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variability of growth, structure of the GNP and distribution of labor, the distribution of income between households, the structure of foreign trade. Kuznets founded the historically grounded theory of economic growth. The central theme of these empirical studies is that the growth of the aggregated product of the country necessarily implies a profound transformation of the whole of its economic structure. This transformation affects many aspects of economic life – the structure of production, sectoral and occupational structure of employment, the division of occupations among family and market activities, the income structure, size, age structure and spatial distribution of the population, cross-country flows of goods, capital, labor and knowledge, the organization of industry and governmental regulation. Such changes, in his opinion, are essential for overall growth and, once started, shape, constrain or support the subsequent economic development of the country. Kuznets made a profound analysis of the impact on economic growth by demographic processes and characteristics.
1592:(1955, 1963). In poor countries, economic growth increased the income disparity between rich and poor people. In wealthier countries, economic growth narrowed the difference. By noting patterns of income inequality in developed and underdeveloped countries, he proposed that as countries experienced economic growth, the income inequality first increases and then decreases. The reasoning was that in order to experience growth, countries had to shift from agricultural to industrial sectors. While there was little variation in the agricultural income, industrialization led to large differences in income. Additionally, as economies experienced growth, mass education provided greater opportunities which decreased the inequality and the lower income portion of the population gained political power to change governmental policies. He also discovered the patterns in savings-income behavior which launched the
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and expose to detailed study a number of specific problems of the national economy. Improved methods for calculating the national income and related indicators have become classics and formed the basis of the modern system of national accounts. Having analyzed the distribution of income among different social groups, Kuznets put forward the hypothesis that in countries, which were on the early stages of economic development, income inequality increased first, but as far as national economy was growing, it tended to decrease. This assumption formed the basis of so-called "
301:
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1259:(probability theory), V. Davats (mathematics), and others. Basic academic courses at the Institute helped him to acquire "exceptional" erudition in economics, as well as in history, demography, statistics and natural sciences. According to the institute's curriculum, development of national economies had to be analyzed in the wider context of changes in "connected spheres" and with the involvement of proper methods and empirical data. There, he began to study economics, and became exposed to
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knowledge, in-country adaptation to growth factors, and external economic relations between the countries. The general theory of economic growth should explain the development of advanced industrial countries, and the reasons that prevent the development of backward countries, include both market and planned economies, large and small, developed and developing countries, consider the impact on growth of foreign economic relations.
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33:
1350:(SSRC). He guided extensive research, holding a number of positions in research institutions, such as the Chairman of the Falk Project for Economic Research in Israel, 1953–1963; member of the board of trustees and honorary chairman, Maurice Falk Institute for Economic Research in Israel, from 1963; and chairman, Social Science Research Council Committee on the Economy of China, 1961–1970.
1455:, Kuznets found that the characteristics of the curves with reasonable accuracy described the majority of economic processes. Fitting trend curves to data and analysis of the time series, comparison of theoretical and empirical levels, allowed him to identify medium-term extended cycles of economic activity, which lasted 15–25 years and had an intermediate position between the
1331:
took the lead in establishing the
Conference on Research, Income and Wealth, which brought together government officials and academic economists, engaged in the development of the U.S. national income and product accounts, and in 1947 helped to establish its international counterpart, the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth.
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His major thesis, which argued that underdeveloped countries of today possess characteristics different from those that industrialized countries faced before they developed, helped put an end to the simplistic view that all countries went through the same "linear stages" in their history and launched
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accounts. In 1934, an assessment of the national income of the United States for the period 1929–1932 was given; further, it was extended to 1919–1938, and then, until 1869. Although
Kuznets was not the first economist to try this, his work was so comprehensive and meticulous that it set the standard
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The first major research project in which
Kuznets was involved was the study of long series of economic dynamics in the USA undertaken in the mid-1920s. The collected data covered the period from 1865 to 1925, and for some indices achieved 1770. Applying for the analysis of time series approximating
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Kuznets had success to solve numerous problems ranging from lack of sources of information and bias assessments, to the development of the theoretical concept of national income. Kuznets achieved a high precision in calculations. His works allowed us to analyze the structure of the national income,
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In his historical and economic studies of the 1970s, Kuznets expressed the idea of an interaction between science and technology (innovations), and institutional shifts, as well as the role of factors external to the economy, such as those caused by the moral and political climate in society, and
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He collected and analyzed statistical indicators of economic performance of 14 countries in Europe, the U.S. and Japan for 60 years. Analysis of the materials led to the advancement of a number of hypotheses relating to various aspects of the mechanism of economic growth, concerning the level and
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By the end of the Second World War
Kuznets moved into a new research area, related to the tie between changes in income and growth. He proposed a research program that involved extensive empirical studies on the four key elements of economic growth. The elements were demographic growth, growth of
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Exploring the formation of the national income, Kuznets studied proportions between output and income, consumption and savings, etc. After analyzing the long-term data sets of economic conditions for 20 countries, Kuznets revealed long-term trends in capital / output ratios, shares of net capital
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Apart from that, Kuznets collaborated with a number of research organizations and government agencies. From 1931 to 1934, at
Mitchell's behest, Kuznets took charge of the NBER's work on U.S. national income accounts, giving the first official estimation of the US national income. In 1936, Kuznets
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in the sphere of the higher education. There is no precise information whether
Kuznets continued his studies at the institute, but it is known that he joined the Department of Labor of UZHBURO (South Bureau) of the Central Council of Trade Unions. There, he published his first scientific paper,
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and fully shared by
Mitchell for the statistical, inductive construction of hypotheses in economics and its empirical testing. Kuznets treated a priori and speculative conceptions with deep skepticism. At the same time, Kuznets tended to analyze economy in connection with the wider context of
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data). Keynes had predicted that as aggregate income increases, so will marginal savings. Kuznets used new data to show that, over a longer span of time (1870s – 1940s) the savings ratio remained constant, despite large changes in income. This paved the way for
1463:. Aspiring to determine the nature of these cycles, Kuznets analyzed the dynamics of population, the construction industry performance, capital, national income data and other variables. These movements became known among economists and economic historians as "
1353:
Kuznets was elected as the
President of the American Economic Association (1954), President of the American Statistical Association (1949), an honorable member of the Association of Economic History, the Royal Statistical Society of England and a member of the
2011:Кузнец С. Денежная заработная плата рабочих и служащих фабрично-заводской промышленности г. Харькова в 1920 г. // Материалы по статистике труда на Украние. Под ред. Зав. отд. труда И. Н. Дубинской. – Вып. 2. – Июль 1921 г. – С. 53–64. (Репринтная публикация
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After the war, he worked as an advisor for the governments of China, Japan, India, Korea, Taiwan, and Israel in the establishment of their national systems of economic information. Kuznets cooperated with the Growth Center of Yale
University, the
1393:
His name is associated with the formation of modern economic science as an empirical discipline, the development of statistical methods of research and the emergence of quantitative economic history. Kuznets is credited with revolutionising
1422:(who propounded a law governing the distribution of income among households). Kuznets was closely familiar with the economics of Russia and Ukraine of the early 20th century. In the 1920s, he reviewed and translated the papers of
1410:
historical situation, demographic, and social processes, a method that was peculiar to the
Kharkiv academics at the beginning of the 20th century. Kuznets was influenced by the work of such leading theorists as
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social science honor society chapter at the University of Pennsylvania and actively served as a chapter officer in the 1940s; becoming a full-time professor from 1936 until 1954. In 1954, Kuznets moved to
1275:"Monetary wages and salaries of factory workers in Kharkov in 1920"; he explored the dynamics of different types of wages by industries in Kharkov and income differentiation, depending on the wage system.
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1526:. However, Kuznets shook the economic world by finding that Keynes' predictions, while seemingly accurate in short-run cross-sections, broke down under more rigorous examination. In his 1942 tome
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formation, net investment, and so on. Collected and systematized data allowed exposing to empirical testing a number of existing hypotheses. In particular, this concerned premises of the
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1503:. He disapproved, however, of its use as a general indication of welfare, writing that "the welfare of a nation can scarcely be inferred from a measure of national income."
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1342:, to measure the potential for increased production and the resources from which it would come, and to identify the materials that were binding constraints on expansion.
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Street J. H. The Contribution of Simon S. Kuznets to Institutionalist Development Theory // Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. 22, No. 2 (Jun., 1988), pp. 499–509.
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1338:. He took part in work to assess the country's capacity to expand military production. Researchers used national income accounting, together with a rough form of
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Simon Kuznets died on July 8, 1985, at the age of 84. In 2013 The Kharkiv National University of Economics, where he studied in 1918–1921 was named after him;
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Kapuria-Foreman V., Perlman M. An Economic Historian's Economist: Remembering Simon Kuznets // The Economic Journal, 105 (November), 1995, p. 1524–1547.
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1314:(NBER), where he worked until 1961. From 1931 until 1936, Kuznets was a part-time professor at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1937 he was elected as a
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1622:"Secular Movements in Production and Prices: Their Nature and Their Bearing upon Cyclical Fluctuations". (New York and Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1930).
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where he studied economic sciences, statistics, history and mathematics under the guidance of professors P. Fomin (political economy), A. Antsiferov (
1484:, as well as the contribution of Lillian Epstein, Elizabeth Jenk, and Edna Ehrenberg, the first of which had also contributed to King's 1930 book.)
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Ben-Porath Y. Simon Kuznets in Person and in Writing // Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Apr., 1988), pp. 435–447.
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1307:. It was this work that led to his book "Secular Movements in Production and Prices", defended as a doctoral thesis and published in 1930.
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the separate field of development economics – which now focused on the analysis of modern underdeveloped countries' distinct experiences.
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During the Second World War, between 1942 and 1944, Kuznets became the associate director of the Bureau of Planning and Statistics of the
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Hoselitz B. F. Bibliography of Simon Kuznets // Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 31, No. 2 (Jan., 1983), pp. 433–454.
1534:, Kuznets became the first economist to show that the Absolute Income Hypothesis gives inaccurate predictions in the long run (by using
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November 1995, Vol. 105, No. 433 pp. 1524-1547 p.1527, note 6: Solomon was also to become an economist and like Simon, worked for the
1295:. He graduated with a B.S. in 1923, M.A. in 1924, and Ph.D. in 1926. As his magister thesis, he defended his essay "Economic system of
2101:Теоретическое наследие С. Кузнеца и проблемы модернизации постсоциалистических стран // Социально-экономическая трансформация в России
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in the field. (He explicitly notes his work as an update of W. I. King's 1930 "The National income and Its Purchasing Power" in
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1180:"for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and
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1327:, where he was professor of political economy until 1960. From 1961 until his retirement in 1970, Kuznets taught at Harvard.
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family. He was one of three brothers, the other being Solomon and George. He completed his schooling, first at the
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Simon Kuznets, 1934. "National Income, 1929–1932". 73rd US Congress, 2d session, Senate document no. 124, page 7.
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Kuznets' views and scientific methodology were highly influenced by methodological settings received by him in
1363:
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1467:", and alternatively as "long swings" in the economy's growth rate (following the work of Moses Abramovitz ).
1176:; April 30, 1901 – July 8, 1985) was a Russian-born American economist and statistician who received the 1971
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1738:. He has been called "one of the most important economists of the twentieth century" by Robert Whaples in a
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1303:. From 1925 to 1926, Kuznets spent time studying economic patterns in prices as the Research Fellow at the
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1628:"National Income and Its Composition, 1919–1938". (1941) Assisted by Lillian Epstein and Elizabeth Jenks
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1651:"Toward a Theory of Economic Growth, with Reflections on the Economic Growth of Modern Nations". (1968)
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1641:"Quantitative aspects of the economic growth of nations, VIII: The distribution of income by size",
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At the turn of the decade, the normal work in the institute was interrupted by the events of the
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1872:. Harvard University Society of Fellows; Toulouse School of Economics. p. 8. Archived from
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Among his several observations which sparked important theoretical research programs was the
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1418:(who identified circumstances under which markets failed to maximize economic welfare), and
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1604:. He conducted his research for many years and finally published his findings in 1963.
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1823:"Association Notes: In Memoriam: Frederic C. Lane 1900–1984, Simon Kuznets 1901–1985"
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1924:. In Chaloupek, Günther; Guger, Alois; Nowotny, Ewald; Schwödiauer, Gerhard (eds.).
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Fogel, Robert William; Fogel, Enid M.; Guglielmo, Mark; Grotte, Nathaniel (2013).
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1414:(who probed the relationship between technological change and business cycles),
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Kuznets made a decisive contribution to the transformation of economics into an
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In 1931, at Mitchell's behest, Kuznets took charge of the NBER's work on U.S.
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Political Arithmetic: Simon Kuznets and the Empirical Tradition in Economics
1867:"Simon Kuznets: Cautious Empiricist of the Eastern European Jewish Diaspora"
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was created from a revision of this article dated 23 January 2016
2246:
2132:
Abramovitz, Moses (1961). "The Nature and Significance of Kuznets Cycles".
1654:"Economic Growth of Nations: Total Output and Production Structure". (1971)
1442:
Historical series of economic dynamics and Kuznets cycles, or "long swings"
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1793:Кузнец С. Экономическая система д-ра Шумпетера, излагаемая и критикуемая
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264:
5088:
1786:"Саймон Кузнец и харьковская высшая экономическая школа начала ХХ ст."
1629:
32:
3879:
3699:
1435:
1431:
1022:
864:
495:
380:
335:
2296:
2188:
4220:
2414:
2283:
Lundberg, Erik (1971). "Simon Kuznets contributions to Economics".
2145:
2083:
1928:(in German and English) (German ed.). Springer. p. 286.
2227:
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/national-income-1929-1932-971
1988:
Jewish Economies: Development and Migration in America and Beyond
1406:
1300:
1236:
1229:
1217:
66:
1522:
The hypothesis gave birth to what would become the first formal
1985:
Simon, Kuznetz (2011). Weyl, E. Glen; Lo, Stephanie H. (eds.).
1071:
2175:
Abramovitz, Moses (1968). "The passing of the Kuznets cycle".
1926:Ökonomie in Theorie und Praxis: Festschrift für Helmut Frisch
1745:
1648:"Modern Economic Growth: Rate, Structure, and Spread". (1966)
1613:
their impact on the progress and results of economic growth.
1607:
1225:
1209:
663:
439:
128:
124:
56:
1764:
An Economic Historian's Economist: Remembering Simon Kuznets
2249:(2000). "Simon S. Kuznets: April 30, 1901 – July 9, 1985".
1139:
5977:
Distinguished fellows of the American Economic Association
1898:Харківський національний університет імені В.Н. Каразіна.
1625:"National Income and Capital Formation, 1919–1935". (1937)
1482:
https://www.nber.org/system/files/chapters/c4231/c4231.pdf
2257:
1500:
1310:
In 1927, he became a member of the research staff of the
1130:
132:
1820:
1398:, and this work is credited with fueling the so-called
1694:
Simon Kuznets Kharkiv National University of Economics
1383:
Simon Kuznets Kharkiv National University of Economics
2026:"Alumni Award Recipients | School of General Studies"
1154:
1145:
1136:
1133:
1127:
6002:
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
5997:
Columbia University School of General Studies alumni
1991:. Vol. I. Transaction Publishers. p. xix.
1795:. Kharkiv: ИД «ИНЖЕК». pp. 7–34. Archived from
1142:
1547:, and several more modern alternatives such as the
1124:
5937:Presidents of the American Statistical Association
1950:
1784:Moskovkin V. M. and Mikhailichenko D. Yu. (2013).
1278:
2455:Laureate of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics
2067:"Simon S. Kuznets: April 30, 1901 – July 9, 1985"
6007:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
5873:
2421:National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
5972:Presidents of the American Economic Association
5962:Fellows of the American Statistical Association
4222:Presidents of the American Economic Association
16:American economist and statistician (1901–1984)
6012:Burials at Sharon Memorial Park, Massachusetts
3187:
2097:
1316:fellow of the American Statistical Association
5074:
4206:
3409:
3173:
2492:
1922:"Schumpeter and Schools of Economic Thoughts"
1864:
1283:In 1922, the Kuznets family emigrated to the
1263:theory of innovation and the business cycle.
1162:
1096:
5992:Corresponding fellows of the British Academy
2512:Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences
1821:Goldthwaite, Richard; Abramovitz M. (1986).
3423:
1860:
1858:
1470:
5081:
5067:
4213:
4199:
3416:
3402:
3180:
3166:
2499:
2485:
2429:
2174:
2131:
2117:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1713:
1608:Historical and economic works of the 1970s
1438:. who were then little known in the West.
1103:
1089:
31:
2082:
1838:
1731:
1634:"Economic Growth and Income Inequality".
1270:; reorganizations were undertaken by the
1178:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
257:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
2405:With partial bibliography and web links.
2364:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
2347:
2282:
2262:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2134:Economic Development and Cultural Change
1948:
1855:
1657:"Population, Capital and Growth". (1973)
1643:Economic Development and Cultural Change
1616:
1584:, an inverted U-shaped relation between
1528:Uses of National Income in Peace and War
1173:[sʲɪˈmʲɵnɐˈbraməvʲɪtɕkʊzʲˈnʲets]
1919:
5874:
4145:English historical school of economics
4099:Structure–conduct–performance paradigm
2060:
2058:
1594:life-cycle-permanent-income hypothesis
1388:
1299:, presented and analyzed", written in
413:Measures of national income and output
5062:
4194:
3397:
3161:
2480:
2387:The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics
2245:
2064:
1984:
1762:Vibha Kapuria-Foreman, Mark Perlman,
1171:
5987:National Bureau of Economic Research
1900:"Про університет. Історична довідка"
1772:National Bureau of Economic Research
1532:National Bureau of Economic Research
1312:National Bureau of Economic Research
2055:
1630:https://www.nber.org/chapters/c4224
1360:International Statistical Institute
13:
5967:Fellows of the Econometric Society
5942:University of Pennsylvania faculty
2334:
2236:
1558:
1499:to standardize the measurement of
1370:and a corresponding member of the
1208:Simon Kuznets was born in 1901 in
14:
6023:
5917:Jewish American social scientists
2315:
1973:Simon Kuznets university Kharkov.
5957:20th-century American economists
5947:Johns Hopkins University faculty
5094:American Statistical Association
2392:Library of Economics and Liberty
2346:
2285:The Swedish Journal of Economics
1575:
1120:
1070:
1058:
299:
5982:Social Science Research Council
5932:American development economists
2588:Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich
2417:," NBER Working Paper No. 7787.
2403:New School for Social Research.
2219:
2203:
2168:
2125:
2091:
2043:
2018:
2005:
1978:
1827:The Journal of Economic History
1791:. In Ponomarenko, V. S. (ed.).
1720:The Journal of Economic History
1348:Social Science Research Council
1305:Social Science Research Council
1279:Emigration to the United States
1239:. In 1918, Kuznets entered the
4165:Historical school of economics
2409:Kuznets's Nobel Prize lecture.
2050:View/Search Fellows of the ASA
1942:
1913:
1891:
1814:
1777:
1756:
1707:
1689:List of Jewish Nobel laureates
1374:. He was awarded the Medal of
1364:American Philosophical Society
1018:Publications in macroeconomics
1:
2015:. – № 9 – 10. – 2002 г.)
1752:Nobel Prize Laureate Database
1700:
1241:Kharkiv Institute of Commerce
1203:
1193:quantitative economic history
1184:and process of development."
117:Kharkiv Institute of Commerce
5907:Jews from the Russian Empire
5892:Nobel laureates in Economics
4109:Theory of two-level planning
3604:New institutional economists
2251:NBER Working Paper No. W7787
1198:
7:
3589:Edward Lawrence Wheelwright
2415:Simon S. Kuznets: 1901–1985
2382:"Simon Kuznets (1901–1985)"
2209:Rowe, Jonathan (June 2008)
1661:
1645:, 11, pp. 1–92. (1963)
1545:permanent income hypothesis
1497:U.S. Department of Commerce
10:
6028:
5952:Harvard University faculty
4084:Penalty of taking the lead
3293:Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.
2580:Friedrich August von Hayek
1714:Abramovitz, Moses (2009).
1553:relative income hypothesis
1517:absolute income hypothesis
1287:. Kuznets then studied at
769:New neoclassical synthesis
752:Real business-cycle theory
186:University of Pennsylvania
5714:
5553:
5392:
5231:
5100:
4901:
4734:
4573:
4486:Oliver M. W. Sprague
4412:
4275:
4228:
4127:
3991:
3908:
3675:
3602:
3431:
3321:
3302:
3283:
3264:
3240:
3216:
3197:
2978:Christopher A. Pissarides
2852:
2601:
2518:
2461:
2452:
2444:
2439:
1949:Pressman, Steven (2006).
1840:10.1017/S0022050700045630
1733:10.1017/S0022050700045642
1716:"Simon Kuznets 1901–1985"
1163:
274:
263:
252:
216:
204:
192:
162:
148:
143:
139:
112:
104:
94:
75:
42:
30:
23:
5927:Institutional economists
5897:American Nobel laureates
5860:Madhumita Ghosh Dastidar
5144:Frederick Ludwig Hoffman
4180:Post-Keynesian economics
4160:French historical school
3432:Institutional economists
1638:45 (March): 1–28. (1955)
1636:American Economic Review
1492:" empirical conception.
1471:National income accounts
1325:Johns Hopkins University
1318:. He was elected to the
1191:and to the formation of
1164:Семён Абра́мович Кузне́ц
774:Saltwater and freshwater
181:Johns Hopkins University
87:Cambridge, Massachusetts
5412:William Gemmell Cochran
5305:Warren Randolph Burgess
5269:William Fielding Ogburn
4802:Charles P. Kindleberger
4540:Emanuel A. Goldenweiser
4155:Evolutionary psychology
4019:Conspicuous consumption
3425:Institutional economics
2098:Filatov, I. V. (2002).
1457:Kondratyev "long waves"
702:International economics
627:Overlapping generations
269:IDEAS / RePEc
199:Institutional economics
5922:American statisticians
5824:Lisa Morrissey LaVange
5603:Richard Loree Anderson
5150:Walter Francis Willcox
4707:John Kenneth Galbraith
4150:Evolutionary economics
3992:Key concepts and ideas
3948:Donald Angus MacKenzie
3574:George W. Stocking Sr.
3494:John Kenneth Galbraith
3327:Nobel Prize recipients
3285:Physiology or Medicine
2413:Fogel, Robert, 2000, "
2342:
2322:Listen to this article
2065:Fogel, Robert (2000).
2052:, accessed 2016-07-23.
1953:Fifty Major Economists
1920:Perlman, Mark (2001).
1865:Weyl, E. Glen (2007).
1679:Information Revolution
1674:Gross domestic product
1291:under the guidance of
1045:Mathematical economics
796:Modern monetary theory
559:Universal basic income
5180:Wesley Clair Mitchell
4140:Development economics
4049:Hiding hand principle
4039:Effective competition
3910:Economic sociologists
3677:Behavioral economists
3539:Wesley Clair Mitchell
2699:James M. Buchanan Jr.
2341:
2107:. Moscow. p. 80.
1957:. Routledge. p.
1617:Selected publications
1549:life-cycle hypothesis
1368:Royal Swedish Academy
1293:Wesley Clair Mitchell
885:Wesley Clair Mitchell
860:Thomas Robert Malthus
697:Development economics
211:Wesley Clair Mitchell
157:development economics
5902:Writers from Kharkiv
5806:David R. Morganstein
5764:Peter A. Lachenbruch
5722:Richard L. Scheaffer
5561:Franklin A. Graybill
5532:Clifford G. Hildreth
5490:Frederick F. Stephan
5460:Martin R. Gainsbrugh
5341:Emanuel Goldenweiser
5257:Edwin Bidwell Wilson
5239:Leonard Porter Ayres
5126:Francis Amasa Walker
4760:Tjalling C. Koopmans
4373:Herbert J. Davenport
4283:Edwin R. A. Seligman
4069:Market concentration
4034:Countervailing power
3840:Sendhil Mullainathan
3667:Oliver E. Williamson
3499:Walton Hale Hamilton
3444:Clarence Edwin Ayres
2962:Oliver E. Williamson
2592:Tjalling C. Koopmans
2373:More spoken articles
2071:Biographical Memoirs
1802:on November 11, 2013
1768:The Economic Journal
1524:consumption function
1412:Joseph A. Schumpeter
1336:War Production Board
622:Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans
462:Liquidity preference
99:Sharon Memorial Park
5788:Robert N. Rodriguez
5705:W. Michael O'Fallon
5579:Herman Otto Hartley
5520:Churchill Eisenhart
5496:Frederick Mosteller
5406:Aryness Joy Wickens
5329:Winfield W. Riefler
5216:Louis Israel Dublin
5204:William S. Rossiter
4975:Christopher A. Sims
4874:Arnold C. Harberger
4838:Thomas C. Schelling
4796:Charles L. Schultze
4683:Kenneth E. Boulding
4635:Theodore W. Schultz
4119:Veblenian dichotomy
4029:Conventional wisdom
4024:Conspicuous leisure
4014:Bounded rationality
4004:Administered prices
3825:Brigitte C. Madrian
3627:Steven N. S. Cheung
3509:Albert O. Hirschman
3504:Orris C. Herfindahl
2990:Christopher A. Sims
2918:Thomas C. Schelling
2890:Robert F. Engle III
2791:Robert E. Lucas Jr.
2639:Theodore W. Schultz
1879:on October 17, 2013
1530:, published by the
1495:Kuznets helped the
1389:Impact on economics
1356:Econometric Society
1289:Columbia University
1261:Joseph Schumpeter's
1116:Simon Smith Kuznets
1077:Business portal
1013:Macroeconomic model
890:John Maynard Keynes
687:Economic statistics
632:General equilibrium
171:Columbia University
121:Columbia University
5800:Nathaniel Schenker
5699:Jonas H. Ellenberg
5585:Margaret E. Martin
5436:William R. Leonard
5371:George W. Snedecor
5353:Walter A. Shewhart
5287:Frederick C. Mills
5222:Robert E. Chaddock
5174:Allyn Abbott Young
5162:Edward Dana Durand
5114:George C. Shattuck
4689:William J. Fellner
4665:Joseph J. Spengler
4653:Gottfried Haberler
4623:George W. Stocking
4617:Morris A. Copeland
4504:Frederick C. Mills
4444:Matthew B. Hammond
4397:Wesley C. Mitchell
4379:Jacob H. Hollander
4135:Cultural economics
3999:Accelerator effect
3815:George Loewenstein
3755:Catherine C. Eckel
3474:John Maurice Clark
3439:Werner Abelshauser
2906:Edward C. Prescott
2894:Clive W.J. Granger
2870:Joseph E. Stiglitz
2843:Daniel L. McFadden
2731:Harry M. Markowitz
2428:on Nobelprize.org
2343:
1684:List of economists
1340:linear programming
1272:Soviet authorities
965:Edward C. Prescott
692:Monetary economics
176:Harvard University
5869:
5868:
5836:Wendy L. Martinez
5818:Barry D. Nussbaum
5776:Sastry G. Pantula
5752:Sallie Ann Keller
5687:Jon R. Kettenring
5657:Katherine Wallman
5627:Barbara A. Bailar
5609:I. Richard Savage
5502:Geoffrey H. Moore
5472:Raymond T. Bowman
5442:Walter E. Hoadley
5430:Gertrude Mary Cox
5323:F. Leslie Hayford
5210:Warren M. Persons
5192:George E. Roberts
5132:Carroll D. Wright
5056:
5055:
5011:Olivier Blanchard
4999:Robert J. Shiller
4969:Orley Ashenfelter
4945:Thomas J. Sargent
4892:Dale W. Jorgenson
4826:Joseph A. Pechman
4778:William J. Baumol
4748:Lawrence R. Klein
4742:Franco Modigliani
4659:George J. Stigler
4641:Paul A. Samuelson
4552:Joseph Schumpeter
4462:William Z. Ripley
4456:George E. Barnett
4420:Edwin W. Kemmerer
4343:Walter F. Willcox
4295:Jeremiah W. Jenks
4242:Charles F. Dunbar
4236:Francis A. Walker
4188:
4187:
4009:Barriers to entry
3875:Robert J. Shiller
3835:Matteo Motterlini
3579:Lars Pålsson Syll
3391:
3390:
3304:Economic Sciences
3155:
3154:
3054:Richard H. Thaler
3018:Robert J. Shiller
3014:Lars Peter Hansen
2986:Thomas J. Sargent
2974:Dale T. Mortensen
2866:A. Michael Spence
2862:George A. Akerlof
2831:Robert A. Mundell
2799:James A. Mirrlees
2767:Douglass C. North
2739:William F. Sharpe
2691:Franco Modigliani
2667:George J. Stigler
2651:Lawrence R. Klein
2540:Paul A. Samuelson
2475:
2474:
2462:Succeeded by
2448:Paul A. Samuelson
2339:
2269:978-0-226-25661-0
2215:Harper's Magazine
2211:Our Phony Economy
1669:Capital formation
1586:income inequality
1222:Lithuanian-Jewish
1189:empirical science
1113:
1112:
1040:Political economy
995:N. Gregory Mankiw
985:Thomas J. Sargent
830:Market monetarism
644:Endogenous growth
474:National accounts
278:
277:
243:Subramanian Swamy
231:Richard Easterlin
6019:
5675:Mitchell H. Gail
5663:J. Stuart Hunter
5639:Janet L. Norwood
5621:Donald Marquardt
5591:Ralph A. Bradley
5573:George E. P. Box
5538:Jerome Cornfield
5478:Albert H. Bowker
5454:Morris H. Hansen
5424:Ralph J. Watkins
5418:Herbert Marshall
5293:Willford I. King
5263:Malcolm C. Rorty
5198:Carroll W. Doten
5186:Joseph Adna Hill
5168:Charles P. Neill
5108:Richard Fletcher
5083:
5076:
5069:
5060:
5059:
4987:William Nordhaus
4927:Martin Feldstein
4915:Robert Lucas Jr.
4772:Moses Abramovitz
4719:Walter W. Heller
4713:Kenneth J. Arrow
4695:Wassily Leontief
4593:Calvin B. Hoover
4581:John H. Williams
4480:Alvin S. Johnson
4450:Ernest L. Bogart
4367:Henry B. Gardner
4349:Thomas N. Carver
4260:Arthur T. Hadley
4215:
4208:
4201:
4192:
4191:
4094:Shortage economy
4079:Market structure
4044:Herfindahl index
3968:Laurent Thévenot
3963:Richard Swedberg
3958:Lynette Spillman
3943:Mark Granovetter
3928:James S. Coleman
3900:Georg Weizsäcker
3895:Robert W. Vishny
3860:Klaus M. Schmidt
3810:Jeffrey R. Kling
3705:Douglas Bernheim
3594:Erich Zimmermann
3584:Thorstein Veblen
3564:Herbert A. Simon
3559:François Simiand
3534:Jesse W. Markham
3514:Geoffrey Hodgson
3454:Shimshon Bichler
3418:
3411:
3404:
3395:
3394:
3329:
3276:(United Kingdom)
3207:Gerhard Herzberg
3182:
3175:
3168:
3159:
3158:
3148:
3140:
3138:Philip H. Dybvig
3121:
3102:
3100:Robert B. Wilson
3087:
3077:Abhijit Banerjee
3068:
3062:William Nordhaus
3056:
3048:
3036:
3028:
3020:
3004:
3002:Lloyd S. Shapley
2992:
2980:
2970:Peter A. Diamond
2964:
2952:
2944:
2942:Roger B. Myerson
2928:
2926:Edmund S. Phelps
2920:
2914:Robert J. Aumann
2908:
2896:
2884:
2872:
2845:
2839:James J. Heckman
2833:
2825:
2817:
2815:Myron S. Scholes
2811:Robert C. Merton
2805:
2793:
2785:
2779:John F. Nash Jr.
2775:John C. Harsanyi
2769:
2757:
2749:
2741:
2735:Merton H. Miller
2725:
2717:
2709:
2701:
2693:
2685:
2677:
2669:
2661:
2653:
2645:
2643:Sir Arthur Lewis
2633:
2631:Herbert A. Simon
2625:
2613:
2594:
2582:
2570:
2568:Wassily Leontief
2562:
2560:Kenneth J. Arrow
2550:
2542:
2534:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2478:
2477:
2469:Kenneth J. Arrow
2445:Preceded by
2437:
2436:
2433:
2399:
2394:(2nd ed.).
2363:
2361:
2350:
2349:
2340:
2330:
2328:
2323:
2308:
2273:
2254:
2247:Fogel, Robert W.
2230:
2223:
2217:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2183:(140): 349–367.
2172:
2166:
2165:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2116:
2108:
2106:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2062:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2022:
2016:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1982:
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1956:
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1807:
1801:
1790:
1781:
1775:
1760:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1711:
1253:economic thought
1249:economic history
1247:), V. Levitsky (
1182:social structure
1175:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1157:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1075:
1074:
1065:Money portal
1063:
1062:
1061:
975:William Nordhaus
960:Robert Lucas Jr.
850:François Quesnay
486:Nominal rigidity
457:Demand for money
435:Microfoundations
371:Financial crisis
351:Effective demand
321:Aggregate supply
316:Aggregate demand
303:
280:
279:
235:Stanley Engerman
223:Baidyanath Misra
82:
70:
52:
50:
35:
21:
20:
6027:
6026:
6022:
6021:
6020:
6018:
6017:
6016:
5872:
5871:
5870:
5865:
5770:Sally C. Morton
5758:Mary Ellen Bock
5734:Robert L. Mason
5710:
5645:Vincent Barabba
5597:William Kruskal
5549:
5526:William H. Shaw
5484:W. Allen Wallis
5388:
5383:Samuel S. Wilks
5347:Helen M. Walker
5335:Alfred J. Lotka
5311:Robert H. Coats
5299:Joseph S. Davis
5227:
5096:
5087:
5057:
5052:
5035:Christina Romer
4933:Daniel McFadden
4897:
4886:D. Gale Johnson
4880:Robert W. Fogel
4868:Anne O. Krueger
4862:Victor R. Fuchs
4844:William Vickrey
4808:Alice M. Rivlin
4790:W. Arthur Lewis
4766:Robert M. Solow
4730:
4725:R. Aaron Gordon
4677:Milton Friedman
4647:Edward S. Mason
4629:Arthur F. Burns
4587:Harold A. Innis
4569:
4558:Howard S. Ellis
4534:I. Leo Sharfman
4528:Joseph S. Davis
4522:Albert B. Wolfe
4516:Edwin G. Nourse
4510:Sumner Slichter
4468:Harry A. Millis
4426:Thomas S. Adams
4408:
4385:Henry R. Seager
4355:John R. Commons
4325:Frank A. Fetter
4319:Henry W. Farnam
4313:Edmund J. James
4301:Simon N. Patten
4271:
4224:
4219:
4189:
4184:
4123:
4104:Technostructure
4059:Instrumentalism
4054:Hirschman cycle
3987:
3983:Viviana Zelizer
3953:Joel M. Podolny
3904:
3830:Gary McClelland
3795:Daniel Kahneman
3790:David Ryan Just
3785:Charles A. Holt
3765:Urs Fischbacher
3750:Stephen Duneier
3740:Werner De Bondt
3671:
3598:
3549:Jonathan Nitzan
3489:Robert H. Frank
3479:John R. Commons
3459:Robert A. Brady
3427:
3422:
3392:
3387:
3325:
3317:
3314:(United States)
3298:
3295:(United States)
3279:
3260:
3236:
3212:
3193:
3186:
3156:
3151:
3143:
3134:Douglas Diamond
3124:
3105:
3090:
3071:
3059:
3051:
3046:Bengt Holmström
3039:
3031:
3023:
3007:
2995:
2983:
2967:
2955:
2947:
2931:
2923:
2911:
2902:Finn E. Kydland
2899:
2887:
2882:Vernon L. Smith
2878:Daniel Kahneman
2875:
2859:
2848:
2836:
2828:
2820:
2808:
2803:William Vickrey
2796:
2788:
2783:Reinhard Selten
2772:
2763:Robert W. Fogel
2760:
2752:
2747:Ronald H. Coase
2744:
2728:
2723:Trygve Haavelmo
2720:
2712:
2707:Robert M. Solow
2704:
2696:
2688:
2680:
2672:
2664:
2656:
2648:
2636:
2628:
2616:
2611:Milton Friedman
2608:
2597:
2585:
2573:
2565:
2553:
2545:
2537:
2525:
2514:
2505:
2471:
2467:
2458:
2450:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2354:This audio file
2351:
2344:
2335:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2297:10.2307/3439225
2270:
2239:
2237:Further reading
2234:
2233:
2224:
2220:
2208:
2204:
2189:10.2307/2552345
2173:
2169:
2130:
2126:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2063:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2030:gs.columbia.edu
2024:
2023:
2019:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1983:
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1969:
1947:
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1619:
1610:
1590:economic growth
1578:
1561:
1559:Economic growth
1541:Milton Friedman
1477:national income
1473:
1461:business cycles
1453:logistic curves
1444:
1420:Vilfredo Pareto
1391:
1372:British Academy
1281:
1206:
1201:
1168:
1161:; Russian:
1155:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1050:
1049:
1008:
1000:
999:
980:Joseph Stiglitz
940:Milton Friedman
920:Friedrich Hayek
845:
835:
834:
717:
707:
706:
677:
669:
668:
654:Mundell–Fleming
649:Matching theory
587:Keynesian cross
572:
564:
563:
534:
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311:
245:
241:
237:
233:
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227:Milton Friedman
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144:Academic career
119:
90:
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38:
37:Kuznets in 1971
26:
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12:
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5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5912:Ukrainian Jews
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5867:
5866:
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5863:
5857:
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5815:
5809:
5803:
5797:
5794:Marie Davidian
5791:
5785:
5779:
5773:
5767:
5761:
5755:
5749:
5746:Fritz Scheuren
5743:
5737:
5731:
5728:Miron L. Straf
5725:
5718:
5716:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5702:
5696:
5693:David S. Moore
5690:
5684:
5678:
5672:
5669:Ronald L. Iman
5666:
5660:
5654:
5651:Arnold Zellner
5648:
5642:
5636:
5633:Robert V. Hogg
5630:
5624:
5618:
5612:
5606:
5600:
5594:
5588:
5582:
5576:
5570:
5564:
5557:
5555:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5547:
5544:Lester Frankel
5541:
5535:
5529:
5523:
5517:
5514:T. A. Bancroft
5511:
5508:A. Ross Eckler
5505:
5499:
5493:
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5281:Stuart A. Rice
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5138:S. N. D. North
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5102:
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5051:
5050:
5044:
5038:
5032:
5026:
5020:
5014:
5008:
5002:
4996:
4993:Richard Thaler
4990:
4984:
4981:Claudia Goldin
4978:
4972:
4966:
4960:
4954:
4948:
4942:
4939:George Akerlof
4936:
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4883:
4877:
4871:
4865:
4859:
4853:
4847:
4841:
4835:
4829:
4823:
4817:
4814:Gary S. Becker
4811:
4805:
4799:
4793:
4787:
4784:Gardner Ackley
4781:
4775:
4769:
4763:
4757:
4754:Jacob Marschak
4751:
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4738:
4736:
4732:
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4722:
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4704:
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4674:
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4644:
4638:
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4614:
4611:Edwin E. Witte
4608:
4602:
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4453:
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4441:
4435:
4432:Fred M. Taylor
4429:
4423:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4403:Allyn A. Young
4400:
4394:
4388:
4382:
4376:
4370:
4364:
4358:
4352:
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4334:
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4307:Davis R. Dewey
4304:
4298:
4292:
4286:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4266:Richard T. Ely
4263:
4257:
4254:Henry C. Adams
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4239:
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4226:
4225:
4218:
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4182:
4177:
4175:Microeconomics
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4131:
4129:
4128:Related fields
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4064:Kuznets cycles
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3978:Harrison White
3975:
3973:Carlo Trigilia
3970:
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3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3885:Richard Thaler
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3855:Howard Rachlin
3852:
3847:
3845:Michael Norton
3842:
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3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
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3772:
3770:Herbert Gintis
3767:
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3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3725:David Cesarini
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3685:George Ainslie
3681:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3652:Douglass North
3649:
3644:
3639:
3637:Harold Demsetz
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3617:Armen Alchian
3614:
3612:Daron Acemoglu
3608:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3569:Frank Stilwell
3566:
3561:
3556:
3554:Warren Samuels
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3484:Richard T. Ely
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3464:Daniel Bromley
3461:
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3201:
3195:
3194:
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3184:
3177:
3170:
3162:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3146:Claudia Goldin
3141:
3122:
3115:Joshua Angrist
3103:
3088:
3085:Michael Kremer
3069:
3057:
3049:
3037:
3029:
3021:
3010:Eugene F. Fama
3005:
2993:
2981:
2965:
2953:
2945:
2938:Eric S. Maskin
2934:Leonid Hurwicz
2929:
2921:
2909:
2897:
2885:
2873:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2834:
2826:
2818:
2806:
2794:
2786:
2770:
2758:
2755:Gary S. Becker
2750:
2742:
2726:
2718:
2715:Maurice Allais
2710:
2702:
2694:
2686:
2678:
2670:
2662:
2654:
2646:
2634:
2626:
2623:James E. Meade
2614:
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2411:
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2366:
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2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:External links
2314:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2291:(4): 444–459.
2280:
2277:
2274:
2268:
2255:
2243:
2238:
2235:
2232:
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2218:
2202:
2167:
2146:10.1086/449905
2140:(3): 225–248.
2124:
2090:
2054:
2042:
2017:
2004:
1998:978-1412842112
1997:
1977:
1968:978-0415366489
1967:
1941:
1935:978-3540422402
1934:
1912:
1890:
1854:
1833:(1): 239–246.
1813:
1776:
1755:
1744:
1740:2018 interview
1705:
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1623:
1618:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1577:
1574:
1560:
1557:
1472:
1469:
1465:Kuznets cycles
1443:
1440:
1390:
1387:
1376:Francis Walker
1297:Dr. Schumpeter
1280:
1277:
1214:Russian Empire
1205:
1202:
1200:
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1111:
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1108:
1107:
1100:
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1085:
1082:
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1080:
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1037:
1035:Microeconomics
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1005:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
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967:
962:
957:
952:
950:Lawrence Klein
947:
945:Paul Samuelson
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
900:Michał Kalecki
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892:
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872:
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862:
857:
852:
846:
841:
840:
837:
836:
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832:
827:
822:
820:Disequilibrium
817:
816:
815:
808:Post-Keynesian
805:
800:
799:
798:
788:
777:
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771:
766:
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744:
739:
738:
737:
732:
718:
713:
712:
709:
708:
705:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
678:
676:Related fields
675:
674:
671:
670:
667:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
640:
639:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
602:Phillips curve
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573:
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465:
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454:
452:Money creation
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431:
430:
425:
420:
410:
408:Liquidity trap
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367:
366:
361:
353:
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343:
338:
333:
328:
326:Business cycle
323:
318:
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310:Basic concepts
309:
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293:Macroeconomics
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193:School or
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109:
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85:
83:(aged 84)
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73:
72:
55:
53:April 30, 1901
44:
40:
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36:
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27:
24:
15:
9:
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3:
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5885:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5861:
5858:
5855:
5852:
5849:
5846:
5843:
5842:Robert Santos
5840:
5837:
5834:
5831:
5830:Karen Kafadar
5828:
5825:
5822:
5819:
5816:
5813:
5810:
5807:
5804:
5801:
5798:
5795:
5792:
5789:
5786:
5783:
5780:
5777:
5774:
5771:
5768:
5765:
5762:
5759:
5756:
5753:
5750:
5747:
5744:
5741:
5740:Bradley Efron
5738:
5735:
5732:
5729:
5726:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5713:
5706:
5703:
5700:
5697:
5694:
5691:
5688:
5685:
5682:
5681:Lynne Billard
5679:
5676:
5673:
5670:
5667:
5664:
5661:
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5655:
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5646:
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5524:
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5512:
5509:
5506:
5503:
5500:
5497:
5494:
5491:
5488:
5485:
5482:
5479:
5476:
5473:
5470:
5467:
5466:Philip Hauser
5464:
5461:
5458:
5455:
5452:
5449:
5448:Rensis Likert
5446:
5443:
5440:
5437:
5434:
5431:
5428:
5425:
5422:
5419:
5416:
5413:
5410:
5407:
5404:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5391:
5384:
5381:
5378:
5377:Simon Kuznets
5375:
5372:
5369:
5366:
5365:Willard Thorp
5363:
5360:
5357:
5354:
5351:
5348:
5345:
5342:
5339:
5336:
5333:
5330:
5327:
5324:
5321:
5318:
5317:Raymond Pearl
5315:
5312:
5309:
5306:
5303:
5300:
5297:
5294:
5291:
5288:
5285:
5282:
5279:
5276:
5275:Irving Fisher
5273:
5270:
5267:
5264:
5261:
5258:
5255:
5252:
5249:
5246:
5245:Edmund E. Day
5243:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5230:
5223:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5202:
5199:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5187:
5184:
5181:
5178:
5175:
5172:
5169:
5166:
5163:
5160:
5157:
5154:
5151:
5148:
5145:
5142:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5124:
5121:
5120:Edward Jarvis
5118:
5115:
5112:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5084:
5079:
5077:
5072:
5070:
5065:
5064:
5061:
5048:
5045:
5042:
5039:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5009:
5006:
5005:Alvin E. Roth
5003:
5000:
4997:
4994:
4991:
4988:
4985:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4952:
4951:Avinash Dixit
4949:
4946:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4934:
4931:
4928:
4925:
4922:
4921:Peter Diamond
4919:
4916:
4913:
4910:
4909:Sherwin Rosen
4907:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4875:
4872:
4869:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4850:Zvi Griliches
4848:
4845:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4832:Gérard Debreu
4830:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4820:Robert Eisner
4818:
4815:
4812:
4809:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4782:
4779:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4693:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4671:Fritz Machlup
4669:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4605:John D. Black
4603:
4600:
4599:Simon Kuznets
4597:
4594:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4532:
4529:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4502:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4474:John M. Clark
4472:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4448:
4445:
4442:
4439:
4436:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4404:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4391:Carl C. Plehn
4389:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4361:Irving Fisher
4359:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4289:F. W. Taussig
4287:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4248:John B. Clark
4246:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4216:
4211:
4209:
4204:
4202:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4170:Legal realism
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3938:Paula England
3936:
3934:
3933:Paul DiMaggio
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3923:Fred L. Block
3921:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3870:Hersh Shefrin
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3850:Matthew Rabin
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3820:Graham Loomes
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3805:George Katona
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3780:David Halpern
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3735:Rachel Croson
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3720:Colin Camerer
3718:
3716:
3715:Sarah Brosnan
3713:
3711:
3710:Samuel Bowles
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3662:Elinor Ostrom
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3647:Claude Ménard
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3622:Masahiko Aoki
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3544:Gunnar Myrdal
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3524:Simon Kuznets
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3469:Ha-Joon Chang
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3419:
3414:
3412:
3407:
3405:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3313:
3312:Simon Kuznets
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3183:
3178:
3176:
3171:
3169:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3147:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3055:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3035:
3030:
3027:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2998:Alvin E. Roth
2994:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2958:Elinor Ostrom
2954:
2951:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2927:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2832:
2827:
2824:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2792:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2756:
2751:
2748:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2724:
2719:
2716:
2711:
2708:
2703:
2700:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2684:
2683:Richard Stone
2679:
2676:
2675:Gérard Debreu
2671:
2668:
2663:
2660:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2632:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2576:Gunnar Myrdal
2572:
2569:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2556:John R. Hicks
2552:
2549:
2548:Simon Kuznets
2544:
2541:
2536:
2533:
2532:Jan Tinbergen
2529:
2528:Ragnar Frisch
2524:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2497:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2470:
2466:
2465:John R. Hicks
2457:
2456:
2449:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2427:
2426:Simon Kuznets
2424:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2355:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2120:
2114:
2103:
2102:
2094:
2085:
2084:10.3386/w7787
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2059:
2051:
2046:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2014:
2013:Бизнес Информ
2008:
2000:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1981:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1945:
1937:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1901:
1894:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1859:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1706:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1614:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1582:Kuznets curve
1576:Kuznets curve
1573:
1569:
1565:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1509:Keynes theory
1504:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1490:Kuznets curve
1485:
1483:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1386:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1349:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1285:United States
1276:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1160:
1159:
1150:
1117:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1004:
1003:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
970:Peter Diamond
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
955:Edmund Phelps
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
930:Richard Stone
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
915:Joan Robinson
913:
911:
910:Simon Kuznets
908:
906:
905:Gunnar Myrdal
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
880:Irving Fisher
878:
876:
875:Knut Wicksell
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
844:
839:
838:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
814:
811:
810:
809:
806:
804:
801:
797:
794:
793:
792:
789:
787:
784:
783:
782:
781:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
753:
750:
749:
748:
747:New classical
745:
743:
740:
736:
733:
731:
728:
727:
726:
723:
722:
721:
716:
711:
710:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
679:
673:
672:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
638:
635:
634:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
574:
568:
567:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
536:
530:
529:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
501:Shrinkflation
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
480:
477:
476:
475:
472:
470:
467:
463:
460:
459:
458:
455:
453:
450:
446:
443:
442:
441:
438:
436:
433:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
415:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
398:Interest rate
396:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
355:Expectations
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
313:
307:
306:
302:
298:
297:
294:
291:
290:
286:
282:
281:
273:
270:
266:
262:
258:
255:
251:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
221:
215:
212:
209:
203:
200:
197:
191:
187:
182:
177:
172:
168:
165:
161:
158:
154:
151:
147:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
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68:
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45:
41:
34:
29:
25:Simon Kuznets
22:
19:
5854:Dionne Price
5812:Jessica Utts
5782:Nancy Geller
5376:
5359:Isador Lubin
5047:Janet Currie
5023:Janet Yellen
5017:Ben Bernanke
4957:Angus Deaton
4902:2001–present
4598:
4564:Frank Knight
4546:Paul Douglas
4492:Alvin Hansen
4438:Edwin F. Gay
4337:John H. Gray
4331:David Kinley
4114:Veblen goods
4074:Market power
3918:Jens Beckert
3890:Amos Tversky
3865:Eldar Shafir
3730:Kay-Yut Chen
3657:Mancur Olson
3632:Ronald Coase
3529:Hunter Lewis
3523:
3519:János Kornai
3357:
3311:
3274:Dennis Gabor
3255:Willy Brandt
3231:Pablo Neruda
3130:Ben Bernanke
3119:Guido Imbens
3096:Paul Milgrom
3081:Esther Duflo
3034:Angus Deaton
2950:Paul Krugman
2853:2001–present
2619:Bertil Ohlin
2547:
2453:
2396:Liberty Fund
2385:
2288:
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2259:
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2229:, 2022-02-13
2221:
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2180:
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2133:
2127:
2100:
2093:
2074:
2070:
2045:
2033:. Retrieved
2029:
2020:
2007:
1987:
1980:
1972:
1952:
1944:
1925:
1915:
1903:. Retrieved
1893:
1881:. Retrieved
1874:the original
1830:
1826:
1816:
1806:November 15,
1804:. Retrieved
1797:the original
1792:
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1521:
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1404:
1402:revolution.
1396:econometrics
1392:
1380:
1352:
1344:
1333:
1329:
1309:
1282:
1265:
1257:S. Bernstein
1216:, in modern
1207:
1186:
1115:
1114:
990:Paul Krugman
935:Hyman Minsky
909:
895:Alvin Hansen
779:
778:
719:
682:Econometrics
659:Overshooting
612:Harrod–Domar
607:Arrow–Debreu
554:Central bank
521:Unemployment
511:Supply shock
469:Money supply
346:Disinflation
341:Demand shock
247:Lance Taylor
239:Robert Fogel
153:Econometrics
95:Burial place
81:(1985-07-08)
79:July 8, 1985
18:
5887:1985 deaths
5882:1901 births
5848:Kathy Ensor
5567:Leslie Kish
5400:Lowell Reed
5251:Carl Snyder
5134:(1897–1909)
5128:(1883–1896)
5122:(1852–1882)
5116:(1846–1851)
5110:(1839–1845)
5041:Susan Athey
4963:Robert Hall
4856:Amartya Sen
4701:James Tobin
4498:Jacob Viner
4089:Satisficing
3800:Ariel Kalil
3695:Nava Ashraf
3642:Avner Greif
3449:Joe S. Bain
3190:Nobel Prize
3042:Oliver Hart
3026:Jean Tirole
2823:Amartya Sen
2659:James Tobin
2035:January 29,
1905:February 4,
1883:February 4,
1726:: 241–246.
1536:time-series
1416:A. C. Pigou
1320:Pi Gamma Mu
870:Léon Walras
764:Supply-side
597:Accelerator
506:Stagflation
491:Price level
386:Demand-pull
265:Information
188:(1930–1954)
183:(1954–1960)
178:(1960–1971)
163:Institution
105:Nationality
5876:Categories
5615:John Neter
5156:John Koren
5090:Presidents
5029:David Card
3775:Uri Gneezy
3760:Armin Falk
3745:Paul Dolan
3690:Dan Ariely
3218:Literature
3111:David Card
3066:Paul Romer
2369:Audio help
2360:2016-01-23
1701:References
1598:Modigliani
1459:and short
1424:Kondratiev
1245:statistics
1233:Realschule
1204:Early life
925:John Hicks
855:Adam Smith
813:Circuitism
803:Ecological
791:Chartalism
742:Monetarism
720:Mainstream
617:Solow–Swan
592:Multiplier
549:Commercial
445:Endogenous
403:Investment
49:1901-04-30
5554:1976–2000
5393:1951–1975
5232:1926–1950
5101:1839–1925
4735:1976–2000
4574:1951–1975
4413:1926–1950
4276:1901–1925
4229:1886–1900
3880:Uwe Sunde
3700:Ofer Azar
3257:(Germany)
3199:Chemistry
3192:laureates
2602:1976–2000
2519:1969–1975
2508:Laureates
2177:Economica
2162:154354441
2113:cite book
1436:Weinstein
1432:Pervushin
1400:Keynesian
1268:Civil War
1199:Biography
1023:Economics
865:Karl Marx
780:Heterodox
759:Stockholm
725:Keynesian
496:Recession
391:Cost-push
381:Inflation
336:Deflation
195:tradition
113:Education
3209:(Canada)
2371: ·
1662:See also
1602:Friedman
1551:and the
1449:Gompertz
1378:(1977).
1228:, then,
1007:See also
786:Austrian
544:Monetary
533:Policies
364:Rational
359:Adaptive
285:a series
283:Part of
219:students
217:Doctoral
205:Doctoral
108:American
5092:of the
3266:Physics
3233:(Chile)
2510:of the
2440:Awards
2398:. 2008.
2358: (
2329:minutes
2305:3439225
2197:2552345
2154:1151797
1849:2121281
1515:' 1936
1428:Slutsky
1407:Kharkiv
1301:Kharkiv
1237:Ukraine
1230:Kharkiv
1220:, to a
1218:Belarus
1028:Applied
825:Marxian
715:Schools
207:advisor
67:Belarus
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5856:(2023)
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376:Growth
259:(1971)
253:Awards
89:, U.S.
61:Russia
5715:2001–
3358:1971
3242:Peace
3188:1971
2459:1971
2301:JSTOR
2193:JSTOR
2158:S2CID
2150:JSTOR
2105:(PDF)
1877:(PDF)
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1845:JSTOR
1800:(PDF)
1789:(PDF)
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664:NAIRU
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440:Money
149:Field
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3383:1976
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730:Neo-
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167:NBER
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