Simulation - Knowledge

2943: 2427:) are often large and complex with many interacting parts and elements. In addition, the need for broadband connectivity on a moving vehicle has increased dramatically in the past few years for both commercial and military applications. To accurately predict and deliver high quality of service, SATCOM system designers have to factor in terrain as well as atmospheric and meteorological conditions in their planning. To deal with such complexity, system designers and operators increasingly turn towards computer models of their systems to simulate real-world operating conditions and gain insights into usability and requirements prior to final product sign-off. Modeling improves the understanding of the system by enabling the SATCOM system designer or planner to simulate real-world performance by injecting the models with multiple hypothetical atmospheric and environmental conditions. Simulation is often used in the training of civilian and military personnel. This usually occurs when it is prohibitively expensive or simply too dangerous to allow trainees to use the real equipment in the real world. In such situations, they will spend time learning valuable lessons in a "safe" virtual environment yet living a lifelike experience (or at least it is the goal). Often the convenience is to permit mistakes during training for a safety-critical system. 1030: 3372:(written in Shuttle Ground Operations Simulator (SGOS) modeling language) that behave and react like real hardware. During the Shuttle Final Countdown Phase Simulation, engineers command and control hardware via real application software executing in the control consoles – just as if they were commanding real vehicle hardware. However, these real software applications do not interface with real Shuttle hardware during simulations. Instead, the applications interface with mathematical model representations of the vehicle and GSE hardware. Consequently, the simulations bypass sensitive and even dangerous mechanisms while providing engineering measurements detailing how the hardware would have reacted. Since these math models interact with the command and control application software, models and simulations are also used to debug and verify the functionality of application software. 1989: 633: 1247:(HMDs) have small displays that are mounted on headgear worn by the user. These systems are connected directly into the virtual simulation to provide the user with a more immersive experience. Weight, update rates and field of view are some of the key variables that differentiate HMDs. Naturally, heavier HMDs are undesirable as they cause fatigue over time. If the update rate is too slow, the system is unable to update the displays fast enough to correspond with a quick head turn by the user. Slower update rates tend to cause simulation sickness and disrupt the sense of immersion. Field of view or the angular extent of the world that is seen at a given moment 3244:, to study and improve the flow of customer orders through various stages of completion (say, from an initial proposal for providing goods/services through order acceptance and installation). Such simulations can help predict the impact of how improvements in methods might impact variability, cost, labor time, and the number of transactions at various stages in the process. A full-featured computerized process simulator can be used to depict such models, as can simpler educational demonstrations using spreadsheet software, pennies being transferred between cups based on the roll of a die, or dipping into a tub of colored beads with a scoop. 1420:

care to deliver just-in-time service or/and just-in-place. This training consists of 20 minutes of simulated training just before workers report to shift. One study found that just in time training improved the transition to the bedside. The conclusion as reported in Nishisaki (2008) work, was that the simulation training improved resident participation in real cases; but did not sacrifice the quality of service. It could be therefore hypothesized that by increasing the number of highly trained residents through the use of simulation training, that the simulation training does, in fact, increase patient safety.

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fighting, oil or chemical spill response, earthquake response, law enforcement, municipal firefighting, hazardous material handling, military training, and response to terrorist attack One feature of the simulation system is the implementation of "Dynamic Run-Time Clock," which allows simulations to run a 'simulated' time frame, "'speeding up' or 'slowing down' time as desired" Additionally, the system allows session recordings, picture-icon based navigation, file storage of individual simulations, multimedia components, and launch external applications.

3365:. The firing room used during the simulation is the same control room where real launch countdown operations are executed. As a result, equipment used for real launch countdown operations is engaged. Command and control computers, application software, engineering plotting and trending tools, launch countdown procedure documents, launch commit criteria documents, hardware requirement documents, and any other items used by the engineering launch countdown teams during real launch countdown operations are used during the simulation. 2502: 2773:

commonly referenced as a mannequin or Digital Human Models (DHMs), to mimic the postures, mechanical loads, and performance of a human operator in a simulated environment such as an airplane, automobile, or manufacturing facility. DHMs are recognized as evolving and valuable tool for performing proactive ergonomics analysis and design. The simulations employ 3D-graphics and physics-based models to animate the virtual humans. Ergonomics software uses inverse kinematics (IK) capability for posing the DHMs.

2001: 1218:(BCIs) offer the ability to further increase the level of immersion for virtual simulation users. Lee, Keinrath, Scherer, Bischof, Pfurtscheller proved that naïve subjects could be trained to use a BCI to navigate a virtual apartment with relative ease. Using the BCI, the authors found that subjects were able to freely navigate the virtual environment with relatively minimal effort. It is possible that these types of systems will become standard input modalities in future virtual simulation systems. 1510: 1394:"a health care provider's ability to react prudently in an unexpected situation is one of the most critical factors in creating a positive outcome in medical emergency, regardless of whether it occurs on the battlefield, freeway, or hospital emergency room." Eder-Van Hook (2004) also noted that medical errors kill up to 98,000 with an estimated cost between $ 37 and $ 50 million and $ 17 to $ 29 billion for preventable adverse events dollars per year. 1131: 644: 3480: 3386: 3138: 3057: 2598: 2441: 2363: 2276: 2115: 2022: 1911: 3302: 1299:). They often manifest as motion bases for virtual vehicle simulation such as driving simulators or flight simulators. Motion bases are fixed in place but use actuators to move the simulator in ways that can produce the sensations pitching, yawing or rolling. The simulators can also move in such a way as to produce a sense of acceleration on all axes (e.g., the motion base can produce the sensation of falling). 2846: 1793:, as opposed to other genres of video and computer games, represent or simulate an environment accurately. Moreover, they represent the interactions between the playable characters and the environment realistically. These kinds of games are usually more complex in terms of gameplay. Simulation games have become incredibly popular among people of all ages. Popular simulation games include 1118:. Virtual worlds operate on platforms of integrated software and hardware components. In this manner, the system can accept input from the user (e.g., body tracking, voice/sound recognition, physical controllers) and produce output to the user (e.g., visual display, aural display, haptic display) . Virtual simulations use the aforementioned modes of interaction to produce a sense of 2942: 2580:

learner can be guided or trained on how to respond appropriately before continuing to the next emergency segment—this is an aspect that may not be available in the live environment. Some emergency training simulators also allow for immediate feedback, while other simulations may provide a summary and instruct the learner to engage in the learning topic again.

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the ability to enhance good driving or to detect poor practice and to suggest the necessary steps for remedial action. For companies, it provides an opportunity to educate staff in the driving skills that achieve reduced maintenance costs, improved productivity and, most importantly, to ensure the safety of their actions in all possible situations.

588:. Sometimes a clear distinction between the two terms is made, in which simulations require the use of models; the model represents the key characteristics or behaviors of the selected system or process, whereas the simulation represents the evolution of the model over time. Another way to distinguish between the terms is to define simulation as 2529:, especially at the earlier concept and design stages, has the potential of providing substantial benefits. These benefits range from direct cost issues such as reduced prototyping and shorter time-to-market to better performing products and higher margins. However, for some companies, simulation has not provided the expected benefits. 1759:

Computer-generated graphics can be seen in many live-action movies today, especially those of the action genre. Further, computer-generated imagery has almost completely supplanted hand-drawn animation in children's movies which are increasingly computer-generated only. Examples of movies that use computer-generated imagery include

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assume roles in a simulated society, or international relations simulations in which participants engage in negotiations, alliance formation, trade, diplomacy, and the use of force. Such simulations might be based on fictitious political systems, or be based on current or historical events. An example of the latter would be

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Predicting weather conditions by extrapolating/interpolating previous data is one of the real use of simulation. Most of the weather forecasts use this information published by Weather bureaus. This kind of simulations helps in predicting and forewarning about extreme weather conditions like the path

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Central banks have been using payment system simulations to evaluate things such as the adequacy or sufficiency of liquidity available ( in the form of account balances and intraday credit limits) to participants (mainly banks) to allow efficient settlement of payments. The need for liquidity is also

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Simulations are frequently used in financial training to engage participants in experiencing various historical as well as fictional situations. There are stock market simulations, portfolio simulations, risk management simulations or models and forex simulations. Such simulations are typically based

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More recently, interactive models have been developed that respond to actions taken by a student or physician. Until recently, these simulations were two dimensional computer programs that acted more like a textbook than a patient. Computer simulations have the advantage of allowing a student to make

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One of the largest factors that might impact the ability to have training impact the work of practitioners at the bedside is the ability to empower frontline staff (Stewart, Manges, Ward, 2015). Another example of an attempt to improve patient safety through the use of simulations training is patient

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Patient safety is a concern in the medical industry. Patients have been known to suffer injuries and even death due to management error, and lack of using best standards of care and training. According to Building a National Agenda for Simulation-Based Medical Education (Eder-Van Hook, Jackie, 2004),

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Military uses for simulation often involve aircraft or armoured fighting vehicles, but can also target small arms and other weapon systems training. Specifically, virtual firearms ranges have become the norm in most military training processes and there is a significant amount of data to suggest this

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include the acquisition of valid sources of information about the relevant selection of key characteristics and behaviors used to build the model, the use of simplifying approximations and assumptions within the model, and fidelity and validity of the simulation outcomes. Procedures and protocols for

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engineers during simulated launch countdown operations. The Space Shuttle engineering community would participate in a launch countdown integrated simulation before each Shuttle flight. This simulation is a virtual simulation where real people interact with simulated Space Shuttle vehicle and Ground

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simulation models that predict individual player performance have gained popularity. Companies like What If Sports and StatFox specialize in not only using their simulations for predicting game results but how well individual players will do as well. Many people use models to determine whom to start

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To perform stress testing and scenario analysis, the observed data needs to be altered, e.g. some payments delayed or removed. To analyze the levels of liquidity, initial liquidity levels are varied. System comparisons (benchmarking) or evaluations of new netting algorithms or rules are performed by

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In a live-emergency situation, emergency responders do not have time to waste. Simulation-training in this environment provides an opportunity for learners to gather as much information as they can and practice their knowledge in a safe environment. They can make mistakes without risk of endangering

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is a simulation platform for creating dynamic mechanical models built from combinations of rigid and deformable bodies, joints, constraints, and various force actuators. It is specialized for creating biomechanical models of human anatomical structures, with the intention to study their function and

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An automobile simulator provides an opportunity to reproduce the characteristics of real vehicles in a virtual environment. It replicates the external factors and conditions with which a vehicle interacts enabling a driver to feel as if they are sitting in the cab of their own vehicle. Scenarios and

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Simulation is being used to study patient safety, as well as train medical professionals. Studying patient safety and safety interventions in healthcare is challenging, because there is a lack of experimental control (i.e., patient complexity, system/process variances) to see if an intervention made

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Simulations in education are somewhat like training simulations. They focus on specific tasks. The term 'microworld' is used to refer to educational simulations which model some abstract concept rather than simulating a realistic object or environment, or in some cases model a real-world environment

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are used to give the process parameters immediately used for operating chemical plants, such as oil refineries. Simulators are also used for plant operator training. It is called Operator Training Simulator (OTS) and has been widely adopted by many industries from chemical to oil&gas and to the

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The need for a "uniform mechanism to educate, evaluate, and certify simulation instructors for the health care profession" was recognized by McGaghie et al. in their critical review of simulation-based medical education research. In 2012 the SSH piloted two new certifications to provide recognition

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and/or gloves may be used to capture movements of users body parts. The systems may have sensors incorporated inside them to sense movements of different body parts (e.g., fingers). Alternatively, these systems may have exterior tracking devices or marks that can be detected by external ultrasound,

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or sometimes commercial application programs, before the program is downloaded to the target machine. Since the operation of the computer is simulated, all of the information about the computer's operation is directly available to the programmer, and the speed and execution of the simulation can be

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refers to simulation in which physical objects are substituted for the real thing (some circles use the term for computer simulations modelling selected laws of physics, but this article does not). These physical objects are often chosen because they are smaller or cheaper than the actual object or

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of natural systems or human systems to gain insight into their functioning, as in economics. Simulation can be used to show the eventual real effects of alternative conditions and courses of action. Simulation is also used when the real system cannot be engaged, because it may not be accessible, or

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receivers (commonly known as Sat-Nav's in the commercial world) is by using an RF Constellation Simulator. A receiver that may, for example, be used on an aircraft, can be tested under dynamic conditions without the need to take it on a real flight. The test conditions can be repeated exactly, and

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Project management simulation is simulation used for project management training and analysis. It is often used as a training simulation for project managers. In other cases, it is used for what-if analysis and for supporting decision-making in real projects. Frequently the simulation is conducted

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Flight simulation also provides an economic advantage over training in an actual aircraft. Once fuel, maintenance, and insurance costs are taken into account, the operating costs of an FSTD are usually substantially lower than the operating costs of the simulated aircraft. For some large transport

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The simulator provides a constructive experience for the novice driver and enables more complex exercises to be undertaken by the more mature driver. For novice drivers, truck simulators provide an opportunity to begin their career by applying best practice. For mature drivers, simulation provides

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method is often used to record the user's movements and translate the captured data into inputs for the virtual simulation. For example, if a user physically turns their head, the motion would be captured by the simulation hardware in some way and translated to a corresponding shift in view within

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Simulation is extensively used for educational purposes. It is used for cases where it is prohibitively expensive or simply too dangerous to allow trainees to use the real equipment in the real world. In such situations they will spend time learning valuable lessons in a "safe" virtual environment

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is used to describe the accuracy of a simulation and how closely it imitates the real-life counterpart. Fidelity is broadly classified as one of three categories: low, medium, and high. Specific descriptions of fidelity levels are subject to interpretation, but the following generalizations can be

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Flight simulation is mainly used to train pilots outside of the aircraft. In comparison to training in flight, simulation-based training allows for practicing maneuvers or situations that may be impractical (or even dangerous) to perform in the aircraft while keeping the pilot and instructor in a

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involves the analysis of virtual products or manual tasks within a virtual environment. In the engineering process, the aim of ergonomics is to develop and to improve the design of products and work environments. Ergonomic simulation utilizes an anthropometric virtual representation of the human,

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are often done to predict the outcome of events and the performance of individual sportspeople. They attempt to recreate the event through models built from statistics. The increase in technology has allowed anyone with knowledge of programming the ability to run simulations of their models. The

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A robotics simulator is used to create embedded applications for a specific (or not) robot without being dependent on the 'real' robot. In some cases, these applications can be transferred to the real robot (or rebuilt) without modifications. Robotics simulators allow reproducing situations that

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Some applications of ergonomic simulation in include analysis of solid waste collection, disaster management tasks, interactive gaming, automotive assembly line, virtual prototyping of rehabilitation aids, and aerospace product design. Ford engineers use ergonomics simulation software to perform

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One organization that has used simulation training for disaster preparedness is CADE (Center for Advancement of Distance Education). CADE has used a video game to prepare emergency workers for multiple types of attacks. As reported by News-Medical.Net, "The video game is the first in a series of

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Simulator rides are the progeny of military training simulators and commercial simulators, but they are different in a fundamental way. While military training simulators react realistically to the input of the trainee in real time, ride simulators only feel like they move realistically and move

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The first simulation game may have been created as early as 1947 by Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann. This was a straightforward game that simulated a missile being fired at a target. The curve of the missile and its speed could be adjusted using several knobs. In 1958, a computer game

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may be used in social science classrooms to illustrate social and political processes in anthropology, economics, history, political science, or sociology courses, typically at the high school or university level. These may, for example, take the form of civics simulations, in which participants

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A common way to conduct these simulations is to replicate the settlement logics of the real payment or securities settlement systems under analysis and then use real observed payment data. In case of system comparison or system development, naturally, also the other settlement logics need to be

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Instructionally, the benefits of emergency training through simulations are that learner performance can be tracked through the system. This allows the developer to make adjustments as necessary or alert the educator on topics that may require additional attention. Other advantages are that the

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The classroom of the future will probably contain several kinds of simulators, in addition to textual and visual learning tools. This will allow students to enter the clinical years better prepared, and with a higher skill level. The advanced student or postgraduate will have a more concise and

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represents one of the most important applications of simulation. This technique represents a valuable tool used by engineers when evaluating the effect of capital investment in equipment and physical facilities like factory plants, warehouses, and distribution centers. Simulation can be used to

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training through simulation. One of the largest challenges is showing that team simulation improves team operational performance at the bedside. Although evidence that simulation-based training actually improves patient outcome has been slow to accrue, today the ability of simulation to provide

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Military simulations, also known informally as war games, are models in which theories of warfare can be tested and refined without the need for actual hostilities. They exist in many different forms, with varying degrees of realism. In recent times, their scope has widened to include not only

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The Emergency Simulation Program (ESP) at the British Columbia Institute of Technology (BCIT), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada is another example of an organization that uses simulation to train for emergency situations. ESP uses simulation to train on the following situations: forest fire

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Programmed patients and simulated clinical situations, including mock disaster drills, have been used extensively for education and evaluation. These "lifelike" simulations are expensive, and lack reproducibility. A fully functional "3Di" simulator would be the most specific tool available for

2873:. Many benefits that come from a lower number of test flights like cost and safety improvements are described above, but there are some unique advantages. Having a simulator available allows for faster design iteration cycle or using more test equipment than could be fit into a real aircraft. 2776:

Software tools typically calculate biomechanical properties including individual muscle forces, joint forces and moments. Most of these tools employ standard ergonomic evaluation methods such as the NIOSH lifting equation and Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA). Some simulations also analyze

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Support Equipment (GSE) hardware. The Shuttle Final Countdown Phase Simulation, also known as S0044, involved countdown processes that would integrate many of the Space Shuttle vehicle and GSE systems. Some of the Shuttle systems integrated in the simulation are the main propulsion system,

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is "the application of the field of 3D computer graphics to special effects". This technology is used for visual effects because they are high in quality, controllable, and can create effects that would not be feasible using any other technology either because of cost, resources or safety.

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Stationary displays can vary from a conventional desktop display to 360-degree wrap-around screens to stereo three-dimensional screens. Conventional desktop displays can vary in size from 15 to 60 inches (380 to 1,520 mm). Wrap around screens is typically used in what is known as a

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scans of patient data to enhance realism. Some medical simulations are developed to be widely distributed (such as web-enabled simulations and procedural simulations that can be viewed via standard web browsers) and can be interacted with using standard computer interfaces, such as the

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Simulation techniques have also been applied to payment and securities settlement systems. Among the main users are central banks who are generally responsible for the oversight of market infrastructure and entitled to contribute to the smooth functioning of the payment systems.

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Petty, M. D. (April 1995). Computer-generated forces in a distributed interactive simulation. In Distributed Interactive Simulation Systems for Simulation and Training in the Aerospace Environment: A Critical Review (Vol. 10280, p. 102800I). International Society for Optics and

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At the University of Québec in Chicoutimi, a research team at the outdoor research and expertise laboratory (Laboratoire d'Expertise et de Recherche en Plein Air – LERPA) specializes in using wilderness backcountry accident simulations to verify emergency response coordination.

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The classroom of the future will also form the basis of a clinical skills unit for continuing education of medical personnel; and in the same way that the use of periodic flight training assists airline pilots, this technology will assist practitioners throughout their career.

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Many medical simulators involve a computer connected to a plastic simulation of the relevant anatomy. Sophisticated simulators of this type employ a life-size mannequin that responds to injected drugs and can be programmed to create simulations of life-threatening emergencies.

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The successful use of simulation, early in the lifecycle, has been largely driven by increased integration of simulation tools with the entire set of CAD, CAM and product-lifecycle management solutions. Simulation solutions can now function across the extended enterprise in a

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Since antiquity, these representations in clay and stone were used to demonstrate clinical features of disease states and their effects on humans. Models have been found in many cultures and continents. These models have been used in some cultures (e.g., Chinese culture) as a

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virtual product design reviews. Using engineering data, the simulations assist evaluation of assembly ergonomics. The company uses Siemen's Jack and Jill ergonomics simulation software in improving worker safety and efficiency, without the need to build expensive prototypes.

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in the actual aircraft may require significant time spent repositioning the aircraft, while in a simulation, as soon as one approach has been completed, the instructor can immediately reposition the simulated aircraft to a location from which the next approach can be begun.

4475:, Guillaume, M. (2010). Robotic hand-held surgical device: evaluation of end-effector's kinematics and development of proof-of-concept prototypes. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, Beijing, China. 1317:

are increasingly being developed and deployed to teach therapeutic and diagnostic procedures as well as medical concepts and decision making to personnel in the health professions. Simulators have been developed for training procedures ranging from the basics such as

976:, is often used to execute a program that has to run on some inconvenient type of computer (for example, a newly designed computer that has not yet been built or an obsolete computer that is no longer available), or in a tightly controlled testing environment (see 3222:(DES) is used with the advantages to simulate dynamics in the production system. A production system is very much dynamic depending on variations in manufacturing processes, assembly times, machine set-ups, breaks, breakdowns and small stoppages. There is much 2777:

physiological measures including metabolism, energy expenditure, and fatigue limits Cycle time studies, design and process validation, user comfort, reachability, and line of sight are other human-factors that may be examined in ergonomic simulation packages.

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Simulators like these are mostly used within maritime colleges, training institutions, and navies. They often consist of a replication of a ships' bridge, with the operating console(s), and a number of screens on which the virtual surroundings are projected.

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Simulation training has become a method for preparing people for disasters. Simulations can replicate emergency situations and track how learners respond thanks to a lifelike experience. Disaster preparedness simulations can involve training on how to handle

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a meaningful difference (Groves & Manges, 2017). An example of innovative simulation to study patient safety is from nursing research. Groves et al. (2016) used a high-fidelity simulation to examine nursing safety-oriented behaviors during times such as

898:, which attempts to find analytical solutions enabling the prediction of the behaviour of the system from a set of parameters and initial conditions. Computer simulation is often used as an adjunct to, or substitution for, modeling systems for which simple 1583:

was created by Willy Higginbotham which simulated a tennis game between two players who could both play at the same time using hand controls and was displayed on an oscilloscope. This was one of the first electronic video games to use a graphical display.

1200:: This form of interaction may be used either to interact with agents within the simulation (e.g., virtual people) or to manipulate objects in the simulation (e.g., information). Voice interaction presumably increases the level of immersion for the user. 720:

studies systems whose states change their values only at discrete times. For example, a simulation of an epidemic could change the number of infected people at time instants when susceptible individuals get infected or when infected individuals recover.

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Niu, J. W., Zhang, X. W., Zhang, X., & Ran, L. H. (December 2010). Investigation of ergonomics in automotive assembly line using Jack. industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM), 2010 IEEE International Conference on (pp. 1381–1385).

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Immersive disease state simulations allow a doctor or HCP to experience what a disease actually feels like. Using sensors and transducers symptomatic effects can be delivered to a participant allowing them to experience the patients disease state.

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surgery and trauma care. They are also important to help on prototyping new devices for biomedical engineering problems. Currently, simulators are applied to research and develop tools for new therapies, treatments and early diagnosis in medicine.

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Giambiasi, N., Escude, B., & Ghosh, S. (2001). GDEVS: A generalized discrete event specification for accurate modeling of dynamic systems. In Autonomous Decentralized Systems, 2001. Proceedings. 5th International Symposium on (pp. 464–469).

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The simulator will be more than a "living" textbook, it will become an integral a part of the practice of medicine. The simulator environment will also provide a standard platform for curriculum development in institutions of medical education.

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Another application is to evaluate risks related to events such as communication network breakdowns or the inability of participants to send payments (e.g. in case of possible bank failure). This kind of analysis falls under the concepts of

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executes a state transition table (in modern terminology, a computer runs a program) that describes the state transitions, inputs and outputs of a subject discrete-state machine. The computer simulates the subject machine. Accordingly, in

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Groves, Patricia S.; Bunch, Jacinda L.; Cram, Ellen; Farag, Amany; Manges, Kirstin; Perkhounkova, Yelena; Scott-Cawiezell, Jill (19 October 2016). "Priming Patient Safety Through Nursing Handoff Communication: A Simulation Pilot Study".

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aided by simulation models answer questions regarding training techniques such as the effect of fatigue on throwing performance (height of throw) and biomechanical factors of the upper limbs (reactive strength index; hand contact time).

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and other technologies to track Santa) display fake, predetermined location information to users. Another example of these simulations are websites that claim to allow the user to email or send messages to Santa Claus. Websites such as

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in a simplistic way so as to help a learner develop an understanding of the key concepts. Normally, a user can create some sort of construction within the microworld that will behave in a way consistent with the concepts being modeled.

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Filelis-Papadopoulos, Christos K.; Giannoutakis, Konstantinos M.; Gravvanis, George A.; Endo, Patricia Takako; Tzovaras, Dimitrios; Svorobej, Sergej; Lynn, Theo (1 April 2019). "Simulating large vCDN networks: A parallel approach".

747:(or combined simulation) corresponds to a mix between continuous and discrete event simulation and results in integrating numerically the differential equations between two sequential events to reduce the number of discontinuities. 4109:

Bruzzone, A. G., Massei, M., Tremori, A., Longo, F., Nicoletti, L., Poggi, S., ... & Poggio, G. (2014). MS2G: simulation as a service for data mining and crowdsourcing in vulnerability Reduction. Proceedings of WAMS, Istanbul,

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defines synthetic environment as "the counterpart to simulated models of sensors, platforms and other active objects" for "the simulation of the external factors that affect them" while other vendors use the term for more visual,

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A neuromechanical simulator that combines biomechanical and biologically realistic neural network simulation. It allows the user to test hypotheses on the neural basis of behavior in a physically accurate 3-D virtual environment.

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according to prerecorded motion scripts. One of the first simulator rides, Star Tours, which cost $ 32 million, used a hydraulic motion based cabin. The movement was programmed by a joystick. Today's simulator rides, such as

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Ahmed K, Keeling AN, Fakhry M, Ashrafian H, Aggarwal R, Naughton PA, Darzi A, Cheshire N, et al. (January 2010). "Role of Virtual Reality Simulation in Teaching and Assessing Technical Skills in Endovascular Intervention".

1179:: Physical controllers provide input to the simulation only through direct manipulation by the user. In virtual simulations, tactile feedback from physical controllers is highly desirable in a number of simulation environments. 2866:

category airplanes, the operating costs may be several times lower for the FSTD than the actual aircraft. Another advantage is reduced environmental impact, as simulators don't contribute directly to carbon or noise emissions.

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relatively low-risk environment on the ground. For example, electrical system failures, instrument failures, hydraulic system failures, and even flight control failures can be simulated without risk to the crew or equipment.

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Computer simulations allow their users to take models which before were too complex to run, and give them answers. Simulations have proven to be some of the best insights into both play performance and team predictability.

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Simulators have been proposed as an ideal tool for assessment of students for clinical skills. For patients, "cybertherapy" can be used for sessions simulating traumatic experiences, from fear of heights to social anxiety.

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Network and distributed systems have been extensively simulated in other to understand the impact of new protocols and algorithms before their deployment in the actual systems. The simulation can focus on different levels

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Filelis-Papadopoulos, Christos K.; Endo, Patricia Takako; Bendechache, Malika; Svorobej, Sergej; Giannoutakis, Konstantinos M.; Gravvanis, George A.; Tzovaras, Dimitrios; Byrne, James; Lynn, Theo (1 January 2020).

1563:) and rides in theme parks. Although modern simulation is thought to have its roots in training and the military, in the 20th century it also became a conduit for enterprises which were more hedonistic in nature. 1501:

judgments, and also to make errors. The process of iterative learning through assessment, evaluation, decision making, and error correction creates a much stronger learning environment than passive instruction.

5450: 2831:. Using these simulations in a training program allows for the application of theory into a something akin to real life. As with other industries, the use of simulations can be technology or case-study driven. 2788:

and evaluation through actual human input via motion capture technologies. However, motion capture for ergonomics requires expensive equipment and the creation of props to represent the environment or product.

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and competence on manikins. There is also good evidence that procedural simulation improves actual operational performance in clinical settings." However, there is a need to have improved evidence to show that

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series of strategic exercises in Latin America). While many governments make use of simulation, both individually and collaboratively, little is known about the model's specifics outside professional circles.

2819:, for example, is computed from well-defined but not always known (or fixed) inputs. By imitating the performance of the project under evaluation, simulation can provide a distribution of NPV over a range of 6938: 1405:

However, the value of simulation interventions to translating to clinical practice are is still debatable. As Nishisaki states, "there is good evidence that simulation training improves provider and team

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A computer simulation (or "sim") is an attempt to model a real-life or hypothetical situation on a computer so that it can be studied to see how the system works. By changing variables in the simulation,

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A biomechanics simulator is used to analyze walking dynamics, study sports performance, simulate surgical procedures, analyze joint loads, design medical devices, and animate human and animal movement.

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released the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) which became one of the best selling consoles in video game history. In the 1990s, computer games became widely popular with the release of such game as

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is one which uses more than one computer simultaneously, to guarantee access from/to different resources (e.g. multi-users operating different systems, or distributed data sets); a classical example is

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Leary SP, Liu CY, Apuzzo ML (June 2006). "Toward the emergence of nanoneurosurgery: part III—nanomedicine: targeted nanotherapy, nanosurgery, and progress toward the realization of nanoneurosurgery".

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Reed, M. P., Faraway, J., Chaffin, D. B., & Martin, B. J. (2006). The HUMOSIM Ergonomics Framework: A new approach to digital human simulation for ergonomic analysis. SAE Technical Paper, 01-2365

2697:, etc. are the outputs of the simulation. The simulated values of these variables of interest are compared for different proposed policy inputs to determine which set of outcomes is most desirable. 6316: 2337:

comprehensive method of retraining—or of incorporating new clinical procedures into their skill set—and regulatory bodies and medical institutions will find it easier to assess the proficiency and

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Advances in technology in the 1980s made the computer more affordable and more capable than they were in previous decades, which facilitated the rise of computer such as the Xbox gaming. The first

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An inference is usually done by comparing the benchmark simulation results to the results of altered simulation setups by comparing indicators such as unsettled transactions or settlement delays.

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Tactile tile displays use different types of actuators such as inflatable bladders, vibrators, low-frequency sub-woofers, pin actuators and/or thermo-actuators to produce sensations for the user.

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Conventional headphones offer a portable alternative to stationary speakers. They also have the added advantages of masking real-world noise and facilitate more effective 3D audio sound effects.

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Stationary conventional speaker systems may be used to provide dual or multi-channel surround sound. However, external speakers are not as effective as headphones in producing 3D audio effects.

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High fidelity instrumentation such as instrument panels in virtual aircraft cockpits provides users with actual controls to raise the level of immersion. For example, pilots can use the actual

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include elements to increase the amount of immersion experienced by the riders such as: 3D imagery, physical effects (spraying water or producing scents), and movement through an environment.

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is a simulation which is not stochastic: thus the variables are regulated by deterministic algorithms. So replicated runs from the same boundary conditions always produce identical results.

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Instructors can also provide students with a higher concentration of training tasks in a given period of time than is usually possible in the aircraft. For example, conducting multiple

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Most engineering simulations entail mathematical modeling and computer-assisted investigation. There are many cases, however, where mathematical modeling is not reliable. Simulation of

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In recent years, there has been increasing use of social simulations for staff training in aid and development agencies. The Carana simulation, for example, was first developed by the

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End effector displays can respond to users inputs with resistance and force. These systems are often used in medical applications for remote surgeries that employ robotic instruments.

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Narayan, Roger; Kumta, Prashant; Sfeir, Charles; Lee, Dong-Hyun; Choi, Daiwon; Olton, Dana (October 2004). "Nanostructured ceramics in medical devices: Applications and prospects".

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without simulating propagation and is used in situations where propagation is unwanted. A simulator may imitate only a few of the operations and functions of the unit it simulates.

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Zeigler, B. P., Praehofer, H., & Kim, T. G. (2000) "Theory of Modeling and Simulation: Integrating Discrete Event and Continuous Complex Dynamic Systems", Elsevier, Amsterdam.

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refers to simulation in which we create environment/conditions to identify the cause of equipment failure. This can be the best and fastest method to identify the failure cause.

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Palter VN, Grantcharov TP (2014). "Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices in the operating room".

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Shuttle Ground Operations Simulator (SGOS) Summary Description Manual. National Aeronautics and Space Administration KSC Document # KSC-LPS-SGOS-1000, Revision 3 CHG-A, 1995.

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cannot be 'created' in the real world because of cost, time, or the 'uniqueness' of a resource. A simulator also allows fast robot prototyping. Many robot simulators feature

883:) as well as in engineering to gain insight into the operation of those systems. A good example of the usefulness of using computers to simulate can be found in the field of 1165:

optical receivers or electromagnetic sensors. Internal inertial sensors are also available on some systems. The units may transmit data either wirelessly or through cables.

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South, in the passage quoted, was speaking of the differences between a falsehood and an honestly mistaken statement; the difference being that for the statement to be a

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events are replicated with sufficient reality to ensure that drivers become fully immersed in the experience rather than simply viewing it as an educational experience.

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Johnson, K.; McAndrews, J.; Soramäki, K. 'Economizing on Liquidity with Deferred Settlement Mechanisms' (Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review, December 2004)

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Neville Arjani: Examining the Trade-Off between Settlement Delay and Intraday Liquidity in Canada's LVTS: A Simulation Approach (Working Paper 2006–20, Bank of Canada)

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Chaffin, D. B. (2007). Human motion simulation for vehicle and workplace design. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries,17(5), 475–484

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techniques using pseudo-random numbers. Thus replicated runs with the same boundary conditions will each produce different results within a specific confidence band.

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was the first film to use only computer-generated images and by the new millennium computer generated graphics were the leading choice for special effects in films.

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that address science and math education. In social media simulations, participants train communication with critics and other stakeholders in a private environment.

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are an ongoing field of academic study, refinement, research and development in simulations technology or practice, particularly in the work of computer simulation.

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United States Maritime Administration Office of Shipbuilding, Operations, and Research; United States Coast Guard Office of Research and Development (March 1985),

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there is full control over all the test parameters. this is not possible in the 'real-world' using the actual signals. For testing receivers that will use the new

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Math Model Main Propulsion System (MPS) Requirements Document, National Aeronautics and Space Administration KSC Document # KSCL-1100-0522, Revision 9, June 2009.

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Beitler, Matthew T., Harwin, William S., & Mahoney, Richard M. (1996) In Proceedings of the virtual prototyping of rehabilitation aids, RESNA 96, pp. 360–363.

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have been applied to create these virtual medical environments to create an interactive method for learning and application of information in a clinical context.

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There is a wide variety of output hardware available to deliver a stimulus to users in virtual simulations. The following list briefly describes several of them:

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Advances in technology in the 1980s caused 3D simulation to become more widely used and it began to appear in movies and in computer-based games such as Atari's

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are not possible. There are many different types of computer simulation, the common feature they all share is the attempt to generate a sample of representative

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is an imitative representation of a process or system that could exist in the real world. In this broad sense, simulation can often be used interchangeably with

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Nishisaki A, Keren R, Nadkarni V (June 2007). "Does simulation improve patient safety? Self-efficacy, competence, operational performance, and patient safety".

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Davidovitch, L.; A. Parush & A. Shtub (April 2008). "Simulation-based Learning: The Learning-Forgetting-Relearning Process and Impact of Learning History".

1259:: Several different types of audio systems exist to help the user hear and localize sounds spatially. Special software can be used to produce 3D audio effects 4365: 1697:

became the first popular film to use computer-generated graphics extensively, integrating the simulated dinosaurs almost seamlessly into live action scenes.

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controls from the real device in a simulated cockpit to help them practice procedures with the actual device in the context of the integrated cockpit system.

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changes. A mathematical model of the economy, having been fitted to historical economic data, is used as a proxy for the actual economy; proposed values of

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G.R. Bennett. The application of virtual prototyping in the development of complex aerospace products. Virtual Prototyping Journal, 1 (1) (1996), pp. 13–20

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Zendejas B; Brydges R; Hamstra SJ; et al. (2013). "State of the evidence on simulation-based training for laparoscopic surgery: A systematic review".

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Kuhl, F., Weatherly, R., & Dahmann, J. (1999). Creating computer simulation systems: an introduction to the high-level architecture. Prentice Hall PTR.

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feedback devices combined with physical simulation routines computed in response to the user's actions. Medical simulations of this sort will often use 3D

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simulations to address bioterrorism, pandemic flu, smallpox, and other disasters that emergency personnel must prepare for." Developed by a team from the

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Such a simulator meets the goals of an objective and standardized examination for clinical competence. This system is superior to examinations that use "

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yet living a lifelike experience (or at least it is the goal). Often the convenience is to permit mistakes during training for a safety-critical system.

3572:—both traditional and modern—may be viewed as simulations of abstracted decision-making for the purpose of training military and political leaders (see 2537:, and include solutions for managing simulation data and processes and ensuring that simulation results are made part of the product lifecycle history. 1146:

There is a wide variety of input hardware available to accept user input for virtual simulations. The following list briefly describes several of them:

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finding and matching in conjunction with compositing real and simulated footage, which has been the bread and butter of the movie artist in and around

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Cayirci, E. (December 2013). Modeling and simulation as a cloud service: a survey. In Simulation Conference (WSC), 2013 Winter (pp. 389–400). IEEE.

3625:...for Distinction Sake, a Deceiving by Words, is commonly called a Lye, and a Deceiving by Actions, Gestures, or Behavior, is called Simulation... 1436:" instrument, allowing women to consult male physicians while maintaining social laws of modesty. Models are used today to help students learn the 3348:

To exercise the launch team's ability to evaluate, prioritize and respond to problems in an integrated manner within a time critical environment.

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Khedher, Hatem; Abd-Elrahman, Emad; Afifi, Hossam; Marot, Michel (2017). "Optimal and Cost Efficient Algorithm for Virtual CDN Orchestration".

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Ibn-Khedher, Hatem; Abd-Elrahman, Emad; Kamal, Ahmed E.; Afifi, Hossam (19 June 2017). "OPAC: An optimal placement algorithm for virtual CDN".

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Davidovitch, L.; A. Parush & A. Shtub (March 2009). "The Impact of Functional Fidelity in Simulator based Learning of Project Management".

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Loveday BP, Oosthuizen GV, Diener BS, Windsor JA (2010). "A randomized trial evaluating a cognitive simulator for laparoscopic appendectomy".

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dependent on the availability and the type of netting procedures in the systems, thus some of the studies have a focus on system comparisons.

6190:"From the floor of the 2012 Chicago Auto Show: Automation World shows how Ford uses the power of simulation « Siemens PLM Software Blog" 5875: 5788: 1741:

no longer existed during the filming of this 2011–2012 aired series, which was no problem as they created it in virtual cinematography using

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Modeling and simulation of a task can be performed by manually manipulating the virtual human in the simulated environment. Some ergonomics

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is where multiple models, simulators (often defined as federates) interoperate locally, distributed over a network; a classical example is

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Bush, P. M., Gaines, S., Gammoh, F., & Wooden, S. A Comparison of Software Tools for Occupational Biomechanics and Ergonomic Research.

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McGaghie WC, Issenberg SB, Petrusa ER, Scalese RJ (2010). "A critical review of simulation-based medical education research: 2003–2009".

2952: 1830: 1241:(CAVE). Stereo three-dimensional screens produce three-dimensional images either with or without special glasses—depending on the design. 663:

combined with spreading use of computers across all those fields have led to some unification and a more systematic view of the concept.

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Shuttle Final Countdown Phase Simulation. National Aeronautics and Space Administration KSC Document # RTOMI S0044, Revision AF05, 2009.

5442: 4016: 3957: 3611:...therefore a general custom of simulation (which is this last degree) is a vice, using either of a natural falseness or fearfulness... 2199:

are examples of large-scale urban simulation models that are used by metropolitan planning agencies and military bases for land use and

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Benedettini, O.; Tjahjono, B. (2008). "Towards an improved tool to facilitate simulation modeling of complex manufacturing systems".

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Manges, Kirstin; Scott-Cawiezell, Jill; Ward, Marcia M (2017), "Maximizing Team Performance: The Critical Role of the Nurse Leader",

3218:. Most often this is done using a static spreadsheet with process times and transportation times. For more sophisticated simulations 2761:

is capable of providing high fidelity dynamic models of nearly all chemical plants for operator training and control system testing.

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but can also be a tool used by urban planners to understand how cities are likely to evolve in response to various policy decisions.

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Leinonen (ed.): Simulation studies of liquidity needs, risks and efficiency in payment networks (Bank of Finland Studies E:39/2007)

6039: 5611: 1451:(SSH) was formed to become a leader in international interprofessional advances the application of medical simulation in healthcare 5245: 3555:

for forecasting involves complicated numeric computer models to predict weather accurately by taking many parameters into account.

2229:. An example of these simulations are websites which claim to allow the user to track Santa Claus. Due to the fact that Santa is a 1718:

in the early 2000s has led to an explosion of movies that would have been impossible to shoot without it. Classic examples are the

1203:

Users may use headsets with boom microphones, lapel microphones or the room may be equipped with strategically located microphones.

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in Encyclopedia of Computer Science, "designing a model of a real or imagined system and conducting experiments with that model".

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To provide procedures to be used in performing failure/recovery testing of the operations performed in the final countdown phase.

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To provide training for system engineers in recognizing, reporting and evaluating system problems in a time critical environment.

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can also be used to detect eye movements so that the system can determine precisely where a user is looking at any given instant.

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predict the performance of an existing or planned system and to compare alternative solutions for a particular design problem.

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character and not a real, living person, it is impossible to provide actual information on his location, and services such as

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may be made about the behaviour of the system. It is a tool to virtually investigate the behaviour of the system under study.

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Harrison, Andrew J (2011). "Throwing and catching movements exhibit post-activation potentiation effects following fatigue".

6794: 6769: 6670: 6405: 5858: 5586: 5474:"Immediate impact of an intensive one-week laparoscopy training program on laparoscopic skills among postgraduate urologists" 5185: 4399: 3991: 3938: 3901: 4317: 3334:, flight controls, navigation, and avionics. The high-level objectives of the Shuttle Final Countdown Phase Simulation are: 3269:. It offers a detailed analysis of games through simulated betting lines, projected point totals and overall probabilities. 1056:

is increasingly used to train students and professionals in the art and science of project management. Using simulation for

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commonly used for discrete event simulation. They differ in usability and markets but do often share the same foundation.

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must be known, and the opposite of the truth must have been knowingly uttered. And, from this, to the extent to which a

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is an example of modern, large-scale urban simulators designed for use by urban planners. City simulators are generally

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Bruzzone A.G., Massei M., Simulation-Based Military Training, in Guide to Simulation-Based Disciplines, Vol.1. 315–361.

3327: 3284:. Models are derived and simulations are run from data received from sensors attached to athletes and video equipment. 1238: 767: 5917:

It now offers kids and parents personalized messages from Santa, which run from an ASP script that Kerr built himself.

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Simulation is an important feature in engineering systems or any system that involves many processes. For example, in

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it may be dangerous or unacceptable to engage, or it is being designed but not yet built, or it may simply not exist.

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The one thing that's convinced my daughter, more than anything else, that Santa is real is a website, emailSanta.com.

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and other variables. Simulations are also often used to test a financial theory or the ability of a financial model.

2645: 2565: 2488: 2410: 2323: 2162: 2069: 1958: 1548:" because it permits the quantitative measurement of competence, as well as reproducing the same objective findings. 705: 4204: 3509: 3415: 3167: 3086: 2627: 2470: 2392: 2305: 2144: 2051: 1940: 4354: 966:

Less theoretically, an interesting application of computer simulation is to simulate computers using computers. In

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Sikora, E.A. (27 July 2010). Space Shuttle Main Propulsion System expert, John F. Kennedy Space Center. Interview.

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H. Leinonen (ed.): Simulation analyses and stress testing of payment networks (Bank of Finland Studies E:42/2009)

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Tsoukalas, Vasilios D.; Papachristos, Dimitrios A.; Tsoumas, Nikolaos K.; Mattheu, Elisabeth C. (1 October 2008).

6744: 6716: 6697: 6248: 5570: 1024: 977: 503: 5519:"How do we ensure that trainees learn to perform biliary sphincterotomy safely, appropriately, and effectively?" 3240:

Simulations are useful in modeling the flow of transactions through business processes, such as in the field of

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Historically, simulations used in different fields developed largely independently, but 20th-century studies of

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to create the illusion that sound sources are placed within a defined three-dimensional space around the user.

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power industry. This created a safe and realistic virtual environment to train board operators and engineers.

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problems often require both mathematical and physical simulations. In these cases the physical models require

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behaviour will change each simulation according to the set of initial parameters assumed for the environment.

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Many other video games are simulators of some kind. Such games can simulate various aspects of reality, from

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speeds up a simulation's execution by concurrently distributing its workload over multiple processors, as in

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An important medical application of a simulator—although, perhaps, denoting a slightly different meaning of

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McLeod, J. (1968) "Simulation: the Dynamic Modeling of Ideas And Systems with Computers", McGraw-Hill, NYC.

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Modern usage of the term "computer simulation" may encompass virtually any computer-based representation.

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Active models that attempt to reproduce living anatomy or physiology are recent developments. The famous

1119: 1076: 1047: 648: 32: 5962: 3833: 2681:, etc. are used as inputs to the simulation of the model, and various variables of interest such as the 1214:

Research in future input systems holds a great deal of promise for virtual simulations. Systems such as

6535:"Towards simulation and optimization of cache placement on large virtual content distribution networks" 5951: 3757: 2522: 1755: 1592: 1008: 906:

for a model in which a complete enumeration of all possible states would be prohibitive or impossible.

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Chapter 38: Society for Simulation in Healthcare by Raemer, Dan IN: Manual of Simulation in Healthcare

2568:(UIC), the game allows learners to practice their emergency skills in a safe, controlled environment. 729:

is a simulation where some variable or process is subject to random variations and is projected using

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Fujimoto, R. M. (1990). Parallel discrete event simulation. Communications of the ACM, 33(10), 30–53.

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approaches (e.g. game engines and engagement methods) are integrated with interoperable simulation.

5409: 3814: 3584: 3490: 3396: 3148: 3067: 2981: 2820: 2748:. Physical and chemical simulations have also direct realistic uses, rather than research uses; in 2608: 2584:

lives and be given the opportunity to correct their errors to prepare for the real-life emergency.

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provides a current (as of 2012) survey of public projects attempting to simulate some theories in

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Stewart, Greg L; Manges, Kirstin A; Ward, Marcia M (2015). "Empowering Sustained Patient Safety".

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or scripts to generate personalized replies claimed to be from Santa himself based on user input.

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Low – the minimum simulation required for a system to respond to accept inputs and provide outputs

3862: 3762: 3596: 3494: 3400: 3152: 3071: 3035: 2870: 2612: 2455: 2377: 2290: 2200: 2129: 2036: 1925: 981: 956: 880: 787: 616: 470: 5275:"A brief history of the development of mannequin simulators for clinical education and training" 1860:

is to quantify system performance. Common measures of system performance include the following:

1607:. This was followed by the "targeting computer" that young Skywalker turns off in the 1977 film 6097: 6084: 5638: 5324:

Murphy D, Challacombe B, Nedas T, Elhage O, Althoefer K, Seneviratne L, Dasgupta P (May 2007).

4697: 2828: 2706: 2678: 1723: 1715: 1622:(1982) was the first film to use computer-generated imagery for more than a couple of minutes. 1559:

encompasses many large and popular industries such as film, television, video games (including

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and the still increasing power of desktop computers. Today, computer simulation games such as

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thought so highly of South's definition, that he used it in the entry for simulation in his

4417:"Brain-Computer Communication: Motivation, Aim, and Impact of Exploring a Virtual Apartment" 3975: 2887: 6252: 5755: 4530: 3734: 3356: 3314: 3261:, or models, and can vary with accuracy. Accuscore, which is licensed by companies such as 2806: 2785: 2749: 2726: 2546: 2238: 2216: 1801: 1773: 1693: 1678: 1244: 899: 608: 458: 200: 158: 5930: 1251:

can vary from system to system and has been found to affect the user's sense of immersion.

8: 6986: 6936:. Because, otherwise, one would not know what to offer up in a simulation. Bacon's essay 6036: 4520: 4010: 3976: 3729: 3724: 3714: 3709: 3652: 3369: 3285: 3253: 2937: 2858: 2781: 2714: 2674: 2251: 1489: 1473: 1343: 1001: 951: 846: 667: 593: 148: 6273:

David J Allerton (November 2002). "The case for flight simulation in general aviation".

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with the help of a model. This definition includes time-independent simulations. Often,

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programming environment developed by Papert is one of the most well-known microworlds.

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Several software packages exist for running computer-based simulation modeling (e.g.

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Leeb, R.; Lee, F.; Keinrath, C.; Schere, R.; Bischof, H.; Pfurtscheller, G. (2007).

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is meant for training of ship personnel. The most common marine simulators include:

56:"Simulate" redirects here. For the food technology company also known as NUGGS, see 6819: 6658: 6627: 6584: 6546: 6468: 6411: 6393: 6366: 6350: 6290: 6228: 5823: 5530: 5485: 5337: 5296: 5286: 5210: 5142: 5134: 5091: 5048: 5011: 4964: 4941: 4921: 4883: 4833: 4778: 4731: 4663: 4626: 4599: 4577: 4538: 4495: 4431: 4259: 3926: 3804: 3689: 2896: 2840: 2690: 2259: 1825:

in the 1930s. The first modern simulator ride to open at a theme park was Disney's

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David J Allerton (December 2010). "The impact of flight simulation in aerospace".

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where "computer simulation is particularly well suited to address these questions"

6823: 6631: 6588: 6519: 6457:"Marine engineers' training: Educational assessment for an engine room simulator" 6043: 5762: 5618: 5574: 5052: 4968: 4925: 4887: 4340: 4321: 4314: 4302: 4208: 4184: 4020: 3961: 3777: 3739: 3564: 3464: 3023:

running simulations with a fixed set of data and varying only the system setups.

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hands-on experience that translates to the operating room is no longer in doubt.

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There also exist "engineering flight simulators" which are a key element of the

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is a computer simulation that can be included in human-in-the-loop simulations.

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simulation, in which physical simulations include human operators, such as in a

6943: 6551: 6534: 6430: 5985:"For a Jolly Good Time, Chat With Santa on Windows Live Messenger, 13 Dec 2006" 5664: 4499: 3918: 3657: 3273: 3200: 3008: 2966: 2741: 2694: 2682: 2662: 2510: 2247: 2220: 1579: 1521: 1385:

drug, a formulation that simulates the active drug in trials of drug efficacy.

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modeling, multimethod modeling) that makes all the modeling almost effortless.

876: 656: 446: 389: 287: 240: 220: 190: 6354: 6233: 6216: 5827: 5534: 5160: 5016: 4999: 4582: 4565: 4542: 4435: 607:, testing, training, education, and video games. Simulation is also used with 6980: 6748: 6720: 6701: 6639: 6596: 6573: 6560: 6508: 6480: 6362: 6286: 5631:"Video Game Console Timeline – Video Game History – Xbox 360 – TIME Magazine" 5414: 5291: 4847: 4838: 4821: 4790: 4782: 3930: 3616: 3573: 3569: 3331: 3318: 3306: 2970: 2666: 2225:

Several Christmas-themed simulations exist, many of which are centred around

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in 1990 which was the first ride to be done entirely with computer graphics.

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The Space Shuttle vehicle hardware and related GSE hardware is simulated by

2665:, judge the desirability of the effects of proposed policy actions, such as 6831: 6531: 5542: 5499: 5351: 5310: 5222: 5105: 5060: 5025: 4976: 4933: 4895: 4855: 4798: 4743: 4675: 4640: 4591: 4507: 4443: 4212: 4197: 4179: 3630: 3281: 1822: 1761: 1745: 1560: 1485: 1334:

In other simulations, visual components of the procedure are reproduced by

1323: 985: 803: 282: 5156: 823:

High – nearly indistinguishable or as close as possible to the real system

599:

Simulation is used in many contexts, such as simulation of technology for

6662: 6512: 4201: 3834:"simulation, n. meanings, etymology and more | Oxford English Dictionary" 3639: 3214:

is used mainly to examine the effect of improvements or investments in a

2226: 1749: 1603: 1534: 1509: 1168: 1161: 1094:

for training staff to deal with fragile and conflict-affected countries.

933: 660: 637: 409: 355: 255: 210: 39: 5959:"Microsoft pulls plug on potty-mouth Santa, by John Fontana, 4 Dec 2007" 1652: 1060:

training improves learning retention and enhances the learning process.

6472: 5138: 4472: 3258: 2811:

In finance, computer simulations are often used for scenario planning.

2722: 1826: 1767: 1742: 1477: 1319: 1130: 1110:

is a category of simulation that uses simulation equipment to create a

1091: 1011:, simulations of physical processes are often used in conjunction with 993: 914: 853: 643: 589: 367: 335: 307: 225: 215: 205: 6377: 5848: 5567: 5246:"Certified Healthcare Simulation Educator (CHSE) – an update for ASPE" 5096: 3280:

Another way simulations are helping the sports field is in the use of

1728:

sequels and the extensive use of physically impossible camera runs in

27:

Imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system over time

6456: 6397: 4414: 3663: 2553: 2255: 1702: 1632: 1481: 868: 404: 6448: 5000:"Expanding the use of simulation in open vascular surgical training" 4355:"Simulated Pistol Training: The Future of Law Enforcement Training?" 3479: 3385: 3137: 3056: 2597: 2440: 2362: 2275: 2114: 2021: 1910: 6454: 6307: 3809: 2734: 2557: 2192: 2188: 2180: 2087:

eventually assist in the design and planning of medical treatment.

1672: 1666: 1513: 1428:

The first medical simulators were simple models of human patients.

1281:). This type of output is sometimes referred to as force feedback. 1260: 1046:

was one of the first to advocate the value of microworlds, and the

972: 903: 330: 128: 123: 78: 6764:. Gothenburg: Doktorsavhandlingar vid Chalmers tekniska högskola. 6334: 4424:

IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering

3891: 1879:

Queuing and delays caused by material-handling devices and systems

6617: 5931:"Email Santa and get a reply: the website making my kids believe" 3301: 2951:

military but also political and social factors (for example, the

1795: 1566: 1437: 1382: 1368: 1114:

for the user. Virtual simulations allow users to interact with a

872: 864: 820:

Medium – responds automatically to stimuli, with limited accuracy

678:

is a special kind of physical simulation, often referred to as a

6310:"Advantages of Simulators (FSTDs) in Helicopter Flight Training" 6266: 4276: 4249: 1780: 1185:

can be used to capture the users locomotion as they walk or run.

6247: 6062: 6010: 5853:(4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. 5789:"Bringing Spidey to Life: Kleiser-Walczak Construction Company" 5200: 4822:"Understanding Nursing Handoffs: Safety Scholarship in Nursing" 3455:

there is no alternative, as the real signals do not yet exist.

3355:

The Shuttle Final Countdown Phase Simulation took place at the

3266: 2230: 1709: 1601:, parts of which were shown on the big screen in the 1976 film 5876:"The technologies NORAD is 'using' to track Santa Claus today" 4721: 2006:

A soldier tests out a heavy-wheeled-vehicle driving simulator.

6893: 6652: 6432:

Guidelines for Simulator-based Marine Pilot Training Programs

4954: 4566:"Nanotechnology: intelligent design to treat complex disease" 3323: 2917: 2845: 2242: 1595:

was used in the film to simulate objects as early as 1972 in

1476:

and is able to recreate many of the physical findings of the

894:

Traditionally, the formal modeling of systems has been via a

585: 5323: 2509:

Simulation solutions are being increasingly integrated with

1700:

This event transformed the film industry; in 1995, the film

6315:. European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). p. 6. 5813: 5116: 5114: 4484: 3973: 3447: 3262: 2993: 2812: 1618: 1338:

techniques, while touch-based components are reproduced by

1233:: Visual displays provide the visual stimulus to the user. 1209: 796:

is where simulation is accessed as a service over the web.

754:

is a simulation running on a single workstation by itself.

6968: 6762:

Diffusion of Discrete Event Simulation in Swedish Industry

6655:

2017 IEEE 42nd Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN)

5816:

International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology

3860: 6889: 5081: 2700: 1867:

System cycle time (how long it takes to produce one part)

1347: 5111: 4389: 3642:

later faded out and is now only of linguistic interest.

1295:: These displays provide a sense of motion to the user ( 4820:

Groves, Patricia S.; Manges, Kirstin (24 August 2017).

1661:

released in the 1970s and early 1980s fell prey to the

1277:: These displays provide a sense of touch to the user ( 1018: 5472:

Vlaovic PD, Sargent ER, Boker JR, et al. (2008).

4873: 3917:

White, K. Preston; Ingalls, Ricki G. (December 2015).

2946:

The grenade launcher trains using a computer simulator

1821:

Simulators have been used for entertainment since the

1423: 5849:

Banks, J.; Carson J.; Nelson B.L.; Nicol, D. (2005).

5661:"A Brief, Early History of Computer Graphics in Film" 5272: 3863:"SIMULATION | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary" 3793: 2187:-based simulations with explicit representations for 1653:

Pre-virtual cinematography era (early 1980s to 1990s)

1221: 984:). For example, simulators have been used to debug a 6513:"The science of civil war: What makes heroic strife" 4767: 4121:"Modelling, Simulation & Synthetic Environments" 3257:

simulations are built from a series of mathematical

2525:

or CAE, etc.). The use of simulation throughout the

1125: 800:

Modeling, interoperable simulation and serious games

6107: 6105: 6053: 6051: 5731:"Video Games in the US Market Research | IBISWorld" 5471: 3265:, is a well-known simulation program for all major 1688:are played by millions of people around the world. 6809: 5705:"Simulation – General Information | Open-Site.org" 5250:Association of Standardized Patient Educators News 3607:Historically, the word had negative connotations: 2959: 2560:outbreaks, or other life-threatening emergencies. 1571: 6992:Mathematical and quantitative methods (economics) 5038: 4911: 4031: 4029: 3892:J. Banks; J. Carson; B. Nelson; D. Nicol (2001). 1303: 627: 6978: 6383: 6340: 6272: 6102: 6048: 5440: 5326:"[Equipment and technology in robotics]" 5173: 5123:"A Typology of Simulators for Medical Education" 4563: 1090:, and is now used in a very revised form by the 859:Computer simulation has become a useful part of 49:"Simulator" redirects here. For other uses, see 5268: 5266: 5243: 5237: 4997: 4196:For a popular research project in the field of 3638:However, the connection between simulation and 1844: 6787:Sales Process Engineering: A Personal Workshop 6784: 6217:"The one: A simulation of CAPM market returns" 5902:"EmailSanta.com: How Santa Claus Went Digital" 5772: 5770: 5375:. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011 5367:"In Cybertherapy, Avatars Assist With Healing" 5273:Cooper Jeffery B, Taqueti VR (December 2008). 4653: 4279:International Journal of Engineering Education 4026: 1895: 1567:History of visual simulation in film and games 1551: 5407: 1781:Examples of non-film entertainment simulation 1533:teaching and measurement of clinical skills. 1455:to educators in an effort to meet this need. 561: 6928:to be presented in its stead); and, for the 6778: 5510: 5465: 5434: 5317: 5263: 5194: 4819: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4334:"Carana," at 'PaxSims' blog, 27 January 2009 3916: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3330:, ground liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen, 1710:Virtual cinematography (early 2000s–present) 1075:series of historical educational games. The 1004:uses variables to stand for unknown values. 932:, simulation has some specialized meanings: 594:computers are used to execute the simulation 5767: 5516: 4612: 4173: 3508:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3414:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3166:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3085:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2626:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2469:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2391:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2352: 2304:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2143:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2050:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1939:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1388: 1000:logic designs before they are constructed. 970:, a type of simulator, typically called an 6967:to be found on the website of the journal 6920:. Thus, it would seem, if a simulation is 5180:. Oxford University Press. pp. 532–. 5120: 3675:List of discrete event simulation software 3296: 2265: 2250:or Santa's former page on the now-defunct 1722:of Neo, Smith and other characters in the 1098:is a useful tool for armed professionals. 568: 554: 85: 6965:Bibliographies containing more references 6550: 6308:European Helicopter Safety Team (EHEST). 6232: 5489: 5341: 5300: 5290: 5167: 5146: 5095: 5015: 4837: 4630: 4581: 4376: 3880: 3528:Learn how and when to remove this message 3434:Learn how and when to remove this message 3186:Learn how and when to remove this message 3105:Learn how and when to remove this message 2646:Learn how and when to remove this message 2489:Learn how and when to remove this message 2423:Modern satellite communications systems ( 2411:Learn how and when to remove this message 2324:Learn how and when to remove this message 2163:Learn how and when to remove this message 2070:Learn how and when to remove this message 1959:Learn how and when to remove this message 992:Simulators may also be used to interpret 706:continuous-time rather than discrete-time 6577:Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory 4014:Doc:Tutorials/Physics/BSoD – BlenderWiki 3300: 2994:Payment and securities settlement system 2941: 2886: 2844: 2540: 2500: 1587: 1508: 1210:Current research into user input systems 1129: 1028: 642: 631: 499:Library and information science software 6091: 5899: 5401: 4352: 3923:2015 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC) 3619:, Of Simulation and Dissimulation, 1597 3576:for an example of such a tradition, or 3375: 1864:Throughput under average and peak loads 14: 6979: 6241: 6214: 5443:"How video games can make you smarter" 4394:. San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann. 4011:SIGGRAPH 2007 | For Attendees | Papers 3974:Sokolowski, J.A.; Banks, C.M. (2009). 2709:, delay lines may be used to simulate 2701:Engineering, technology, and processes 1504: 840: 708:steps, using numerical integration of 494:Geographic information system software 6017:from the original on 7 September 2009 5873: 5364: 4907: 4905: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4763: 4761: 4371:from the original on 10 October 2022. 4362:International Police Training Journal 3978:Principles of Modeling and Simulation 3558: 3040: 1829:in 1987 soon followed by Universal's 1495: 1101: 875:, and human systems in economics and 6924:, then the truth must be known (for 6789:. Milwaukee, WI: ASQ Quality Press. 6322:from the original on 10 October 2022 6253:"FAR 121 Subpart N—Training Program" 5928: 5737:from the original on 2 November 2022 5453:from the original on 7 February 2011 5441:Steinberg, Scott (31 January 2011). 5365:Carey, Benedict (22 November 2010). 4564:Couvreur P, Vauthier C (July 2006). 3856: 3854: 3670:List of computer simulation software 3506:adding citations to reliable sources 3473: 3412:adding citations to reliable sources 3379: 3164:adding citations to reliable sources 3131: 3083:adding citations to reliable sources 3050: 2624:adding citations to reliable sources 2591: 2505:Simulation of airflow over an engine 2467:adding citations to reliable sources 2434: 2430: 2389:adding citations to reliable sources 2356: 2302:adding citations to reliable sources 2269: 2141:adding citations to reliable sources 2108: 2048:adding citations to reliable sources 2015: 1937:adding citations to reliable sources 1904: 1870:Use of resource, labor, and machines 1839:The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man 1831:The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera 1449:Society for Simulation in Healthcare 1088:United Nations Development Programme 1019:Simulation in education and training 794:Modeling and simulation as a service 6759: 6657:. Singapore: IEEE. pp. 61–69. 5900:Ribeiro, Ricky (19 December 2012). 5711:from the original on 9 October 2020 4826:Western Journal of Nursing Research 4771:Western Journal of Nursing Research 4615:""Nano": the new nemesis of cancer" 4461:from the original on 20 March 2020. 4390:Sherman, W.R.; Craig, A.B. (2003). 3861:Cambridge University Press (2023). 3602: 2241:(the former of which claims to use 1888:Effectiveness of scheduling systems 1858:simulation in manufacturing systems 1816: 1785: 1424:History of simulation in healthcare 1079:has also supported the creation of 923: 24: 6949:Dictionary of the English Language 6942:expresses somewhat similar views. 6196:from the original on 24 April 2012 4902: 4862: 4758: 4668:10.1227/01.NEU.0000217016.79256.16 4662:(6): 1009–26, discussion 1009–26. 4315:"Reacting to the Past: STEM Games" 3794:Specific examples & literature 3751: 1239:cave automatic virtual environment 1222:Virtual simulation output hardware 768:Distributed Interactive Simulation 25: 7003: 6958: 6131:"Jack and Process Simulate Human" 5874:Grush, Loren (24 December 2016). 5244:Struijk, Jennie (11 April 2013). 3851: 3342:final countdown phase operations. 2566:University of Illinois at Chicago 2098: 1458: 1126:Virtual simulation input hardware 622:model verification and validation 6882: 6873: 6864: 6855: 6846: 6803: 6753: 6734: 6725: 6706: 6687: 6646: 6539:Journal of Computational Science 6221:The Journal of Wealth Management 5851:Discrete-event system simulation 5663:. 16 August 2002. Archived from 5517:Leung J, Foster E (April 2008). 5422:from the original on 9 June 2009 5215:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2009.03547.x 4736:10.1111/j.1445-2197.2010.05349.x 4296:"Reacting to the Past Home Page" 3982:. John Wiley & Son. p. 3894:Discrete-Event System Simulation 3551:of an active hurricane/cyclone. 3478: 3384: 3229: 3212:Simulation of production systems 3203:to simulate a robot's dynamics. 3136: 3055: 3029: 2596: 2439: 2361: 2274: 2113: 2020: 1999: 1987: 1909: 1891:Effectiveness of control systems 1463: 1015:to optimize control strategies. 940:to refer to what happens when a 636:Human-in-the-loop simulation of 6939:Of Simulation and Dissimulation 6611: 6567: 6525: 6502: 6461:WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs 6386:Principles of flight simulation 6301: 6249:Federal Aviation Administration 6208: 6182: 6173: 6164: 6154: 6145: 6123: 6114: 6077: 6029: 6003: 5961:. Network World. Archived from 5929:Vnuk, Helen (7 December 2017). 5922: 5893: 5867: 5842: 5807: 5781: 5749: 5723: 5697: 5671: 5653: 5623: 5605: 5579: 5561: 5408:Dagger, Jacob (May–June 2008). 5358: 5343:10.4321/s0004-06142007000400004 5075: 5032: 4991: 4948: 4914:Journal of Nursing Care Quality 4813: 4715: 4690: 4647: 4606: 4557: 4514: 4478: 4465: 4408: 4353:Kratzig, Gregory (March 2013). 4346: 4327: 4308: 4289: 4270: 4243: 4218: 4190: 4143: 4113: 4103: 4094: 4085: 4076: 4067: 4057: 4047: 3272:With the increased interest in 2960:Network and distributed systems 2011: 1572:Early history (1940s and 1950s) 1520:the patient's chest in virtual 1025:Adaptive educational hypermedia 978:Computer architecture simulator 6926:something other than the truth 4038: 4000: 3967: 3947: 3910: 3826: 3453:Galileo (satellite navigation) 2803:Monte Carlo methods in finance 1900: 1315:Clinical healthcare simulators 1304:Clinical healthcare simulators 900:closed form analytic solutions 835:Simulation in failure analysis 628:Classification and terminology 13: 1: 6059:"Emergency Response Training" 5637:. 23 May 2005. Archived from 5447:Cable News Network (CNN Tech) 5410:"The New Game Theory: Update" 4998:Pandey VA, Wolfe JHN (2012). 4471:Zahraee, A.H., Szewczyk, J., 4392:Understanding Virtual Reality 4264:10.1016/j.compedu.2006.09.003 3820: 3305:Firing Room 1 configured for 3206: 3047:Project management simulation 2764: 1054:Project management simulation 6824:10.1080/14763141.2011.592544 6632:10.1016/j.comnet.2017.04.009 6589:10.1016/j.simpat.2019.01.001 5679:"Computer-generated imagery" 5418:. Vol. 94, no. 3. 5053:10.1097/sla.0000000000000254 4969:10.1097/SLA.0b013e318288c40b 4926:10.1097/NCQ.0000000000000103 4888:10.1016/j.anclin.2007.03.009 3919:"Introduction to simulation" 3896:. Prentice Hall. p. 3. 3768:Computational fluid dynamics 3685:Microarchitecture simulation 3580:for a more recent example). 3553:Numerical weather prediction 3542:Numerical weather prediction 2587: 2556:attacks, natural disasters, 2519:computer-aided manufacturing 2206: 1873:Bottlenecks and choke points 1845:Simulation and manufacturing 1643:wire-frame 3D graphics games 947:theoretical computer science 7: 6085:"Finance & Development" 5987:. Microsoft. Archived from 3705:Pharmacokinetics simulation 3645: 3317:(KSC) to train and certify 3121: 2931: 2849:A military flight simulator 1896:More examples of simulation 1557:Simulation in entertainment 1552:Simulation in entertainment 1077:National Science Foundation 887:. In such simulations, the 649:direct numerical simulation 33:Simulation (disambiguation) 10: 7008: 6552:10.1016/j.jocs.2019.101052 5127:Journal of Digital Imaging 4702:Virtual Anesthesia Machine 4613:Hede S, Huilgol N (2006). 4500:10.1016/j.jvir.2009.09.019 4226:"Universal Turing Machine" 3758:Computational astrophysics 3562: 3539: 3469: 3462: 3446:The only true way to test 3277:in their fantasy leagues. 3233: 3125: 3044: 3033: 2935: 2880: 2838: 2800: 2796: 2544: 2523:computer-aided engineering 2210: 2175:A city simulator can be a 2102: 1970: 1856:Another important goal of 1756:Computer-generated imagery 1593:Computer-generated imagery 1444:system and organ systems. 1366: 1362: 1307: 1183:Omnidirectional treadmills 1022: 885:network traffic simulation 844: 778:High-Performance Computing 51:Simulator (disambiguation) 29: 6384:David J Allerton (2009). 6355:10.1017/S0001924000004231 6234:10.3905/jwm.2017.20.1.126 5828:10.1007/s00170-008-1686-z 5612:History of Computers 1980 5535:10.1007/s11894-008-0038-3 5393:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5174:Richard H. Riley (2008). 5017:10.1016/j.jvs.2012.04.015 4583:10.1007/s11095-006-0284-8 4543:10.1007/s11837-004-0289-x 4436:10.1109/TNSRE.2007.906956 4252:Computers & Education 3458: 3247: 3242:sales process engineering 3236:Sales process engineering 3220:Discrete Event Simulation 2982:Content delivery networks 2913:Cargo handling simulators 2876: 2834: 2513:solutions and processes ( 1876:Queuing at work locations 1641:(1984), one of the first 1216:brain–computer interfaces 1190:global positioning system 959:, useful in the study of 717:Discrete-event simulation 704:is a simulation based on 521:Qualitative data analysis 6343:The Aeronautical Journal 6275:The Aeronautical Journal 5756:Link Trainer Restoration 5292:10.1136/qshc.2004.009886 4839:10.1177/0193945917727237 4783:10.1177/0193945916673358 4151:"Synthetic Environments" 3960:10 December 2017 at the 3931:10.1109/WSC.2015.7408292 3815:Simulacra and Simulation 2907:Ship's bridge simulators 2725:may be used to simulate 2693:deficit, the government 2659:Simulations in economics 2353:Communication satellites 1850:Manufacturing simulation 1598:A Computer Animated Hand 1413:crew resource management 1389:Improving patient safety 1134:Motorcycle simulator of 1013:evolutionary computation 957:state transition systems 863:many natural systems in 784:Interoperable simulation 738:Deterministic simulation 38:Not to be confused with 6970:Simulation & Gaming 6785:Paul H. Selden (1997). 6742:Simulation publications 6714:Simulation publications 6695:Simulation publications 6518:2 November 2022 at the 6215:French, Jordan (2017). 5587:"TRON – The 1982 Movie" 4632:10.4103/0973-1482.29829 4339:2 November 2022 at the 4320:10 October 2020 at the 4019:12 October 2007 at the 3763:Computational chemistry 3313:Simulation was used at 3297:Space shuttle countdown 3036:Power system simulation 2895:Bearing resemblance to 2891:A ship bridge simulator 2871:aircraft design process 2829:stochastic asset models 2266:Classroom of the future 2201:transportation planning 1752:since the early 2000s. 1480:examination, including 1198:Voice/sound recognition 1033:Military simulators pdf 982:Platform virtualization 881:computational sociology 788:High-Level Architecture 617:modeling and simulation 6760:Ulf, Eriksson (2005). 6098:Federal Standard 1037C 6042:5 October 2012 at the 5761:5 October 2011 at the 5617:18 August 2009 at the 5573:27 August 2010 at the 5523:Curr Gastroenterol Rep 4724:ANZ Journal of Surgery 4698:"Simulation Portfolio" 3925:. pp. 1741–1755. 3636: 3622: 3310: 3118:using software tools. 2947: 2910:Engine room simulators 2892: 2850: 2707:electrical engineering 2679:open market operations 2506: 2084:biomechanics simulator 1716:virtual cinematography 1665:in 1983, but in 1985, 1525: 1400:change-of-shift report 1143: 1034: 955:is a relation between 761:distributed simulation 752:stand-alone simulation 710:differential equations 676:Interactive simulation 652: 640: 400:Inferential statistics 346:Descriptive statistics 293:Human subject research 5568:Welcome to PONG-Story 4301:16 April 2009 at the 3788:System identification 3773:Computational physics 3745:Simulation hypothesis 3695:Monte Carlo algorithm 3623: 3609: 3360:Launch Control Center 3328:solid rocket boosters 3304: 2945: 2890: 2859:instrument approaches 2848: 2784:permits interactive, 2541:Disaster preparedness 2535:multi-CAD environment 2515:computer-aided design 2504: 2211:Further information: 2103:Further information: 1885:Staffing requirements 1731:The Lord of the Rings 1679:Command & Conquer 1588:1970s and early 1980s 1512: 1472:was developed at the 1245:Head-mounted displays 1133: 1032: 968:computer architecture 961:operational semantics 829:synthetic environment 726:Stochastic simulation 701:Continuous simulation 646: 635: 184:Philosophical schools 44:Emulation (computing) 6663:10.1109/LCN.2017.115 6135:Siemens PLM Software 5163:on 27 November 1999. 5133:(Suppl 1): 194–196. 4488:J Vasc Interv Radiol 4207:6 March 2008 at the 3953:In the words of the 3867:Cambridge Dictionary 3735:Web-based simulation 3633:, South, 1697, p.525 3502:improve this section 3408:improve this section 3376:Satellite navigation 3357:Kennedy Space Center 3315:Kennedy Space Center 3254:computer simulations 3160:improve this section 3079:improve this section 2807:Mathematical finance 2786:real-time simulation 2770:Ergonomic simulation 2750:chemical engineering 2717:caused by an actual 2620:improve this section 2547:Emergency management 2463:improve this section 2385:improve this section 2298:improve this section 2239:Google Santa Tracker 2217:Google Santa Tracker 2191:and transportation. 2137:improve this section 2044:improve this section 1994:Car racing simulator 1933:improve this section 1802:Tiger Woods PGA Tour 1737:The terminal in the 1177:Physical controllers 1073:Reacting to the Past 609:scientific modelling 509:Reference management 459:Scientific modelling 201:Critical rationalism 31:For other uses, see 6908:involves deceptive 6900:involves deceptive 6812:Sports Biomechanics 5795:on 7 September 2009 5557:on 22 January 2009. 5121:Meller, G. (1997). 4535:2004JOM....56j..38N 4202:Folding@home – Main 3730:Training simulation 3725:Simulation language 3715:Rule-based modeling 3710:Roleplay simulation 3653:Computer experiment 3370:mathematical models 3286:Sports biomechanics 2938:Military simulation 2782:simulation software 2754:process simulations 2675:government spending 2252:Windows Live Spaces 1720:digital look-alikes 1659:video game consoles 1505:Computer simulators 1490:electrocardiography 1474:University of Miami 1136:Bienal do Automóvel 1002:Symbolic simulation 847:Computer simulation 841:Computer simulation 810:Simulation fidelity 774:Parallel simulation 668:Physical simulation 647:Visualization of a 489:Argument technology 6473:10.1007/BF03195143 5991:on 24 October 2007 5965:on 13 October 2012 5506:on 3 January 2013. 5372:The New York Times 5139:10.1007/BF03168699 4187:-style simulators. 4161:on 22 January 2008 3955:Simulation article 3783:Molecular dynamics 3700:Network simulation 3311: 3128:Robotics simulator 3041:Project management 2989:Internet of things 2948: 2893: 2883:Maritime simulator 2851: 2746:dynamic similitude 2661:and especially in 2507: 2235:NORAD Tracks Santa 2213:NORAD Tracks Santa 2177:city-building game 2105:Traffic simulation 1882:WIP storages needs 1739:Pan Am (TV series) 1691:In 1993, the film 1526: 1496:Interactive models 1470:"Harvey" mannequin 1373:Placebo in history 1310:Medical simulation 1293:Vestibular display 1144: 1108:virtual simulation 1102:Virtual simulation 1064:Social simulations 1058:project management 1035: 896:mathematical model 653: 641: 605:safety engineering 601:performance tuning 483:Tools and software 427:Secondary research 351:Discourse analysis 58:Simulate (company) 6796:978-0-87389-418-0 6771:978-91-7291-577-0 6672:978-1-5090-6523-3 6620:Computer Networks 6407:978-0-470-75436-8 6251:(25 April 2013). 5860:978-0-13-088702-3 5203:Medical Education 5187:978-0-19-920585-1 5097:10.1111/nuf.12161 4832:(11): 1391–1393. 4777:(11): 1394–1411. 4619:J Cancer Res Ther 4401:978-1-55860-353-0 4008:computer graphics 3993:978-0-470-28943-3 3940:978-1-4673-9743-8 3903:978-0-13-088702-3 3800:Illustris project 3720:Simulated reality 3680:Merger simulation 3597:piloting vehicles 3546:Atmospheric model 3538: 3537: 3530: 3444: 3443: 3436: 3216:production system 3196: 3195: 3188: 3115: 3114: 3107: 3013:scenario analysis 2975:application layer 2897:flight simulators 2817:net present value 2719:transmission line 2711:propagation delay 2687:unemployment rate 2656: 2655: 2648: 2527:product lifecycle 2499: 2498: 2491: 2431:Digital lifecycle 2421: 2420: 2413: 2334: 2333: 2326: 2173: 2172: 2165: 2080: 2079: 2072: 1973:Driving simulator 1969: 1968: 1961: 1811:driving simulator 1805:. There are also 1685:World of Warcraft 1546:standard patients 1381:—is the use of a 1336:computer graphics 1279:haptic technology 942:universal machine 745:Hybrid simulation 694:driving simulator 690:sailing simulator 681:human-in-the-loop 578: 577: 544:Philosophy portal 452:Systematic review 437:Literature review 395:Historical method 378:Social experiment 313:Scientific method 298:Narrative inquiry 149:Interdisciplinary 143:Research strategy 16:(Redirected from 6999: 6953: 6886: 6880: 6877: 6871: 6868: 6862: 6859: 6853: 6850: 6844: 6843: 6807: 6801: 6800: 6782: 6776: 6775: 6757: 6751: 6747:14 July 2012 at 6738: 6732: 6729: 6723: 6719:14 July 2012 at 6710: 6704: 6700:14 July 2012 at 6691: 6685: 6684: 6650: 6644: 6643: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6571: 6565: 6564: 6554: 6529: 6523: 6506: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6452: 6446: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6437: 6426: 6420: 6419: 6398:10.2514/4.867033 6381: 6375: 6374: 6338: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6321: 6314: 6305: 6299: 6298: 6270: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6245: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6212: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6186: 6180: 6177: 6171: 6168: 6162: 6158: 6152: 6149: 6143: 6142: 6137:. 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1791:Simulation games 1786:Simulation games 1535:Gaming platforms 1297:motion simulator 1158:the simulation. 1007:In the field of 989:varied at will. 930:computer science 924:Computer science 763: 762: 686:flight simulator 570: 563: 556: 516:Science software 415:Cultural mapping 383:Quasi-experiment 373:Field experiment 341:Content analysis 236:Critical realism 154:Multimethodology 89: 66: 65: 61: 54: 47: 36: 21: 7007: 7006: 7002: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6997: 6996: 6977: 6976: 6961: 6956: 6916:, or deceptive 6887: 6883: 6878: 6874: 6869: 6865: 6860: 6856: 6851: 6847: 6808: 6804: 6797: 6783: 6779: 6772: 6758: 6754: 6739: 6735: 6730: 6726: 6711: 6707: 6692: 6688: 6673: 6651: 6647: 6616: 6612: 6572: 6568: 6530: 6526: 6520:Wayback Machine 6507: 6503: 6493: 6491: 6453: 6449: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6427: 6423: 6408: 6382: 6378: 6339: 6335: 6325: 6323: 6319: 6312: 6306: 6302: 6271: 6267: 6257: 6255: 6246: 6242: 6213: 6209: 6199: 6197: 6188: 6187: 6183: 6178: 6174: 6169: 6165: 6159: 6155: 6150: 6146: 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3534: 3523: 3517: 3514: 3499: 3483: 3472: 3467: 3465:Train simulator 3461: 3440: 3429: 3423: 3420: 3405: 3389: 3378: 3338:To demonstrate 3299: 3250: 3238: 3232: 3209: 3201:physics engines 3192: 3181: 3175: 3172: 3157: 3141: 3130: 3124: 3111: 3100: 3094: 3091: 3076: 3060: 3049: 3043: 3038: 3032: 2996: 2962: 2940: 2934: 2885: 2879: 2843: 2837: 2809: 2801:Main articles: 2799: 2767: 2752:, for example, 2703: 2671:monetary policy 2652: 2641: 2635: 2632: 2617: 2601: 2590: 2549: 2543: 2495: 2484: 2478: 2475: 2460: 2444: 2433: 2417: 2406: 2400: 2397: 2382: 2366: 2355: 2330: 2319: 2313: 2310: 2295: 2279: 2268: 2223: 2209: 2169: 2158: 2152: 2149: 2134: 2118: 2107: 2101: 2076: 2065: 2059: 2056: 2041: 2025: 2014: 2007: 2004: 1995: 1992: 1975: 1965: 1954: 1948: 1945: 1930: 1914: 1903: 1898: 1847: 1819: 1788: 1783: 1712: 1655: 1590: 1574: 1569: 1554: 1507: 1498: 1466: 1461: 1442:musculoskeletal 1426: 1391: 1375: 1367:Main articles: 1365: 1312: 1306: 1224: 1212: 1138:exhibition, in 1128: 1112:simulated world 1104: 1069:Barnard College 1027: 1021: 926: 849: 843: 760: 759: 630: 603:or optimizing, 590:experimentation 574: 538: 537: 484: 476: 475: 422:Phenomenography 361:Autoethnography 326: 318: 317: 278:Grounded theory 273:Critical theory 268:Art methodology 263:Action research 258: 248: 247: 186: 176: 175: 144: 136: 135: 99: 97:Research design 62: 55: 48: 37: 30: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7005: 6995: 6994: 6989: 6975: 6974: 6960: 6959:External links 6957: 6955: 6954: 6944:Samuel Johnson 6881: 6872: 6863: 6854: 6845: 6818:(3): 185–196. 6802: 6795: 6777: 6770: 6752: 6733: 6724: 6705: 6686: 6671: 6645: 6610: 6566: 6524: 6501: 6467:(2): 429–448. 6447: 6421: 6406: 6392:. p. 13. 6376: 6333: 6300: 6265: 6240: 6227:(1): 126–147. 6207: 6181: 6172: 6163: 6153: 6144: 6141:on 8 May 2013. 6122: 6113: 6101: 6090: 6076: 6047: 6028: 6002: 5976: 5950: 5921: 5892: 5866: 5859: 5841: 5822:(1/2): 191–9. 5806: 5780: 5766: 5748: 5722: 5696: 5670: 5652: 5641:on 20 May 2005 5622: 5604: 5593:on 25 May 2009 5578: 5560: 5509: 5464: 5433: 5400: 5357: 5332:(in Spanish). 5316: 5279:Postgrad Med J 5262: 5236: 5193: 5186: 5166: 5110: 5074: 5031: 4990: 4947: 4901: 4861: 4812: 4757: 4730:(9): 588–594. 4714: 4689: 4646: 4605: 4576:(7): 1417–50. 4556: 4513: 4477: 4464: 4430:(4): 473–481. 4407: 4400: 4375: 4345: 4326: 4307: 4288: 4269: 4258:(3): 866–880. 4242: 4217: 4189: 4172: 4142: 4112: 4102: 4093: 4084: 4075: 4066: 4056: 4046: 4037: 4025: 3999: 3992: 3966: 3946: 3939: 3909: 3902: 3879: 3850: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3818: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3660: 3658:Grey box model 3655: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3627: 3613: 3604: 3601: 3570:Strategy games 3563:Main article: 3560: 3557: 3536: 3535: 3518:September 2021 3486: 3484: 3477: 3471: 3468: 3463:Main article: 3460: 3457: 3442: 3441: 3424:September 2021 3392: 3390: 3383: 3377: 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automated 2248:emailSanta.com 2221:emailSanta.com 2208: 2205: 2171: 2170: 2153:September 2021 2121: 2119: 2112: 2100: 2099:City and urban 2097: 2078: 2077: 2060:September 2021 2028: 2026: 2019: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2008: 2005: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1986: 1971:Main article: 1967: 1966: 1949:September 2021 1917: 1915: 1908: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1846: 1843: 1818: 1815: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1714:The advent of 1711: 1708: 1663:industry crash 1654: 1651: 1647:home computers 1589: 1586: 1580:Tennis for Two 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1553: 1550: 1522:field hospital 1506: 1503: 1497: 1494: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1459:Type of models 1457: 1425: 1422: 1390: 1387: 1364: 1361: 1308:Main article: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1300: 1290: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1275:Haptic display 1272: 1271: 1270: 1267: 1254: 1253: 1252: 1242: 1231:Visual display 1223: 1220: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1195: 1194: 1193: 1186: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1166: 1155:motion capture 1140:Belo Horizonte 1127: 1124: 1122:for the user. 1103: 1100: 1081:reacting games 1044:Seymour Papert 1023:Main article: 1020: 1017: 936:used the term 925: 922: 877:social science 845:Main article: 842: 839: 825: 824: 821: 818: 657:systems theory 629: 626: 615:Key issues in 576: 575: 573: 572: 565: 558: 550: 547: 546: 540: 539: 536: 535: 534: 533: 528: 523: 513: 512: 511: 506: 496: 491: 485: 482: 481: 478: 477: 474: 473: 468: 467: 466: 456: 455: 454: 449: 447:Scoping review 444: 439: 434: 424: 419: 418: 417: 407: 402: 397: 392: 390:Field research 387: 386: 385: 380: 375: 365: 364: 363: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 327: 324: 323: 320: 319: 316: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 288:Historiography 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 259: 254: 253: 250: 249: 246: 245: 244: 243: 241:Subtle realism 238: 228: 223: 221:Postpositivism 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 196:Constructivism 193: 191:Antipositivism 187: 182: 181: 178: 177: 174: 173: 168: 167: 166: 156: 151: 145: 142: 141: 138: 137: 134: 133: 132: 131: 126: 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5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5197: 5189: 5183: 5179: 5178: 5170: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5117: 5115: 5107: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5084:Nursing Forum 5078: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5047:(3): 443–48. 5046: 5042: 5035: 5027: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5010:(3): 847–52. 5009: 5005: 5001: 4994: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4963:(4): 586–93. 4962: 4958: 4951: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4908: 4906: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4882:(2): 225–36. 4881: 4877: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4816: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4764: 4762: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4703: 4699: 4693: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4650: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4625:(4): 186–95. 4624: 4620: 4616: 4609: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4560: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4529:(10): 38–43. 4528: 4524: 4517: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4481: 4474: 4468: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4418: 4411: 4403: 4397: 4393: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4367: 4363: 4356: 4349: 4342: 4338: 4335: 4330: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4311: 4304: 4300: 4297: 4292: 4284: 4280: 4273: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4246: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4203: 4199: 4193: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4146: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4106: 4097: 4088: 4079: 4070: 4060: 4050: 4041: 4032: 4030: 4022: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4003: 3995: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3979: 3970: 3963: 3959: 3956: 3950: 3942: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3913: 3905: 3899: 3895: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3868: 3864: 3857: 3855: 3839: 3835: 3829: 3825: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3797: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3755: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3665: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3650: 3643: 3641: 3632: 3626: 3618: 3617:Francis Bacon 3612: 3608: 3600: 3599:(see above). 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3579: 3575: 3574:History of Go 3571: 3566: 3556: 3554: 3547: 3543: 3532: 3529: 3521: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3492: 3487:This section 3485: 3481: 3476: 3475: 3466: 3456: 3454: 3449: 3438: 3435: 3427: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3398: 3393:This section 3391: 3387: 3382: 3381: 3373: 3371: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3337: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3332:external tank 3329: 3325: 3320: 3319:Space Shuttle 3316: 3308: 3307:Space Shuttle 3303: 3294: 3290: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3275: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3245: 3243: 3237: 3230:Sales process 3227: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3204: 3202: 3190: 3187: 3179: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3150: 3145:This section 3143: 3139: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3119: 3109: 3106: 3098: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3064:This section 3062: 3058: 3053: 3052: 3048: 3037: 3030:Power systems 3027: 3024: 3020: 3019:implemented. 3016: 3014: 3010: 3004: 3000: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2971:network layer 2968: 2957: 2954: 2944: 2939: 2929: 2922: 2919: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2889: 2884: 2874: 2872: 2867: 2863: 2860: 2855: 2847: 2842: 2832: 2830: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2808: 2804: 2794: 2790: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2771: 2762: 2760: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2731:Contrast with 2728: 2724: 2721:. Similarly, 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2667:fiscal policy 2664: 2660: 2650: 2647: 2639: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2615: 2614: 2610: 2605:This section 2603: 2599: 2594: 2593: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2567: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2548: 2538: 2536: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2503: 2493: 2490: 2482: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2448:This section 2446: 2442: 2437: 2436: 2428: 2426: 2415: 2412: 2404: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2370:This section 2368: 2364: 2359: 2358: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2340: 2328: 2325: 2317: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2293: 2292: 2288: 2283:This section 2281: 2277: 2272: 2271: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2167: 2164: 2156: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2132: 2131: 2127: 2122:This section 2120: 2116: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2085: 2074: 2071: 2063: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2034: 2029:This section 2027: 2023: 2018: 2017: 2002: 1997: 1990: 1985: 1984: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1963: 1960: 1952: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1923: 1918:This section 1916: 1912: 1907: 1906: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1861: 1859: 1854: 1851: 1842: 1840: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1803: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1778: 1776: 1775: 1770: 1769: 1764: 1763: 1757: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1733: 1732: 1727: 1726: 1721: 1717: 1707: 1705: 1704: 1698: 1696: 1695: 1694:Jurassic Park 1689: 1687: 1686: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1674: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1639: 1634: 1630: 1629: 1623: 1621: 1620: 1614: 1612: 1611: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1564: 1562: 1561:serious games 1558: 1549: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1536: 1530: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1502: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1464:Active models 1456: 1452: 1450: 1447:In 2002, the 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1429: 1421: 1417: 1414: 1409: 1408:self-efficacy 1403: 1401: 1395: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1374: 1370: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1328: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1298: 1294: 1291: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1257:Aural display 1255: 1250: 1249:field of view 1246: 1243: 1240: 1235: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1227: 1219: 1217: 1202: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1191: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1170: 1167: 1163: 1162:Capture suits 1160: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1151:Body tracking 1149: 1148: 1147: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1116:virtual world 1113: 1109: 1099: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1039: 1031: 1026: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 990: 987: 983: 979: 975: 974: 969: 964: 962: 958: 954: 953: 948: 943: 939: 935: 931: 921: 918: 916: 912: 907: 905: 901: 897: 892: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 857: 855: 848: 838: 836: 832: 830: 822: 819: 816: 815: 814: 811: 807: 805: 801: 797: 795: 791: 789: 785: 781: 779: 775: 771: 769: 764: 755: 753: 748: 746: 742: 740: 739: 734: 732: 728: 727: 722: 719: 718: 713: 711: 707: 703: 702: 697: 695: 691: 687: 683: 682: 677: 673: 670: 669: 664: 662: 658: 650: 645: 639: 634: 625: 623: 618: 613: 610: 606: 602: 597: 595: 591: 587: 583: 571: 566: 564: 559: 557: 552: 551: 549: 548: 545: 542: 541: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 518: 517: 514: 510: 507: 505: 504:Bibliometrics 502: 501: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 486: 480: 479: 472: 469: 465: 462: 461: 460: 457: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 442:Meta-analysis 440: 438: 435: 433: 432:Bibliometrics 430: 429: 428: 425: 423: 420: 416: 413: 412: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 370: 369: 366: 362: 359: 358: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 328: 322: 321: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 303:Phenomenology 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 260: 257: 252: 251: 242: 239: 237: 234: 233: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 188: 185: 180: 179: 172: 169: 165: 162: 161: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 146: 140: 139: 130: 127: 125: 122: 121: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 101: 98: 93: 92: 88: 84: 83: 80: 77: 76: 72: 68: 67: 64: 59: 52: 45: 41: 34: 19: 6969: 6947: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6912:, deceptive 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6884: 6875: 6866: 6857: 6848: 6815: 6811: 6805: 6786: 6780: 6761: 6755: 6736: 6727: 6708: 6689: 6654: 6648: 6623: 6619: 6613: 6580: 6576: 6569: 6542: 6538: 6527: 6504: 6492:. Retrieved 6464: 6460: 6450: 6439:, retrieved 6431: 6424: 6385: 6379: 6346: 6342: 6336: 6324:. Retrieved 6303: 6278: 6274: 6268: 6256:. Retrieved 6243: 6224: 6220: 6210: 6198:. Retrieved 6184: 6175: 6166: 6156: 6147: 6139:the original 6134: 6125: 6116: 6093: 6079: 6067:. Retrieved 6063:the original 6031: 6019:. Retrieved 6005: 5993:. Retrieved 5989:the original 5979: 5967:. Retrieved 5963:the original 5953: 5945: 5938:. Retrieved 5934: 5924: 5916: 5909:. Retrieved 5905: 5895: 5883:. Retrieved 5879: 5869: 5850: 5844: 5819: 5815: 5809: 5797:. Retrieved 5793:the original 5783: 5751: 5739:. Retrieved 5725: 5713:. Retrieved 5699: 5687:. Retrieved 5683:the original 5673: 5665:the original 5655: 5643:. Retrieved 5639:the original 5634: 5625: 5607: 5595:. Retrieved 5591:the original 5581: 5563: 5555:the original 5529:(2): 163–8. 5526: 5522: 5512: 5504:the original 5481: 5477: 5467: 5455:. Retrieved 5446: 5436: 5424:. Retrieved 5413: 5403: 5377:. Retrieved 5370: 5360: 5333: 5329: 5319: 5282: 5278: 5253:. Retrieved 5249: 5239: 5209:(1): 50–63. 5206: 5202: 5196: 5176: 5169: 5161:the original 5130: 5126: 5090:(1): 21–29, 5087: 5083: 5077: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5007: 5003: 4993: 4960: 4956: 4950: 4920:(3): 240–6. 4917: 4913: 4879: 4875: 4829: 4825: 4815: 4774: 4770: 4727: 4723: 4717: 4705:. Retrieved 4701: 4692: 4659: 4656:Neurosurgery 4655: 4649: 4622: 4618: 4608: 4573: 4569: 4559: 4526: 4522: 4516: 4494:(1): 55–66. 4491: 4487: 4480: 4467: 4427: 4423: 4410: 4391: 4361: 4348: 4329: 4310: 4291: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4255: 4251: 4245: 4233:. Retrieved 4229: 4220: 4213:Folding@Home 4198:biochemistry 4192: 4175: 4163:. Retrieved 4159:the original 4154: 4145: 4133:. Retrieved 4129:the original 4124: 4115: 4105: 4096: 4087: 4078: 4069: 4059: 4049: 4040: 4002: 3977: 3969: 3949: 3922: 3912: 3893: 3872:20 September 3870:. Retrieved 3866: 3843:20 September 3841:. Retrieved 3837: 3828: 3662: 3637: 3631:Robert South 3624: 3610: 3606: 3593:construction 3582: 3568: 3549: 3524: 3515: 3500:Please help 3488: 3445: 3430: 3421: 3406:Please help 3394: 3367: 3363:firing rooms 3354: 3312: 3291: 3282:biomechanics 3279: 3271: 3251: 3239: 3211: 3210: 3197: 3182: 3173: 3158:Please help 3146: 3116: 3101: 3092: 3077:Please help 3065: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2986:Smart cities 2963: 2949: 2926: 2900: 2894: 2868: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2825: 2810: 2791: 2779: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2739: 2730: 2704: 2677:, taxation, 2658: 2657: 2642: 2633: 2618:Please help 2606: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2562: 2550: 2531: 2508: 2485: 2476: 2461:Please help 2449: 2422: 2407: 2398: 2383:Please help 2371: 2347: 2343: 2335: 2320: 2311: 2296:Please help 2284: 2224: 2174: 2159: 2150: 2135:Please help 2123: 2093: 2089: 2083: 2081: 2066: 2057: 2042:Please help 2030: 2012:Biomechanics 1980: 1976: 1955: 1946: 1931:Please help 1919: 1855: 1849: 1848: 1835: 1823:Link Trainer 1820: 1800: 1794: 1789: 1772: 1766: 1762:Finding Nemo 1760: 1754: 1750:film studios 1736: 1730: 1724: 1713: 1701: 1699: 1692: 1690: 1683: 1677: 1671: 1656: 1636: 1626: 1624: 1617: 1615: 1608: 1602: 1596: 1591: 1578: 1575: 1556: 1555: 1543: 1539: 1531: 1527: 1499: 1486:auscultation 1467: 1453: 1446: 1430: 1427: 1418: 1404: 1396: 1392: 1378: 1376: 1333: 1329: 1324:laparoscopic 1314: 1313: 1292: 1274: 1256: 1230: 1225: 1213: 1197: 1176: 1169:Eye trackers 1150: 1145: 1135: 1111: 1107: 1105: 1096: 1085: 1072: 1063: 1062: 1052: 1040: 1036: 1009:optimization 1006: 991: 986:microprogram 971: 965: 950: 937: 927: 919: 913:simulation, 908: 893: 858: 850: 834: 833: 828: 826: 809: 808: 804:serious game 799: 798: 793: 792: 783: 782: 773: 772: 758: 756: 751: 749: 744: 743: 736: 735: 724: 723: 715: 714: 699: 698: 679: 675: 674: 666: 665: 654: 614: 598: 581: 579: 463: 283:Hermeneutics 171:Quantitative 63: 6583:: 100–114. 6349:: 747–756. 6281:: 607–612. 5885:14 November 5689:28 February 5426:27 February 5379:27 February 5255:27 December 5004:J Vasc Surg 4235:18 December 4230:web.mit.edu 4165:24 December 4135:24 December 3838:www.oed.com 3640:dissembling 3578:Kriegsspiel 3340:firing room 3252:In sports, 2723:dummy loads 2715:phase shift 2669:changes or 2227:Santa Claus 1901:Automobiles 1631:(1980) and 1604:Futureworld 1516:learner is 994:fault trees 934:Alan Turing 911:Monte Carlo 854:predictions 731:Monte Carlo 661:cybernetics 638:outer space 356:Ethnography 256:Methodology 211:Fallibilism 159:Qualitative 129:Referencing 40:Stimulation 6987:Simulation 6981:Categories 6930:simulation 6906:simulation 6545:: 101052. 6416:Q112813340 6371:Q112813532 6295:Q112813480 6200:6 December 5995:9 December 5969:9 December 5484:(1): 1–8. 5457:8 February 4570:Pharm. Res 4473:Paik, J.K. 4364:(5): 5–7. 4110:September. 4064:Photonics. 3821:References 3589:government 3259:algorithms 3207:Production 2920:simulators 2815:-adjusted 2765:Ergonomics 2339:competency 1827:Star Tours 1628:Battlezone 1518:percussing 1478:cardiology 1434:diagnostic 1320:blood draw 1092:World Bank 996:, or test 952:simulation 938:simulation 915:stochastic 582:simulation 531:Statistics 526:Simulation 464:Simulation 405:Interviews 368:Experiment 336:Case study 308:Pragmatism 226:Pragmatism 216:Positivism 206:Empiricism 6640:1389-1286 6626:: 12–27. 6597:1569-190X 6561:1877-7503 6489:110790495 6481:1654-1642 6363:0001-9240 6287:0001-9240 6021:26 August 5880:The Verge 5836:110079763 5777:simulatr. 5389:cite news 4848:0193-9459 4791:0193-9459 4551:137324362 3664:In silico 3489:does not 3395:does not 3147:does not 3066:does not 2953:Nationlab 2727:impedance 2607:does not 2588:Economics 2554:terrorism 2450:does not 2372:does not 2285:does not 2256:Microsoft 2231:legendary 2207:Christmas 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