346:
1095:
61:
1854:
368:
807:
357:
50:
1840:
812:
535:
fell out of use in
England, when referring to a sum of money (e.g. "That costs tenpence."), but continued to be used to refer to more than one penny coin ("Here you are, a sixpence and four pennies."). It remains common in Scottish English, and is standard for all senses in American English, where,
1343:
Canada adopted 5¢ as its lowest denomination in 2012. Several nations have stopped minting equivalent value coins, and efforts have been made to end the routine use of pennies in several countries. In the UK, since 1992, one- and two-penny coins have been made from copper-plated steel (making them
899:
was so rare and valuable that even the smallest coins had such a great value that they could only be used in very large transactions and were sometimes not available at all. Around 641–670, there seems to have been a movement to use coins with lower gold content. This decreased their value and may
1314:). The new British coins (which were introduced in England in 1816), among them being the shilling, six-pence of silver, the penny, half-penny, and quarter-penny in copper, were introduced to the Cape. Later two-shilling, four-penny, and three-penny coins were added to the coinage. The size and
563:. Thus, "a threepence" (but more usually "a threepenny bit") would be a single coin of that value whereas "three pence" would be its value, and "three pennies" would be three penny coins. In British English, divisions of a penny were added to such combinations without a conjunction, as
1376:
To "give (one's) tuppence/tuppenny/two'penneth (worth)", is a commonwealth saying that uses the words for two pence to share one's opinion, idea, or point of view, regardless of whether or not others want to hear it. A similar expression using the US term of cents is
915:
after around 680 were probably known as "pennies" at the time. (The misnomer is based on a probable misreading of the Anglo-Saxon legal codes.) Their purity varied and their weight fluctuated from about 0.8 to about 1.3 grams. They continued to be minted in
771:
But despite the purity and quality of these pennies, they were often rejected by traders throughout the
Carolingian period, in favor of the gold coins used elsewhere; this led to repeated legislation against such refusal, to accept the king's currency.
559:, etc. (Other values were usually expressed in terms of shillings and pence or written as two words, which might or might not be hyphenated.) Where a single coin represented a number of pence, it was treated as a single noun, as
1270:) was a large coin—36 mm in diameter, 3.3 mm thick, and 1 oz (28 g)—and the twopence was correspondingly larger at 41 mm in diameter, 5 mm thick and 2 oz (57 g). On them was
1138:
of 1.56 grams, although, confusingly, the penny coin by then weighed about 8 grains, and had never weighed as much as this 24 grains. The last silver pence for general circulation were minted during the reign of
2071:
1340:, the mental arithmetic costs more than the penny. Changes in the market prices of metals, combined with currency inflation, have caused the metal value of penny coins to exceed their face value.
2748:
2946:
1077:) by then—that the coins still in circulation were almost entirely melted down for the value of their gold. Only eight gold pennies are known to survive. It was not until the reign of
271:
and other
English kings and remained the principal currency in Europe over the next few centuries, until repeated debasements necessitated the development of more valuable coins. The
536:
however, the informal "penny" is typically only used of the coins in any case, values being expressed in "cents". The informal name for the
American cent seems to have spread from
1046:. (For instance, a "shilling" or "solidus" of grain was a measure equivalent to the amount of grain that 12 pennies could purchase.) English currency was notionally .925-fine
744:
1373:"In for a penny, in for a pound," is a common expression used to express someone's intention to see an undertaking through, however much time, effort, or money this entails.
2914:
2692:
982:
also minted these coins under her own name. Near the end of his reign, Offa minted his coins in imitation of
Charlemagne's reformed pennies. Offa's coins were imitated by
3179:"Money and Coinage of the Age of Erasmus: An Historical and Analytical Glossary with Particular Reference to France, the Low Countries, England, the Rhineland, and Italy"
900:
have increased the number that could be minted, but these paler coins do not seem to have solved the problem of the value and scarcity of the currency. The miscellaneous
1420:
would kill a person or crack the sidewalk. However, a penny is too light and has too much air resistance to acquire enough speed to do much damage since it reaches
2187:
2980:
1254:
in 1793. Abraham
Lincoln was the first historical figure to appear on a U.S. coin when he was portrayed on the one-cent coin to commemorate his 100th birthday.
4477:
2800:
1761:
1772:
1879:
1651:
2881:
2152:
This may be the source or a development of the "See a pin and pick it up, all the day you'll have good luck" recorded in a mid-19th century edition of
628:
3021:
2738:
1884:
1469:
3237:"The Technology and Economics of Coinage Debasements in Medieval and Early Modern Europe: With Special Reference to the Low Countries and England"
3097:
2936:
2831:
1290:'s Penny as they assumed that only the Devil used a trident. The coins were very unpopular due to their large weight and size. On 6 June 1825,
2563:
1279:
2291:
3354:
3126:
2779:
2717:
2688:
3446:
2904:
3309:
3254:
3068:
2854:
2370:
2285:
3998:
1327:
1193:
value of the existing silver pennies caused them to be withdrawn from circulation. Merchants and mining companies, such as
1168:
199:
543:
In
Britain, prior to decimalization, values from two to eleven pence were often written, and spoken as a single word, as
1362:"A penny for your thoughts" is an idiomatic way of asking someone what they are thinking about. It is first attested in
2664:
707:
118:
4497:
4472:
3338:
3277:
3213:
3192:
3167:
3146:
3015:
2624:
1118:. The need for small change was also sometimes met by simply cutting a full penny into halves or quarters. In 1527,
567:, and such constructions were also treated as single nouns. Adjectival use of such coins used the ending -penny, as
1789:
1184:
1164:
1069:). At first, the coin proved unpopular because it was overvalued for its weight; by 1265 it was so undervalued—the
272:
4189:
3685:
2526:
2418:
763:
introduced a new .950 or .960-fine penny with a smaller diameter. Surviving specimens have an average weight of
3416:
2183:
1894:
1889:
1815:
1613:
1247:
The United States' cent, popularly known as the "penny" since the early 19th century, began with the unpopular
380:; a 1929 South African penny; a 2013 one-cent coin from the United States (colloquially called a penny). Worth
309:
2402:
128:), it is usually the smallest denomination within a currency system. At present, it is the formal name of the
4229:
3993:
3909:
3818:
1448:
1318:
of the 1816 British coins, with the exception of the four-penny coins, were used in South Africa until 1960.
676:
4096:
2540:
1899:
1802:
1180:
129:
17:
2386:
3594:
2875:
1868:
1189:
Throughout the 18th century, the
British government did not mint pennies for general circulation and the
305:
2960:
2516:
3439:
1809:
1617:
1359:. A proverbial expression of this is "Find a penny, pick it up, and all the day you'll have good luck."
1242:
1221:
in 1797. Typically, 1 lb. of copper produced 24 pennies. In 1860, the copper penny was replaced with a
680:
149:
2810:
1094:
4482:
3718:
3525:
3400:
3301:
Good Money: Birmingham Button Makers, the Royal Mint, and the
Beginnings of Modern Coinage, 1775–1821
3056:
1945:
207:
2606:
4169:
3978:
3946:
3758:
3680:
3546:
3530:
1103:
1042:) but during this period neither larger unit was minted. Instead, they functioned only as notional
999:
789:
455:
203:
60:
283:
in 1797. Despite the decimalization of currencies in the United States and, later, throughout the
4492:
4013:
4003:
3873:
1315:
1172:
1107:
862:
793:
430:. The etymology of the term "penny" is uncertain, although cognates are common across almost all
291:
235:. It may also be informally used to refer to any similar smallest-denomination coin, such as the
70:
4261:
4008:
3934:
3690:
3520:
3378:
1778:
1676:
1519:
1442:
983:
38:
31:
3330:
3320:
3178:
3007:
2428:
2412:
2380:
2271:
4427:
4271:
4219:
4174:
3695:
3675:
3515:
3510:
3432:
3246:
3236:
3060:
3046:
2769:
2550:
2396:
2364:
1457:
1417:
1291:
1140:
1119:
1084:
1079:
646:
521:
195:
4502:
4266:
3988:
3556:
3410:
2713:
2567:
1488:
1393:
1115:
1088:
1058:
345:
284:
597:. From this abbreviation, it is common to speak of pennies and values in pence as "p". In
8:
4346:
4311:
4163:
4129:
3609:
2965:
1716:
1051:
912:
833:
820:
528:, the British and Irish coins were marked "new penny" until 1982 and 1985, respectively.
264:
4487:
4457:
4224:
4179:
4102:
3983:
3883:
3654:
3394:
2743:
2083:
1859:
1710:
1557:
1484:
1436:
1406:
431:
229:
218:
1017:
4361:
4123:
4115:
4019:
3728:
3583:
3334:
3305:
3273:
3266:
3250:
3209:
3188:
3163:
3142:
3120:
3091:
3064:
3011:
2825:
2281:
1687:
1664:
1658:
1536:
1421:
1368:
Dialogue
Conteinying the Nomber in Effect of All the Proverbes in the Englishe Tongue
1333:
991:
748:
222:
1098:
A worn medieval penny, probably dating from the reigns of Henry VI–VII, AD 1413–1461
1054:, but the weight and value of the silver penny steadily declined from 1300 onwards.
806:
4528:
4462:
4422:
4381:
4356:
4341:
4331:
4321:
4296:
4291:
4119:
4082:
4072:
4030:
3952:
3778:
3723:
3639:
3589:
2846:
2616:
2091:
2057:
1909:
1706:
1621:
1515:
589:. It followed the amount, e.g. "11d". It has been replaced since decimalization by
493:
177:
161:
217:
is also used in reference to various historical currencies, also derived from the
4452:
4276:
4255:
4133:
4111:
3803:
3551:
3494:
3386:
3324:
3299:
3240:
3203:
3182:
3157:
3136:
3050:
3001:
3000:
Gullbekk, Svein H. (2014), "Vestfold: A Monetary Perspective on the Viking Age",
2645:
2108:
2100:
2075:
2053:
1782:
1745:
1582:
1210:
1206:
1152:
1047:
1043:
987:
932:
719:
703:
642:
641:
The medieval silver penny was modeled on similar coins in antiquity, such as the
602:
459:
327:
313:
276:
191:
181:
3360:
49:
4376:
4244:
4239:
3743:
3634:
3624:
3566:
2658:
2259:
2124:
2049:
1873:
1606:
1299:
1198:
1029:
1023:
1009:
935:
888:
731:
668:
653:
537:
514:
497:
496:"). Recently, it has been proposed that it may represent an early borrowing of
400:
377:
268:
4107:
4533:
4522:
4447:
4401:
4371:
4366:
4316:
4234:
4062:
3963:
3958:
3919:
3868:
3700:
3629:
3242:
Money in the Pre-Industrial World: Bullion, Debasements, and Coin Substitutes
3130:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 115–116.
3115:
2140:
1647:
1542:
1528:
1507:
1389:
1355:
In British and American culture, finding a penny is traditionally considered
781:
725:
694:
598:
247:
225:
121:
74:
3357:– Blog post & video covering the importance of retaining copper pennies.
3287:
2660:
1134:
of 5760 grains (making a penny 5760/240 = 24 grains) and establishing a new
1002:. As in the Frankish Empire, all these pennies were notionally fractions of
180:
and are often viewed as an expensive burden to merchants, banks, government
30:
This article is about the coin. For other uses of "penny" or "pennies", see
4507:
4391:
4351:
4326:
4306:
4204:
4159:
3940:
3904:
3888:
3659:
3455:
3369:– Pictures of English silver pennies from Anglo-Saxon times to the present.
3006:, Studies in Early Medieval Britain and Ireland, Farnham: Ashgate, p.
2941:
2739:"Around the Nation; Treasurer Says Zinc Penny May Save $ 50 Million a Year"
2610:
2154:
1845:
1702:
1670:
1641:
1410:
1378:
1363:
1337:
1311:
1303:
1295:
1267:
1202:
1144:
1127:
1037:
959:
884:
851:
797:
356:
4432:
4386:
4301:
4194:
4153:
4149:
4139:
4086:
4025:
3914:
3848:
3773:
3768:
3753:
3748:
3363:– A visualisation of what exponential numbers of pennies would look like.
3159:
Before the Industrial Revolution: European Society and Economy, 1000–1700
2981:"What would happen if you were hit by a penny falling from a skyscraper?"
1985:
1904:
1720:
1627:
1307:
1263:
1176:
1135:
1123:
995:
967:
953:
925:
917:
901:
847:
760:
699:
525:
404:
240:
3372:
3366:
3225:
A Catalogue of English Coins in the British Museum: Anglo-Saxon Series,
4467:
4442:
4396:
4249:
4209:
4199:
4041:
4035:
3929:
3853:
3833:
1631:
1251:
1218:
1148:
1131:
1062:
979:
785:
476:
468:
280:
2520:
4417:
4184:
3973:
3863:
3813:
3798:
3793:
3738:
3708:
3393:
2985:
2775:
2475:
2473:
2061:
1578:
1403:
1385:
1283:
1271:
1214:
892:
672:
594:
236:
173:
3003:
Early Medieval Monetary History: Studies in Memory of Mark Blackburn
462:
4437:
3968:
3924:
3878:
3614:
3599:
3489:
3474:
1588:
1194:
1003:
904:
736:
656:
636:
584:
144:
106:
3409:
3245:, Pickering & Chatto, republished 2016 by Routledge, pp.
2584:
2470:
367:
4143:
3788:
3763:
3733:
3604:
2620:
1821:
1563:
1501:
1463:
1275:
1190:
1143:
around 1660. Since then, they have only been coined for issue as
1070:
811:
715:
232:
2937:"Why Winkle and Tuppence are acceptable euphemisms for children"
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
838:
825:
425:
419:
413:
407:
3858:
3808:
3713:
3469:
3424:
2801:"Federal Budget 2012: Pennies to Be Withdrawn from Circulation"
1915:
1739:
1681:
1637:
1336:
that may be higher than a penny. It has been claimed that, for
1248:
1222:
921:
908:
664:
660:
649:
632:
251:
2908:
4286:
4214:
3838:
3823:
3783:
3644:
3619:
3561:
3184:
The Correspondence of Erasmus: Letters 1 to 141: 1484 to 1500
2316:, London: Statesman Publishing, 16 December 1966, p. 896
2134:
2128:
1384:
In British English, to "spend a penny" means to urinate. Its
1287:
579:
517:
484:
3119:
1912:, equivalent in Japan used between the 19th century and 1953
1370:, at a time when the penny was still a sterling silver coin.
861:–1003. The cross made cutting the coin into half-pennies or
471:
putting up collateral as a pledge for repayment of loans); *
390:
of 1 USD (US dollar). As a decimal, it is written as $ 0.01.
4281:
3843:
3828:
3649:
3484:
3479:
3382:
3205:
Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation
2961:"Could a Penny Dropped off a Skyscraper Actually Kill You?"
1356:
1230:
1065:
which had the nominal value of 1 shilling 8 pence (i.e. 20
973:
896:
870:
756:
752:
94:
3326:
Studies in Numismatic Method: Presented to Philip Grierson
3187:, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 311–349,
2804:
942:
757–796), modeled on Pepin's system. His first series was
606:
2661:"Birmingham Museums & Art Gallery Information Centre"
2458:
1226:
3375:– Pictures of English copper pennies from 1797 to 1860.
931:
The first Carolingian-style pennies were introduced by
1609:(1921–71) and 1/100 of a Guernsey pound (1971–present)
610:. Elsewhere, it is usually written with a simple
4478:
Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena
4092:
4078:
4068:
4058:
3321:"On the Rejection of Good Coin in Carolingian Europe"
2659:
Severn Internet Services – www.severninternet.co.uk.
2485:
1724:
1392:
commonly charged a pre-decimal penny, beginning with
1205:
to fill the need for small change. Finally, amid the
450:. Common suggestions include that it was originally *
1835:
1233:). Each pound of bronze was coined into 48 pennies.
290:
No penny is currently formally subdivided, although
3077:
2905:"What's the Origin of "A Penny for Your Thoughts"?"
2497:
2479:
2339:
1880:
Efforts to eliminate the penny in the United States
1073:value of its gold being worth 2 shillings (i.e. 24
160:) as well as the informal Irish designation of the
3329:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.
3265:
2262:(2013). "Ne'er-a-Face: A Note on the Etymology of
2035:, the later of which gave rise to the modern form.
767:although some estimate the original ideal mass at
467:"pawn" (in the sense of a pledge or debt, as in a
1413:. Other companies followed with similar products.
1399:"Tuppence" - Old British slang word for ‘vagina’.
412:, a development of numerous variations including
4520:
3292:, National Bank of Belgium Museum, November 2006
659:. Forms of these seem to have reached as far as
275:remained a silver coin until the expense of the
2434:
2064:
1948:notes two families of variants, one comprising
1685:
1416:A common myth is that a penny dropped from the
1091:established a common gold currency in England.
1505:
1282:due to its large size and raised rim, but the
1278:in her hand. The English called this coin the
3440:
3105:
2877:Mother Goose's Chimes, Rhymes, & Melodies
2464:
2278:Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs
2094:
1743:
1526:
1446:
1321:
2646:"Penny History - Americans for Common Cents"
2118:
2112:
1885:History of the English penny (c. 600 – 1066)
1668:
1561:
1540:
1467:
1035:
1015:
723:
601:, it is common to abbreviate cents with the
206:were withdrawn from circulation in 1992 and
37:"Pence" redirects here. For other uses, see
3318:
2452:
2280:, No. 259. Walter de Gruyter. p. 467.
1819:
1027:
1007:
582:
500:
487:
376:From top to bottom: a penny depicting King
78:
3447:
3433:
3096:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3084:The Early Middle Ages (5th–10th centuries)
2830:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2767:
2564:"The Cartwheel Penny and Twopence of 1797"
2213:, Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press
1935:"He sal haf a penny til his noynsankys..."
865:(quarter-pennies) easier. (Note spelling
531:From the 16th century, the regular plural
117:) in various countries. Borrowed from the
3201:
2683:
2681:
2424:
2258:
1332:Handling and counting penny coins entail
869:in inscription, using Anglo-Saxon letter
475:as a form of the West Germanic word for "
3176:
2999:
2376:
2356:
2354:
2326:
2324:
1213:to mint copper pennies and twopences at
1093:
176:, pennies have lost virtually all their
3155:
3078:Blackburn, M.A.S.; et al. (1986),
2902:
2896:
2771:Coins cost more to make than face value
2446:
2408:
2266:, with an Appendix on the Etymology of
1595:coin ("Guernsey penny", 1830–1921) and
479:", presumably owing to its shape; and *
14:
4521:
3297:
2678:
2546:
2270:". In Patrizia Noel Aziz Hanna (ed.).
2208:
190:is also the informal name of the cent
3428:
3263:
3234:
3222:
3134:
3044:
2844:
2798:
2503:
2491:
2392:
2360:
2351:
2345:
2321:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
1349:
675:, seems to have fallen off after the
593:, usually written without a space or
27:Unit of currency in various countries
3999:Russian traditions and superstitions
2123:) for the occurrence of "denarius" (
1328:Withdrawal of low-denomination coins
751:seems to have been about 489.5
312:have previously been minted and the
287:, the name remains in informal use.
134:
3286:
2884:from the original on 9 January 2012
2813:from the original on 6 October 2016
2768:Hagenbaugh, Barbara (10 May 2006),
2440:
1675:(1917–1918) and (1918–1924) during
110:
98:
24:
3114:
2751:from the original on 11 April 2012
2590:
2218:
1428:
1262:The penny that was brought to the
755:, each penny weighed about 2
688:
25:
4545:
4498:Superstitions in Muslim societies
3348:
2917:from the original on 23 July 2011
2903:Corrado, John (11 October 2001),
2782:from the original on 7 March 2009
1158:
3454:
3304:, University of Michigan Press,
2949:from the original on 2022-09-16.
2857:from the original on 22 May 2009
2689:"South African History of Coins"
1852:
1838:
1236:
928:as late as the mid-9th century.
810:
805:
446:with the individualizing suffix
366:
355:
344:
59:
48:
3686:Superstition in the Philippines
3319:Suchodolski, Stanislaw (1983),
3289:Islam and the Carolingian Penny
3223:Keary, Charles Francis (2005),
3038:
3024:from the original on 2016-05-30
2993:
2973:
2953:
2929:
2868:
2838:
2799:Smith, Joanna (30 March 2012),
2792:
2761:
2731:
2720:from the original on 2008-05-30
2706:
2695:from the original on 2011-11-28
2667:from the original on 2012-02-21
2652:
2638:
2627:from the original on 2011-02-25
2599:
2556:
2529:from the original on 2016-02-10
2509:
2294:from the original on 2017-02-25
2190:from the original on 2012-09-04
2146:
1257:
1114:) found date from the reign of
939:
854:, moneyer Eadwold, Canterbury,
824:Draped bust of Aethelred left.
124:(hence its former abbreviation
3417:New International Encyclopedia
3138:A History of Money from AD 800
2306:
2252:
2202:
2176:
2038:
1938:
1929:
1895:One-cent coin (disambiguation)
1890:Legal Tender Modernization Act
887:kingdoms initially copied the
722:with a standardized .940-fine
520:was represented on nearly all
13:
1:
4473:Obsessive–compulsive disorder
4230:End-of-the-day betting effect
3994:Ravens of the Tower of London
3910:Barbary macaques in Gibraltar
3177:Ferguson, Wallace K. (1974),
2165:
2082:in reference to the coin and
1765:
1751:
1730:
1693:
1569:
1548:
1492:
1475:
1344:magnetic) instead of bronze.
855:
850:silver "Long Cross" penny of
483:as a very early borrowing of
77:(bottom) with legend reading
4097:Seventh son of a seventh son
2334:, 12 March 1831, p. 133
2184:"Canada's Last Penny Minted"
2170:
2135:
2119:
1424:after falling about 50 feet.
1209:, the government authorized
1169:Predecimal British halfpenny
622:
399:is first attested in a 1394
335:
250:was originally a 0.940-fine
7:
3202:Frassetto, Michael (2003),
3080:Medieval European Coinage,
2845:Lewis, Mark (5 July 2002).
2242:Oxford English Dictionary,
1869:Coins of the pound sterling
1831:
1201:, began to issue their own
184:and the public in general.
10:
4550:
3884:Numbers in Chinese culture
3401:Collier's New Encyclopedia
3298:Selgin, George A. (2008),
3272:, New York: Dorset Press,
3156:Cipolla, Carlo M. (1993),
2480:Blackburn & al. (1986)
2129:
2113:
1788:United Kingdom: penny, as
1388:is literal: coin-operated
1325:
1322:Criticism of continued use
1243:Penny (United States coin)
1240:
1162:
839:
826:
779:
775:
692:
626:
617:
513:, "Face"), as the face of
210:were demonetised in 1990.
208:New Zealand one-cent coins
36:
29:
4483:Post hoc ergo propter hoc
4410:
4051:
3897:
3719:Ghosts in Bengali culture
3668:
3575:
3539:
3503:
3462:
3108:An Old English Dictionary
3052:The Encyclopedia of Money
2880:, H.B. Ashmead, c. 1861,
2107:in reference to "money".
1946:Oxford English Dictionary
1409:introduced its "Weejuns"
1294:, the governor, issued a
1000:Archbishops of Canterbury
846:
804:
574:The British abbreviation
204:Australian one-cent coins
4170:Auspicious wedding dates
3947:Icelandic magical staves
3759:Puppy pregnancy syndrome
3681:Superstition in Pakistan
3547:Superstition in Ethiopia
3531:Theatrical superstitions
3162:, Taylor & Francis,
1922:
1165:Predecimal British penny
1151:given to the elderly on
1130:, replacing it with the
895:; at the time, however,
790:History of the halfpenny
200:removed from circulation
4493:Superstition in Judaism
4014:Spilling water for luck
4004:Superstition in Britain
3355:Copper Penny Importance
3235:Munro, John H. (2012),
3208:, Bloomsbury Academic,
3127:Encyclopædia Britannica
3106:Bosworth; et al.,
2065:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
794:Farthing (English coin)
501:
463:
426:
420:
414:
408:
326:¢) remains in use as a
4262:Four eleven forty-four
4009:Superstition in Serbia
3691:Japanese superstitions
3526:Sailors' superstitions
3521:List of bad luck signs
3264:Scott, Martin (1964),
3135:Chown, John F (1994),
2522:Coin and Bullion Pages
2104:
2095:
2087:
2079:
1820:
1744:
1725:
1686:
1677:Second Polish Republic
1669:
1562:
1541:
1527:
1520:Falkland Islands penny
1506:
1468:
1447:
1443:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1286:referred to it as the
1099:
1036:
1028:
1016:
1008:
735:
724:
583:
488:
150:American one-cent coin
79:
39:Pence (disambiguation)
32:Penny (disambiguation)
4428:Astrology and science
4175:Baseball superstition
3696:Superstition in Korea
3676:Superstition in India
3516:List of lucky symbols
3511:List of superstitions
3389:(September 10, 2012).
3361:The MegaPenny Project
3141:, London: Routledge,
3059:: ABC Clio, pp.
3045:Allen, Larry (2009),
2044:Germanic cognates of
1826:(10th–13th centuries)
1558:Various German states
1418:Empire State Building
1292:Lord Charles Somerset
1097:
714:aiming to reorganize
708:major currency reform
522:Carthaginian currency
4503:Traditional medicine
3989:Rabbit rabbit rabbit
3047:"Carolingian Reform"
2716:. Currencyhelp.net.
1900:Penny sizes of nails
1654:(8th–16th centuries)
1394:the Great Exhibition
1225:one (95% copper, 4%
998:, as well as by two
515:Carthaginian goddess
434:and suggest a base *
285:British Commonwealth
279:prompted the use of
267:. It was adopted by
202:in 2012. Similarly,
194:in Canada, although
4312:Maternal impression
4164:Number of the Beast
3935:The Goodman's Croft
3610:Curse of Tippecanoe
2966:Scientific American
2572:, Royal Mint Museum
2209:Slater, J. (1952),
1803:1/100 British pound
1801:(1707–1971) and as
1612:Ireland: penny, as
1407:G.H. Bass & Co.
913:Anglo-Saxon England
873:in place of modern
827:+ÆĐELRED REX ANGLOR
403:text, a variant of
4488:Questionable cause
4458:Magic and religion
4220:Davy Jones' Locker
3984:Powder of sympathy
3655:White lighter myth
2744:The New York Times
2714:"Currencyhelp.net"
2612:Historian's Corner
2453:Suchodolski (1983)
1860:Numismatics portal
1711:Saint Helena penny
1350:In popular culture
1100:
432:Germanic languages
330:in some contexts.
219:Carolingian system
4516:
4515:
4362:Sign of the horns
4267:Gambler's conceit
4124:triskaidekaphobia
4116:The Thirteen Club
4020:The Scottish Play
3729:Kuai Kuai culture
3584:Ascalapha odorata
3311:978-0-472-11631-7
3256:978-1-84893-230-2
3070:978-1-59884-251-7
2910:The Straight Dope
2465:Bosworth & al
2314:The New Statesman
2287:978-3-11-030109-0
2273:Germania Semitica
2211:Early Scots Texts
1665:Kingdom of Poland
1620:(1971–2002), and
1618:1/100 Irish pound
1616:(1928–68) and as
1614:1/240 Irish pound
1422:terminal velocity
1334:transaction costs
1185:British halfpenny
891:, the late Roman
881:
880:
749:Carolingian pound
578:derived from the
565:sixpence-farthing
248:Carolingian penny
167:
155:
137:
16:(Redirected from
4541:
4463:Magical thinking
4423:Apotropaic magic
4357:Shoes on a table
4332:Numismatic charm
4297:Law of contagion
4292:Knocking on wood
4190:Bread and butter
4120:thirteenth floor
4083:Four-leaf clover
4073:Three on a match
4031:Tycho Brahe days
3953:In bocca al lupo
3779:Okiagari-koboshi
3640:Oscar love curse
3590:Bermuda Triangle
3449:
3442:
3435:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3413:
3405:
3397:
3379:US Lincoln Penny
3343:
3314:
3293:
3282:
3271:
3259:
3230:
3218:
3197:
3172:
3151:
3131:
3123:
3110:
3101:
3095:
3087:
3073:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3029:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2829:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2747:, 1 April 1981,
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2685:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2603:
2597:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2560:
2554:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2517:"The Gold Penny"
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2425:Frassetto (2003)
2422:
2416:
2406:
2400:
2390:
2384:
2374:
2368:
2358:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2328:
2319:
2317:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2256:
2250:
2248:
2233:
2216:
2214:
2206:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2180:
2159:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2098:
2074:
2068:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1825:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1770:
1767:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1707:Ascension Island
1698:
1695:
1691:
1674:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1532:
1516:Falkland Islands
1511:
1497:
1494:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1452:
1300:British Sterling
1266:(in what is now
1199:Parys Mining Co.
1173:British farthing
1082:
1044:units of account
1041:
1033:
1021:
1013:
977:
965:
962:
951:
950:
946:
941:
860:
857:
842:
841:
840:+EADǷOLD MO CÆNT
829:
828:
814:
809:
802:
801:
770:
766:
729:
713:
677:Roman withdrawal
588:
504:
491:
466:
429:
423:
417:
411:
389:
388:
384:
370:
359:
348:
325:
324:
320:
303:
302:
298:
263:
262:
258:
178:purchasing power
165:
162:1 euro cent coin
153:
136:
133:
112:
100:
82:
71:Australian penny
63:
52:
21:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4512:
4453:Fortune-telling
4406:
4277:Human sacrifice
4272:Good luck charm
4256:Flying Dutchman
4225:Dead man's hand
4180:Beginner's luck
4134:Heptadecaphobia
4112:Friday the 13th
4047:
3979:Painted pebbles
3893:
3804:Hindu astrology
3664:
3571:
3535:
3499:
3495:Myth and ritual
3458:
3453:
3408:
3392:
3387:Curiosity Rover
3351:
3341:
3312:
3280:
3268:Medieval Europe
3257:
3216:
3195:
3170:
3149:
3089:
3088:
3071:
3041:
3036:
3027:
3025:
3018:
2998:
2994:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2920:
2918:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2860:
2858:
2847:"Ban The Penny"
2843:
2839:
2823:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2797:
2793:
2785:
2783:
2766:
2762:
2754:
2752:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2723:
2721:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2698:
2696:
2687:
2686:
2679:
2670:
2668:
2657:
2653:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2630:
2628:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2569:British Coinage
2562:
2561:
2557:
2545:
2541:
2532:
2530:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2502:
2498:
2494:, p. xxii.
2490:
2486:
2478:
2471:
2463:
2459:
2451:
2447:
2439:
2435:
2423:
2419:
2407:
2403:
2391:
2387:
2377:Ferguson (1974)
2375:
2371:
2359:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2330:
2329:
2322:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2297:
2295:
2288:
2260:Vennemann, Theo
2257:
2253:
2235:
2234:
2219:
2207:
2203:
2193:
2191:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2151:
2147:
2111:, however, has
2070:
2043:
2039:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1876:(pressed penny)
1858:
1853:
1851:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1829:
1808:United States:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1768:
1754:
1733:
1696:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1583:Gibraltar penny
1572:
1551:
1495:
1478:
1431:
1429:List of pennies
1352:
1330:
1324:
1280:Cartwheel penny
1260:
1245:
1239:
1211:Matthew Boulton
1207:Napoleonic Wars
1187:
1163:Main articles:
1161:
1153:Maundy Thursday
1078:
1050:at the time of
1048:sterling silver
971:
963:
957:
948:
944:
943:
858:
800:
780:Main articles:
778:
768:
764:
759:.) Around 790,
743:
720:silver standard
711:
704:Pepin the Short
697:
691:
689:Frankish Empire
681:Saxon invasions
679:and subsequent
639:
627:Main articles:
625:
620:
603:currency symbol
460:Old High German
394:
393:
392:
391:
386:
382:
381:
373:
372:
371:
362:
361:
360:
351:
350:
349:
338:
328:unit of account
322:
318:
317:
300:
296:
295:
277:Napoleonic Wars
260:
256:
255:
254:coin, weighing
192:unit of account
105:) or a unit of
87:
86:
85:
84:
73:(top). Coin of
66:
65:
64:
55:
54:
53:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4547:
4537:
4536:
4531:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4377:Statue rubbing
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4252:
4247:
4245:Fertility rite
4242:
4240:Fear of ghosts
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4157:
4147:
4137:
4127:
4105:
4100:
4090:
4076:
4066:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3949:
3944:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3901:
3899:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3874:White elephant
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3625:Fortune cookie
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3567:Sleeping child
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3452:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3406:
3390:
3376:
3373:Copper Pennies
3370:
3367:Silver Pennies
3364:
3358:
3350:
3349:External links
3347:
3346:
3345:
3339:
3316:
3310:
3295:
3284:
3278:
3261:
3255:
3232:
3220:
3214:
3199:
3193:
3174:
3168:
3153:
3147:
3132:
3118:, ed. (1911).
3116:Chisholm, Hugh
3112:
3103:
3075:
3069:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3016:
2992:
2972:
2952:
2945:. 2017-05-05.
2928:
2895:
2867:
2837:
2791:
2760:
2730:
2705:
2677:
2651:
2637:
2598:
2583:
2555:
2539:
2508:
2496:
2484:
2482:, p. 277.
2469:
2457:
2445:
2433:
2417:
2409:Cipolla (1993)
2401:
2385:
2369:
2350:
2338:
2320:
2305:
2286:
2251:
2217:
2201:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2145:
2037:
1993:and the other
1937:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1874:Elongated coin
1871:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1849:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1816:Medieval Wales
1813:
1812:(1793–present)
1806:
1805:(1971–present)
1786:
1776:
1760:South Africa:
1758:
1737:
1714:
1713:(1984–present)
1700:
1679:
1662:
1655:
1645:
1644:(1841–present)
1635:
1634:(1668–present)
1625:
1624:(2002–present)
1610:
1607:Guernsey pound
1586:
1585:(1988–present)
1576:
1555:
1534:
1523:
1522:(1974–present)
1513:
1499:
1482:
1461:
1454:
1453:(1998–present)
1440:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1414:
1400:
1397:
1390:public toilets
1382:
1374:
1371:
1360:
1351:
1348:
1323:
1320:
1259:
1256:
1241:Main article:
1238:
1235:
1160:
1159:United Kingdom
1157:
1122:abolished the
936:Offa of Mercia
879:
878:
844:
843:
830:
816:
815:
777:
774:
741:
693:Main article:
690:
687:
669:Roman currency
624:
621:
619:
616:
538:New York State
526:decimalization
456:Low Franconian
378:Offa of Mercia
375:
374:
365:
364:
363:
354:
353:
352:
343:
342:
341:
340:
339:
337:
334:
269:Offa of Mercia
221:, such as the
196:one-cent coins
68:
67:
58:
57:
56:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4546:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4448:Folk religion
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4409:
4403:
4402:Witching hour
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4372:Spilling salt
4370:
4368:
4367:Something old
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4342:Rabbit's foot
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4317:Miasma theory
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4235:Fear of frogs
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4131:
4128:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4063:Ace of spades
4060:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3964:Klabautermann
3962:
3960:
3959:Kitchen witch
3957:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3920:Blarney Stone
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3869:Vastu shastra
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3724:Jackal's horn
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3630:Groundhog Day
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3450:
3445:
3443:
3438:
3436:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3419:
3418:
3412:
3411:"Penny"
3407:
3403:
3402:
3396:
3395:"Penny"
3391:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3342:
3340:0-521-22503-5
3336:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3296:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3279:0-88029-115-X
3275:
3270:
3269:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3215:9781576072639
3211:
3207:
3206:
3200:
3196:
3194:0-8020-1981-1
3190:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3169:9780203695128
3165:
3161:
3160:
3154:
3150:
3148:0-415-10279-0
3144:
3140:
3139:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3122:
3121:"Penny"
3117:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3023:
3019:
3017:9781409456681
3013:
3009:
3005:
3004:
2996:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2956:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2899:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2871:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2833:
2827:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2795:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2764:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2682:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2647:
2641:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2602:
2595:
2593:
2587:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2552:
2548:
2547:Selgin (2008)
2543:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2506:, p. 40.
2505:
2500:
2493:
2488:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2466:
2461:
2454:
2449:
2442:
2437:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2347:
2342:
2333:
2332:Constellation
2327:
2325:
2315:
2309:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2212:
2205:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2175:
2157:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2141:New Testament
2137:
2126:
2121:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1932:
1928:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1850:
1847:
1836:
1824:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1799:British pound
1787:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1763:
1759:
1748:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1690:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:New Zealand:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1566:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1545:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1472:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1411:penny loafers
1408:
1405:
1402:In 1936 U.S.
1401:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1338:micropayments
1335:
1329:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1237:United States
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1203:copper tokens
1200:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1182:
1181:British penny
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1102:The earliest
1096:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1012:
1011:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
975:
969:
961:
955:
937:
934:
929:
927:
923:
919:
914:
910:
906:
903:
898:
894:
890:
886:
876:
872:
868:
864:
853:
849:
845:
836:
835:
831:
823:
822:
818:
817:
813:
808:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
782:English penny
773:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
739:
738:
733:
728:
727:
721:
717:
709:
706:instituted a
705:
701:
696:
695:French denier
686:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
667:. The use of
666:
662:
658:
655:
651:
648:
644:
643:Greek drachma
638:
634:
630:
615:
613:
609:
608:
604:
600:
599:North America
596:
592:
587:
586:
581:
577:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
541:
539:
534:
529:
527:
523:
519:
516:
512:
508:
503:
499:
495:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
428:
422:
416:
410:
406:
402:
398:
379:
369:
358:
347:
333:
331:
329:
315:
311:
307:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
273:British penny
270:
266:
253:
249:
244:
242:
238:
234:
231:
227:
224:
220:
216:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
163:
159:
151:
147:
146:
141:
131:
130:British penny
127:
123:
120:
116:
108:
104:
96:
92:
83:("King Eric")
81:
76:
75:Eric Bloodaxe
72:
62:
51:
40:
33:
19:
4508:Urban legend
4392:Wishing well
4352:Ship sponsor
4336:
4327:Numerophobia
4307:Lock of hair
4254:
4205:Chain letter
4040:
4018:
3951:
3941:Himmelsbrief
3939:
3905:August curse
3889:Yantra cloth
3701:
3660:Witch window
3582:
3456:Superstition
3415:
3399:
3325:
3300:
3288:
3267:
3241:
3228:
3224:
3204:
3183:
3158:
3137:
3125:
3107:
3083:
3079:
3057:Sta. Barbara
3051:
3039:Bibliography
3026:, retrieved
3002:
2995:
2984:
2975:
2964:
2955:
2942:The Guardian
2940:
2931:
2919:, retrieved
2909:
2898:
2886:, retrieved
2876:
2870:
2859:. Retrieved
2850:
2840:
2815:, retrieved
2805:
2794:
2784:, retrieved
2770:
2763:
2753:, retrieved
2742:
2733:
2722:. Retrieved
2708:
2697:. Retrieved
2669:. Retrieved
2654:
2640:
2629:, retrieved
2611:
2601:
2591:
2586:
2574:, retrieved
2568:
2558:
2542:
2531:, retrieved
2521:
2511:
2504:Scott (1964)
2499:
2492:Keary (2005)
2487:
2460:
2448:
2436:
2420:
2404:
2393:Munro (2012)
2388:
2372:
2361:Chown (1994)
2346:Allen (2009)
2341:
2331:
2313:
2308:
2296:. Retrieved
2277:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2254:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2210:
2204:
2192:. Retrieved
2186:. CBC News.
2178:
2155:Mother Goose
2153:
2148:
2114:𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍄𐍄𐍃
2045:
2040:
1986:Northumbrian
1940:
1931:
1846:Money portal
1703:Saint Helena
1642:Jersey penny
1592:
1379:my two cents
1367:
1364:John Heywood
1346:
1342:
1331:
1316:denomination
1312:South Africa
1304:legal tender
1296:proclamation
1268:South Africa
1261:
1258:South Africa
1246:
1188:
1145:Maundy money
1111:
1101:
1074:
1066:
1056:
930:
883:Some of the
882:
874:
866:
852:Aethelred II
837:Long cross.
832:
819:
798:Maundy money
740:) weighing ⁄
718:'s previous
698:
685:
647:Carthaginian
640:
611:
605:
590:
575:
573:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
542:
532:
530:
524:. Following
510:
506:
480:
472:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
396:
395:
332:
289:
245:
214:
212:
187:
186:
169:
157:
148:name of the
143:
139:
125:
114:
102:
90:
88:
18:Silver penny
4433:Coincidence
4387:Toi toi toi
4302:Literomancy
4195:Break a leg
4154:Curse of 39
4087:tetraphobia
4026:Troll cross
3915:Bayern-luck
3849:Kuman Thong
3774:Maneki-neko
3769:Kanai Anzen
3754:Pichal Peri
3749:Nazar battu
3635:I'noGo tied
3463:Main topics
3383:Planet Mars
3086:, Cambridge
2921:13 February
2888:14 November
2817:8 September
2809:, Toronto,
1905:Pennyweight
1785:(1892–1900)
1775:(1961–2002)
1769: 1961
1755: 1150
1734: 1130
1721:Penny Scots
1697: 1000
1661:(1940–1967)
1648:Netherlands
1628:Isle of Man
1533:(1861–2002)
1512:(1918–1927)
1460:(1858–2012)
1439:(1911–1964)
1435:Australia:
1308:Cape Colony
1284:Capetonians
1264:Cape Colony
1177:Decimal Day
1136:pennyweight
1124:Tower pound
996:Northumbria
984:East Anglia
968:pennyweight
966:, giving a
964:(350 grams)
954:Saxon pound
926:Northumbria
918:East Anglia
885:Anglo-Saxon
848:Anglo-Saxon
769:1.76 grams.
765:1.70 grams,
761:Charlemagne
700:Charlemagne
405:Old English
306:halfpennies
281:base metals
241:Chinese fen
119:Carolingian
4523:Categories
4468:Numerology
4443:Divination
4397:Witch ball
4347:Rainmaking
4250:First-foot
4210:Cramp-ring
4200:Bullroarer
4042:Wolfssegen
4036:Witch post
3930:Cornicello
3854:Palad khik
3834:Pagtatawas
3028:2016-02-08
2861:2009-05-07
2786:2009-05-07
2755:2009-05-07
2724:2011-12-22
2699:2009-06-03
2671:2011-12-22
2663:. BMAGiC.
2631:2011-01-30
2617:Washington
2607:"Timeline"
2549:, p.
2533:2016-02-17
2441:NBB (2006)
2427:, p.
2411:, p.
2395:, p.
2363:, p.
2298:2016-02-08
2194:2012-08-30
2166:References
1632:Manx penny
1591:, as an 8-
1573: 755
1552: 755
1496: 785
1479: 830
1326:See also:
1310:(colonial
1298:that only
1252:chain cent
1219:Birmingham
1141:Charles II
1132:Troy pound
1120:Henry VIII
1080:Edward III
1063:gold penny
980:Cynethryth
978:His queen
907:minted in
859: 997
786:Gold penny
747:. (As the
702:'s father
652:, and the
561:a sixpence
557:thruppence
553:threepence
477:frying pan
469:pawnbroker
310:half cents
172:). Due to
142:) and the
4418:Apophenia
4382:Threshold
4185:Black cat
3974:Need-fire
3864:Nang Kwak
3814:Albularyo
3799:Feng shui
3794:Fan death
3739:Navaratna
3709:Chhaupadi
3557:Gris-gris
3490:Talismans
2986:USA Today
2776:USA Today
2171:Citations
2139:) in the
2084:Icelandic
2072:‹See Tfd›
2062:Old Saxon
1779:Transvaal
1622:euro cent
1579:Gibraltar
1525:Finland:
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1404:shoemaker
1386:etymology
1302:would be
1272:Britannia
1215:Soho Mint
1116:Henry III
1104:halfpenny
1083:that the
1061:minted a
1059:Henry III
1057:In 1257,
1004:shillings
970:of about
893:gold coin
863:farthings
623:Antiquity
336:Etymology
292:farthings
237:euro cent
213:The name
174:inflation
4438:Debunker
3969:Mooncalf
3925:Cimaruta
3879:Jin Chan
3615:Curupira
3600:Carranca
3595:Brujería
3576:Americas
3475:Evil eye
3092:citation
3022:archived
2947:Archived
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2882:archived
2855:Archived
2826:citation
2811:archived
2806:The Star
2780:archived
2749:archived
2718:Archived
2693:Archived
2665:Archived
2625:archived
2527:archived
2292:Archived
2236:"penny,
2188:Archived
2136:dēnários
2130:δηνάριος
2088:peningur
2048:include
1832:See also
1726:peighinn
1717:Scotland
1589:Guernsey
1456:Canada:
1396:of 1851.
1366:'s 1547
1195:Anglesey
1147:, royal
1126:of 5400
1108:farthing
1052:Henry II
905:sceattas
737:denarius
657:denarius
637:Denarius
585:denarius
569:sixpenny
549:tuppence
545:twopence
458:form of
228:and the
145:de facto
122:denarius
107:currency
80:Eric Rex
4529:Pennies
4411:Related
4144:27 Club
4052:General
3789:Omamori
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3734:Muhurta
3704:(ghost)
3605:Cooties
3420:. 1905.
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3381:on the
3331:147–152
3082:Vol. 1:
2621:US Mint
2244:3rd ed.
2092:Swedish
2080:Pfennig
2066:penning
2058:Swedish
1990:penning
1981:peningc
1969:penincg
1957:pending
1822:ceiniog
1794:⁄
1746:penning
1688:penning
1652:penning
1600:⁄
1564:Pfennig
1502:Estonia
1485:England
1470:penning
1464:Denmark
1306:in the
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1274:with a
1191:bullion
1071:bullion
952:of the
947:⁄
924:and in
889:solidus
867:Eadƿold
776:England
716:Francia
712:AD 755,
710:around
673:Britain
629:Drachma
618:History
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3809:Agimat
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1975:pening
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1085:florin
1038:livres
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1024:pounds
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633:Shekel
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3784:Ofuda
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3645:Susto
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3562:Sampy
3504:Lists
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2020:penug
2014:penig
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753:grams
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580:Latin
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485:Latin
464:pfant
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401:Scots
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188:Penny
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4282:Jinx
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3829:Lihi
3669:Asia
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3552:Buda
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3143:ISBN
3098:link
3065:ISBN
3012:ISBN
2923:2013
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2832:link
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