
2678:4
2631:3
2618:2
2609:4
2606:+
2598:2
2587:O
2579:2
2575:H
2570:2
2567:+
2559:4
2554:)
2546:5
2542:H
2533:2
2525:(
2479:2
2470:8
2467:+
2464:O
2456:2
2452:H
2444:+
2436:2
2420:2
2416:O
2408:+
2400:4
2395:)
2387:5
2383:H
2374:2
2366:(
2328:2
2323:)
2315:5
2311:H
2302:2
2298:C
2294:(
2289:O
2285:2
2282:+
2274:2
2258:4
2253:)
2245:5
2241:H
2232:2
2224:(
2161:2
2157:H
2152:2
2149:+
2141:2
2130:O
2122:2
2118:H
2113:2
2110:+
2093:2
2070:2
2054:2
2050:O
2046:+
2029:2
2027:O
2022:Ă
1984:O
1976:2
1972:H
1968:+
1960:4
1947:2
1939:+
1931:2
1922:3
1911:4
1898:2
1894:H
1890:+
1882:7
1878:O
1869:3
1856:2
1703:2
1663:.
1496:4
1493:+
1485:2
1469:2
1465:O
1461:+
1453:2
1449:H
1444:2
1441:+
1433:4
1414:2
1409:4
1377:2
1374:+
1365:C
1361:2
1358:+
1350:2
1285:2
1281:2
1215:.
1204:.
1189:.
1075:2
1050:2
1048:O
1046:2
1042:2
1038:2
1036:)
1034:2
1022:2
1018:2
1011:2
993:2
942:2
880:2
876:2
860:2
780:2
730:N
705:)
700:H
697:f
678:)
673:S
671:(
577:2
546:0
539:0
532:0
491:o
485:)
483:D
480:n
478:(
396:2
332:)
328:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
