807:, with their 500C, 500 cm, 500 EL-M (a motorized Hasselblad) and other models (producing a 6 cm square negative). Hasselblads use an auxiliary shutter blind situated behind the lens mount and the mirror system to prevent the fogging of film. Other medium-format SLRs also using leaf shutters include the now discontinued Zenza-Bronica camera system lines such as the Bronica ETRs, the ETRs'i (both producing a 6 × 4.5 cm. image), the SQ and the SQ-AI (producing a 6 × 6 cm image like the Hasselblad), and the Zenza-Bronica G system (6 × 7 cm). Certain Mamiya medium-format SLRs, discontinued camera systems such as the Kowa 6 and a few other camera models also used between-the-lens leaf shutters in their lens systems. Thus, any time a photographer purchased one of these lenses, that lens included a leaf shutter in its lens mount. Because leaf shutters synchronized electronic flash at all shutter speeds especially at fast shutter speeds of
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consisted of two curtains that travelled horizontally across the film gate: an opening shutter curtain followed by a closing shutter curtain. During fast shutter speeds, the focal-plane shutter would form a 'slit' whereby the second shutter curtain was closely following the first opening shutter curtain to produce a narrow, vertical opening, with the shutter slit moving horizontally. The slit would get narrower as shutter speeds were increased. Initially these shutters were made from a cloth material (which was in later years often rubberised), but some manufacturers used other materials instead. Nippon Kōgaku (now
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extremely long focal lengths, allowing a photographer to be a considerable distance away from the subject and yet still expose a sharp, focused image. This is particularly useful if the subject includes dangerous animals (e.g., wildlife); the subject prefers anonymity to being photographed; or else, the photographer's presence is unwanted (e.g., celebrity photography or surveillance photography). Practically all SLR and DSLR camera bodies can also be attached to telescopes and microscopes via an adapter tube to further enhance their imaging capabilities.
1058:
Nikon D3 is rated for 300,000 with its exotic carbon fiber/kevlar shutter. Because many SLRs have interchangeable lenses, there is a tendency for dust, sand and dirt to get into the main body of the camera through the mirror box when the lens is removed, thus dirtying or even jamming the mirror movement mechanism or the shutter curtain mechanism itself. In addition, these particles can also jam or otherwise hinder the focusing feature of a lens if they enter into the focusing helicoid. The problem of sensor cleaning has been somewhat reduced in
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556:. This model was too late and too expensive to be competitive with other camera manufacturers. The Contax N-digital was the last Contax to use that maker's lens system, and the camera, while having impressive features such as a full-frame sensor, was expensive and lacked sufficient write-speed to the memory card for it to be seriously considered by some professional photographers.
799:, whereby the shutter is constructed of diaphragm-like blades and can be situated either between the lens or behind the lens. If the shutter is part of a lens assembly some other mechanism is required to ensure that no light reaches the film between exposures. An example of a behind-the-lens leaf shutter is found in the 35 mm SLRs produced by
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horizontally travelling shutters. They differ, though, in usually being formed of several slats or blades, rather than single curtains as with horizontal designs, as there is rarely enough room above and below the frame for a one-piece shutter. Vertical shutters became very common in the 1980s (though
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The digital single-lens reflex camera has largely replaced the film SLR for its convenience, sales, and popularity at the start of the 21st century. These cameras were the marketing favorite among advanced amateur and professional photographers through the first two decades of the 2000s. Around 2010,
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and sophisticated flash control referred to as "dedicated electronic flash". In a dedicated system, once the dedicated electronic flash is inserted into the camera's hot shoe and turned on, there is then communication between camera and flash. The camera's synchronization speed is set, along with the
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SLRs vary widely in their construction and typically have bodies made of plastic or magnesium. Most manufacturers do not cite durability specifications, but some report shutter life expectancies for professional models. For instance, the Canon EOS 1Ds MkII is rated for 200,000 shutter cycles and the
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The SLR mirror 'blacks-out' the viewfinder image during the exposure. In addition, the movement of the reflex mirror takes time, limiting the maximum shooting speed. The mirror system can also cause noise and vibration. Partially reflective (pellicle) fixed mirrors avoid these problems and have been
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The variety of lenses also allows for the camera to be used and adapted in many different situations. This provides the photographer with considerably more control (i.e., how the image is viewed and framed) than would be the case with a view camera. In addition, some SLR lenses are manufactured with
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Many of the advantages of SLR cameras derive from viewing and focusing the image through the attached lens. Most other types of cameras do not have this function; subjects are seen through a viewfinder that is near the lens, making the photographer's view different from that of the lens. SLR cameras
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Up until the 1990s, SLR was the most advanced photographic preview system available, but the recent development and refinement of digital imaging technology with an on-camera live LCD preview screen has overshadowed SLR's popularity. Nearly all inexpensive compact digital cameras now include an LCD
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time of exposure. Some cameras also employ automatic fill-flash, where the flash light and the available light are balanced. While these capabilities are not unique to the SLR, manufacturers included them early on in the top models, whereas the best rangefinder cameras adopted such features later.
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Some electronic flash units can send out several short bursts of light to aid the autofocus system or for wireless communication with off-camera flash units. A pre-flash is often used to determine the amount of light that is reflected from the subject, which sets the duration of the main flash at
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because of the capability to control perspective. With a triple-extension bellows 4" × 5" camera such as the Linhof SuperTechnika V, the photographer can correct certain distortions such as "keystoning", where the image 'lines' converge (i.e., photographing a building by pointing a typical camera
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SLR cameras also made leaf-shutter lenses for their focal-plane-shutter models. Rollei made at least two such lenses for their
Rolleiflex SL-66 medium format which was a focal-plane shutter SLR. Rollei later switched to a camera system of leaf-shutter design (e.g., the 6006 and 6008 reflexes) and
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Square, travelled vertically — the shorter travelling distance of 24 millimetres (as opposed to 36 mm horizontally) meant that minimum exposure and flash synchronisation times could be reduced. These shutters are usually manufactured from metal, and use the same moving-slit principle as
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located in front of the film plane, which prevents the light from reaching the film even if the lens is removed, except when the shutter is actually released during the exposure. There are various designs for focal plane shutters. Early focal-plane shutters designed from the 1930s onwards usually
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The price of SLRs in general also tends to be somewhat higher than that of other types of cameras, owing to their internal complexity. This is compounded by the expense of additional components, such as flashes or lenses. The initial investment in equipment can be prohibitive enough to keep some
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have all developed digital SLR cameras (DSLRs) using the same lens mounts as on their respective film SLR cameras. Konica
Minolta did the same, and after having bought Konica Minolta's camera division in 2006. Sony continues using the Minolta AF lens mount in their DSLRs, including cameras built
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for a 50 mm lens). This allows photographs to be taken in lower light conditions without flash, and allows a narrower depth of field, which is useful for blurring the background behind the subject, making the subject more prominent. "Fast" lenses are commonly used in theater photography,
1041:, but these designs introduce their own problems. These pellicle mirrors reduce the amount of light travelling to the film plane or sensor and also can distort the light passing through them, resulting in a less-sharp image. To avoid the noise and vibration, many professional cameras offer a
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are available in the 35 mm and medium formats to correct this distortion with film cameras, and it can also be corrected after the fact with photo software when using digital cameras. The photographer can also extend the bellows to its full length, tilt the front standard and perform
838:
Since the technology became widespread in the 1970s, SLRs have become the main photographic instrument used by dedicated amateur photographers and professionals. Some photographers of static subjects (such as architecture, landscape, and some commercial subjects), however, prefer
595:. Via a condensing lens and internal reflections in the roof pentaprism the image appears in the eyepiece. When an image is taken, the mirror moves upwards from its resting position in the direction of the arrow, the focal plane shutter opens, and the image is projected onto the
1098:. These systems offer multiple advantages to the photographer with regards to autofocus systems as well as the ability to update the lens technologies due to the reduced distance between the back of the lens and the sensor resulting from the removal of the mirror.
324:). Because the viewfinder and the film lens cannot share the same optical path, the viewing lens is aimed to intersect with the film lens at a fixed point somewhere in front of the camera. This is not problematic for pictures taken at a middle or longer distance, but
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1021:(EVF)—owing to the mirror box and pentaprism/pentamirror. The mirror box also prevents lenses with deeply recessed rear elements from being mounted close to the film or sensor unless the camera has a mirror lockup feature; this means that simple designs for
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feature, however, this feature totally disables the SLR's automatic focusing ability. Electronic viewfinders have the potential to give the 'viewing-experience' of a DSLR (through-the-lens viewing) without many of the disadvantages. More recently,
291:, the viewed image could be significantly different from the final image. When the shutter button is pressed on most SLRs, the mirror flips out of the light path, allowing light to pass through to the light receptor and the image to be captured.
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460:, which used a system of mirrors to provide a laterally correct, upright image in the eye-level viewfinder. The Duflex, which went into serial production in 1948, was also the world's first SLR with an instant-return (a.k.a. autoreturn) mirror.
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as, this film format offers a variety of emulsions and film sensitivity speeds, usable image quality and a good market cost. 35 mm film comes in a variety of exposure lengths: 20 exposure, 24 exposure and 36 exposure rolls.
456:, which was innovative, and influenced the later Japanese cameras. The first eye-level SLR viewfinder was patented in Hungary on August 23, 1943, by Jenő Dulovits, who then designed the first 35 mm camera with one, the
734:, and Copal first pioneered their use in the 1950s and 1960s, and are almost exclusively used for new cameras. Nikon used Copal-made vertical plane shutters in their Nikomat/Nikkormat -range, enabling x-sync speeds from
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situated in the optical path between the reflex mirror and viewfinder. Light, which comes both horizontally and vertically inverted after passing through the lens, is reflected upwards by the reflex mirror, into the
803:, with their Retina Reflex camera line; Topcon, with their Auto 100; and Kowa with their SE-R and SET-R reflexes. A primary example of a medium-format SLR with a between-the-lens leaf shutter system would be
591:'side-view') of the optical components of a typical SLR camera shows how the light passes through the lens assembly, is reflected by the mirror placed at a 45-degree angle, and is projected on the matte
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A right-angle finder is available that slips onto the eyepiece of most SLRs and D-SLRs and allows viewing through a waist-level viewfinder. There is also a finder that provides EVF remote capability.
973:, which is possible on most SLR cameras except for the least expensive models. Because of the SLR's versatility, most manufacturers have a vast range of lenses and accessories available for them.
764:. Later, Nikon again pioneered the use of titanium for vertical shutters, using a special honeycomb pattern on the blades to reduce their weight and achieve world-record speeds in 1982 of
904:
is an all-metal 16 mm subminiature single lens reflex camera made by
Russian optic firm Krasnogorsky Mekhanichesky Zavod (KMZ) Narciss (Soviet Union; Нарцисс) between 1961 and 1965.
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of a second or faster, cameras using leaf shutters were more desirable to studio photographers who used sophisticated studio electronic flash systems. Some manufacturers of medium-format
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screen located just above the mirror system to diffuse the light. This permits accurate viewing, composing and focusing, especially useful with interchangeable lenses.
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A.1000, shown in full working condition on Milan fair April 1948 and produced from
September the same year, thus being on the market one year before the east German
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Compared to most fixed-lens compact cameras, the most commonly used and inexpensive SLR lenses offer a wider aperture range and larger maximum aperture (typically
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Cross-section view of SLR system: 1: Front-mount lens (four-element Tessar design) 2: Reflex mirror at 45-degree angle 3: Focal plane shutter 4: Film or sensor 5:
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aperture. Many camera models measure the light that reflects off of the film plane, which controls the flash duration of the electronic flash. This is denoted
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preview screen allowing the photographer to see what the CCD is capturing. However, SLR is still popular in high-end and professional cameras because they are
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provide photographers with precision; they provide a viewing image that will be exposed onto the negative exactly as it is seen through the lens. There is no
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SLRs provide a higher-quality image with a negative that can be more easily retouched than the smaller 35 mm negative, when this capability is required.
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1153:), but it is not clear if a second example was ever produced; Calvin Rae Smith's design of a Patent Monocular Duplex camera was advertised and sold. Spira,
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Until the development of SLR, all cameras with viewfinders had two optical light paths: one through the lens to the film, and another positioned above (
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the mirrorless technology utilized in point and shoot cameras made the way to the interchangeable lens cameras and slowly replaced DSLR technology.
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The digital single-lens reflex camera have largely replaced film SLRs design in convenience, sales and popularity at the start of the 21st century.
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casual photographers away from SLRs, although the market for used SLRs has become larger particularly as photographers migrate to digital systems.
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photography, but this film format has largely lost favor among professional photographers. SLR film-based cameras have been produced for most
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This feature distinguishes SLRs from other cameras as the photographer sees the image composed exactly as it will be captured on the film or
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causes framing errors in close-up shots. Moreover, it is not easy to focus the lens of a fast reflex camera when it is opened to wider
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with x-sync. Nowadays most such shutters are manufactured from cheaper aluminium (though some high-end cameras use materials such as
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436:(“Sport”), also a 24 mm by 36 mm image size, was prototyped in 1934 and went to market in 1937. K. Nüchterlein's
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such as the Canon IX series and the Nikon Pronea cameras. SLRs were also introduced for film formats as small as Kodak's
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of an LCD preview screen cannot compete with the clarity and shadow detail of a direct-viewed optical SLR viewfinder.
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is released, the mirror moves out of the light path, and the light shines directly onto the film (or in the case of a
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As of 2022, all the major camera brands (Except Pentax) ceased development and production of DSLRs and moved on to
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6: Condenser lens 7: Optical glass pentaprism (or pentamirror) 8: Eyepiece (can have diopter correction ability)
368:, along with several special-purpose high-speed cameras (such as the Canon EOS-1N RS), whose mirror was a fixed
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2012:
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424:(U.S., 1884). SLRs for smaller exposure formats were launched in the 1920s by several camera makers. The first
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In most cases, single-lens reflex cameras cannot be made as small or as light as other camera designs—such as
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portrait photography, surveillance photography, and all other photography requiring a large maximum aperture.
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SLR available to the mass market, Leica's PLOOT reflex housing along with a 200 mm f4.5 lens paired to a
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Pentamatic. Some SLRs offered removable pentaprisms with optional viewfinder capabilities, such as the
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where it is reflected twice to correct the inversions caused by the lens, and align the image with the
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A perspective drawing showing how a roof pentaprism corrects a laterally reversed SLR image
853:'), producing a sharp image with depth-of-field without stopping down the lens diaphragm.
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their current medium-format SLRs are now all of the between-the-lens shutter design.
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imaging sensor). Exceptions to the moving mirror system include the Canon Pellix and
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Film-based SLRs are still used by a niche market of enthusiasts and format lovers.
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SLR cameras were probably first marketed with the introduction of C.R. Smith's
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Most SLR cameras permit upright and laterally correct viewing through use of a
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Antonetto, Marco: "Rectaflex – The Magic Reflex". Nassa Watch
Gallery, 2002.
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and patented August 1943 (Hungary). With this camera also appeared the first
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or penta-mirror to direct the light to the eyepiece, first used on the 1948
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with interchangeable parts, allowing customization. They also have far less
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Focus can be adjusted manually by the photographer or automatically by an
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SLRs for eye-level viewing that went into production in 1949. The
Italian
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foil shutters for several of their flagship SLR cameras, including the
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system (hence "reflex" from the mirror's reflection) that permits the
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models, all with waist-level finders, were produced up to and during
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to view through the lens and see exactly what will be captured. With
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combined the fixed pentaprism and the right-hand thumb wind lever.
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offered its first production SLR, the series 1000, the same year.
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The
History of Photography as Seen through the Spira Collection.
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while the only choice for focal plane shutters at that time was
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452:. Another ancestor of the modern SLR camera was the Swiss-made
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as well as for digital formats. These film-based SLRs use the
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error, and exact focus can be confirmed by eye—especially in
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The
Japanese adopted and further developed the SLR. In 1952,
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398:, allowing photographs to be timed more precisely. Also the
1324:(Rolleiflex SL 66 Medium Format Single Lens Reflex camera).
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The first commercially produced SLR that employed a roof
545:, on the other hand, chose to create a new digital-only
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have resurrected the pellicle mirror concept in their "
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as some cameras have a built-in sensor cleaning unit.
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in exactly the same manner as on the focusing screen.
475:, announced on May 20, 1949, produced from September.
332:(such as in low light or while using low-speed film).
432:
rangefinder camera body, debuted in 1935. The Soviet
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SLR standard, adopted later by
Panasonic and Leica.
16:
Camera that typically uses a mirror and prism system
137:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
969:may be seen by stopping down to the attached lens
1025:cannot be used. Instead, larger and more complex
931:Other features found on many SLR cameras include
637:. The first Japanese pentaprism SLR was the 1955
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1184:Digital SLR Cameras and Photography For Dummies
721:Other focal-plane shutter designs, such as the
1343:
1004:During an exposure, the viewfinder is blocked
844:upward to include the top of the building).
2895:Conservation and restoration of photographs
382:system. The viewfinder can include a matte
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2622:Comparison of digital and film photography
1350:
1336:
2847:Photographs considered the most important
1317:'Innovative Cameras' by Massimo Bertacchi
1033:used in a very few designs including the
653:F, F2, F3, F4 and F5; and the Pentax LX.
506:introduced their first SLRs in 1959 (the
440:(Germany, 1936) was the first integrated
215:Learn how and when to remove this message
197:Learn how and when to remove this message
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612:
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571:Focusing screen on Praktica Super TL1000
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304:
301:History of the single-lens reflex camera
234:
226:
90:of all important aspects of the article.
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552:Contax came out with a DSLR model, the
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877:A small number of SLRs were built for
86:Please consider expanding the lead to
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1180:
849:photomacrography (commonly known as '
682:
562:
1235:Nature Photographers Online Magazine
889:, which had interchangeable lenses.
537:. Samsung builds DSLRs based on the
444:SLR to enter the market. Additional
135:adding citations to reliable sources
106:
59:
18:
2842:Museums devoted to one photographer
693:Almost all contemporary SLRs use a
13:
2384:Timeline of photography technology
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907:
774:second for non-sync shooting, and
14:
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1303:
524:Digital single-lens reflex camera
514:, and Pentamatic, respectively).
34:This article has multiple issues.
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2935:
2934:
1070:
621:Most 35 mm SLRs use a roof
111:
64:
23:
2946:
1357:
1228:
1121:Lenses for SLR and DSLR cameras
933:through-the-lens (TTL) metering
535:a semi-transparent fixed mirror
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122:needs additional citations for
78:may be too short to adequately
42:or discuss these issues on the
1247:
1231:"Introduction to Large Format"
1222:
1201:
1181:Busch, David D. (2014-09-15).
1174:
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1143:
795:Another shutter system is the
88:provide an accessible overview
1:
2434:Painted photography backdrops
2366:Golden triangle (composition)
1646:35 mm equivalent focal length
1136:
961:and when photographing using
896:16 mm SLR Narciss camera
846:Perspective correction lenses
656:Another prism design was the
231:Ihagee Exa Single lens reflex
309:Cross section of SLR camera.
7:
2144:Intentional camera movement
1155:The History of Photography,
1104:
146:"Single-lens reflex camera"
10:
2994:
2978:Single-lens reflex cameras
2837:Most expensive photographs
2189:Multi-exposure HDR capture
1309:Photography in Malaysia's
1281:New York: Aperture, 2001.
1149:One was patented in 1861 (
1054:" (SLT) range of cameras.
857:Early SLRs were built for
686:
521:
298:
294:
247:, one of the two original
2930:
2887:
2829:
2729:
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2578:
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2326:
2071:
1838:
1638:
1365:
1211:. Bichkov.com. 2008-01-23
1187:. John Wiley & Sons.
1085:
1017:and digital cameras with
261:single-lens reflex camera
2771:Digital image processing
2879:Photography periodicals
2439:Photography and the law
1311:Contax History, Part II
1209:"Article at Photopedia"
1052:single-lens translucent
473:Zeiss Ikon VEB Contax S
241:Zeiss Ikon VEB Contax S
2791:Gelatin silver process
1815:Science of photography
1800:Photographic processes
1778:Perspective distortion
1029:designs are required.
1019:electronic viewfinders
1005:
928:
921:
897:
835:
618:
584:
572:
310:
271:that typically uses a
256:
232:
2244:Schlieren photography
1788:Photographic printing
1711:Exposure compensation
1126:Scheimpflug principle
1003:
948:Design considerations
927:
915:
895:
833:
702:), for example, used
689:Shutter (photography)
635:instant-return mirror
616:
578:
570:
308:
238:
230:
2033:Straight photography
1671:Chromatic aberration
826:Further developments
131:improve this article
2905:photographic plates
2580:Digital photography
1763:Hyperfocal distance
1676:Circle of confusion
1011:rangefinder cameras
695:focal-plane shutter
666:Olympus EVOLT E-3x0
660:system used in the
289:rangefinder cameras
2399:Autochrome Lumière
2394:Analog photography
2219:Pigeon photography
2013:Social documentary
1492:discontinued films
1263:. 12 October 2011.
1096:mirrorless systems
1006:
938:TTL flash metering
929:
922:
898:
836:
683:Shutter mechanisms
672:Digilux 3 and the
647:waist-level finder
619:
585:
573:
563:Optical components
547:Four Thirds System
320:) or to the side (
311:
257:
243:, manufactured in
233:
2960:
2959:
2751:Collodion process
2687:Chromogenic print
2674:Color photography
2184:Multiple exposure
2159:Lo-fi photography
1691:Color temperature
1194:978-1-118-97183-3
1080:
1023:wide angle lenses
963:long focus lenses
959:macro photography
867:35 mm format
851:macro photography
700:Nikon Corporation
587:A cross-section (
528:Canon, Nikon and
486:and in 1954, the
225:
224:
217:
207:
206:
199:
181:
105:
104:
57:
2985:
2949:
2948:
2938:
2937:
2811:Print permanence
2756:Cross processing
2714:CMYK color model
2699:Color management
2652:Foveon X3 sensor
2647:Three-CCD camera
2291:Miniature faking
2249:Sabattier effect
1866:Astrophotography
1721:Zebra patterning
1352:
1345:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1322:Rolleiflex SL 66
1265:
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1245:
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674:Panasonic DMC-L1
554:Contax N-Digital
467:was the Italian
422:Monocular Duplex
366:Sony SLT cameras
317:twin-lens reflex
285:twin lens reflex
220:
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26:
19:
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2973:Cameras by type
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2816:Push processing
2732:
2725:
2719:RGB color model
2668:
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2336:Diagonal method
2322:
2067:
1971:Photojournalism
1834:
1666:Black-and-white
1634:
1613:Slide projector
1608:Movie projector
1487:available films
1361:
1356:
1306:
1274:
1272:Further reading
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1167:A. O. Gelgar's
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1069:
1039:Canon EOS-1N RS
1015:compact cameras
1008:
987:
986:
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978:
950:
910:
908:Common features
887:Pentax Auto 110
856:
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629:constructed by
593:focusing screen
581:Focusing screen
565:
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490:. In 1957, the
337:roof pentaprism
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2588:Digital camera
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2124:Harris shutter
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2119:Hand-colouring
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1810:Red-eye effect
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1716:Exposure value
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1701:Depth of focus
1698:
1696:Depth of field
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1304:External links
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1043:mirror lock-up
967:depth of field
949:
946:
920:film-based SLR
916:Cut-away of a
909:
906:
902:Narciss camera
885:, such as the
827:
824:
687:Main article:
684:
681:
564:
561:
522:Main article:
519:
516:
482:developed the
404:contrast ratio
392:system cameras
299:Main article:
296:
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82:the key points
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2852:Photographers
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2741:Bleach bypass
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2709:primary color
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2694:Reversal film
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1298:88-87161-01-1
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1287:0-89381-953-0
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1277:Spira, S. F.
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187:December 2023
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148: –
147:
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142:Find sources:
136:
132:
126:
125:
120:This article
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96:December 2023
89:
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2917:Polaroid art
2806:K-14 process
2801:Instant film
2796:Gum printing
2746:C-41 process
2731:Photographic
2632:Image sensor
2627:Film scanner
2281:Sun printing
2214:Print toning
2006:space selfie
1976:Pictorialism
1906:Ethnographic
1886:Conservation
1758:Guide number
1753:Focal length
1417:
1278:
1258:
1249:
1238:. Retrieved
1234:
1224:
1213:. Retrieved
1203:
1183:
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1168:
1162:
1154:
1145:
1111:Asahi Pentax
1100:
1093:
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1035:Canon Pellix
1031:
1013:, autofocus
1007:
995:
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876:
863:film formats
859:large format
855:
841:view cameras
837:
797:leaf shutter
794:
786:carbon-fibre
720:
692:
678:
668:series, the
655:
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588:
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558:
551:
541:lens mount.
527:
518:Digital SLRs
492:Asahi Pentax
477:
462:
450:World War II
433:
421:
418:Large format
416:
410:, and color
408:refresh rate
402:resolution,
388:
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281:photographer
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129:Please help
124:verification
121:
93:
77:
75:lead section
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
2922:Stereoscopy
2781:E-6 process
2776:Dye coupler
2704:color space
2617:Digiscoping
2610:camera back
2525:Philippines
2454:Visual arts
2444:Glass plate
2429:Heliography
2328:Composition
2303:Ultraviolet
2259:Stereoscopy
2254:Slow motion
2239:Scanography
2154:Kite aerial
2099:Contre-jour
1991:Post-mortem
1981:Pornography
1961:Neues Sehen
1896:Documentary
1830:Zone System
1805:Reciprocity
1731:Film format
1661:Backscatter
1639:Terminology
1509:beauty dish
1413:rangefinder
1378:light-field
1359:Photography
658:porro prism
438:Kine Exakta
396:shutter lag
348:. When the
322:rangefinder
2967:Categories
2912:Lomography
2733:processing
2682:Print film
2598:comparison
2565:Uzbekistan
2515:Luxembourg
2475:Bangladesh
2424:Dufaycolor
2404:Box camera
2361:Simplicity
2318:Zoom burst
2313:Xerography
2308:Vignetting
2298:Time-lapse
2286:Tilt–shift
2179:Mordançage
2169:Luminogram
2134:Holography
2129:High-speed
2109:Fill flash
2094:Burst mode
2072:Techniques
2053:Vernacular
2048:Underwater
2043:Toy camera
2023:Still life
1951:Monochrome
1941:High-speed
1891:Cloudscape
1881:Conceptual
1783:Photograph
1768:Lens flare
1748:Film speed
1630:Zone plate
1576:wide-angle
1561:long-focus
1240:2007-08-28
1229:Tal, Guy.
1215:2013-10-15
1137:References
1131:Zeiss Ikon
1027:retrofocus
918:Minolta XE
805:Hasselblad
623:pentaprism
465:pentaprism
442:35 mm
430:35 mm
426:35 mm
346:viewfinder
342:pentaprism
249:pentaprism
157:newspapers
39:improve it
2857:Norwegian
2821:Stop bath
2766:Developer
2761:Cyanotype
2389:Ambrotype
2351:Lead room
2274:Slit-scan
2209:Photogram
2204:Panoramic
2114:Fireworks
1946:Landscape
1591:telephoto
1539:reflector
1534:monolight
1529:lens hood
1514:cucoloris
1455:safelight
1366:Equipment
639:Miranda T
512:Canonflex
484:Asahiflex
469:Rectaflex
380:autofocus
330:apertures
253:Rectaflex
80:summarize
45:talk page
2941:Category
2637:CMOS APS
2535:Slovenia
2463:Regional
2409:Calotype
2346:Headroom
2224:Redscale
2139:Infrared
2089:Brenizer
2063:Wildlife
1986:Portrait
1931:Forensic
1921:Fine-art
1856:Aircraft
1846:Abstract
1726:F-number
1706:Exposure
1681:Clipping
1656:Aperture
1524:hot shoe
1450:enlarger
1445:Darkroom
1260:Collider
1116:Fujifilm
1105:See also
1037:and the
971:aperture
955:parallax
819:120 film
704:titanium
384:focusing
373:pellicle
326:parallax
2952:Outline
2888:Related
2570:Vietnam
2555:Ukraine
2490:Denmark
2470:Albania
2449:Tintype
2376:History
2341:Framing
2234:Rollout
2199:Panning
2149:Kirlian
2058:Wedding
1936:Glamour
1916:Fashion
1901:Eclipse
1871:Banquet
1793:Albumen
1603:Monopod
1581:fisheye
1549:softbox
1403:pinhole
1393:instant
1383:digital
812:⁄
779:⁄
769:⁄
759:⁄
749:⁄
739:⁄
708:Nikon F
643:Yashica
543:Olympus
533:around
504:Yashica
350:shutter
315:TLR or
295:History
267:) is a
245:Dresden
171:scholar
2950:
2939:
2867:street
2862:Polish
2550:Turkey
2545:Taiwan
2530:Serbia
2520:Norway
2495:Greece
2480:Canada
2079:Afocal
2038:Street
2018:Sports
2001:Selfie
1956:Nature
1911:Erotic
1876:Candid
1851:Aerial
1839:Genres
1741:medium
1618:Tripod
1586:swivel
1499:Filter
1477:holder
1472:format
1373:Camera
1296:
1285:
1191:
1086:Future
965:. The
790:Kevlar
732:Mamiya
728:Konica
714:, and
627:Duflex
608:sensor
601:sensor
539:Pentax
530:Pentax
458:Duflex
446:Exakta
356:, the
273:mirror
269:camera
173:
166:
159:
152:
144:
2872:women
2830:Lists
2786:Fixer
2664:Pixel
2593:D-SLR
2540:Sudan
2510:Korea
2505:Japan
2500:India
2485:China
2269:Strip
2194:Night
2174:Macro
2084:Bokeh
2028:Stock
1996:Ruins
1736:large
1566:prime
1544:snoot
1504:Flash
1482:stock
1423:still
1408:press
1398:phone
1388:field
1169:Sport
1060:DSLRs
834:Parts
801:Kodak
723:Copal
670:Leica
651:Nikon
500:Canon
496:Nikon
480:Asahi
434:Спорт
412:gamut
400:pixel
277:prism
178:JSTOR
164:books
2900:film
2605:MILC
2104:ETTR
1966:Nude
1926:Fire
1825:Sync
1623:head
1571:zoom
1556:Lens
1519:gobo
1467:base
1462:Film
1438:view
1294:ISBN
1283:ISBN
1189:ISBN
1157:119.
1048:Sony
990:/1.8
982:/1.4
900:The
788:and
771:4000
597:film
502:and
454:Alpa
362:CMOS
354:DSLR
287:and
275:and
239:The
150:news
2642:CCD
1433:toy
1428:TLR
1418:SLR
985:to
883:110
879:APS
814:500
792:).
781:250
751:125
744:to
599:or
360:or
358:CCD
265:SLR
133:by
2969::
1257:.
1233:.
940:.
761:60
741:30
730:,
718:.
716:F3
712:F2
710:,
676:.
610:.
589:or
510:,
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406:,
375:.
259:A
48:.
1351:e
1344:t
1337:v
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1243:.
1218:.
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988:f
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508:F
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