620:
20:
140:
1102:
594:, Mstislav's victory allowed him to take tribute from the Kasogs and to have a church built; he also took Rededia's wife and two sons and had them baptised into Christianity, upon which he had his daughter married to Rededia's son according to the tradition of the times. Although Rededia had been killed, he was honoured by Mstislav, and his family joined the ranks of the
556:
or other armed groups either rode towards the centre of the battlefield or sent messengers to negotiate whether the two most skilled fighters or the leaders themselves would engage in single combat, usually to the death. The outcome of the champions' fight would then be taken as a sign of which side
334:
to single combat with the hope of forcing the Romans to flee. Heraclius accepted the challenge and spurred his horse forward and with a single blow struck off
Rhahzadh's head, taking from the dead Persian his shield of 120 gold plates and gold breastplate as trophies. With Rhahzadh's death perished
516:
to issue a challenge by announcing his name and bravery as well as ridiculing opponents to boost morale of his side as well as enrage the opponent to force the combat. As this is a high-risk-low-return strategy for the winning side, already defeated side, or ill-matched opponent (difference of
512:. As each samurai commanded his unit of retainers, successfully challenging and defeating the opposing samurai by a single combat can force the entire unit to retreat minimizing casualties and changing the course of battle. Those seeking a suitable opponent, frequently used
481:, although Ubaydah was mortally wounded. This result of the three single combats was considered to have substantially contributed to the Muslim victory in the overall battle which followed. Duels were also part of other battles at the time of
335:
the
Persians' hopes of victory: seeing their brave commander and many other high-ranking officers being slain by Heraclius and his household troops, the Persian troops lost heart and were slaughtered suffering around 6,000 casualties.
846:
Mode, M. (2006). Heroic fights and dying heroes. The Orlat battle plaque and the roots of
Sogdian art. Äran ud AnÄrÄn. Studies Presented to Boris IlâiÄ MarĆĄak on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday (Venezia 2006),
550:(an old Russian expression meaning "one-on-one"), substituting a fight between champions for a full-scale battle was a traditional way to avoid the bloodshed of an internecine war. The leaders of the opposing
611:
and the Tatar warrior
Hostovrul. Kolovrat splits his opponent in half with his sword and wins the duel. However, Kolovrat is then attacked and killed from a distance by Tatar stone throwers. The Mongol ruler
539:, particularly during the second invasion in 1281, samurai fought as massed mounted archer/warrior with the annihilation of enemy as the goal. This tradition declines and disappears during the
907:
619:
517:
personal standing or martial reputation) it was acceptable to decline or elude the single combat. An example of single-combat with the tragic result for the victor is told in
356:
are made sick by a curse and unable to fight the invading army of Queen Maeb, leaving CĂșchulainn to fight a whole series of single combats by himself until they recover. The
796:, the infamous "Red Baron", is recorded as writing "If I am alone with an opponent ... only a jammed gun or an engine problem can prevent me from shooting him down."
746:
is reputed in his earlier career as a mercenary in
Eastern Europe to have defeated, killed and beheaded Turkish commanders in three single combats, for which he was
543:
as each side prepared trained armies in thousands or even tens of thousands making the single combat have a limited, if any, effect on the outcome of the battle.
634:
Sometimes however, such single combat would merely initiate a battle rather than prevent it. The most famous example of this was the duel between
Russian monk
70:
between the opposing armies, with other warriors watching and themselves refraining from fighting until one of the two single combatants has won. Often, it is
882:
63:. The champions were often combatants who represented larger, spectator groups. Such representative contests and stories thereof are known worldwide.
477:, was opened by three champions of the Islamic side (Ali, Ubaydah, and Hamzah) stepping forward, engaging and defeating three of the then-Pagan
728:
were sometimes contested between opposing army leaders to determine the outcome of a conflict, in lieu of full-on fighting by their armies.
323:
278:
1085:
943:
603:
665:, India, duelling between warriors was used to settle conflicts between local rulers. The prime martial caste of Kerala,
717:. The ritual ended after the Zamorin was overthrown. The Kerala practice was discontinued in the 19th century under the
99:
notably describes the battles of the Trojan war as a series of single encounters on the field, and the medieval code of
911:
1062:
1022:
995:
107:
on the battlefield, in which the loser was not usually killed but taken captive for ransom. However, the use of the
1127:
770:
1106:
392:
311:
997:
Heads of a conversation betwixt the famous poet Ben
Johnson and William Drummond of Hawthornden, January 1619
365:
298:
497:. In the early Muslim conquest the Muslim commander would often duel with the enemy commander, For example,
784:
In more recent times, single combats have become iconic â though often apocryphal â elements of
557:
the higher powers favoured, and could have political consequences similar to the result of a full battle.
123:) ended this tradition in the 14th century, although it was continued away from the battlefield, with the
781:, he had defeated an opponent in single combat "in view of both armies" and stripped him of his weapons.
419:
164:
143:
The
Kulagysh plate depicting a heroic scene of a single combat that leads to the death of both fighters.
361:
788:, with the idea, if not the practice, of single combat in the skies particularly prevalent during the
574:
champion and the
Pechenegs' best fighter. The most well-known fight, however, was that between Prince
714:
536:
443:
340:
258:
35:
960:
961:"What Happened at Nong Sarai? Comparing Indigenous and European Sources for Late 16th Century Siam"
315:
981:
743:
319:
19:
793:
532:
474:
242:
575:
561:
139:
590:
in 1022, in which
Mstislav defeated Rededia and killed him with a dagger. According to the
490:
438:
431:
274:
755:
8:
1071:
810:
498:
56:
815:
650:
in 1380. The champions killed each other in the first run, though according to Russian
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635:
448:
377:
160:
48:
between two single combatants which takes place in the context of a battle between two
116:
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713:, was a ritual which glorified the martial traditions of warrior families in the
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608:
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108:
78:
883:"Single Combat? The Duel between Heraclius and Razhadh at the Battle of Nineveh"
571:
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470:
415:
408:
246:
126:
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774:
725:
452:
380:
magician Gwydion, to determine the victor of a war between the two kingdoms.
353:
1048:
778:
759:
751:
639:
535:. It could be banned by the overall commander as needed and notably during
387:
consist of a series of single combats, as are battles in the early Russian
225:
216:
201:
103:, partly inspired by this, encouraged the single combat between individual
821:
789:
718:
583:
402:
266:
144:
112:
60:
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to have settled a war in Rome's favor and subjected Alba Longa to Rome;
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with the air forces' emphasis on a sort of individualism and chivalry.
766:
579:
234:
31:
607:
includes an extensive account of the combat between the Russian hero
710:
690:
678:
613:
388:
331:
282:
204:
also includes a few accounts of single combat, the most famous being
1112:
77:
Single combat could also take place within a larger battle. Neither
785:
702:
674:
643:
552:
482:
327:
296:. Single combats are often preludes to battles in the Chinese epic
293:
270:
250:
193:
185:
100:
74:, with the two considered the champions of their respective sides.
23:
288:
Depictions of single combat also appear in the Hindu epics of the
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466:
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373:
230:
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677:(which literally means "those who are prepared to die" in the
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Champions and Tradition: Single Combat in the Late Roman World
215:
Single combat is mentioned quite frequently in the history of
478:
434:, but actually reflects the society of the late Middle Ages.
205:
180:
95:
1014:
The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia
805:
737:
666:
238:
49:
45:
935:
The Battle of Kulikovo Refought: "The First National Feat"
681:
language). Some prominent warriors who took part in such
167:, concerns the protagonist â an Egyptian exile in Upper
560:
The oldest written account of such a fight is found in
178:
Duels between individual warriors are depicted in the
422:
hero, is depicted as defeating in single combat the
175:) â defeating a powerful opponent in single combat.
850:
458:
Single combat was also a prelude to battles in pre-
406:) and the battles depicted in various tales of the
302:and are featured prominently throughout the epic.
1119:
616:, impressed with his bravery, honours his body.
237:Curiatii in the 7th century BC is reported by
115:against mounted knights (as at the battles of
1011:Tucker, S.; Wood, L.M.; Murphy, J.D. (1999).
124:
987:
504:Single combats were characteristic of the
55:Instances of single combat are known from
880:
501:and hormozd in the battle of the chains.
993:
862:
618:
138:
18:
1070:
958:
931:
908:"Sunan Abu Dawud: Book 14, Number 2659"
868:
646:or Temir-Murza at the beginning of the
223:defeated Acro, king of Caenina for the
163:", one of the most well-known works of
1120:
1004:
952:
932:Parppei, Kati M. J. (5 January 2017).
925:
546:In Russia, single combat is known as
383:Many battles depicted in the medieval
368:, depicts a single combat between the
310:According to the Byzantine historians
1047:
856:
777:as a volunteer with the regiments of
773:, recounted that when serving in the
697:, whose legends are described in the
447:is the single combat between prince
709:ruler in the kingdom of modern-day
473:, one of the most important in the
13:
731:
430:; the story is set in the time of
14:
1144:
1094:
881:Konieczny, Peter (June 5, 2016).
769:, in conversations with the poet
654:, Peresvet did not fall from the
604:Tale of the Destruction of Ryazan
330:challenged the Byzantine Emperor
324:ByzantineâSasanian War of 602â628
66:Typically, it takes place in the
1100:
570:; it describes a duel between a
508:fighting tradition and known as
1054:Heraclius: emperor of Byzantium
1041:
444:History of the Kings of Britain
1057:, Cambridge University Press,
984:, usnews.com, January 21, 2007
975:
900:
874:
840:
624:Duel of Peresvet with Chelubei
305:
253:in single combat and took the
30:amidst the hostilities of the
1:
833:
299:Romance of the Three Kingdoms
1077:A Short History of Byzantium
959:Terwiel, Barend Jan (2013).
762:showing three Turks' heads.
134:
7:
1017:. Garland Pub. p. 11.
982:Not Just Another John Smith
965:Journal of the Siam Society
799:
393:The Tale of Igor's Campaign
165:Ancient Egyptian literature
131:and the early modern duel.
10:
1149:
994:Drummond, William (1619).
735:
724:In Southeast Asia, formal
469:battles. For example, the
322:- climactic battle of the
184:, including those between
910:. Usc.edu. Archived from
658:, while Temir-Murza did.
537:Mongol invasions of Japan
341:The Cattle Raid of Cooley
259:Marcus Claudius Marcellus
257:. In the 3rd century BC;
159:An important episode in "
36:Antonio Raffaele Calliano
701:(Northern Ballads). The
437:An important episode in
418:, the legendary English
316:Theophanes the Confessor
281:from Deldo, king of the
744:John Smith of Jamestown
358:Welsh mythological tale
279:Marcus Licinius Crassus
1128:Interpersonal conflict
938:. BRILL. p. 205.
887:Karwansaray Publishers
794:Manfred von Richthofen
758:and given a horse and
631:
533:Battle of Ichi-no-Tani
475:early history of Islam
348:, all the warriors of
344:, a famous episode of
326:- the Persian general
243:Aulus Cornelius Cossus
156:
125:
38:
736:Further information:
705:Festival held by the
673:families made up the
669:, and some prominent
622:
142:
85:always relied on the
22:
1109:at Wikimedia Commons
1072:Norwich, John Julius
491:battle of the Trench
439:Geoffrey of Monmouth
432:Athelstan of England
275:Battle of Clastidium
811:Hand-to-hand combat
601:The semi-legendary
499:Khalid ibn al-Walid
277:(222 BC); and
57:Classical Antiquity
34:, in a painting by
1049:Kaegi, Walter Emil
816:History of fencing
648:Battle of Kulikovo
636:Alexander Peresvet
632:
576:Mstislav the Brave
449:Nennius of Britain
192:and later between
161:The Tale of Sinuhe
157:
39:
1105:Media related to
1087:978-0-679-77269-9
945:978-90-04-33794-7
756:Sigismund BĂĄthory
699:Vadukkan Pattukal
592:Primary Chronicle
567:Primary Chronicle
529:Taira no Atsumori
495:battle of Khaybar
385:Chanson de Roland
320:Battle of Nineveh
233:'s defeat of the
91:phalanx formation
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786:aerial dogfights
771:William Drummond
687:Thacholi Othenan
628:Viktor Vasnetsov
596:Russian nobility
520:Heike Monogatari
153:Hermitage Museum
130:
83:medieval warfare
72:champion warfare
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732:Modern examples
695:Aromal Chekavar
609:Evpaty Kolovrat
525:Kumagai Naozane
346:Irish mythology
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16:Type of warfare
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541:Sengoku period
487:battle of Uhud
485:, such as the
471:Battle of Badr
416:Guy of Warwick
409:Arabian Nights
396:(the basis of
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285:(29 BC).
269:, king of the
249:, king of the
247:Lars Tolumnius
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1042:Bibliography
1028:. Retrieved
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996:
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916:. Retrieved
912:the original
902:
890:. Retrieved
886:
876:
871:, p. 93
869:Norwich 1997
864:
852:
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779:Francis Vere
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760:coat of arms
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263:spolia opima
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255:spolia opima
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226:spolia opima
224:
217:ancient Rome
214:
202:Hebrew Bible
179:
177:
158:
94:
76:
65:
54:
41:
40:
1080:, Vintage,
892:February 5,
822:Mard o mard
719:British Raj
403:Prince Igor
306:Middle Ages
290:MahÄbhÄrata
267:Viridomarus
235:Alba Longan
145:Sogdian art
127:pas d'armes
113:pike square
61:Middle Ages
1122:Categories
1030:2014-10-18
918:2010-05-30
857:Kaegi 2003
834:References
767:Ben Jonson
765:Dramatist
580:Tmutarakan
465:and early
354:CĂșchulainn
312:Nikephoros
147:from late
32:Trojan War
711:Kozhikode
691:Unniarcha
679:Malayalam
675:Chekavars
642:champion
614:Batu Khan
553:druzhinas
527:defeated
510:Ikki-uchi
400:'s Opera
389:epic poem
332:Heraclius
283:Bastarnae
273:, at the
261:took the
245:defeated
135:Antiquity
1074:(1997),
1051:(2003),
971:: 19â34.
847:419-454.
800:See also
748:knighted
742:Captain
703:Mamankam
644:Chelubey
638:and the
582:and the
493:and the
483:Muhammad
428:Colbrand
378:northern
376:and the
370:southern
366:Mabinogi
328:Rhahzadh
294:Ramayana
292:and the
271:Gaesatae
251:Veientes
219: â
194:Achilles
186:Menelaus
151:period.
149:Sasanian
111:and the
101:chivalry
59:and the
24:Achilles
754:Prince
750:by the
715:Malabar
707:Zamorin
588:Rededia
586:Prince
531:at the
506:Samurai
479:Meccans
467:Islamic
460:Islamic
420:Romance
398:Borodin
374:Pryderi
372:prince
364:of the
231:Horatii
221:Romulus
210:Goliath
208:versus
169:Retjenu
109:longbow
105:knights
79:ancient
26:fights
1133:Combat
1084:
1061:
1021:
942:
671:Ezhava
663:Kerala
656:saddle
652:legend
630:(1914)
572:Kievan
562:Nestor
514:Nanori
463:Arabia
426:giant
424:Viking
360:, the
350:Ulster
229:; the
200:. The
198:Hector
173:Canaan
121:Laupen
93:. The
50:armies
28:Hector
683:ankam
667:Nairs
584:Kasog
265:from
206:David
190:Paris
181:Iliad
117:Crécy
96:Iliad
44:is a
1082:ISBN
1059:ISBN
1019:ISBN
940:ISBN
894:2018
806:Duel
738:Duel
451:and
352:but
314:and
239:Livy
196:and
188:and
119:and
87:line
81:nor
46:duel
969:101
661:In
578:of
564:'s
523:as
338:In
89:or
1124::
967:.
963:.
885:.
721:.
693:,
689:,
598:.
489:,
455:.
412:.
212:.
52:.
1033:.
1000:.
948:.
921:.
896:.
171:(
155:.
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