4546:
and officials who treated them and the pilgrims as "ignorant co-religionists" and who aggressively tried to convert the Hindu pilgrims to a
Christian sect. During the 1857 rebellion, Colonel Neill targeted the Kumbh mela site and shelled the region where the Prayagwals lived, destroying it in what Maclean describes as a "notoriously brutal pacification of Allahabad". "Prayagwals targeted and destroyed the mission press and churches in Allahabad". Once the British had regained control of the region, the Prayagwals were persecuted by the colonial officials, some convicted and hanged, while others for whom the government did not have proof enough to convict were persecuted. Large tracts of Kumbh mela lands near the Ganga-Yamuna confluence were confiscated and annexed into the government cantonment. In the years after 1857, the Prayagwals and the Kumbh Mela pilgrim crowds carried flags with images alluding to the rebellion and the racial persecution. The British media reported these pilgrim assemblies and protests at the later Kumbh Mela as strangely "hostile" and with "disbelief", states Maclean.
3873:
5890:
Through their continual yogic practices the Sadhus articulate the transitory aspect of life. Sadhus travel to the Kumbh Mela to make themselves available to much of the Hindu public. This allows members of the Hindu public to interact with the Sadhus and to take "darshan". They are able to "seek instruction or advice in their spiritual lives." Darshan focuses on the visual exchange, where there is interaction with a religious deity and the worshiper is able to visually "drink" divine power. The Kumbh Mela is arranged in camps that give Hindu worshipers access to the Sadhus. The darshan is important to the experience of the Kumbh Mela and because of this worshipers must be careful so as to not displease religious deities. Seeing of the Sadhus is carefully managed and worshipers often leave tokens at their feet.
3848:
5734:(ashes). These monastic institutions come from different parts of India, have a particular emblem symbol and deity (Ganesha, Dattatreya, Hanuman, etc.). The largest contingent is the Juna akhara, traced to Adi Shankara, representing a diverse mix from the four of the largest Hindu monasteries in India with their headquarters at Sringeri, Dvarka, Jyotirmatha and Govardhana. The Mahanirbani and Niranjani are the other large contingents, and each akhara has their own lineage of saints and teachers. Large crowds gather in reverence and cheer for this procession of monks. Once these monks have taken the dip, the festival day opens for bathing by the pilgrims from far and near the site.
4024:
Buddha statue, involved alms giving and it might have been a
Buddhist festival. In contrast, Ariel Glucklich ā a scholar of Hinduism and Anthropology of Religion, the Xuanzang memoir includes, somewhat derisively, the reputation of Prayag as a place where people (Hindus) once committed superstitious devotional suicide to liberate their souls, and how a Brahmin of an earlier era successfully put an end to this practice. This and other details such as the names of temples and bathing pools suggest that Xuanzang presented Hindu practices at Prayag in the 7th century, from his Buddhist perspective and perhaps to "amuse his audience back in China", states Glucklich.
4405:
4732:
4414:
3574:
4571:
4497:
4216:. However, the name Kumbh for these more ancient bathing pilgrimages probably dates to the mid-19th century. D. P. Dubey states that none of the ancient Hindu texts call the Prayag fair as a "Kumbh Mela". Kama Maclean states that the early British records do not mention the name "Kumbh Mela" or the 12-year cycle for the Prayag fair. The first British reference to the Kumbh Mela in Prayag occurs only in an 1868 report, which mentions the need for increased pilgrimage and sanitation controls at the "Coomb fair" to be held in January 1870. According to Maclean, the Prayagwal
60:
4505:
monitoring these developments after the Indian rebellion of 1857. The government deployed police to gain this intelligence at the grassroots level of Kumbh Mela. The
British officials in co-operation with the native police also made attempts to improve the infrastructure, movement of pilgrims to avoid a stampede, detect sickness, and the sanitary conditions at the Melas. Reports of cholera led the officials to cancel the pilgrimage, but the pilgrims went on "passive resistance" and stated they preferred to die rather than obey the official orders.
8881:
8844:
4197:
6275:, Quote: "The special power of the Kumbha Mela is often said to be due in part to the presence of large numbers of Hindu monks, and many pilgrims seek the darsan (Skt., darsana; auspicious mutual sight) of these holy men. Others listen to religious discourses, participate in devotional singing, engage brahman priests for personal rituals, organise mass feedings of monks or the poor, or merely enjoy the spectacle. Amid this diversity of activities, the ritual bath at the conjunction of time and place is the central event of the Kumbha Mela."
4606:
5797:
4740:
4272:
3728:ā have been a subject of dispute in the 20th century. The Nashik and Ujjain festivals have been celebrated in the same year or one year apart, typically about 3 years after the Allahabad / Prayagraj Kumbh Mela. Elsewhere in many parts of India, similar but smaller community pilgrimage and bathing festivals are called the Magha Mela, Makar Mela or equivalent. For example, in Tamil Nadu, the Magha Mela with water-dip ritual is a festival of antiquity. This festival is held at the
5711:
9826:
4086:
5882:
5700:
4521:, Timur's armies plundered Haridwar and massacred the gathered pilgrims. The ruthlessly slaughtered pilgrims were likely those attending the Kumbh mela of 1399. The Timur accounts mention the mass bathing ritual along with shaving of head, the sacred river Ganges, charitable donations, the place was at the mountainous source of the river and that pilgrims believed a dip in the sacred river leads to their salvation.
3826:
3530:
9184:
9249:
4437:, prayers and community singing, spiritual discussions, education and a spectacle. During the colonial era rule of the East India Company, its officials saw the Hindu pilgrimage as a means to collect vast sums of revenue through a "pilgrim tax" and taxes on the trade that occurred during the festival. According to Dubey, as well as Macclean, the Islamic encyclopaedia
217:
4447:, described the Prayag festival and its sanctity to the Hindus. The British officials, states Dubey, raised the tax to amount greater than average monthly income and the attendance fell drastically. The Prayagwal pandas initially went along, according to colonial records, but later resisted as the impact of the religious tax on the pilgrims became clear. In 1938,
4097:ā a scholar of Hindu yoga manuscripts and monastic institutions, bathing festivals at Prayag with large gatherings of pilgrims are attested since "at least the middle of the first millennium CE", while textual evidence exists for similar pilgrimage at other major sacred rivers since the medieval period. Four of these morphed under the Kumbh Mela brand during the
5873:, Indian arts), laser light shows, classical dance and musical performances from different parts of India, thematic gates reflecting the historic regional architectural diversity, boat rides, tourist walks to historic sites near the river, as well opportunities to visit the monastic camps to watch yoga adepts and spiritual discourses.
3690:, as a part of his efforts to start major Hindu gatherings for philosophical discussions and debates along with Hindu monasteries across the Indian subcontinent. However, there is no historical literary evidence of these mass pilgrimages called "Kumbha Mela" prior to the 19th century. There is ample evidence in historical
4035:). These Sanskrit guide books of the medieval era India were updated over its editions, likely by priests and guides who had a mutual stake in the economic returns from the visiting pilgrims. One of the longest sections about Prayag rivers and its significance to Hindu pilgrimage is found in chapters 103ā112 of the
5668:
The Kumbh Mela attracts tens of millions of pilgrims. Providing for a safe and pleasant temporary stay at the festival site is a complex and challenging task. The camping (santhas/akharas), food, water, sanitation, emergency health care, fire services, policing, disaster management preparations, the
4754:
Numerous sites and fairs have been locally referred to be their Kumbh Melas. Of these, four sites are broadly recognised as the Kumbh Melas: Prayagraj, Haridwar, Trimbak-Nashik and Ujjain. Other locations that are sometimes called Kumbh melas ā with the bathing ritual and a significant participation
4023:
who has published articles on the Kumbh Mela predominantly based on the colonial archives and
English-language media, states based on emails from other scholars and a more recent interpretation of the 7th-century Xuanzang memoir, the Prayag event happened every 5 years (and not 12 years), featured a
5889:
Darshan, or viewing, is an important part of the Kumbh Mela. People make the pilgrimage to the Kumbh Mela specifically to observe and experience both the religious and secular aspects of the event. Two major groups that participate in the Kumbh Mela include the Sadhus (Hindu holy men) and pilgrims.
4597:
On 14 April 1998, 10 million pilgrims attended the Kumb Mela at
Haridwar on the busiest single day, according to the Himalayan Academy editors. In 2001, IKONOS satellite images confirmed a very large human gathering, with officials estimating 70 million people over the festival, including more than
4081:
fighting the
Islamic Sultanates and Mughal Empire era ā mention bathing pilgrimage and a large periodic assembly of Hindus at religious festivals associated with bathing, gift-giving, commerce and organisation. An early account of the Haridwar Kumbh Mela was published by Captain Thomas Hardwicke in
4545:
According to the colonial archives, the
Prayagwal community associated with the Kumbh Mela were one of those who seeded and perpetuated the resistance and 1857 rebellion to the colonial rule. Prayagwals objected to and campaigned against the colonial government who supported Christian missionaries
4504:
Prior to 1838, the
British officials collected taxes but provided no infrastructure or services to the pilgrims. This changed particularly after 1857. According to Amna Khalid, the Kumbh Melas emerged as one of the social and political mobilisation venues and the colonial government became keen on
4365:
The repetitive clashes, battle-ready nature of the warrior monks, and the lucrative tax and trading opportunities at Kumbh melas in the 18th-century attracted the attention of the East India
Company officials. They intervened, laid out the camps, trading spaces, and established a bathing order for
4680:
The Kumbh mela is "widely regarded as the world's largest religious gathering", states James
Lochtefeld. According to Kama Maclean, the coordinators and attendees themselves state that a part of the glory of the Kumbh festival is in that "feeling of brotherhood and love" where millions peacefully
4076:
According to James Lochtefeld ā a scholar of Indian religions, the phrase Kumbh Mela and historical data about it is missing in early Indian texts. However, states Lochtefeld, these historical texts "clearly reveal large, well-established bathing festivals" that were either annual or based on the
3747:
The Kumbh Melas have three dates around which the significant majority of pilgrims participate, while the festival itself lasts between one and three months around these dates. Each festival attracts millions, with the largest gathering at the Prayag Kumbh Mela and the second largest at Haridwar.
5681:
volunteers, monks and Indian companies, set up 11 sectors with 55 camp clusters, providing round-the-clock first aid, ambulance, pharmacy, sector cleaning, sanitation, food and water distribution (setting up 550 kilometres (340 mi) of pipelines operated by 42 pumps), cooking fuel, and other
4795:). The relative years vary between the four sites, but the cycle repeats about every 12 years. Since Jupiter's orbit completes in 11.86 years, a calendar year adjustment appears in approximately 8 cycles. Therefore, approximately once a century, the Kumbh mela returns to a site after 11 years.
4536:
The Prayag Kumbh mela in 1885 became a source of scandal when a Muslim named Husain was appointed as the Kumbh Mela manager, and Indian newspaper reports stated that Husain had "organised a flotilla of festooned boats for the pleasure of European ladies and gentlemen, and entertained them with
4484:
as well as Arabs and Persians. The festival had roadside merchants of food grains, confectioners, clothes, toys and other items. Thousands of pilgrims in every form of transport as well as on foot marched to the pilgrimage site, dressed in colourful costumes, some without clothes, occasionally
4589:
During World War II, the colonial government banned the Kumbh Mela to conserve scarce supplies of fuel. The ban, coupled with false rumours that Japan planned to bomb and commit genocide at the Kumbh mela site, led to sharply lower attendance at the 1942 Kumbh mela than prior decades when an
3868:
churning of the ocean) found in the Vedic texts. Historians, in contrast, reject these claims as none of the ancient or medieval era texts that mention the Samudra Manthana legend ever link it to a "mela" or festival. According to Giorgio Bonazzoli, a scholar of Sanskrit Puranas, these are
5673:
demands extensive onsite communication and co-ordination. In the case of Prayag in particular, the festival site is predominantly submerged during the monsoon months. The festival management workers have only two and a half months to start and complete the construction of all temporarily
3700:
in Hinduism ā with periodic larger gatherings after 6 or 12 years ā where pilgrims gathered in massive numbers and where one of the rituals included a sacred dip in a river or holy tank. According to Kama MacLean, the socio-political developments during the colonial era and a reaction to
4193:, and the phrase "Kumbh mela" is yet to be found in literature prior to the 19th century. The phrases such as "Maha Kumbh" and "Ardh Kumbh" in the context of the ancient religious pilgrimage festivals with a different name at Prayag, Nasik and Ujjain are evidently of a more modern era.
5682:
services. According to Baranwal et al., their 13-day field study of the 2013 Kumbh mela found that "the Mela committee and all other agencies involved in Mela management successfully supervised the event and made it convenient, efficient and safe," an assessment shared by the US-based
4532:
and road widening, to prevent further stampedes. The various Kumbh melas, in the 19th- and 20th-century witnessed sporadic stampedes, each tragedy leading to changes in how the flow of pilgrims to and from the river and ghats was managed. In 1986, 50 people were killed in a stampede.
4428:
The Kumbh melas of the past, albeit with different regional names, attracted large attendance and have been religiously significant to the Hindus for centuries. However, they have been more than a religious event to the Hindu community. Historically the Kumbh Melas were also major
3679:). The festival is marked by a ritual dip in the waters, but it is also a celebration of community commerce with numerous fairs, education, religious discourses by saints, mass gatherings of monks, and entertainment. The seekers believe that bathing in these rivers is a means to
4101:
rule (British colonial era) when it sought to control the war-prone monks and the lucrative tax and trade revenues at these Hindu pilgrimage festivals. Additionally, the priests sought the British administration to recognise the festival and protect their religious rights.
4549:
The Kumbh Mela continued to play an important role in the independence movement through 1947, as a place where the native people and politicians periodically gathered in large numbers. In 1906, the Sanatan Dharm Sabha met at the Prayag Kumbh Mela and resolved to start the
5788:, the king Yudhisthira is described to be in a state full of sorrow and despair after participating in the violence of the great war that killed many. He goes to a saint, who advises him to go on a pilgrimage to Prayag and bathe in river Ganges as a means of penance.
4015:
temples" and two Buddhist institutions. He also mentions the Hindu bathing rituals at the junction of the rivers. According to some scholars, this is the earliest surviving historical account of the Kumbh Mela, which took place in present-day Prayag in 644 CE.
3916:
spilling the pot. This "spilling" and associated Kumbh Mela story is not found in the earliest mentions of the original legend of Samudra Manthana (churning of the ocean) such as the Vedic era texts (pre-500 BCE). Nor is this story found in the later era
4451:
abolished the pilgrim tax and vast numbers returned to the pilgrimage thereafter. According to Macclean, the colonial records of this period on the Prayag Mela present a biased materialistic view given they were written by colonialists and missionaries.
4006:
There are other references to Prayaga and river-side festivals in ancient Indian texts, including at the places where present-day Kumbh Melas are held, but the exact age of the Kumbh Mela is uncertain. The 7th-century Buddhist Chinese traveller
4485:
shouting "Mahadeo Bol" and "Bol, Bol" together. At night the river banks and camps illuminated with oil lamps, fireworks burst over the river, and innumerable floating lamps set by the pilgrims drifted downstream of the river. Several Hindu
4231:
invited ascetics from Nashik to Ujjain for a local festival. Like the priests at Prayag, those at Nashik and Ujjain, competing with other places for a sacred status, may have adopted the Kumbh tradition for their pre-existing Magha melas.
4165:
also mentions an annual bathing pilgrimage festival in Prayag, but it does not call it Kumbh. Both these Mughal era texts use the term "Kumbh Mela" to describe only Haridwar's fair, mentioning a similar fair held in Prayag and Nashik. The
4455:
Baptist missionary John Chamberlain, who visited the 1824 Ardh Kumbh Mela at Haridwar, stated that a large number of visitors came there for trade. He also includes a 1814 letter from his missionary friend who distributed copies of the
3900:", of nectar in order to gain immortality. In a later day extension to the legend, the pot is spilled at four places, and that is the origin of the four Kumbha Melas. The story varies and is inconsistent, with some stating Vishnu as
6092:
Approximately once a century, the Kumbh Mela returns after 11 years. This is because of Jupiter's orbit of 11.86 years. With each 12-year cycle per the Georgian calendar, a calendar year adjustment appears in approximately 8
165:
5755:(homa) led by a priest. After these river-side rituals, the pilgrim then takes a dip in the water, stands up, prays for a short while, then exits the river waters. Many then proceed to visit old Hindu temples near the site.
4323:
competed for ritual primacy, priority rights to who bathes first or at the most auspicious time, and prominence leading to violent conflicts. The records from the East India Company rule era report of violence between the
3736:, attracts millions of South Indian Hindus and has been described as the Tamil Kumbh Mela. Other places where the Magha-Mela or Makar-Mela bathing pilgrimage and fairs have been called Kumbh Mela include Kurukshetra,
6725:
4031:, dated to the late 1st-millennium CE. These Purana-genre Hindu texts describe it as a place "bustling with pilgrims, priests, vendors, beggars, guides" and local citizens busy along the confluence of the rivers (
4139:
also records of an annual bathing festival at Prayag sangam where "various classes of Hindus came from all sides of the country to bathe, in such numbers, that the jungles and plains were unable to hold them".
4422:
Kumbh Melas feature many trade, fairs, charity, community singing, religious recitations, and entertainment spectacles. Left: Anna DÄna event at Prayag Kumbh, feeding monks and poor; Right: A dance performance.
3766:
attracting the largest number on a single day. The Kumbh Mela authorities said that the largest one-day attendance at the Kumbh Mela was 30 million on 10 February 2013, and 50 million on 4 February 2019.
3639:, On February 4, 2019, Kumbh Mela witnessed the largest peaceful public gathering of humans ever recorded. It is celebrated in a cycle of approximately 12 years, to celebrate every revolution Brihaspati (
4720:
announced that the Ardh Kumbh Mela (organised every 6 years) will simply be known as "Kumbh Mela", and the Kumbh Mela (organised every 12 years) will be known as "Maha Kumbh Mela" ("Great Kumbh Mela").
6844:
3759:
4971:
Kumbh Mela at Prayagraj is celebrated approximately 3 years after Kumbh at Haridwar and 3 years before Kumbh at Nashik and Ujjain (both of which are celebrated in the same year or one year apart).
8286:
43:
4294:. They provide logistical arrangements, policing, intervened and judged any disputes and collected taxes. They also have been a central attraction and a stop for mainstream Hindus who seek their
3783:. It is found in the Vedic texts, in this sense, often in the context of holding water or in mythical legends about the nectar of immortality. The word Kumbha or its derivatives are found in the
6170:
The Kumbh Mela lasts several weeks and is one of the largest festivals in the world, attracting more than 200 million people in 2019, including 50 million on the festival's most auspicious day.
5778:(atonement, penance) for these mistakes. Pilgrimage and bathing in holy rivers with a motivation to do penance and as a means to self-purify has Vedic precedents and is discussed in the early
4582:
reported that between 2 and 2.5 million pilgrims attended the Kumbh mela in 1796 and 1808, then added these numbers may be exaggerations. Between 1892 and 1908, in an era of major famines,
5824:(day-long fasting), some abstain from elaborate meals. These ritual practices are punctuated by celebratory feasts where vast number of people sit in rows and share a community meal ā
4528:
have occurred at the Kumbh Melas. After an 1820 stampede at Haridwar killed 485 people, the Company government took extensive infrastructure projects, including the construction of new
4594:ā one of the three key bathing dates, over 5 million attended the 1954 Kumbh, about 10 million attended the 1977 Kumbh while the 1989 Kumbh attracted about 15 million.
3869:
anachronistic explanations, an adaptation of early legends to a later practice by a "small circle of adherents" who have sought the roots of a highly popular pilgrimage and festival.
8624:
6756:
5832:(food charity) events, particularly for the monks and the poor pilgrims. The management has established multiple food stalls, offering delicacies from different states of India.
3995:, before the great war, the epic states "the one who observes firm vows, having bathed at Prayaga during Magha, O best of the Bharatas, becomes spotless and reaches heaven." In
8789:
5965:
released an audio and a video report on Kumbh Mela, titled "Kumbh Mela: 'greatest show on earth'". On 30 September 2010, the Kumbh Mela featured in the second episode of the
6817:
5809:
Some pilgrims walk considerable distances and arrive barefoot, as a part of their religious tradition. Most pilgrims stay for a day or two, but some stay the entire month of
3754:
and Indian authorities, more than 200 million Hindus gathered for the Kumbh Mela in 2019, including 50 million on the festival's most crowded day. The festival is one of the
6722:
4298:(meeting, view) as well as spiritual guidance and blessings. The Kumbh Melas have been one of their recruitment and initiation venues, as well as the place to trade. These
4147:), and because there are several references to a 12-year cycle for it. The later Mughal Empire era texts that contain the term "Kumbha Mela" in Haridwar's context include
185:
4212:
The Magh Mela of Prayag is probably the oldest among the four modern day Kumbh Melas. It dates from the early centuries CE, given it has been mentioned in several early
5820:
The festival site is strictly vegetarian by tradition, as violence against animals is considered unacceptable. Many pilgrims practice partial (one meal a day) or full
3930:
phrase is not found in the ancient or medieval era texts, numerous chapters and verses in Hindu texts are found about a bathing festival, the sacred junction of rivers
8977:
7728:
5730:ā is marked by a celebratory processional march, with banners, flags, elephants, horses and musicians along with the naked or scantily clad monks, some smeared with
4316:), and major Hindu gatherings for philosophical discussions and debates. However, there is no historic literary evidence that he actually did start the Kumbh melas.
3818:
means "unite, join, meet, move together, assembly, junction" in Sanskrit, particularly in the context of fairs, community celebration. This word too is found in the
5813:
during the festival and live an austere life during the stay. They attend spiritual discourses, fast and pray over the month, and these Kumbh pilgrims are called
4637:
52 billion or US$ 630 million in 2023) temporary city over 2,500 hectares with 122,000 temporary toilets and range of accommodation from simple
6746:
4620:
Maha Kumbh at Prayagraj is the largest in the world, the attendance and scale of preparation of which keeps rising with each successive celebration. For the
4387:
The ten Shaiva and Vaishnava akharas are also known as the Dasanamis, and they believe that Adi Shankara founded them and one of their traditional duties is
8370:
4598:
40 million on the busiest single day according to BBC News. Another estimate states that about 30 million attended the 2001 Kumbh mela on the busiest
3724:
festivals is about 6 years, and both feature a Maha (major) and Ardha (half) Kumbh Melas. The exact years ā particularly for the Kumbh Melas at Ujjain and
4306:(naked) monks tradition, who went to war without clothes. These monastic groups traditionally credit the Kumbh mela to the 8th-century Hindu philosopher
6774:
4493:
visited the fair. Europeans watched the crowds and few Christian missionaries distributed their religious literature at the Hardwar Mela, wrote Martin.
5951:, under the direction of Karina Holden with the scholar Kama Maclean as a consultant. In 2013, National Geographic returned and filmed the documentary
4366:
each akhara. After 1947, the state governments have taken over this role and provide the infrastructure for the Kumbh mela in their respective states.
5737:
The bathing ritual by the pilgrims may be aided by a Prayagwal priest or maybe a simple dip that is private. When aided, the rituals may begin with
8265:
4468:, the visitors at the fair included people from a number of races and clime. Along with priests, soldiers, and religious mendicants, the fair had
8466:
4220:
priests of Prayag coopted the Kumbh legend and brand to the annual Prayag Magh Mela given the socio-political circumstances in the 19th century.
8598:
8762:
8440:
4268:. These soldier-monk traditions have been a well-established feature of the Indian society, and they are prominent feature of the Kumbh melas.
3889:
5722:ā the most cherished day for bathing ā the Hindu pilgrims welcome and wait for the thirteen sadhu akharas to bathe first. This event ā called
5774:). The pilgrimage is also recommended in Hindu texts to those who have made mistakes or sinned, to repent for their errors and as a means of
6583:
Fairs and Festivals of India: Chandigarh, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh
6392:
Patronage and Popularisation, Pilgrimage and Procession: Channels of Transcultural Translation and Transmission in Early Modern South Asia
3880:
manuscript (Sanskrit, Devanagari script). It describes methods to complete a bathing pilgrimage at Prayag. The manuscript (1674 CE) has a
4650:
6311:
Maclean, Kama (September 2009). "Seeing, Being Seen, and Not Being Seen: Pilgrimage, Tourism, and Layers of Looking at the Kumbh Mela".
4189:
Like the Prayag mela, the bathing pilgrimage mela at Nasik and Ujjain are of considerable antiquity. However, these were referred to as
8894:
6700:
5669:
movement of people require significant prior planning. Further, assistance to those with special needs and lost family members through
3896:(nectar of immortality)" after the forces of good and evil churn the ocean of creation. The gods and demons fight over this pot, the "
9238:
265:
125:
6480:
5718:
Bathing, or a dip in the river waters, with a prayer, is the central ritual of the Kumbh Melas for all pilgrims. Traditionally, on
4705:
The Ardh Kumbh Mela ("half Kumbh") occurs approximately every 6 years between the two Purna Kumbha Melas at Prayagraj and Haridwar.
8941:
8481:
4617:. In 2013, 120 million pilgrims attended the Kumbh Mela at Prayagraj. Nasik has registered maximum visitors to 75 million.
4362:
s. At the 1796 Kumbh Mela in Haridwar, violence broke out between the Shaivites and the Udasis on logistics and camping rights.
4143:
The Kumbh Mela of Haridwar appears to be the original Kumbh Mela, since it is held according to the astrological sign "Kumbha" (
3872:
3807:, and other Vedic and post-Vedic ancient Sanskrit literature. In astrological texts, the term also refers to the zodiac sign of
2437:
1028:
9164:
KUMBH : Sarvjan ā Sahbhagita ka Vishalatam Amritparva with 1 Disc (Hindi, Paperback, Ramanand)Pilgrims Publishings, India,
6796:"Eyes in the sky. Indian authorities had to manage 250 million festivalgoers. So they built a high-tech surveillance ministate"
9003:
7359:
Maclean, Kama (2003). "Making the Colonial State Work for You: The Modern Beginnings of the Ancient Kumbh Mela in Allahabad".
6996:
6346:
Maclean, Kama (2003). "Making the Colonial State Work for You: The Modern Beginnings of the Ancient Kumbh Mela in Allahabad".
6193:
Maclean, Kama (2003). "Making the Colonial State Work for You: The Modern Beginnings of the Ancient Kumbh Mela in Allahabad".
3983:(Skt: Prayaga) cannot wash away cruel and evil deeds, rather the virtuous one should be pure in heart and fair in action. The
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9024:
8729:
8699:
8669:
8407:
8354:
8310:
8168:
8096:
8005:
7970:
7940:
7887:
7711:
7655:
7603:
7445:
7413:
7320:
7293:
7243:
7200:
7127:
7095:
7022:
6980:
6925:
6890:
6673:
6633:
6606:
6539:
6463:
6436:
6400:
6250:
6073:
8123:
4590:
estimated 2 to 4 million pilgrims gathered at each Kumbh mela. After India's independence, the attendance rose sharply. On
2316:
5955:. Indian and foreign news media have covered the Kumbh Mela regularly. On 18 April 2010, a popular American morning show,
4011:(Hiuen Tsang) mentions king Harsha and his capital of Prayag, which he states to be a sacred Hindu city with hundreds of "
3822:
and other ancient Hindu texts. Thus, Kumbh Mela means an "assembly, meet, union" around "water or nectar of immortality".
9904:
4670:
3755:
3705:
led to the rebranding and remobilisation of the ancient Magha Mela as the modern era Kumbh Mela, particularly after the
9109:
7173:
5865:). The festival grounds also feature a wide range of cultural spectacles over the month of celebrations. These include
3758:
in the world, and considered as the "world's largest congregation of religious pilgrims". It has been inscribed on the
3560:
8423:
3193:
9864:
9169:
9158:
9148:
8513:
Baranwal, Annu; Anand, Ankit; Singh, Ravikant; Deka, Mridul; Paul, Abhishek; Borgohain, Sunny; Roy, Nobhojit (2015).
7681:
7635:
7529:
4448:
4771:
Each site's celebration dates are calculated in advance according to a special combination of zodiacal positions of
4373:(monks) who do not belong to any akharas. Of those who do belong to a group, the thirteen active akharas have been,
3860:
Many Hindus believe that the Kumbh Mela originated in times immemorial and is attested in the Hindu mythology about
9884:
5912:
4340:
4129:) the "king of shrines" for the Hindus, and mentions that it is considered particularly holy in the Hindu month of
38:
8581:
9889:
8127:
5961:, extensively covered Haridwar's Kumbh Mela, calling it "The Largest Pilgrimage on Earth". On 28 April 2010, the
3999:, after the war, the epic elaborates this bathing pilgrimage as "geographical tirtha" that must be combined with
3847:
2346:
1182:
8816:
4358:
s at the 1789 Nashik Kumbh Mela. The dispute started over the bathing order, which then indicated status of the
3712:
The weeks over which the festival is observed cycle at each site approximately once every 12 years based on the
8563:
7904:
4990:
4583:
3664:
302:
9216:
8342:
4578:
The historical and modern estimates of attendance vary greatly between sources. For example, the colonial era
9231:
4003:(tirtha of the heart) whereby one lives by values such as truth, charity, self-control, patience and others.
1775:
9153:
Kumbh Mela and The Sadhus,(English, Paperback, Badri Narain and Kedar Narain) Pilgrims Publishings, India,
2326:
2266:
251:
8531:
874:
9188:
6582:
6566:
3496:
3387:
1997:
7857:
7056:
9894:
5828:ā prepared by volunteers from charitable donations. By tradition, families and companies sponsor these
5683:
4027:
Other early accounts of the significance of Prayag to Hinduism is found in the various versions of the
3811:. The astrological etymology dates to late 1st-millennium CE, likely influenced by Greek zodiac ideas.
3515:
3186:
3090:
2037:
1711:
1396:
708:
4248:(warrior ascetic bands, monastic militia), of which ten were related to Hinduism and three related to
3750:
2032:
9735:
9398:
6972:
3683:(atonement, penance, restorative action) for past mistakes, and that it cleanses them of their sins.
3492:
3138:
2256:
1992:
285:
270:
17:
8444:
938:
9899:
9830:
9564:
9224:
5917:
4731:
4666:
4551:
4465:
4094:
3706:
3048:
3041:
3020:
2729:
2619:
2591:
2321:
1216:
1003:
9196:
7842:
7497:
4404:
978:
894:
9859:
9700:
9252:
5988:
5957:
4514:
3263:
2476:
2381:
2306:
1492:
1414:
307:
275:
8959:
8515:"Managing the Earth's Biggest Mass Gathering Event and WASH Conditions: Maha Kumbh Mela (India)"
5758:
The motivations for the bathing ritual are several. The most significant is the belief that the
1454:
7567:
4654:
4460:
to the pilgrims and tried to convert some to Christianity. According to an 1858 account of the
4077:
twelve-year cycle of planet Jupiter. Manuscripts related to Hindu ascetics and warrior-monks ā
3553:
3462:
3392:
3228:
2857:
2626:
2286:
1192:
869:
8344:
8158:
7987:
7930:
7671:
7623:
7310:
7285:
7233:
7117:
6663:
6529:
4586:
and plague epidemics in British India, the pilgrimage dropped to between 300,000 and 400,000.
4204:(photo c. 1900) contains many inscriptions since the 3rd century BCE. Sometime about 1575 CE,
3573:
8397:
8086:
7877:
7517:
7403:
7085:
6845:"A record over 24 crore people visited Kumbh-2019, more than total tourists in UP in 2014-17"
4559:
4287:
4059:ā or at least, the tradition of religious festival at the triveni ā is exceedingly old, the
3881:
3502:
3480:
3370:
3235:
2808:
2416:
2296:
1704:
1690:
858:
9014:
8898:
7804:
853:
9879:
9068:
8999:
8343:
J. C. Rodda; Lucio Ubertini; Symposium on the Basis of CivilizationāWater Science? (2004).
6133:
The right to be naga, or naked, is considered a sign of separation from the material world.
6015:
4980:
4713:
4674:
4662:
4621:
4161:
4149:
4144:
3808:
3644:
3488:
3484:
3476:
3365:
3027:
2605:
2575:
2406:
2311:
2207:
1942:
1836:
64:
8880:
8843:
4642:
8:
9854:
9720:
9705:
9478:
9298:
9059:
Pingree, David (1973). "The Mesopotamian Origin of Early Indian Mathematical Astronomy".
8302:
South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora
8214:
7595:
South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora
7522:
South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora
7437:
South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora
6625:
South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora
6428:
South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora
5944:
4985:
4776:
4554:
in Madan Mohan Malaviya's leadership. Kumbh Melas have also been one of the hubs for the
4461:
4344:
4224:
3660:
3520:
3413:
3249:
2780:
2642:
2386:
2276:
2261:
2167:
2107:
2072:
1557:
1469:
1088:
747:
358:
260:
231:
9203:
9072:
8184:
7836:
7491:
6491:
1658:
848:
9745:
9740:
9685:
9655:
9423:
9084:
9047:
8541:
8514:
8240:
7384:
7376:
7165:
7059:, Manuscript UP No. 140, Poleman No. 3324, University of Pennsylvania Sanskrit Archives
6733:
6371:
6363:
6328:
6218:
6210:
6070:ā the springtime fair in Rajasthan, includes the tradition of a dip in the Pushkar lake
4944:
Jupiter in Leo and Sun in Aries; or Jupiter, Sun, and Moon in Libra on Kartik Amavasya
4570:
4496:
4413:
4098:
3442:
3428:
3147:
2672:
2568:
2396:
2376:
2371:
2366:
1972:
1738:
1609:
1221:
1107:
59:
7703:
History of the Sikhs: The Sikh commonwealth or Rise and fall of Sikh misls (Volume IV)
7650:
Constance Jones and James D. Ryan (2006), Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Infobase, p. 280,
7561:
4208:
of Akbar's era added an inscription that mentions the "Magh mela at Prayag Tirth Raj".
3686:
The festival is traditionally credited to the 8th-century Hindu philosopher and saint
9874:
9579:
9378:
9165:
9154:
9144:
9126:
9105:
9101:
9088:
9020:
8875:
8838:
8725:
8695:
8665:
8546:
8460:
8403:
8350:
8306:
8164:
8092:
8001:
7966:
7936:
7883:
7707:
7677:
7651:
7631:
7599:
7525:
7441:
7409:
7388:
7316:
7289:
7278:
7239:
7196:
7169:
7123:
7091:
7018:
6976:
6921:
6886:
6669:
6629:
6602:
6535:
6459:
6432:
6396:
6375:
6332:
6324:
6246:
6222:
6036:
6003:
5997:
5796:
4613:
In 2007, as many as 70 million pilgrims attended the 45-day long Ardha Kumbh Mela at
4605:
4439:
3546:
3452:
3421:
3377:
3034:
2985:
2920:
2679:
2665:
2411:
2336:
2157:
2117:
2112:
2102:
1947:
1643:
1577:
1172:
909:
200:
8042:
7798:
6712:
4240:
One of the key features of the Kumbh mela has been the camps and processions of the
2017:
1429:
716:
9730:
9695:
9660:
9645:
9534:
9333:
9288:
9076:
9035:
8536:
8526:
8273:
7368:
6995:
Monier Monier Williams (Updated 2006), Sanskrit English Dictionary with Etymology,
6355:
6320:
6202:
6007:
5993:
5775:
4995:
4792:
4708:
The Maha Kumbh, which occurs every 12 Purna Kumbh Melas i.e. after every 144 years.
4481:
4328:
and numerous deaths. At the 1760 Kumbh Mela in Haridwar, a clash broke out between
4201:
4196:
4135:
3861:
3839:
3680:
3672:
3591:
3328:
3290:
3270:
3221:
3170:
3069:
2864:
2850:
2801:
2744:
2291:
1952:
1871:
1622:
1542:
1167:
593:
447:
344:
5982:
Young siblings getting separated at the Kumbh Mela were once a recurring theme in
5674:
infrastructure necessary for the pilgrims, making the task even more challenging.
2706:
9869:
9765:
9750:
9670:
9640:
9624:
9589:
9554:
9544:
9468:
9438:
9363:
9358:
9303:
9120:
8820:
8719:
8689:
8659:
8585:
8300:
8269:
7960:
7701:
7593:
7487:
7435:
7260:
7190:
7012:
6966:
6915:
6880:
6729:
6623:
6596:
6554:
6488:
Proceedings Ol'THC. UNI-SCO/1 AI IS/I Wl IA Symposium Held in Rome, December 2003
6453:
6426:
6390:
6240:
5976:
5971:
5762:(pilgrimage) to the Kumbh Mela sites and then bathing in these holy rivers has a
4784:
4717:
4646:
4279:
4012:
3975:
3656:
3534:
3457:
3405:
3214:
3118:
3062:
2999:
2815:
2716:
2612:
2361:
2341:
2212:
2087:
2067:
1987:
1683:
1669:
1567:
1547:
1510:
1102:
1097:
824:
703:
667:
612:
607:
434:
7141:
7139:
6795:
5749:(prayers in the honour of one's ancestors). More elaborate ceremonies include a
4739:
4178:
when Jupiter enters Leo (that is, once in 12 years); and an annual mela held at
3851:
Large crowds at the Ganga (Ganges) on a major bathing day in the 2019 Kumbh Mela
1231:
983:
684:
9725:
9715:
9690:
9675:
9599:
9463:
9246:
9080:
6822:
6031:
4747:
4265:
4244:(monks). By the 18th century, many of these had organised into one of thirteen
4155:
4107:
3713:
3668:
3447:
3256:
3104:
2755:
2649:
2598:
2401:
2227:
2147:
2097:
2082:
2047:
2002:
1904:
1676:
1537:
1419:
1368:
1353:
1333:
1297:
1226:
1008:
963:
914:
672:
297:
9005:
History of DharmaÅÄstra: Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India
8857:"Short Cut to Nirvana ā A Documentary about the Kumbh Mela Spiritual Festival"
6163:
4271:
3884:, which states "Copied by Sarvottama, son of Vishvanatha Bhatta, Samvat 1752".
1054:
834:
765:
280:
9848:
9680:
9619:
9609:
9524:
9408:
9368:
9323:
8763:"Prayagraj: Food Hub At Kumbh To Offer Cuisines From Different Indian States"
7159:
7136:
6049:
4878:
4772:
4469:
4383:
3 Sikh akharas: Bara Panchayati Udasins, Chota Panchayati Udasins, and Nirmal
4377:
7 Shaiva akharas: Mahanirvani, Atal, Niranjani, Anand, Juna, Avahan, and Agni
4228:
4183:
4170:
lists the following melas: an annual mela and a Kumbh Mela every 12 years at
4037:
3111:
3076:
3013:
2959:
2952:
2913:
2906:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2794:
2738:
2356:
2301:
2281:
2271:
2251:
2222:
2132:
1927:
1922:
1912:
1861:
1783:
1697:
1530:
1479:
1378:
1313:
1152:
919:
373:
34:
8287:
Kumbh Mela: How UP will manage one of the world's biggest religious festival
8023:
2092:
1856:
1064:
1059:
9811:
9801:
9665:
9594:
9569:
9559:
9514:
8715:
8550:
6067:
5983:
4627:
4307:
4117:
3905:
3687:
3652:
3083:
2992:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2871:
2529:
2351:
2187:
2182:
2142:
2052:
2042:
2012:
1982:
1917:
1821:
1743:
1474:
1439:
1363:
1338:
1267:
1117:
968:
760:
755:
654:
641:
636:
4235:
1292:
9796:
9755:
9604:
9539:
9428:
9313:
9268:
6751:
6455:
The DaÅanÄmÄ«-saį¹nyÄsÄ«s: The Integration of Ascetic Lineages into an Order
5861:
5856:
5784:
4756:
4336:
4257:
3803:
3702:
3154:
2878:
2771:
2701:
2514:
2468:
2429:
2331:
2172:
2162:
2027:
1896:
1886:
1755:
1750:
1653:
1552:
1444:
1434:
1404:
1373:
1282:
1049:
863:
786:
778:
580:
349:
9051:
8869:
8832:
7998:
Globalization and Intercultural Dialogue: Multidisciplinary Perspectives
7862:. Vol. 3. The London Printing and Publishing Company. pp. 4ā5.
7338:"Review of Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765ā1954"
5710:
4517:, the historian and biographer of the Turco-Mongol raider and conqueror
3760:
UNESCO's Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
9806:
9433:
9418:
9413:
9283:
8578:
7380:
6367:
6214:
5703:
4917:
4430:
4020:
3733:
3691:
3632:
3200:
3161:
3125:
3006:
2945:
2552:
2544:
2455:
2232:
2007:
1962:
1816:
1806:
1520:
1449:
1358:
1287:
1277:
1272:
1044:
819:
796:
791:
520:
320:
76:
7337:
7157:
6818:"Mauni Amavasya: Five crore pilgrims take holy dip at Kumbh till 5 pm"
5745:(vermilion), milk or coconut, along with the recitation of hymns with
4537:
dancing girls, liquor and beef" as they watched the pilgrims bathing.
3958:
The earliest mention of Prayag and the bathing pilgrimage is found in
9584:
9549:
9529:
9483:
9448:
9318:
9308:
9040:
The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
8813:
7215:
Diane Eck (1981), India's "TÄ«rthas: "Crossings" in Sacred Geography,
6779:
6061:
6055:
6018:
in 2013. In this film, two characters search for the tenth and final
5903:
5841:
5836:
5763:
4855:
4681:
gather on the river banks in harmony and a sense of shared heritage.
4638:
4614:
4179:
4085:
3939:
3791:
3729:
3696:
3310:
3242:
3179:
3097:
2929:
2500:
2460:
2391:
2237:
2202:
2152:
2122:
2057:
1977:
1881:
1851:
1831:
1515:
1459:
1424:
1409:
1328:
1323:
1305:
631:
545:
476:
415:
155:
95:
8687:
8349:. International Association of Hydrological Science. pp. 165ā.
7372:
6359:
6206:
1112:
9775:
9710:
9650:
9519:
9493:
9473:
9443:
9388:
9248:
8441:"Official Website of Kumbh Mela 2013 Allahabad Uttar Pradesh India"
5947:
filmed and broadcast a documentary of the Prayag Kumbh Mela, named
4948:
4904:
4824:
4555:
4525:
4329:
4253:
4171:
4008:
3970:
3797:
3789:(1500ā1200 BCE), for example, in verse 10.89.7; verse 19.16 of the
3780:
3763:
3721:
3636:
3382:
2938:
2764:
2721:
2688:
2539:
2534:
2507:
2217:
2197:
2127:
2077:
1957:
1846:
1762:
1733:
1728:
1597:
1587:
1484:
1464:
1388:
1383:
1348:
1018:
998:
958:
924:
904:
884:
770:
646:
381:
339:
334:
208:
99:
9383:
8068:
8066:
8064:
6595:
Gerard Toffin (2012). Phyllis Granoff and Koichi Shinohara (ed.).
5881:
5699:
2445:
147:
Religious pilgrimage, rituals, social practices and festive events
8160:
What Is Hinduism?: Modern Adventures into a Profound Global Faith
7308:
6581:
Madan Prasad Bezbaruah, Dr. Krishna Gopal, Phal S. Girota, 2003,
5966:
5677:
In 2013, the Indian government authorities, in co-operation with
4895:
4838:
4788:
4760:
4473:
4444:
4332:
4249:
4217:
4175:
3960:
3919:
3785:
3741:
3737:
3717:
3640:
3315:
3305:
3055:
2976:
2968:
2785:
2711:
2696:
2493:
2192:
2137:
1876:
1826:
1796:
1791:
1663:
1638:
1525:
1157:
1036:
1013:
988:
899:
889:
698:
662:
550:
535:
530:
466:
461:
425:
420:
407:
8920:
8790:"5 special foods you can't miss at this Kumbh Mela in Prayagraj"
7500:ā124 (Haridwar ā page 124, Trimbak ā page 51, Prayag ā page 27).
6064:ā the river festivals of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana
3825:
3351:
1202:
1197:
1023:
9453:
9278:
9273:
9183:
8061:
7962:
God's Gateway: Identity and Meaning in a Hindu Pilgrimage Place
6946:
6023:
6019:
5851:
5846:
5802:
4939:
4934:
4899:
4864:
4860:
4829:
4743:
4540:
4457:
4347:
4291:
4213:
4205:
3935:
3909:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3725:
3676:
3648:
3320:
3134:
2450:
2177:
2062:
1967:
1937:
1932:
1866:
1841:
1630:
1500:
1343:
1318:
1257:
1142:
1137:
1127:
1069:
993:
953:
948:
879:
804:
739:
724:
626:
570:
555:
501:
481:
394:
389:
226:
107:
103:
8641:
8639:
8637:
8635:
8633:
7673:
Gods Gateway: Identity and Meaning in a Hindu Pilgrimage Place
7235:
The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective
7119:
The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective
6913:
5932:(2013) by the Ukrainian Religious Studies Project Ahamot, and
5898:
Kumbh Mela has been a theme for many documentaries, including
4746:
Pilgrims gather for the Shahi Snan (royal bath) in Ramkund in
3942:
at Prayag, and pilgrimage to Prayag. These are in the form of
9780:
9498:
9488:
9458:
9353:
9348:
9343:
8141:
8139:
8137:
7834:
7758:
7756:
7754:
7752:
6395:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 135ā136 with footnotes.
6027:
5751:
4780:
4518:
4490:
4477:
4350:
claims that 12,000 ascetics died in a clash between Shaivite
4312:
4261:
4223:
The Kumbh Mela at Ujjain began in the 18th century, when the
4122:
3931:
3913:
3337:
3207:
2972:
2484:
2022:
1891:
1801:
1648:
1602:
1582:
1262:
1247:
1187:
1177:
1162:
1147:
1122:
973:
943:
829:
729:
560:
525:
496:
491:
486:
471:
399:
137:
9016:
Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765ā1954
8856:
4913:
Jupiter, Sun and Moon enters in Cancer on lunar conjunction
4044:
9614:
9373:
9293:
9038:(October 1935). "A Note on the Allahabad Pillar of AÅoka".
8630:
7879:
The Social History of Health and Medicine in Colonial India
7818:
7816:
7814:
7467:
7465:
7463:
7461:
7459:
7457:
7408:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 71ā72 with footnotes.
7067:
7065:
6567:
Town Survey Report: Haryana, Thanesar, District Kurukshetra
6555:
Census of India, 1971: Haryana, Volume 6, Part 2, Page 137.
5741:(shaving of head), prayers with offerings such as flowers,
4529:
4513:
The Kumbh Melas have been sites of tragedies. According to
4486:
4310:, as a part of his efforts to start monastic institutions (
3950:(greatness of Prayag, historical tour guides in Sanskrit).
3762:. The festival is observed over many days, with the day of
3623:
3617:
1811:
1592:
1562:
1505:
1252:
1239:
1132:
734:
575:
565:
540:
506:
456:
438:
8978:"Uncertified film screening at Kolkata gallery miffs CBFC"
8745:
8743:
8741:
8564:
India: Staying Healthy at āThe Biggest Gathering on Earthā
8163:. Himalayan Academy Publications. 2007. pp. 242ā243.
8134:
8105:
7876:
Amna Khalid (2008). Biswamoy Patil; Mark Harrison (eds.).
7749:
7258:
6682:
4574:
Kumbh Mela ā a dip in the waters is one of the key rituals
3600:
8438:
7838:
Memoirs of Mr. John Chamberlain, late missionary in India
7775:
7773:
7771:
7038:
Giorgio Bonazzoli (1977). "Prayaga and Its Kumbha Mela".
6120:
The sangam site is known as Prayag, sometimes Tirtharaj (
5962:
4702:
or "full Kumbha"), occurs every 12 years at a given site.
4658:
8657:
8319:
7985:
7855:
7811:
7737:
7543:
7541:
7454:
7062:
6747:"Over 3 crore take holy dip in Sangam on Mauni Amavasya"
4339:
Bairagis (ascetics), resulting in hundreds of deaths. A
8738:
8434:
8432:
8241:"India's Hindu Kumbh Mela festival begins in Allahabad"
6285:
6283:
6281:
4236:
Akharas: Warrior monks, recruitment drive and logistics
679:
216:
9098:
JyotihÅÄstra : Astral and Mathematical Literature
8651:
8512:
8084:
8049:
7768:
7630:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 141ā156.
7335:
6934:
6509:
5791:
4684:
4290:, the Kumbh Melas (Magha Melas) were managed by these
4055:
There is evidence enough to suggest that although the
3987:
mentions a bathing pilgrimage at Prayag as a means of
3779:
in Kumbha Mela literally means "pitcher, jar, pot" in
8683:
8681:
8532:
10.1371/currents.dis.e8b3053f40e774e7e3fdbe1bb50a130d
8011:
7538:
4500:
A cultural program pandal at Prayag Kumbh Mela (2019)
3991:(atonement, penance) for past mistakes and guilt. In
3720:, the sun and the moon. The difference in Prayag and
3597:
3594:
8429:
8088:
Madan Mohan Malaviya and the Indian Freedom Movement
7954:
7952:
7905:"Time Trends of Cholera in India : An Overview"
7559:
7227:
7225:
7111:
7109:
7107:
6909:
6905:
6278:
5770:ā a means to liberation from the cycle of rebirths (
4508:
3620:
3606:
8661:
Pilgrimage: Past and Present in the World Religions
8208:
8206:
7515:
6598:
Sins and Sinners: Perspectives from Asian Religions
6451:
4380:
3 Vaishnava akharas: Nirvani, Digambar, and Nirmohi
3614:
3611:
3603:
8694:. Oxford University Press. pp. 217, 339ā347.
8678:
7429:
7427:
7425:
7277:
6775:"Over three crore devotees take the dip at Sangam"
6478:
4624:, the preparations included the construction of a
3643:) completes, at four river-bank pilgrimage sites:
9033:
8942:"Why twins no longer get separated at Kumbh Mela"
8823:, Kumbh Mela Official, Government of India (2019)
8588:, Kumbh Mela Official, Government of India (2019)
8299:James Lochtefeld (2008). Knut A. Jacobsen (ed.).
7989:Four Reports Made During the Years, 1862-63-64-65
7949:
7592:James Lochtefeld (2008). Knut A. Jacobsen (ed.).
7434:James Lochtefeld (2008). Knut A. Jacobsen (ed.).
7222:
7158:Bhikkhu Nanamoli (Tr); Bhikkhu Bodhi(Tr) (1995).
7145:
7104:
7037:
6622:James Lochtefeld (2008). Knut A. Jacobsen (ed.).
6601:. BRILL Academic. pp. 330 with footnote 18.
6425:James Lochtefeld (2008). Knut A. Jacobsen (ed.).
6420:
6418:
6416:
6414:
6412:
5940:(2012) directed by Jonas Scheu and Philipp Eyer.
5663:
27:Hindu pilgrimage and festival celebrated in India
9846:
9139:Harvard University, South Asia Institute (2015)
8599:"Sadhus astride elephants, horses at Maha Kumbh"
8508:
8506:
8504:
8502:
8298:
8203:
8043:"Five die in stampede at Hindu bathing festival"
7958:
7928:
7726:
7706:. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 175.
7669:
7621:
7591:
7433:
7010:
6968:Astrology and Cosmology in the World's Religions
6964:
6878:
6657:
6655:
6653:
6651:
6649:
6647:
6645:
6621:
6424:
6388:
5782:literature of Hinduism. For example in the epic
8688:Patrick Olivelle; Donald Richard Davis (2018).
7587:
7585:
7583:
7581:
7579:
7577:
7486:
7422:
7231:
7115:
7087:The Iconography and Ritual of Åiva at Elephanta
6713:UNESCO Intangible World Heritage official list.
6668:. New York University Press. pp. 150ā151.
6661:
3892:, however, describes the creation of a "pot of
9205:Kumbh Mela : Magical Celebration of Life'
9119:Yukio Ohashi (1999). Johannes Andersen (ed.).
8664:. Harvard University Press. pp. 140ā141.
7896:
7792:
7790:
7788:
7699:
7482:
7480:
7006:
7004:
6874:
6872:
6870:
6868:
6866:
6409:
4565:
3969:). It is also mentioned in the Pali canons of
9232:
8499:
7992:. Government Central Press. pp. 229ā237.
7871:
7869:
7676:. Oxford University Press. pp. 252ā253.
7617:
7615:
7238:. Oxford University Press. pp. 145ā146.
7122:. Oxford University Press. pp. 146ā147.
6642:
6594:
6306:
6304:
6302:
6300:
6298:
6273:. Vol. 8. Macmillan. pp. 5264ā5265.
6188:
6186:
6184:
6182:
6180:
6178:
4870:Jupiter in Aries, Sun and Moon in Capricorn;
4089:Hindu pilgrims heading to the Kumbh Mela site
3770:
3554:
9118:
8714:
8395:
7574:
7309:Mark Juergensmeyer; Wade Clark Roof (2011).
7188:
6952:
6662:James Mallinson (2016). Rachel Dwyer (ed.).
6527:
6268:
6238:
4698:The Purna Kumbh Mela (sometimes just called
4541:1857 rebellion and the Independence movement
3979:, wherein the Buddha states that bathing in
8465:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
8338:
8336:
8334:
8091:. Oxford University Press. pp. 40ā41.
7965:. Oxford University Press. pp. 51ā52.
7935:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 155ā156.
7875:
7785:
7720:
7511:
7509:
7507:
7477:
7401:
7219:, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 340ā341 with footnote
7001:
6863:
6768:
6766:
6521:
6158:
6156:
6154:
6152:
6150:
4651:artificially intelligent video surveillance
3732:tank (near Kaveri river) every 12 years at
3716:and the relative astrological positions of
9239:
9225:
9141:Kumbh Mela: Mapping the Ephemeral Megacity
8879:
8842:
8574:
8572:
8266:"70 mn to take holy dip during Ardh Kumbh"
8212:
7866:
7796:
7612:
7275:
6295:
6269:Williams Sox (2005). Lindsay Jones (ed.).
6175:
5694:
4394:
4125:-era Persian text calls Prayag (spells it
3561:
3547:
8895:"Kumbh Mela 2013 ā living with mahatiagi"
8540:
8530:
8482:"CM reviews Kumbh Mela 2021 preparations"
7828:
7077:
6914:Stephanie Jamison; Joel Brereton (2014).
6264:
6262:
6234:
6232:
4264:(founded by Guru Nanak's son) and one to
4045:Evolution of earlier melas to Kumbh Melas
8814:Attractions and Cultural Events of Kumbh
8724:. Three Rivers Press. pp. 146ā147.
8691:Hindu Law: A New History of DharmaÅÄstra
8377:. Press Trust of India. 14 December 2017
8371:"U.P. Governor launches Kumbh 2019 logo"
8346:The Basis of Civilizationāwater Science?
8331:
7849:
7835:John Chamberlain; William Yates (1826).
7504:
7161:Teachings of The Buddha: Majjhima Nikaya
6763:
6723:Kumbh Mela on UNESCO's list of intangibl
6577:
6575:
6147:
5880:
5795:
5709:
5698:
4966:
4738:
4730:
4604:
4569:
4562:was founded at the Haridwar Kumbh Mela.
4495:
4270:
4195:
4115:in Prayag, as does a Muslim historian's
4084:
3871:
3846:
3824:
3572:
9095:
9058:
9012:
8807:
8749:
8645:
8569:
8325:
8145:
8111:
8072:
8055:
8029:
8017:
7902:
7822:
7779:
7762:
7743:
7695:
7693:
7665:
7663:
7547:
7471:
7358:
7265:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. xxii.
7083:
7071:
6940:
6716:
6688:
6515:
6345:
6310:
6192:
4068:
3837:was one of the creative product of the
2438:Sources and classification of scripture
14:
9847:
8834:Kumbh Mela: The Greatest Show on Earth
8787:
8416:
8402:. Har-Anand Publications. p. 17.
8280:
8238:
8213:Carrington, Damian (25 January 2001).
6772:
6559:
6548:
6259:
6229:
6010:-language feature length fiction film
5930:Kumbh Mela 2013: Living with Mahatiagi
5908:Kumbh Mela: The Greatest Show on Earth
5857:doctrines are debated and standardised
9220:
8625:"Naga sadhus steal the show at Kumbh"
8623:Nandita Sengupta (13 February 2010).
8399:Mahakumbh, the Greatest Show on Earth
8032:, pp. 182ā185, 193ā195, 202ā203.
7932:Kumbha: The Traditionally Modern Mela
7518:"The Kumbh Mela Festival Processions"
7259:Dilip Kumar Roy; Indira Devi (1955).
7017:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 3ā5.
7014:Kumbha: The Traditionally Modern Mela
6885:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 1ā2.
6882:Kumbha: The Traditionally Modern Mela
6759:from the original on 22 January 2016.
6665:Key Concepts in Modern Indian Studies
6572:
6431:. Routledge. pp. 40 footnote 3.
6271:Encyclopedia of Religion, 2nd Edition
6074:List of largest gatherings in history
5835:Other activities at the mela include
1065:Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)
1060:ArthÄpatti (postulation, presumption)
9061:Journal for the History of Astronomy
8998:
8525:. Public Library of Science (PLoS).
8151:
8117:
7690:
7660:
7342:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
7315:. SAGE Publications. pp. 677ā.
6289:
6052:ā A semi-Kumbh Mela in Sunsari Nepal
4874:Jupiter in Taurus, Sun in Capricorn
4558:movement and politics. In 1964, the
4433:, initiation of new recruits to the
3577:A 2019 stamp dedicated to Kumbh Mela
9122:Highlights of Astronomy, Volume 11B
8658:Simon Coleman; John Elsner (1995).
8479:
8289:, Economic Times, 21 December 2018.
7730:Narrative of a Journey to Sirinagur
7624:"Soldier Monks and Militant Sadhus"
7195:. Three Rivers Press. p. 153.
6793:
6534:. Harmony Books. pp. 156ā157.
6245:. Harmony Books. pp. 153ā155.
5792:Feasts, festivities and discussions
4716:, the Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister
4685:Calendar, locations and preparation
4671:Inland Waterways Authority of India
4369:The Kumbh Melas attract many loner
126:UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage
24:
8788:Sengar, Resham (4 February 2019).
8566:, CDC, Global Health Security, USA
8000:, Arhipelag, Iulian Boldea (ed.),
7841:. Baptist Mission Press. pp.
7284:. Penguin Books Limited. pp.
6912:Wikisource; For translations see:
6168:. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2015.
6000:, also documents the Kumbh Mela.
5934:Kumbh Mela: Walking with the Nagas
5920:and produced by Maurizio Benazzo,
5855:), and religious assemblies where
4834:Jupiter in Aquarius, Sun in Aries
4694:The Kumbh Mela are classified as:
4063:at Allahabad is much more recent.
3946:(bathe) ritual and in the form of
25:
9916:
9176:
8892:
8239:Pandey, Geeta (14 January 2013).
7986:Sir Alexander Cunningham (1871).
7856:Robert Montgomery Martin (1858).
7084:Collins, Charles Dillard (1988).
6773:Rashid, Omar (11 February 2013).
5800:A cultural event at a Kumbh Mela
4645:tents, 800 special trains by the
4509:Massacres, stampedes and scandals
9825:
9824:
9247:
9182:
9013:Maclean, Kama (28 August 2008).
8970:
8952:
8934:
8913:
8886:
8863:
8849:
8826:
8781:
8755:
8708:
8617:
8591:
8557:
8473:
8185:"Kumbh Mela pictured from space"
7262:Kumbha: India's ageless festival
6325:10.1111/j.1939-3881.2009.00082.x
6127:
6114:
5913:Short Cut to Nirvana: Kumbh Mela
4412:
4403:
3590:
3528:
215:
58:
9254:Festivals in the Hindu calendar
8992:
8439:Mela Adhikari Kumbh Mela 2013.
8389:
8363:
8292:
8258:
8232:
8177:
8128:The Imperial Gazetteer of India
8085:Jagannath Prasad Misra (2016).
8078:
8035:
7979:
7922:
7644:
7553:
7395:
7352:
7336:Christian Lee Novetzke (2010).
7329:
7312:Encyclopedia of Global Religion
7302:
7269:
7252:
7209:
7182:
7151:
7050:
7031:
6989:
6958:
6899:
6837:
6810:
6787:
6739:
6706:
6694:
6615:
6588:
6472:
6445:
6105:
6096:
6086:
5910:(2001) directed by Graham Day,
5714:Water dip at the Kumbh festival
4111:of Tulsidas mentions an annual
8871:Kumbh Mela: Songs of the River
7563:Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum
6382:
6339:
6111:They are also called Bairagis.
5922:Kumbh Mela: Songs of the River
5664:Historical Festival management
3843:legend in ancient Hindu texts.
3694:and inscriptions of an annual
303:Epic-Puranic royal genealogies
13:
1:
8921:"Amrit:Nectar of Immortality"
8385:– via www.thehindu.com.
7882:. Routledge. pp. 68ā78.
7598:. Routledge. pp. 29ā33.
7560:Alexander Cunningham (1877).
7524:. Routledge. pp. 32ā41.
7520:. In Knut A. Jacobsen (ed.).
7440:. Routledge. pp. 31ā33.
7146:Krishnaswamy & Ghosh 1935
6140:
6102:They are also called Gosains.
5893:
4609:Cooking at Kumbh Mela in 2019
4464:by the British civil servant
4319:During the 17th century, the
4252:. Seven have belonged to the
3359:Other society-related topics:
1055:UpamÄį¹a (comparison, analogy)
7516:James G. Lochtefeld (2008).
7361:The Journal of Asian Studies
7148:, pp. 698ā699, 702ā703.
6794:Jha, Monica (23 June 2020).
6452:Matthew James Clark (2006).
6348:The Journal of Asian Studies
6195:The Journal of Asian Studies
5938:Amrit: Nectar of Immortality
5706:at a Kumbh procession (1998)
4847:Chaitra Amavasya (new moon)
4724:
4622:2019 Ardh Kumbh at Prayagraj
4282:. Steel engraving, c. 1850s.
4180:Prayag (in modern Prayagraj)
3973:, such as in section 1.7 of
3855:
3470:Hinduism and other religions
2267:Chandrashekarendra Saraswati
7:
6920:. Oxford University Press.
6490:. IAHS: 165. Archived from
6479:K. Shadananan Nair (2004).
6043:
5885:A sadhu at Maha Kumbh, 2013
4580:Imperial Gazetteer of India
4566:Rising attendance and scale
3756:largest peaceful gatherings
3215:Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram
3187:Naalayira Divya Prabandham
920:Arishadvargas (six enemies)
864:Antaįø„karaį¹a (mental organs)
859:SÅ«kį¹£ma ÅarÄ«ra (subtle body)
10:
9921:
9905:COVID-19 pandemic in India
9081:10.1177/002182867300400102
7090:. SUNY Press. p. 36.
6165:Kumbh Mela: Hindu festival
5876:
5689:
5686:for the Nasik Kumbh mela.
5684:Center for Disease Control
4667:river transport management
4052:Exceedingly old pilgrimage
3953:
3923:(3rd to 10th-century CE).
3771:Etymology and nomenclature
3091:Naalayira Divya Prabandham
1776:Gurus, sants, philosophers
1712:Akshar Purushottam Darshan
900:Uparati (self-settledness)
9820:
9789:
9764:
9736:Shravana Putrada Ekadashi
9633:
9507:
9397:
9332:
9261:
9143:New Delhi: Niyogi Books.
8819:30 September 2019 at the
8721:India: A Sacred Geography
8584:30 September 2019 at the
8305:. Routledge. p. 29.
7959:James Lochtefeld (2010).
7929:Nityananda Misra (2019).
7727:Thomas Hardwicke (1801).
7670:James Lochtefeld (2009).
7626:. In David Ludden (ed.).
7622:William R. Pinch (1996).
7192:India: A Sacred Geography
7046:: 84ā85, context: 81ā179.
7011:Nityananda Misra (2019).
6997:Mel, Melaka, Melana, MelÄ
6973:New York University Press
6965:Nicholas Campion (2012).
6917:The Rigveda: 3-Volume Set
6879:Nityananda Misra (2019).
6628:. Routledge. p. 29.
6531:India: A Sacred Geography
6389:Monika Horstmann (2009).
6242:India: A Sacred Geography
5996:feature film directed by
4489:, Sikh rulers and Muslim
4121:(c. 1590 CE). The latter
3714:Hindu luni-solar calendar
2257:Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati
915:Samadhana (concentration)
779:Three paths to liberation
286:Tribal religions in India
271:Historical Vedic religion
266:Indus Valley Civilisation
184:
176:
171:
161:
151:
143:
133:
122:
117:
90:
82:
72:
57:
52:
9865:Tourism in Uttar Pradesh
9565:Kashmiri Hindu festivals
8131:, 1909, v. 13, pp. 52ā53
8075:, pp. 74ā77, 95ā98.
7566:. Vol. 1. pp.
7232:Ariel Glucklich (2008).
7116:Ariel Glucklich (2008).
6701:The Maha Kumbh Mela 2001
6079:
5924:(2004) by Nadeem Uddin,
4766:
4689:
4552:Banaras Hindu University
4466:Robert Montgomery Martin
4341:copper plate inscription
4302:have roots in the Hindu
4133:. The late 16th-century
3707:Indian Rebellion of 1857
1091:, sacrifice, and charity
53:Kumbh Mela / Kumbha Mela
9885:Religion in Uttarakhand
9701:Pausha Putrada Ekadashi
9096:Pingree, David (1981).
7996:Traian Penciuc (2014),
7700:Hari Ram Gupta (2001).
6728:7 December 2017 at the
6014:(2015) was shot in the
5989:Amrita Kumbher Sandhane
5979:visiting the festival.
5958:CBS News Sunday Morning
5695:Bathing and processions
4515:Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi
4395:Significance and impact
4391:(protection of faith).
4288:East India Company rule
4278:by the English painter
3904:avatar, others stating
3801:, verse 19.53.3 of the
3751:EncyclopƦdia Britannica
3264:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
2477:Timeline of Hindu texts
2382:Siddharameshwar Maharaj
1415:Pumsavana Simantonayana
1070:Åabda (word, testimony)
308:Epic-Puranic chronology
276:Dravidian folk religion
39:Infobox recurring event
31:
9890:Tourism in Uttarakhand
8769:. ANI. 14 January 2019
8603:The New Indian Express
7280:No Full Stops in India
6458:. Brill. p. 294.
6124:"king of pilgrimages")
6058:ā the Tamil Kumbh Mela
5926:Invocation, Kumbh Mela
5886:
5806:
5715:
5707:
4755:of pilgrims ā include
4751:
4736:
4735:Kumbh Mela at Haridwar
4677:to help the visitors.
4610:
4575:
4501:
4283:
4209:
4090:
4065:
3885:
3852:
3844:
3578:
3229:Eighteen Greater Texts
2858:Brahma Vaivarta Purana
2287:Krishnananda Saraswati
1531:Vijayadashami-Dussehra
1045:Pratyakį¹£a (perception)
905:Titiksha (forbearance)
44:considered for merging
8579:Special Bathing Dates
8424:Sikh Shrines in India
8422:G. S. Randhir, 2016,
8396:J. S. Mishra (2004).
8045:. BBC. 14 April 2010.
7628:Contesting the Nation
7189:Diana L. Eck (2013).
6528:Diana L. Eck (2012).
6239:Diana L. Eck (2012).
5900:Kings with Straw Mats
5884:
5837:religious discussions
5799:
5713:
5702:
4967:Past and future years
4929:Devotthayan Ekadashi
4742:
4734:
4608:
4573:
4560:Vishva Hindu Parishad
4499:
4274:
4199:
4088:
4049:
3875:
3850:
3828:
3576:
3345:Varna-related topics:
3236:Eighteen Lesser Texts
2809:Devi Bhagavata Purana
1705:Svabhavika Bhedabheda
1691:Achintya Bheda Abheda
1623:Philosophical schools
925:Ahamkara (attachment)
885:Vairagya (dispassion)
813:Mokį¹£a-related topics:
9191:at Wikimedia Commons
9125:. Springer Science.
9034:Krishnaswamy, C.S.;
7496:. Kinnera. pp.
7402:Ludo Rocher (1986).
7217:History of Religions
6975:. pp. 110ā111.
6755:. 10 February 2013.
5953:Inside the Mahakumbh
4926:Bhadrapada Amavasya
4714:Prayagraj Kumbh Mela
4663:disease surveillance
4256:tradition, three to
4168:Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh
4162:Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh
4153:(1695ā1699 CE), and
4150:Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh
3659:rivers confluence),
3477:Hinduism and Jainism
2407:Vethathiri Maharishi
2312:Nisargadatta Maharaj
880:Viveka (discernment)
255:(500/200 BCEā300 CE)
166:Asia and the Pacific
9721:Sankashti Chaturthi
9706:Prabodhini Ekadashi
9479:Sajibu Nongma Panba
9299:Krishna Janmashtami
9073:1973JHA.....4....1P
8901:on 20 December 2018
8648:, pp. 228ā229.
8148:, pp. 185ā186.
8114:, pp. 212ā213.
7797:S.P. Dubey (2001).
7765:, pp. 226ā227.
7733:. pp. 314ā319.
7276:Mark Tully (1992).
7057:Prayaagasnaanavidhi
6955:, pp. 719ā721.
6691:, pp. 225ā226.
5945:National Geographic
5916:(2004) directed by
5902:(1998) directed by
5671:Bhule-Bhatke Kendra
4920:(AugustāSeptember)
4881:(JanuaryāFebruary)
4813:First bathing date
4462:Haridwar Kumbh Mela
4276:Haridwar Kumbh Mela
3965:(supplement to the
3535:Hinduism portal
3414:Hinduism by country
3250:Iraiyanar Akapporul
3194:TirumurukÄį¹į¹uppaį¹ai
2277:Dayananda Saraswati
2262:Bhaktivinoda Thakur
2168:Sripada Srivallabha
2108:Raghunatha Siromani
2073:Narasimha Saraswati
1050:AnumÄį¹a (inference)
180:2017 (12th session)
172:Inscription history
9767:Balinese festivals
9746:Varuthini Ekadashi
9741:Vaikuntha Ekadashi
9686:Naraka Chaturdashi
9656:Ananta Chaturdashi
8948:. 15 January 2010.
8794:The Times of India
8447:on 29 October 2019
7493:India of Aurangzib
6736:, 7 December 2017.
6030:, in the lines of
5887:
5847:devotional singing
5807:
5716:
5708:
4752:
4737:
4611:
4576:
4502:
4354:s and Vaishnavite
4284:
4210:
4099:East India Company
4091:
4019:Kama MacLean ā an
3886:
3878:Prayag Snana Vidhi
3876:The first page of
3853:
3845:
3579:
3429:Caribbean Shaktism
3148:Kanakadhara Stotra
2397:U. G. Krishnamurti
2377:Satyadhyana Tirtha
1973:Gangesha Upadhyaya
1631:Six Astika schools
875:Änanda (happiness)
854:AnÄtman (non-self)
86:Every twelve years
9895:Culture of Ujjain
9842:
9841:
9580:Mahalakshmi Vrata
9424:Chaitra Navaratri
9335:Harvest festivals
9187:Media related to
9132:978-0-7923-5556-4
9102:Otto Harrassowitz
9067:(1). SAGE: 1ā12.
9036:Ghosh, Amalananda
9026:978-0-19-533894-2
8731:978-0-385-53192-4
8701:978-0-19-870260-3
8671:978-0-674-66766-2
8605:. 30 January 2010
8409:978-81-241-0993-9
8356:978-1-901502-57-2
8328:, pp. 43ā44.
8312:978-1-134-07459-4
8276:. 2 January 2007.
8191:. 26 January 2001
8170:978-1-934145-27-2
8098:978-0-19-908954-3
8006:978-606-93691-3-5
7972:978-0-19-974158-8
7942:978-93-88414-12-8
7889:978-1-134-04259-3
7859:The Indian Empire
7825:, pp. 92ā94.
7803:. CCRT. pp.
7800:Kumbh City Prayag
7746:, pp. 57ā58.
7713:978-81-215-0165-1
7656:978-0-8160-7564-5
7605:978-1-134-07459-4
7474:, pp. 90ā91.
7447:978-1-134-07459-4
7415:978-3-447-02522-5
7322:978-1-4522-6656-5
7295:978-0-14-192775-6
7245:978-0-19-971825-2
7202:978-0-385-53192-4
7129:978-0-19-971825-2
7097:978-0-88706-773-0
7074:, pp. 88ā89.
7024:978-93-88414-12-8
6982:978-0-8147-0842-2
6953:Yukio Ohashi 1999
6927:978-0-19-972078-1
6892:978-93-88414-12-8
6826:, 4 February 2019
6703:indianembassy.org
6675:978-1-4798-4869-0
6635:978-1-134-07459-4
6608:978-90-04-23200-6
6541:978-0-385-53190-0
6465:978-90-04-15211-3
6438:978-1-134-07459-4
6402:978-3-447-05723-3
6292:, pp. 55ā56.
6252:978-0-385-53190-0
6037:Waiting for Godot
6016:Prayag Kumbh Mela
6004:Ashish Avikunthak
5661:
5660:
4964:
4963:
4957:Chaitra Amavasya
4440:Yadgar-i-Bahaduri
4431:commercial events
4174:; a mela held at
4105:The 16th-century
3993:Tirthayatra Parva
3748:According to the
3571:
3570:
3422:Balinese Hinduism
2921:Markandeya Purana
2158:Satyanatha Tirtha
2113:Raghuttama Tirtha
2103:Raghavendra Swami
1948:Ramdas Kathiababa
1029:Sources of dharma
895:Dama (temperance)
890:Sama (equanimity)
256:
194:
193:
113:
112:
65:Prayag Kumbh Mela
16:(Redirected from
9912:
9833:
9828:
9827:
9768:
9731:Shayani Ekadashi
9696:Nirjala Ekadashi
9661:Ashadhi Ekadashi
9646:Amalaka Ekadashi
9401:
9336:
9289:Ganesh Chaturthi
9255:
9251:
9241:
9234:
9227:
9218:
9217:
9200:
9199:
9197:Official website
9186:
9136:
9115:
9092:
9055:
9030:
9009:
9000:Kane, P. V.
8986:
8985:
8984:. 17 March 2017.
8974:
8968:
8967:
8960:"Eyes Wide Open"
8956:
8950:
8949:
8938:
8932:
8931:
8929:
8927:
8917:
8911:
8910:
8908:
8906:
8897:. Archived from
8890:
8884:
8883:
8867:
8861:
8860:
8853:
8847:
8846:
8830:
8824:
8811:
8805:
8804:
8802:
8800:
8785:
8779:
8778:
8776:
8774:
8759:
8753:
8747:
8736:
8735:
8712:
8706:
8705:
8685:
8676:
8675:
8655:
8649:
8643:
8628:
8621:
8615:
8614:
8612:
8610:
8595:
8589:
8576:
8567:
8561:
8555:
8554:
8544:
8534:
8510:
8497:
8496:
8494:
8492:
8477:
8471:
8470:
8464:
8456:
8454:
8452:
8443:. Archived from
8436:
8427:
8420:
8414:
8413:
8393:
8387:
8386:
8384:
8382:
8367:
8361:
8360:
8340:
8329:
8323:
8317:
8316:
8296:
8290:
8284:
8278:
8277:
8274:Associated Press
8262:
8256:
8255:
8253:
8251:
8236:
8230:
8229:
8227:
8225:
8210:
8201:
8200:
8198:
8196:
8181:
8175:
8174:
8155:
8149:
8143:
8132:
8121:
8115:
8109:
8103:
8102:
8082:
8076:
8070:
8059:
8053:
8047:
8046:
8039:
8033:
8027:
8021:
8015:
8009:
7993:
7983:
7977:
7976:
7956:
7947:
7946:
7926:
7920:
7919:
7917:
7915:
7909:
7900:
7894:
7893:
7873:
7864:
7863:
7853:
7847:
7846:
7832:
7826:
7820:
7809:
7808:
7794:
7783:
7777:
7766:
7760:
7747:
7741:
7735:
7734:
7724:
7718:
7717:
7697:
7688:
7687:
7667:
7658:
7648:
7642:
7641:
7619:
7610:
7609:
7589:
7572:
7571:
7557:
7551:
7545:
7536:
7535:
7513:
7502:
7501:
7484:
7475:
7469:
7452:
7451:
7431:
7420:
7419:
7399:
7393:
7392:
7356:
7350:
7349:
7333:
7327:
7326:
7306:
7300:
7299:
7283:
7273:
7267:
7266:
7256:
7250:
7249:
7229:
7220:
7213:
7207:
7206:
7186:
7180:
7179:
7155:
7149:
7143:
7134:
7133:
7113:
7102:
7101:
7081:
7075:
7069:
7060:
7054:
7048:
7047:
7035:
7029:
7028:
7008:
6999:
6993:
6987:
6986:
6962:
6956:
6950:
6944:
6938:
6932:
6931:
6903:
6897:
6896:
6876:
6861:
6860:
6858:
6856:
6841:
6835:
6834:
6833:
6831:
6814:
6808:
6807:
6805:
6803:
6791:
6785:
6784:
6770:
6761:
6760:
6743:
6737:
6720:
6714:
6710:
6704:
6698:
6692:
6686:
6680:
6679:
6659:
6640:
6639:
6619:
6613:
6612:
6592:
6586:
6579:
6570:
6563:
6557:
6552:
6546:
6545:
6525:
6519:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6502:
6497:on 2 August 2020
6496:
6485:
6476:
6470:
6469:
6449:
6443:
6442:
6422:
6407:
6406:
6386:
6380:
6379:
6343:
6337:
6336:
6308:
6293:
6287:
6276:
6274:
6266:
6257:
6256:
6236:
6227:
6226:
6190:
6173:
6172:
6160:
6134:
6131:
6125:
6118:
6112:
6109:
6103:
6100:
6094:
6090:
6012:Kalkimanthakatha
5532:Ardh Kumbh Mela
5493:Ardh Kumbh Mela
5370:Ardh Kumbh Mela
5331:Ardh Kumbh Mela
5288:Maha Kumbh Mela
5208:Ardh Kumbh Mela
5168:Ardh Kumbh Mela
5059:Ardh Kumbh Mela
4991:Trimbak (Nashik)
4974:
4973:
4960:Vaisakh Purnima
4954:Chaitra Purnima
4923:Simha sankranti
4909:Jupiter in Leo;
4890:Vasant Panchami
4884:Makar Sankranti
4841:(JanuaryāApril)
4798:
4797:
4636:
4632:
4630:
4443:written in 1834
4416:
4407:
4136:Tabaqat-i-Akbari
4072:
4029:Prayaga Mahatmya
3997:Anushasana Parva
3862:Samudra Manthana
3840:Samudra Manthana
3635:and festival in
3630:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3493:and Christianity
3463:Pilgrimage sites
3393:Reform movements
3271:Vinayagar Agaval
3222:Five Great Epics
3171:Tamil literature
3070:Sushruta Samhita
2865:Bhavishya Purana
2851:Brahmanda Purana
2802:Bhagavata Purana
2730:Other scriptures
2292:Mahavatar Babaji
1872:Satyakama Jabala
1543:Ganesh Chaturthi
1397:Rites of passage
910:Shraddha (faith)
328:Major traditions
254:
219:
196:
195:
115:
114:
62:
50:
49:
47:
21:
9920:
9919:
9915:
9914:
9913:
9911:
9910:
9909:
9900:Hindu festivals
9845:
9844:
9843:
9838:
9832:Hindu festivals
9831:
9816:
9785:
9766:
9760:
9751:Vasant Panchami
9671:Kamada Ekadashi
9641:Akshaya Tritiya
9629:
9625:Vaikasi Visakam
9590:Panguni Uthiram
9555:Karthika Deepam
9545:Hanuman Jayanti
9508:Other festivals
9503:
9469:Pahela Baishakh
9439:Mesha Sankranti
9400:New year's days
9399:
9393:
9364:Makar Sankranti
9359:Maghe Sankranti
9334:
9328:
9304:Maha Shivaratri
9262:Major festivals
9257:
9253:
9245:
9214:
9195:
9194:
9179:
9133:
9112:
9027:
8995:
8990:
8989:
8976:
8975:
8971:
8966:. 29 July 2015.
8958:
8957:
8953:
8940:
8939:
8935:
8925:
8923:
8919:
8918:
8914:
8904:
8902:
8891:
8887:
8868:
8864:
8855:
8854:
8850:
8831:
8827:
8821:Wayback Machine
8812:
8808:
8798:
8796:
8786:
8782:
8772:
8770:
8761:
8760:
8756:
8748:
8739:
8732:
8713:
8709:
8702:
8686:
8679:
8672:
8656:
8652:
8644:
8631:
8622:
8618:
8608:
8606:
8597:
8596:
8592:
8586:Wayback Machine
8577:
8570:
8562:
8558:
8511:
8500:
8490:
8488:
8478:
8474:
8458:
8457:
8450:
8448:
8437:
8430:
8421:
8417:
8410:
8394:
8390:
8380:
8378:
8369:
8368:
8364:
8357:
8341:
8332:
8324:
8320:
8313:
8297:
8293:
8285:
8281:
8270:Hindustan Times
8264:
8263:
8259:
8249:
8247:
8237:
8233:
8223:
8221:
8211:
8204:
8194:
8192:
8183:
8182:
8178:
8171:
8157:
8156:
8152:
8144:
8135:
8122:
8118:
8110:
8106:
8099:
8083:
8079:
8071:
8062:
8054:
8050:
8041:
8040:
8036:
8028:
8024:
8016:
8012:
7995:
7984:
7980:
7973:
7957:
7950:
7943:
7927:
7923:
7913:
7911:
7907:
7901:
7897:
7890:
7874:
7867:
7854:
7850:
7833:
7829:
7821:
7812:
7795:
7786:
7778:
7769:
7761:
7750:
7742:
7738:
7725:
7721:
7714:
7698:
7691:
7684:
7668:
7661:
7649:
7645:
7638:
7620:
7613:
7606:
7590:
7575:
7558:
7554:
7546:
7539:
7532:
7514:
7505:
7488:Jadunath Sarkar
7485:
7478:
7470:
7455:
7448:
7432:
7423:
7416:
7400:
7396:
7373:10.2307/3591863
7357:
7353:
7334:
7330:
7323:
7307:
7303:
7296:
7274:
7270:
7257:
7253:
7246:
7230:
7223:
7214:
7210:
7203:
7187:
7183:
7176:
7156:
7152:
7144:
7137:
7130:
7114:
7105:
7098:
7082:
7078:
7070:
7063:
7055:
7051:
7036:
7032:
7025:
7009:
7002:
6994:
6990:
6983:
6963:
6959:
6951:
6947:
6943:, pp. 2ā3.
6939:
6935:
6928:
6906:Rigveda 10.89.7
6904:
6900:
6893:
6877:
6864:
6854:
6852:
6849:Hindustan Times
6843:
6842:
6838:
6829:
6827:
6816:
6815:
6811:
6801:
6799:
6798:. Rest of World
6792:
6788:
6771:
6764:
6745:
6744:
6740:
6730:Wayback Machine
6721:
6717:
6711:
6707:
6699:
6695:
6687:
6683:
6676:
6660:
6643:
6636:
6620:
6616:
6609:
6593:
6589:
6580:
6573:
6564:
6560:
6553:
6549:
6542:
6526:
6522:
6514:
6510:
6500:
6498:
6494:
6483:
6477:
6473:
6466:
6450:
6446:
6439:
6423:
6410:
6403:
6387:
6383:
6360:10.2307/3591863
6344:
6340:
6309:
6296:
6288:
6279:
6267:
6260:
6253:
6237:
6230:
6207:10.2307/3591863
6191:
6176:
6162:
6161:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6137:
6132:
6128:
6119:
6115:
6110:
6106:
6101:
6097:
6091:
6087:
6082:
6046:
5977:Karl Pilkington
5972:An Idiot Abroad
5896:
5879:
5794:
5697:
5692:
5666:
4969:
4850:Mesh Sankranti
4810:Season, months
4769:
4727:
4718:Yogi Adityanath
4692:
4687:
4647:Indian Railways
4634:
4633:(equivalent to
4626:
4625:
4568:
4543:
4511:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4409:
4408:
4397:
4280:J. M. W. Turner
4238:
4159:(1759 CE). The
4095:James Mallinson
4074:
4067:
4054:
4047:
3976:Majjhima Nikaya
3956:
3948:Prayag Mahatmya
3858:
3795:, verse 6.3 of
3773:
3610:
3593:
3589:
3567:
3529:
3527:
3508:
3507:
3501:
3471:
3437:
3416:
3408:
3398:
3397:
3360:
3293:
3285:
3277:
3276:
3173:
3141:
3063:Charaka Samhita
3042:VaiÅeį¹£ika SÅ«tra
3000:Shilpa Shastras
2979:
2932:
2816:Naradiya Purana
2788:
2783:
2758:
2732:
2691:
2555:
2487:
2471:
2440:
2432:
2422:
2421:
2367:Shirdi Sai Baba
2362:Sathya Sai Baba
2342:Ramana Maharshi
2246:
2213:Vadiraja Tirtha
2208:VÄcaspati MiÅra
2088:Srinivasacharya
2068:Narahari Tirtha
2048:Matsyendranatha
2033:KumÄrila Bhaį¹į¹a
1998:Jagannatha Dasa
1988:Haridasa Thakur
1907:
1786:
1778:
1768:
1767:
1723:
1684:Vishishtadvaita
1633:
1625:
1615:
1614:
1568:Makar Sankranti
1548:Vasant Panchami
1511:Maha Shivaratri
1495:
1399:
1308:
1242:
1211:
1092:
1083:
1075:
1074:
1039:
933:
870:PrajƱa (wisdom)
866:
843:
807:
781:
750:
719:
717:Meaning of life
704:God in Hinduism
693:
657:
655:Supreme reality
632:Subtle elements
621:
602:
596:
586:
585:
441:
410:
384:
376:
366:
365:
362:
329:
323:
313:
312:
257:
252:Hindu synthesis
248:
243:
129:
94:Alternately in
68:
48:
32:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9918:
9908:
9907:
9902:
9897:
9892:
9887:
9882:
9877:
9872:
9867:
9862:
9860:Fairs in India
9857:
9840:
9839:
9837:
9836:
9821:
9818:
9817:
9815:
9814:
9809:
9804:
9799:
9793:
9791:
9787:
9786:
9784:
9783:
9778:
9772:
9770:
9762:
9761:
9759:
9758:
9753:
9748:
9743:
9738:
9733:
9728:
9726:Sharad Purnima
9723:
9718:
9716:Rishi Panchami
9713:
9708:
9703:
9698:
9693:
9691:Narali Purnima
9688:
9683:
9678:
9676:Kartik Purnima
9673:
9668:
9663:
9658:
9653:
9648:
9643:
9637:
9635:
9631:
9630:
9628:
9627:
9622:
9617:
9612:
9607:
9602:
9600:Raksha Bandhan
9597:
9592:
9587:
9582:
9577:
9572:
9567:
9562:
9557:
9552:
9547:
9542:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9522:
9517:
9511:
9509:
9505:
9504:
9502:
9501:
9496:
9491:
9486:
9481:
9476:
9471:
9466:
9464:Pana Sankranti
9461:
9456:
9451:
9446:
9441:
9436:
9431:
9426:
9421:
9416:
9411:
9405:
9403:
9395:
9394:
9392:
9391:
9386:
9381:
9376:
9371:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9340:
9338:
9330:
9329:
9327:
9326:
9321:
9316:
9311:
9306:
9301:
9296:
9291:
9286:
9281:
9276:
9271:
9265:
9263:
9259:
9258:
9244:
9243:
9236:
9229:
9221:
9212:
9211:
9201:
9192:
9178:
9177:External links
9175:
9174:
9173:
9162:
9151:
9137:
9131:
9116:
9111:978-3447021654
9110:
9093:
9056:
9046:(4): 697ā706.
9031:
9025:
9010:
9008:. Vol. 4.
8994:
8991:
8988:
8987:
8982:Times of India
8969:
8964:Indian Express
8951:
8933:
8912:
8885:
8862:
8848:
8825:
8806:
8780:
8754:
8752:, p. 229.
8737:
8730:
8707:
8700:
8677:
8670:
8650:
8629:
8616:
8590:
8568:
8556:
8498:
8480:Pioneer, The.
8472:
8428:
8415:
8408:
8388:
8362:
8355:
8330:
8318:
8311:
8291:
8279:
8257:
8231:
8202:
8176:
8169:
8150:
8133:
8116:
8104:
8097:
8077:
8060:
8058:, p. 132.
8048:
8034:
8022:
8010:
7978:
7971:
7948:
7941:
7921:
7895:
7888:
7865:
7848:
7827:
7810:
7784:
7782:, p. 226.
7767:
7748:
7736:
7719:
7712:
7689:
7682:
7659:
7643:
7636:
7611:
7604:
7573:
7552:
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7530:
7503:
7476:
7453:
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7394:
7351:
7328:
7321:
7301:
7294:
7268:
7251:
7244:
7221:
7208:
7201:
7181:
7175:978-0861710720
7174:
7150:
7135:
7128:
7103:
7096:
7076:
7061:
7049:
7030:
7023:
7000:
6988:
6981:
6957:
6945:
6933:
6926:
6898:
6891:
6862:
6836:
6823:Times of India
6809:
6786:
6762:
6738:
6734:Economic Times
6715:
6705:
6693:
6681:
6674:
6641:
6634:
6614:
6607:
6587:
6571:
6558:
6547:
6540:
6520:
6518:, p. 102.
6508:
6471:
6464:
6444:
6437:
6408:
6401:
6381:
6354:(3): 877ā879.
6338:
6319:(3): 319ā341.
6294:
6277:
6258:
6251:
6228:
6201:(3): 873ā905.
6174:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6136:
6135:
6126:
6113:
6104:
6095:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6076:
6071:
6065:
6059:
6053:
6045:
6042:
6032:Samuel Beckett
5949:Inside Nirvana
5895:
5892:
5878:
5875:
5793:
5790:
5696:
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5691:
5688:
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5510:
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5364:
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5320:
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5315:
5313:
5309:
5308:
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5300:
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5264:
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5260:
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5224:
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5220:
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5215:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5206:
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5201:
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5197:
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5169:
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5151:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5115:
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5107:
5106:
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5102:
5100:
5098:
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5027:
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5020:
5018:
5014:
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5007:
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5003:
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4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4968:
4965:
4962:
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4958:
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4952:
4945:
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4937:
4931:
4930:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4914:
4907:
4902:
4892:
4891:
4888:
4887:Magh Amavasya
4885:
4882:
4875:
4868:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4848:
4845:
4842:
4835:
4832:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4768:
4765:
4750:River, c. 1991
4726:
4723:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4631:42,000 million
4600:mauni amavasya
4567:
4564:
4542:
4539:
4510:
4507:
4421:
4420:
4411:
4410:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4385:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4237:
4234:
4191:Singhasth mela
4156:Chahar Gulshan
4108:Ramcharitmanas
4069:Maclean (2008)
4048:
4046:
4043:
3955:
3952:
3857:
3854:
3772:
3769:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3499:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3409:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3366:Discrimination
3362:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3257:Abirami Antati
3253:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3143:
3142:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3105:Ramcharitmanas
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3056:Pramana Sutras
3052:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3028:Mimamsa Sutras
3024:
3021:Samkhya Sutras
3017:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2986:Dharma Shastra
2981:
2980:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2768:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2742:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2661:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2646:
2638:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2623:
2620:Shvetashvatara
2616:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2592:Brihadaranyaka
2587:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2572:
2564:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2433:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2402:Upasni Maharaj
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2228:Vedanta Desika
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2148:Samarth Ramdas
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2098:Purandara Dasa
2095:
2090:
2085:
2083:Nimbarkacharya
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2003:Jayanta Bhatta
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1779:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1538:Raksha Bandhan
1535:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1420:Simantonnayana
1417:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1369:Carnatic music
1366:
1361:
1356:
1354:Bhagavata Mela
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1298:Kundalini yoga
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
935:
934:
931:
928:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
861:
856:
851:
845:
844:
841:
838:
837:
832:
827:
822:
816:
815:
809:
808:
803:
800:
799:
794:
789:
783:
782:
777:
774:
773:
768:
763:
758:
752:
751:
748:Stages of life
746:
743:
742:
737:
732:
727:
721:
720:
715:
712:
711:
709:God and gender
706:
701:
695:
694:
691:
688:
687:
682:
677:
676:
675:
670:
659:
658:
653:
650:
649:
644:
642:Gross elements
639:
634:
629:
623:
622:
619:
616:
615:
610:
604:
603:
600:
597:
592:
591:
588:
587:
584:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
517:
516:
510:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
453:
452:
443:
442:
432:
429:
428:
423:
418:
412:
411:
406:
403:
402:
397:
392:
386:
385:
380:
377:
372:
371:
368:
367:
364:
363:
356:
353:
352:
347:
342:
337:
331:
330:
327:
324:
319:
318:
315:
314:
311:
310:
305:
300:
298:Itihasa-Purana
289:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
244:
241:
240:
237:
236:
235:
234:
229:
221:
220:
212:
211:
205:
204:
192:
191:
190:Representative
188:
182:
181:
178:
174:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
123:
120:
119:
111:
110:
92:
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
63:
55:
54:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9917:
9906:
9903:
9901:
9898:
9896:
9893:
9891:
9888:
9886:
9883:
9881:
9878:
9876:
9873:
9871:
9868:
9866:
9863:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9852:
9850:
9835:
9834:
9823:
9822:
9819:
9813:
9810:
9808:
9805:
9803:
9800:
9798:
9795:
9794:
9792:
9788:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9774:
9773:
9771:
9769:
9763:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9744:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9729:
9727:
9724:
9722:
9719:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9689:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9681:Naga Panchami
9679:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
9652:
9649:
9647:
9644:
9642:
9639:
9638:
9636:
9632:
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8859:. Mela Films.
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6851:. 21 May 2019
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4748:Dakshin Ganga
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4712:For the 2019
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4470:horse traders
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4449:Lord Auckland
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4389:dharma-raksha
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4229:Ranoji Shinde
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4202:Ashoka pillar
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4096:
4093:According to
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4038:Matsya Purana
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4001:Manasa-tirtha
3998:
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3986:
3982:
3978:
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3951:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3938:and mythical
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3833:) containing
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3631:) is a major
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3436:Hindu culture
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3388:Organisations
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3368:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3112:Yoga Vasistha
3109:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3077:Natya Shastra
3074:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3014:Brahma Sutras
3011:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2960:Sthapatyaveda
2957:
2955:
2954:
2953:Gandharvaveda
2950:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2914:Varaha Purana
2911:
2909:
2908:
2907:Skanda Purana
2904:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2844:Brahma Purana
2841:
2839:
2838:
2837:Garuda Purana
2834:
2832:
2831:
2830:Matsya Purana
2827:
2825:
2824:
2823:VÄmana Purana
2820:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2795:Vishnu Purana
2792:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2739:Bhagavad Gita
2736:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
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2677:
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2674:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2655:
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2651:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2636:
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2629:
2628:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2543:
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2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2517:
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2512:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2496:
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2491:
2490:
2486:
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2481:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2459:
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2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2426:
2425:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
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2390:
2388:
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2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
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2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2322:Radhakrishnan
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2302:Narayana Guru
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2282:Jaggi Vasudev
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2272:Chinmayananda
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2133:Ramprasad Sen
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1983:Gorakshanatha
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1928:Allama Prabhu
1926:
1924:
1923:Akka Mahadevi
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1913:Abhinavagupta
1911:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1862:Prashastapada
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1722:Other schools
1720:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1698:Shuddhadvaita
1695:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1618:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
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1539:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1379:Kalaripayattu
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1314:Bharatanatyam
1312:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1193:Nritta-Nritya
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
930:
929:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
846:
840:
839:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
817:
814:
811:
810:
806:
802:
801:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
784:
780:
776:
775:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
753:
749:
745:
744:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
722:
718:
714:
713:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
696:
690:
689:
686:
683:
681:
678:
674:
671:
669:
666:
665:
664:
661:
660:
656:
652:
651:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
624:
618:
617:
614:
611:
609:
606:
605:
599:
598:
595:
590:
589:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
515:
512:
511:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
454:
451:
449:
445:
444:
440:
436:
431:
430:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
413:
409:
405:
404:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
387:
383:
379:
378:
375:
370:
369:
361:
360:
355:
354:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
332:
326:
325:
322:
317:
316:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
295:
294:
293:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
253:
250:
249:
247:
239:
238:
233:
230:
228:
225:
224:
223:
222:
218:
214:
213:
210:
207:
206:
202:
198:
197:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
170:
167:
164:
160:
157:
154:
150:
146:
142:
139:
136:
132:
128:
127:
121:
116:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
78:
75:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
45:
41:
40:
36:
30:
19:
9829:
9812:Dakshinayana
9802:Pitru Paksha
9790:Holy periods
9666:Guru Purnima
9595:Pargat Diwas
9574:
9570:Lakshmi Puja
9560:Karva Chauth
9515:Aadi Perukku
9213:
9208:
9204:
9172:, 8177696718
9161:, 8177698052
9140:
9121:
9097:
9064:
9060:
9043:
9039:
9015:
9004:
8993:Bibliography
8981:
8972:
8963:
8954:
8945:
8936:
8924:. Retrieved
8915:
8903:. Retrieved
8899:the original
8888:
8870:
8865:
8851:
8833:
8828:
8809:
8797:. Retrieved
8793:
8783:
8771:. Retrieved
8766:
8757:
8750:Maclean 2008
8720:
8716:Diana L. Eck
8710:
8690:
8660:
8653:
8646:Maclean 2008
8619:
8607:. Retrieved
8602:
8593:
8559:
8522:
8518:
8489:. Retrieved
8485:
8475:
8449:. Retrieved
8445:the original
8418:
8398:
8391:
8379:. Retrieved
8374:
8365:
8345:
8326:Maclean 2008
8321:
8301:
8294:
8282:
8260:
8248:. Retrieved
8244:
8234:
8222:. Retrieved
8218:
8215:"Kumbh Mela"
8193:. Retrieved
8188:
8179:
8159:
8153:
8146:Maclean 2008
8126:
8119:
8112:Maclean 2008
8107:
8087:
8080:
8073:Maclean 2008
8056:Maclean 2008
8051:
8037:
8030:Maclean 2008
8025:
8018:Maclean 2008
8013:
7997:
7988:
7981:
7961:
7931:
7924:
7912:. Retrieved
7898:
7878:
7858:
7851:
7837:
7830:
7823:Maclean 2008
7799:
7780:Maclean 2008
7763:Maclean 2008
7744:Maclean 2008
7739:
7729:
7722:
7702:
7672:
7646:
7627:
7594:
7562:
7555:
7548:Maclean 2008
7521:
7492:
7472:Maclean 2008
7436:
7404:
7397:
7364:
7360:
7354:
7345:
7341:
7331:
7311:
7304:
7279:
7271:
7261:
7254:
7234:
7216:
7211:
7191:
7184:
7160:
7153:
7118:
7086:
7079:
7072:Maclean 2008
7052:
7043:
7039:
7033:
7013:
6991:
6967:
6960:
6948:
6941:Pingree 1973
6936:
6916:
6908:Wikisource,
6901:
6881:
6853:. Retrieved
6848:
6839:
6828:, retrieved
6821:
6812:
6800:. Retrieved
6789:
6778:
6750:
6741:
6718:
6708:
6696:
6689:Maclean 2008
6684:
6664:
6624:
6617:
6597:
6590:
6569:, page 137-.
6561:
6550:
6530:
6523:
6516:Maclean 2008
6511:
6499:. Retrieved
6492:the original
6487:
6474:
6454:
6447:
6427:
6391:
6384:
6351:
6347:
6341:
6316:
6312:
6270:
6241:
6198:
6194:
6169:
6164:
6129:
6121:
6116:
6107:
6098:
6088:
6068:Pushkar Fair
6035:
6011:
6002:
5987:
5984:Hindi movies
5981:
5970:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5942:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5911:
5907:
5899:
5897:
5888:
5870:
5866:
5860:
5850:
5840:
5834:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5819:
5814:
5810:
5808:
5801:
5783:
5779:
5771:
5767:
5759:
5757:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5736:
5731:
5728:rajyogi snan
5727:
5723:
5719:
5717:
5678:
5676:
5670:
5667:
4970:
4951:(AprilāMay)
4910:
4871:
4816:Second date
4770:
4753:
4728:
4711:
4699:
4693:
4679:
4619:
4612:
4599:
4596:
4591:
4588:
4579:
4577:
4548:
4544:
4535:
4523:
4512:
4503:
4454:
4438:
4434:
4427:
4388:
4386:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4325:
4320:
4318:
4311:
4308:Adi Shankara
4303:
4299:
4295:
4285:
4275:
4245:
4241:
4239:
4222:
4211:
4190:
4188:
4167:
4160:
4154:
4148:
4142:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4118:Ain-i-Akbari
4116:
4112:
4106:
4104:
4092:
4078:
4075:
4071:, p. 91
4066:
4060:
4056:
4051:
4050:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4026:
4018:
4005:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3974:
3966:
3959:
3957:
3947:
3943:
3927:
3925:
3918:
3906:Dhanavantari
3887:
3877:
3865:
3859:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3819:
3815:
3813:
3802:
3796:
3790:
3784:
3776:
3774:
3749:
3746:
3711:
3695:
3688:Adi Shankara
3685:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3495: /
3491: /
3487: /
3483: /
3481:and Buddhism
3479: /
3443:Architecture
3406:Other topics
3344:
3327:
3299:Four varnas:
3298:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3084:Panchatantra
3082:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3035:NyÄya SÅ«tras
3033:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2993:Artha Åastra
2991:
2984:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2900:KÅ«rma Purana
2898:
2893:Linga Purana
2891:
2886:Shiva Purana
2884:
2877:
2872:Padma Purana
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2770:
2763:
2748:s (Hinduism)
2745:
2737:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2658:Atharvaveda:
2657:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2522:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2372:Shraddhanand
2347:Ravi Shankar
2327:R. D. Ranade
2188:ÅyÄma Åastri
2183:Swaminarayan
2143:Rupa Goswami
2053:Morya Gosavi
2013:Jiva Goswami
1918:Adi Shankara
1744:PratyabhijƱa
1710:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1572:
1475:Samavartanam
1455:VidyÄraį¹bhaį¹
1440:Annaprashana
1364:Dandiya Raas
1339:Mohiniyattam
1232:NididhyÄsana
1037:Epistemology
969:Brahmacharya
849:Ätman (self)
812:
756:Brahmacharya
685:SaccidÄnanda
637:Panchikarana
513:
446:
437: /
433:Other major
357:
291:
290:
245:
124:
37:
29:
9880:Uttarakhand
9797:Chaturmasya
9756:Vat Purnima
9605:Ratha-Yatra
9540:Gowri Habba
9535:Gaura Parva
9429:Cheti Chand
9314:Rama Navami
9269:Ayudha Puja
9209:Documentary
9019:. OUP USA.
8926:24 November
8905:19 December
8609:19 December
8486:The Pioneer
8451:24 November
8381:19 December
8008:, pp. 57ā66
7914:13 December
7910:. INFLIBNET
7405:The PurÄį¹as
6752:India Times
5869:(venues of
5862:shastrartha
5826:mahaprasada
5785:Mahabharata
5776:prÄyaÅcitta
5657:Kumbh Mela
5641:Kumbh Mela
5610:Kumbh Mela
5561:Kumbh Mela
5498:Kumbh Mela
5481:Kumbh Mela
5450:Kumbh Mela
5412:Kumbh Mela
5336:Kumbh Mela
5319:Kumbh Mela
5250:Kumbh Mela
5174:Kumbh Mela
5171:Kumbh Mela
5126:Kumbh Mela
5088:Kumbh Mela
5012:Kumbh Mela
5009:Kumbh Mela
4844:Shivaratri
4819:Third date
4757:Kurukshetra
4602:day alone.
4337:Vaishnavite
4258:Vaishnavism
3989:prÄyaÅcitta
3985:Mahabharata
3928:Kumbha Mela
3804:Atharvaveda
3703:Orientalism
3692:manuscripts
3681:prÄyaÅcitta
3586:Kumbha Mela
3489:and Judaism
3485:and Sikhism
3453:Iconography
3378:Nationalism
3371:Persecution
3155:Shiva Stuti
3049:Yoga Sutras
2879:Agni Purana
2781:Other texts
2772:Mahabharata
2515:Atharvaveda
2412:Vivekananda
2337:Rama Tirtha
2332:Ramakrishna
2307:Nigamananda
2297:Mahesh Yogi
2173:Sripadaraja
2163:Siddheshwar
2058:MukundarÄja
2038:Madhusūdana
2028:Kanaka Dasa
1953:Chakradhara
1897:Yajnavalkya
1887:Vishvamitra
1756:Pancharatra
1654:Vaisheshika
1610:Ratha Yatra
1558:Janmashtami
1553:Rama Navami
1470:Ritushuddhi
1445:Chudakarana
1435:Nishkramana
1405:Garbhadhana
1374:Pandav Lila
1283:Bhakti yoga
1168:PrÄyaÅcitta
939:Niti Åastra
787:Bhakti yoga
766:VÄnaprastha
581:Vishvakarma
514:Post-Vedic:
350:Vaishnavism
292:Traditional
177:Inscription
91:Location(s)
33:ā¹ The
9855:Kumbh Mela
9849:Categories
9807:Uttarayana
9575:Kumbh Mela
9434:Gudi Padwa
9419:Bisu Parba
9414:Bohag Bihu
9284:Durga Puja
9189:Kumbh Mela
8946:rediff.com
7367:(3): 877.
7164:. p.
6783:. Chennai.
6501:7 December
6141:References
5969:TV series
5894:In culture
5815:kalpavasis
5724:shahi snan
5704:Naga sadhu
4918:Bhadrapada
4286:Until the
4061:Kumbh Mela
4021:Indologist
3926:While the
3888:The Hindu
3734:Kumbakonam
3697:Magha Mela
3663:(Ganges),
3633:pilgrimage
3582:Kumbh Mela
3329:Varna-less
3201:Tiruppukal
3162:Vayu Stuti
3126:Panchadasi
3119:Swara yoga
3007:Kama Sutra
2946:Dhanurveda
2606:Taittiriya
2584:Yajurveda:
2576:Kaushitaki
2553:Upanishads
2545:Upanishads
2469:Scriptures
2317:Prabhupada
2233:Vidyaranya
2118:Ram Charan
2093:PrabhÄkara
2008:Jayatīrtha
1963:Dadu Dayal
1958:ChÄngadeva
1817:Bharadwaja
1807:Ashtavakra
1573:Kumbh Mela
1521:Durga Puja
1450:Karnavedha
1430:NÄmakaraį¹a
1359:Yakshagana
1288:Karma yoga
1278:Jnana yoga
1273:Hatha yoga
1210:Meditation
1183:Tirthadana
964:Aparigraha
820:ParamÄtman
805:Liberation
797:Karma yoga
792:Jnana yoga
521:Dattatreya
321:Traditions
246:Historical
118:Kumbh Mela
77:Pilgrimage
9634:Holy days
9585:Mahamaham
9550:Kali Puja
9530:Dhanteras
9484:Sankranti
9449:Jur Sital
9319:Thaipusam
9309:Navaratri
9089:125228353
8375:The Hindu
7389:162404242
6780:The Hindu
6376:162404242
6333:170879396
6290:Kane 1953
6223:162404242
6062:Pushkaram
6056:Mahamaham
5998:Dilip Roy
5992:, a 1982
5943:In 2007,
5904:Ira Cohen
5842:pravachan
5830:anna dana
4981:Prayagraj
4867:junction
4856:Prayagraj
4773:Bį¹haspati
4725:Locations
4673:, and an
4655:analytics
4641:tents to
4639:dormitory
4615:Prayagraj
4526:stampedes
4482:Turkistan
4260:, two to
4082:1796 CE.
4057:Magh Mela
3963:PariÅiį¹£į¹a
3940:Saraswati
3856:Mythology
3814:The word
3792:Yajurveda
3744:(Nepal).
3730:Mahamaham
3657:Sarasvati
3645:Prayagraj
3503:Criticism
3497:and Islam
3458:Mythology
3311:Kshatriya
3243:Athichudi
3180:Tirumurai
3098:Tirumurai
2707:VyÄkaraį¹a
2643:Chandogya
2635:Samaveda:
2523:Divisions
2501:Yajurveda
2461:Ätmatuį¹£į¹i
2417:Yogananda
2392:Trailanga
2387:Sivananda
2252:Aurobindo
2238:Vyasaraja
2203:Tyagaraja
2153:Sankardev
2123:Ramananda
2018:JƱÄneÅvar
1993:Harivansh
1978:Gaudapada
1943:Chaitanya
1882:Vashistha
1852:Patanjali
1832:Jamadagni
1751:Vaishnava
1739:Pashupata
1516:Navaratri
1493:Festivals
1460:Upanayana
1425:Jatakarma
1410:Pumsavana
1329:Kuchipudi
1324:Kathakali
1293:RÄja yoga
1227:SamÄdhÄna
1108:Prarthana
1082:Practices
1009:SvÄdhyÄya
613:Mythology
608:Cosmology
601:Worldview
546:Kartikeya
477:Prajapati
416:Saraswati
152:Reference
96:Prayagraj
83:Frequency
42:is being
18:Simhastha
9875:Haridwar
9776:Galungan
9711:Pradosha
9651:Amavasya
9520:Bhaubeej
9494:Vaisakhi
9474:Puthandu
9444:Mha Puja
9389:Shakrain
9052:25201233
9002:(1953).
8817:Archived
8718:(2013).
8582:Archived
8551:25932345
8461:cite web
8250:12 March
8245:BBC News
8224:12 March
8195:12 March
8124:Haridwar
7490:(1901).
6855:15 March
6757:Archived
6726:Archived
6044:See also
6022:of Lord
5936:(2011),
5928:(2008),
5918:Nick Day
5867:kalagram
5764:salvific
5720:amavasya
4986:Haridwar
4949:Vaisakha
4947:Spring,
4916:Summer,
4905:Godavari
4877:Winter,
4837:Spring,
4825:Haridwar
4592:amavasya
4556:Hindutva
4524:Several
4330:Shaivite
4266:Nirmalas
4254:Shaivism
4172:Haridwar
4145:Aquarius
4009:Xuanzang
3971:Buddhism
3882:colophon
3809:Aquarius
3798:Samaveda
3781:Sanskrit
3764:Amavasya
3722:Haridwar
3669:Godavari
3661:Haridwar
3637:Hinduism
3516:Glossary
3448:Calendar
3383:Hindutva
3306:Brahmana
2977:samhitas
2969:Shastras
2939:Ayurveda
2930:Upavedas
2765:Ramayana
2756:Itihasas
2722:Jyotisha
2689:Vedangas
2673:Mandukya
2569:Aitareya
2561:Rigveda:
2540:Aranyaka
2535:Brahmana
2508:Samaveda
2223:Valluvar
2218:Vallabha
2198:Tulsidas
2128:Ramanuja
2078:Nayanars
2063:Namadeva
1905:Medieval
1847:Kashyapa
1763:Charvaka
1734:Kapalika
1598:Puthandu
1588:Vaisakhi
1485:Antyesti
1465:Keshanta
1389:Adimurai
1384:Silambam
1349:Sattriya
1334:Manipuri
1019:Mitahara
999:Santosha
959:Achourya
771:Sannyasa
761:Gį¹hastha
620:Ontology
594:Concepts
382:Trimurti
345:Smartism
340:Shaktism
335:Shaivism
209:Hinduism
201:a series
199:Part of
100:Haridwar
46:. āŗ
35:template
9069:Bibcode
8893:ŠŠ³ŠµŃŠ².
8799:21 June
8773:21 June
8542:4404264
7381:3591863
6830:24 June
6802:23 June
6368:3591863
6215:3591863
6093:cycles.
6008:Bengali
5994:Bengali
5967:Sky One
5877:Darshan
5772:samsara
5766:value,
5747:shradha
5690:Rituals
4896:Trimbak
4839:Chaitra
4807:Zodiac
4789:Chandra
4777:Jupiter
4761:Sonipat
4584:cholera
4474:Bukhara
4445:Lucknow
4435:akharas
4356:bairagi
4352:sanyasi
4345:Maratha
4343:of the
4333:Gosains
4326:akharas
4321:akharas
4300:akharas
4296:darsana
4292:akharas
4250:Sikhism
4246:akharas
4225:Maratha
4218:Brahmin
4214:Puranas
4176:Trimbak
4079:akharas
3967:Rigveda
3961:Rigveda
3954:History
3920:Puranas
3829:A pot (
3820:Rigveda
3786:Rigveda
3742:Panauti
3738:Sonipat
3718:Jupiter
3671:), and
3641:Jupiter
3521:Outline
3316:Vaishya
3284:Society
3135:Stotras
2786:Puranas
2712:Nirukta
2702:Chandas
2697:Shiksha
2680:Prashna
2666:Mundaka
2530:Samhita
2494:Rigveda
2357:Samarth
2193:Tukaram
2138:Ravidas
1877:Valmiki
1827:Jaimini
1797:Angiras
1792:Agastya
1784:Ancient
1670:Advaita
1664:Vedanta
1659:MÄ«mÄį¹sÄ
1639:Samkhya
1526:Ramlila
1268:SÄdhanÄ
1158:Tarpana
1143:KÄ«rtana
1138:Bhajana
1089:Worship
1014:Shaucha
989:Akrodha
835:Saį¹sÄra
699:Ishvara
668:Nirguna
663:Brahman
627:Tattvas
551:Krishna
536:Hanuman
531:Ganesha
467:Chandra
462:Ashvins
426:Parvati
421:Lakshmi
408:Tridevi
374:Deities
281:Åramaį¹a
261:History
242:Origins
232:History
144:Domains
134:Country
67:in 2013
9870:Nashik
9454:Navreh
9379:Pongal
9279:Diwali
9274:Chhath
9168:
9157:
9147:
9129:
9108:
9087:
9050:
9023:
8878:
8841:
8728:
8698:
8668:
8549:
8539:
8491:4 July
8406:
8353:
8309:
8167:
8095:
8004:
7969:
7939:
7886:
7710:
7680:
7654:
7634:
7602:
7528:
7444:
7412:
7387:
7379:
7319:
7292:
7242:
7199:
7172:
7126:
7094:
7040:Purana
7021:
6979:
6924:
6889:
6672:
6632:
6605:
6565:1988,
6538:
6481:"Mela"
6462:
6435:
6399:
6374:
6366:
6331:
6249:
6221:
6213:
6024:Vishnu
6020:avatar
5852:kirtan
5803:pandal
5780:dharma
5768:moksha
5760:tirtha
5743:sindur
5739:mundan
5732:bhasma
4996:Ujjain
4940:Shipra
4935:Ujjain
4900:Nashik
4865:Yamuna
4804:River
4801:Place
4787:) and
4759:, and
4744:Nashik
4643:5-star
4491:Nawabs
4458:Gospel
4371:sadhus
4360:akhara
4348:Peshwa
4262:Udasis
4242:sadhus
4227:ruler
4206:Birbal
4127:Priyag
4033:Sangam
3981:Payaga
3936:Yamuna
3910:Garuda
3902:Mohini
3898:kumbha
3894:amrita
3890:legend
3835:Amrita
3831:kumbha
3777:Kumbha
3740:, and
3726:Nashik
3677:Shipra
3673:Ujjain
3665:Nashik
3653:Yamuna
3649:Ganges
3321:Shudra
3139:stutis
2975:, and
2973:sutras
2627:Maitri
2352:Ramdas
2245:Modern
2178:Surdas
2043:Madhva
1968:Eknath
1938:Basava
1933:Alvars
1867:Raikva
1857:PÄį¹ini
1842:Kapila
1837:Kanada
1822:Gotama
1729:Shaiva
1677:Dvaita
1578:Pongal
1501:Diwali
1480:Vivaha
1344:Odissi
1319:Kathak
1258:Yogini
1222:Dhyana
1173:Tirtha
1128:Bhakti
1118:Temple
1113:Årauta
994:Arjava
954:Ahimsa
949:Niyama
932:Ethics
740:Moksha
725:Dharma
673:Saguna
571:Shakti
556:Kubera
502:Varuna
482:Pushan
395:Vishnu
390:Brahma
227:Hindus
162:Region
108:Ujjain
104:Nashik
9781:Nyepi
9499:Vishu
9489:Ugadi
9459:Nyepi
9384:PusnĆ¢
9354:Maghi
9349:Lohri
9344:Bhogi
9085:S2CID
9048:JSTOR
8627:, TNN
7908:(PDF)
7845:ā351.
7385:S2CID
7377:JSTOR
6495:(PDF)
6484:(PDF)
6372:S2CID
6364:JSTOR
6329:S2CID
6219:S2CID
6211:JSTOR
6080:Notes
6028:Kalki
5975:with
5822:vrata
5752:yajna
5648:2028
5634:2027
5621:2026
5607:2025
5594:2024
5581:2023
5568:2022
5556:2021
5543:2020
5529:2019
5516:2018
5503:2017
5488:2016
5474:2015
5461:2014
5447:2013
5434:2012
5421:2011
5407:2010
5394:2009
5381:2008
5367:2007
5354:2006
5341:2005
5326:2004
5312:2003
5299:2002
5285:2001
5272:2000
5259:1999
5245:1998
5232:1997
5219:1996
5205:1995
5192:1994
5179:1993
5163:1992
5150:1991
5137:1990
5123:1989
5110:1988
5097:1987
5083:1986
5070:1985
5056:1984
5043:1983
5030:1982
5017:1981
5002:1980
4977:Year
4879:Magha
4861:Ganga
4830:Ganga
4791:(the
4783:(the
4781:Surya
4767:Dates
4700:Kumbh
4690:Types
4530:ghats
4519:Timur
4487:rajas
4478:Kabul
4472:from
4313:matha
4131:Magha
4123:Akbar
3944:Snana
3932:Ganga
3914:Indra
3338:Dalit
3291:Varna
3208:Kural
2746:Agama
2717:Kalpa
2613:Katha
2485:Vedas
2456:ÄcÄra
2451:Smį¹ti
2446:Åruti
2430:Texts
2023:Kabir
1892:Vyasa
1802:Aruni
1649:Nyaya
1603:Vishu
1583:Ugadi
1263:Asana
1248:Sadhu
1217:Tapas
1188:Matha
1178:Yatra
1163:Vrata
1148:Yajna
1123:Murti
1004:Tapas
979:Damah
974:Satya
944:Yamas
830:Karma
730:Artha
647:Guį¹as
561:Radha
526:Durga
497:Ushas
492:Surya
487:Rudra
472:Indra
448:Vedic
439:Devis
435:Devas
400:Shiva
156:01258
138:India
73:Genre
9615:Teej
9374:Onam
9294:Holi
9166:ISBN
9155:ISBN
9145:ISBN
9127:ISBN
9106:ISBN
9021:ISBN
8928:2015
8907:2018
8876:IMDb
8839:IMDb
8801:2023
8775:2023
8767:NDTV
8726:ISBN
8696:ISBN
8666:ISBN
8611:2018
8547:PMID
8493:2019
8467:link
8453:2015
8404:ISBN
8383:2018
8351:ISBN
8307:ISBN
8252:2021
8226:2021
8197:2021
8165:ISBN
8093:ISBN
8002:ISBN
7967:ISBN
7937:ISBN
7916:2015
7884:ISBN
7807:ā73.
7708:ISBN
7678:ISBN
7652:ISBN
7632:ISBN
7600:ISBN
7570:ā39.
7526:ISBN
7442:ISBN
7410:ISBN
7317:ISBN
7290:ISBN
7240:ISBN
7197:ISBN
7170:ISBN
7124:ISBN
7092:ISBN
7019:ISBN
6977:ISBN
6922:ISBN
6887:ISBN
6857:2022
6832:2020
6804:2020
6670:ISBN
6630:ISBN
6603:ISBN
6536:ISBN
6503:2017
6460:ISBN
6433:ISBN
6397:ISBN
6247:ISBN
6122:lit.
5871:kala
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