818:, with their 500C, 500 cm, 500 EL-M (a motorized Hasselblad) and other models (producing a 6 cm square negative). Hasselblads use an auxiliary shutter blind situated behind the lens mount and the mirror system to prevent the fogging of film. Other medium-format SLRs also using leaf shutters include the now discontinued Zenza-Bronica camera system lines such as the Bronica ETRs, the ETRs'i (both producing a 6 × 4.5 cm. image), the SQ and the SQ-AI (producing a 6 × 6 cm image like the Hasselblad), and the Zenza-Bronica G system (6 × 7 cm). Certain Mamiya medium-format SLRs, discontinued camera systems such as the Kowa 6 and a few other camera models also used between-the-lens leaf shutters in their lens systems. Thus, any time a photographer purchased one of these lenses, that lens included a leaf shutter in its lens mount. Because leaf shutters synchronized electronic flash at all shutter speeds especially at fast shutter speeds of
709:
consisted of two curtains that travelled horizontally across the film gate: an opening shutter curtain followed by a closing shutter curtain. During fast shutter speeds, the focal-plane shutter would form a 'slit' whereby the second shutter curtain was closely following the first opening shutter curtain to produce a narrow, vertical opening, with the shutter slit moving horizontally. The slit would get narrower as shutter speeds were increased. Initially these shutters were made from a cloth material (which was in later years often rubberised), but some manufacturers used other materials instead. Nippon Kōgaku (now
1008:
extremely long focal lengths, allowing a photographer to be a considerable distance away from the subject and yet still expose a sharp, focused image. This is particularly useful if the subject includes dangerous animals (e.g., wildlife); the subject prefers anonymity to being photographed; or else, the photographer's presence is unwanted (e.g., celebrity photography or surveillance photography). Practically all SLR and DSLR camera bodies can also be attached to telescopes and microscopes via an adapter tube to further enhance their imaging capabilities.
1069:
Nikon D3 is rated for 300,000 with its exotic carbon fiber/kevlar shutter. Because many SLRs have interchangeable lenses, there is a tendency for dust, sand and dirt to get into the main body of the camera through the mirror box when the lens is removed, thus dirtying or even jamming the mirror movement mechanism or the shutter curtain mechanism itself. In addition, these particles can also jam or otherwise hinder the focusing feature of a lens if they enter into the focusing helicoid. The problem of sensor cleaning has been somewhat reduced in
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567:. This model was too late and too expensive to be competitive with other camera manufacturers. The Contax N-digital was the last Contax to use that maker's lens system, and the camera, while having impressive features such as a full-frame sensor, was expensive and lacked sufficient write-speed to the memory card for it to be seriously considered by some professional photographers.
810:, whereby the shutter is constructed of diaphragm-like blades and can be situated either between the lens or behind the lens. If the shutter is part of a lens assembly some other mechanism is required to ensure that no light reaches the film between exposures. An example of a behind-the-lens leaf shutter is found in the 35 mm SLRs produced by
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horizontally travelling shutters. They differ, though, in usually being formed of several slats or blades, rather than single curtains as with horizontal designs, as there is rarely enough room above and below the frame for a one-piece shutter. Vertical shutters became very common in the 1980s (though
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The digital single-lens reflex camera has largely replaced the film SLR for its convenience, sales, and popularity at the start of the 21st century. These cameras were the marketing favorite among advanced amateur and professional photographers through the first two decades of the 2000s. Around 2010,
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and sophisticated flash control referred to as "dedicated electronic flash". In a dedicated system, once the dedicated electronic flash is inserted into the camera's hot shoe and turned on, there is then communication between camera and flash. The camera's synchronization speed is set, along with the
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SLRs vary widely in their construction and typically have bodies made of plastic or magnesium. Most manufacturers do not cite durability specifications, but some report shutter life expectancies for professional models. For instance, the Canon EOS 1Ds MkII is rated for 200,000 shutter cycles and the
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The SLR mirror 'blacks-out' the viewfinder image during the exposure. In addition, the movement of the reflex mirror takes time, limiting the maximum shooting speed. The mirror system can also cause noise and vibration. Partially reflective (pellicle) fixed mirrors avoid these problems and have been
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The variety of lenses also allows for the camera to be used and adapted in many different situations. This provides the photographer with considerably more control (i.e., how the image is viewed and framed) than would be the case with a view camera. In addition, some SLR lenses are manufactured with
963:
Many of the advantages of SLR cameras derive from viewing and focusing the image through the attached lens. Most other types of cameras do not have this function; subjects are seen through a viewfinder that is near the lens, making the photographer's view different from that of the lens. SLR cameras
400:
Up until the 1990s, SLR was the most advanced photographic preview system available, but the recent development and refinement of digital imaging technology with an on-camera live LCD preview screen has overshadowed SLR's popularity. Nearly all inexpensive compact digital cameras now include an LCD
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time of exposure. Some cameras also employ automatic fill-flash, where the flash light and the available light are balanced. While these capabilities are not unique to the SLR, manufacturers included them early on in the top models, whereas the best rangefinder cameras adopted such features later.
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Some electronic flash units can send out several short bursts of light to aid the autofocus system or for wireless communication with off-camera flash units. A pre-flash is often used to determine the amount of light that is reflected from the subject, which sets the duration of the main flash at
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because of the capability to control perspective. With a triple-extension bellows 4" × 5" camera such as the Linhof SuperTechnika V, the photographer can correct certain distortions such as "keystoning", where the image 'lines' converge (i.e., photographing a building by pointing a typical camera
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SLR cameras also made leaf-shutter lenses for their focal-plane-shutter models. Rollei made at least two such lenses for their
Rolleiflex SL-66 medium format which was a focal-plane shutter SLR. Rollei later switched to a camera system of leaf-shutter design (e.g., the 6006 and 6008 reflexes) and
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Square, travelled vertically — the shorter travelling distance of 24 millimetres (as opposed to 36 mm horizontally) meant that minimum exposure and flash synchronisation times could be reduced. These shutters are usually manufactured from metal, and use the same moving-slit principle as
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located in front of the film plane, which prevents the light from reaching the film even if the lens is removed, except when the shutter is actually released during the exposure. There are various designs for focal plane shutters. Early focal-plane shutters designed from the 1930s onwards usually
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The price of SLRs in general also tends to be somewhat higher than that of other types of cameras, owing to their internal complexity. This is compounded by the expense of additional components, such as flashes or lenses. The initial investment in equipment can be prohibitive enough to keep some
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have all developed digital SLR cameras (DSLRs) using the same lens mounts as on their respective film SLR cameras. Konica
Minolta did the same, and after having bought Konica Minolta's camera division in 2006. Sony continues using the Minolta AF lens mount in their DSLRs, including cameras built
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for a 50 mm lens). This allows photographs to be taken in lower light conditions without flash, and allows a narrower depth of field, which is useful for blurring the background behind the subject, making the subject more prominent. "Fast" lenses are commonly used in theater photography,
1052:, but these designs introduce their own problems. These pellicle mirrors reduce the amount of light travelling to the film plane or sensor and also can distort the light passing through them, resulting in a less-sharp image. To avoid the noise and vibration, many professional cameras offer a
859:
are available in the 35 mm and medium formats to correct this distortion with film cameras, and it can also be corrected after the fact with photo software when using digital cameras. The photographer can also extend the bellows to its full length, tilt the front standard and perform
849:
Since the technology became widespread in the 1970s, SLRs have become the main photographic instrument used by dedicated amateur photographers and professionals. Some photographers of static subjects (such as architecture, landscape, and some commercial subjects), however, prefer
606:. Via a condensing lens and internal reflections in the roof pentaprism the image appears in the eyepiece. When an image is taken, the mirror moves upwards from its resting position in the direction of the arrow, the focal plane shutter opens, and the image is projected onto the
1109:. These systems offer multiple advantages to the photographer with regards to autofocus systems as well as the ability to update the lens technologies due to the reduced distance between the back of the lens and the sensor resulting from the removal of the mirror.
335:). Because the viewfinder and the film lens cannot share the same optical path, the viewing lens is aimed to intersect with the film lens at a fixed point somewhere in front of the camera. This is not problematic for pictures taken at a middle or longer distance, but
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1032:(EVF)—owing to the mirror box and pentaprism/pentamirror. The mirror box also prevents lenses with deeply recessed rear elements from being mounted close to the film or sensor unless the camera has a mirror lockup feature; this means that simple designs for
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feature, however, this feature totally disables the SLR's automatic focusing ability. Electronic viewfinders have the potential to give the 'viewing-experience' of a DSLR (through-the-lens viewing) without many of the disadvantages. More recently,
302:, the viewed image could be significantly different from the final image. When the shutter button is pressed on most SLRs, the mirror flips out of the light path, allowing light to pass through to the light receptor and the image to be captured.
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471:, which used a system of mirrors to provide a laterally correct, upright image in the eye-level viewfinder. The Duflex, which went into serial production in 1948, was also the world's first SLR with an instant-return (a.k.a. autoreturn) mirror.
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as, this film format offers a variety of emulsions and film sensitivity speeds, usable image quality and a good market cost. 35 mm film comes in a variety of exposure lengths: 20 exposure, 24 exposure and 36 exposure rolls.
467:, which was innovative, and influenced the later Japanese cameras. The first eye-level SLR viewfinder was patented in Hungary on August 23, 1943, by Jenő Dulovits, who then designed the first 35 mm camera with one, the
745:, and Copal first pioneered their use in the 1950s and 1960s, and are almost exclusively used for new cameras. Nikon used Copal-made vertical plane shutters in their Nikomat/Nikkormat -range, enabling x-sync speeds from
350:
situated in the optical path between the reflex mirror and viewfinder. Light, which comes both horizontally and vertically inverted after passing through the lens, is reflected upwards by the reflex mirror, into the
814:, with their Retina Reflex camera line; Topcon, with their Auto 100; and Kowa with their SE-R and SET-R reflexes. A primary example of a medium-format SLR with a between-the-lens leaf shutter system would be
602:'side-view') of the optical components of a typical SLR camera shows how the light passes through the lens assembly, is reflected by the mirror placed at a 45-degree angle, and is projected on the matte
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A right-angle finder is available that slips onto the eyepiece of most SLRs and D-SLRs and allows viewing through a waist-level viewfinder. There is also a finder that provides EVF remote capability.
984:, which is possible on most SLR cameras except for the least expensive models. Because of the SLR's versatility, most manufacturers have a vast range of lenses and accessories available for them.
775:. Later, Nikon again pioneered the use of titanium for vertical shutters, using a special honeycomb pattern on the blades to reduce their weight and achieve world-record speeds in 1982 of
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is an all-metal 16 mm subminiature single lens reflex camera made by
Russian optic firm Krasnogorsky Mekhanichesky Zavod (KMZ) Narciss (Soviet Union; Нарцисс) between 1961 and 1965.
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of a second or faster, cameras using leaf shutters were more desirable to studio photographers who used sophisticated studio electronic flash systems. Some manufacturers of medium-format
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screen located just above the mirror system to diffuse the light. This permits accurate viewing, composing and focusing, especially useful with interchangeable lenses.
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A.1000, shown in full working condition on Milan fair April 1948 and produced from
September the same year, thus being on the market one year before the east German
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Compared to most fixed-lens compact cameras, the most commonly used and inexpensive SLR lenses offer a wider aperture range and larger maximum aperture (typically
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Cross-section view of SLR system: 1: Front-mount lens (four-element Tessar design) 2: Reflex mirror at 45-degree angle 3: Focal plane shutter 4: Film or sensor 5:
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aperture. Many camera models measure the light that reflects off of the film plane, which controls the flash duration of the electronic flash. This is denoted
401:
preview screen allowing the photographer to see what the CCD is capturing. However, SLR is still popular in high-end and professional cameras because they are
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provide photographers with precision; they provide a viewing image that will be exposed onto the negative exactly as it is seen through the lens. There is no
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SLRs provide a higher-quality image with a negative that can be more easily retouched than the smaller 35 mm negative, when this capability is required.
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1164:), but it is not clear if a second example was ever produced; Calvin Rae Smith's design of a Patent Monocular Duplex camera was advertised and sold. Spira,
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Until the development of SLR, all cameras with viewfinders had two optical light paths: one through the lens to the film, and another positioned above (
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the mirrorless technology utilized in point and shoot cameras made the way to the interchangeable lens cameras and slowly replaced DSLR technology.
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The digital single-lens reflex camera have largely replaced film SLRs design in convenience, sales and popularity at the start of the 21st century.
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casual photographers away from SLRs, although the market for used SLRs has become larger particularly as photographers migrate to digital systems.
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photography, but this film format has largely lost favor among professional photographers. SLR film-based cameras have been produced for most
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This feature distinguishes SLRs from other cameras as the photographer sees the image composed exactly as it will be captured on the film or
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causes framing errors in close-up shots. Moreover, it is not easy to focus the lens of a fast reflex camera when it is opened to wider
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with x-sync. Nowadays most such shutters are manufactured from cheaper aluminium (though some high-end cameras use materials such as
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447:(“Sport”), also a 24 mm by 36 mm image size, was prototyped in 1934 and went to market in 1937. K. Nüchterlein's
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such as the Canon IX series and the Nikon Pronea cameras. SLRs were also introduced for film formats as small as Kodak's
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of an LCD preview screen cannot compete with the clarity and shadow detail of a direct-viewed optical SLR viewfinder.
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is released, the mirror moves out of the light path, and the light shines directly onto the film (or in the case of a
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As of 2022, all the major camera brands (Except Pentax) ceased development and production of DSLRs and moved on to
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6: Condenser lens 7: Optical glass pentaprism (or pentamirror) 8: Eyepiece (can have diopter correction ability)
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435:(U.S., 1884). SLRs for smaller exposure formats were launched in the 1920s by several camera makers. The first
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In most cases, single-lens reflex cameras cannot be made as small or as light as other camera designs—such as
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portrait photography, surveillance photography, and all other photography requiring a large maximum aperture.
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SLR available to the mass market, Leica's PLOOT reflex housing along with a 200 mm f4.5 lens paired to a
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where it is reflected twice to correct the inversions caused by the lens, and align the image with the
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1266:"ARRI, Panavision, and Aaton Cease Production of Film Cameras; Will Focus Exclusively on Digital"
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A perspective drawing showing how a roof pentaprism corrects a laterally reversed SLR image
864:'), producing a sharp image with depth-of-field without stopping down the lens diaphragm.
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their current medium-format SLRs are now all of the between-the-lens shutter design.
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imaging sensor). Exceptions to the moving mirror system include the Canon Pellix and
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Film-based SLRs are still used by a niche market of enthusiasts and format lovers.
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SLR cameras were probably first marketed with the introduction of C.R. Smith's
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Most SLR cameras permit upright and laterally correct viewing through use of a
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Antonetto, Marco: "Rectaflex – The Magic Reflex". Nassa Watch
Gallery, 2002.
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and patented August 1943 (Hungary). With this camera also appeared the first
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or penta-mirror to direct the light to the eyepiece, first used on the 1948
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with interchangeable parts, allowing customization. They also have far less
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Focus can be adjusted manually by the photographer or automatically by an
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SLRs for eye-level viewing that went into production in 1949. The
Italian
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foil shutters for several of their flagship SLR cameras, including the
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system (hence "reflex" from the mirror's reflection) that permits the
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models, all with waist-level finders, were produced up to and during
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to view through the lens and see exactly what will be captured. With
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combined the fixed pentaprism and the right-hand thumb wind lever.
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offered its first production SLR, the series 1000, the same year.
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The
History of Photography as Seen through the Spira Collection.
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while the only choice for focal plane shutters at that time was
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2011:
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463:. Another ancestor of the modern SLR camera was the Swiss-made
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as well as for digital formats. These film-based SLRs use the
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error, and exact focus can be confirmed by eye—especially in
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The
Japanese adopted and further developed the SLR. In 1952,
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409:, allowing photographs to be timed more precisely. Also the
1335:(Rolleiflex SL 66 Medium Format Single Lens Reflex camera).
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The first commercially produced SLR that employed a roof
556:, on the other hand, chose to create a new digital-only
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have resurrected the pellicle mirror concept in their "
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as some cameras have a built-in sensor cleaning unit.
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in exactly the same manner as on the focusing screen.
486:, announced on May 20, 1949, produced from September.
343:(such as in low light or while using low-speed film).
443:
rangefinder camera body, debuted in 1935. The Soviet
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SLR standard, adopted later by
Panasonic and Leica.
27:
Camera that typically uses a mirror and prism system
148:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
980:may be seen by stopping down to the attached lens
1036:cannot be used. Instead, larger and more complex
942:Other features found on many SLR cameras include
648:. The first Japanese pentaprism SLR was the 1955
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1195:Digital SLR Cameras and Photography For Dummies
732:Other focal-plane shutter designs, such as the
1354:
1015:During an exposure, the viewfinder is blocked
855:upward to include the top of the building).
2906:Conservation and restoration of photographs
393:system. The viewfinder can include a matte
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2633:Comparison of digital and film photography
1361:
1347:
2858:Photographs considered the most important
1328:'Innovative Cameras' by Massimo Bertacchi
1044:used in a very few designs including the
664:F, F2, F3, F4 and F5; and the Pentax LX.
517:introduced their first SLRs in 1959 (the
451:(Germany, 1936) was the first integrated
226:Learn how and when to remove this message
208:Learn how and when to remove this message
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922:
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623:
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582:Focusing screen on Praktica Super TL1000
577:
315:
312:History of the single-lens reflex camera
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101:of all important aspects of the article.
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563:Contax came out with a DSLR model, the
14:
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888:A small number of SLRs were built for
97:Please consider expanding the lead to
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1191:
860:photomacrography (commonly known as '
693:
573:
1246:Nature Photographers Online Magazine
900:, which had interchangeable lenses.
548:. Samsung builds DSLRs based on the
455:SLR to enter the market. Additional
146:adding citations to reliable sources
117:
70:
29:
2853:Museums devoted to one photographer
704:Almost all contemporary SLRs use a
24:
2395:Timeline of photography technology
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918:
785:second for non-sync shooting, and
25:
3000:
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535:Digital single-lens reflex camera
525:, and Pentamatic, respectively).
45:This article has multiple issues.
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2946:
2945:
1081:
632:Most 35 mm SLRs use a roof
122:
75:
34:
2957:
1368:
1239:
1132:Lenses for SLR and DSLR cameras
944:through-the-lens (TTL) metering
546:a semi-transparent fixed mirror
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133:needs additional citations for
89:may be too short to adequately
53:or discuss these issues on the
1258:
1242:"Introduction to Large Format"
1233:
1212:
1192:Busch, David D. (2014-09-15).
1185:
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806:Another shutter system is the
99:provide an accessible overview
13:
1:
2445:Painted photography backdrops
2377:Golden triangle (composition)
1657:35 mm equivalent focal length
1147:
972:and when photographing using
907:16 mm SLR Narciss camera
857:Perspective correction lenses
667:Another prism design was the
242:Ihagee Exa Single lens reflex
320:Cross section of SLR camera.
7:
2155:Intentional camera movement
1166:The History of Photography,
1115:
157:"Single-lens reflex camera"
10:
3005:
2989:Single-lens reflex cameras
2848:Most expensive photographs
2200:Multi-exposure HDR capture
1320:Photography in Malaysia's
1292:New York: Aperture, 2001.
1160:One was patented in 1861 (
1065:" (SLT) range of cameras.
868:Early SLRs were built for
697:
532:
309:
305:
258:, one of the two original
2941:
2898:
2840:
2740:
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2589:
2473:
2385:
2337:
2082:
1849:
1649:
1376:
1222:. Bichkov.com. 2008-01-23
1198:. John Wiley & Sons.
1096:
1028:and digital cameras with
272:single-lens reflex camera
2782:Digital image processing
2890:Photography periodicals
2450:Photography and the law
1322:Contax History, Part II
1220:"Article at Photopedia"
1063:single-lens translucent
484:Zeiss Ikon VEB Contax S
252:Zeiss Ikon VEB Contax S
2802:Gelatin silver process
1826:Science of photography
1811:Photographic processes
1789:Perspective distortion
1040:designs are required.
1030:electronic viewfinders
1016:
939:
932:
908:
846:
629:
595:
583:
321:
282:that typically uses a
267:
243:
2255:Schlieren photography
1799:Photographic printing
1722:Exposure compensation
1137:Scheimpflug principle
1014:
959:Design considerations
938:
926:
906:
844:
713:), for example, used
700:Shutter (photography)
646:instant-return mirror
627:
589:
581:
319:
249:
241:
2044:Straight photography
1682:Chromatic aberration
837:Further developments
142:improve this article
2916:photographic plates
2591:Digital photography
1774:Hyperfocal distance
1687:Circle of confusion
1022:rangefinder cameras
706:focal-plane shutter
677:Olympus EVOLT E-3x0
671:system used in the
300:rangefinder cameras
2410:Autochrome Lumière
2405:Analog photography
2230:Pigeon photography
2024:Social documentary
1503:discontinued films
1274:. 12 October 2011.
1107:mirrorless systems
1017:
949:TTL flash metering
940:
933:
909:
847:
694:Shutter mechanisms
683:Digilux 3 and the
658:waist-level finder
630:
596:
584:
574:Optical components
558:Four Thirds System
331:) or to the side (
322:
268:
254:, manufactured in
244:
18:Single lens reflex
2971:
2970:
2762:Collodion process
2698:Chromogenic print
2685:Color photography
2195:Multiple exposure
2170:Lo-fi photography
1702:Color temperature
1205:978-1-118-97183-3
1091:
1034:wide angle lenses
974:long focus lenses
970:macro photography
878:35 mm format
862:macro photography
711:Nikon Corporation
598:A cross-section (
539:Canon, Nikon and
497:and in 1954, the
236:
235:
228:
218:
217:
210:
192:
116:
115:
68:
16:(Redirected from
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2960:
2959:
2949:
2948:
2822:Print permanence
2767:Cross processing
2725:CMYK color model
2710:Color management
2663:Foveon X3 sensor
2658:Three-CCD camera
2302:Miniature faking
2260:Sabattier effect
1877:Astrophotography
1732:Zebra patterning
1363:
1356:
1349:
1340:
1339:
1333:Rolleiflex SL 66
1276:
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685:Panasonic DMC-L1
565:Contax N-Digital
478:was the Italian
433:Monocular Duplex
377:Sony SLT cameras
328:twin-lens reflex
296:twin lens reflex
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30:
21:
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2984:Cameras by type
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2827:Push processing
2743:
2736:
2730:RGB color model
2679:
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2381:
2347:Diagonal method
2333:
2078:
1982:Photojournalism
1845:
1677:Black-and-white
1645:
1624:Slide projector
1619:Movie projector
1498:available films
1372:
1367:
1317:
1285:
1283:Further reading
1280:
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1178:A. O. Gelgar's
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1099:
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1080:
1050:Canon EOS-1N RS
1026:compact cameras
1019:
998:
997:
990:
989:
961:
921:
919:Common features
898:Pentax Auto 110
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640:constructed by
604:focusing screen
592:Focusing screen
576:
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531:
501:. In 1957, the
348:roof pentaprism
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2599:Digital camera
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2367:Rule of thirds
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2135:Harris shutter
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2130:Hand-colouring
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1821:Red-eye effect
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1727:Exposure value
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1712:Depth of focus
1709:
1707:Depth of field
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1315:External links
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1054:mirror lock-up
978:depth of field
960:
957:
931:film-based SLR
927:Cut-away of a
920:
917:
913:Narciss camera
896:, such as the
838:
835:
698:Main article:
695:
692:
575:
572:
533:Main article:
530:
527:
493:developed the
415:contrast ratio
403:system cameras
310:Main article:
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93:the key points
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2863:Photographers
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2752:Bleach bypass
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2720:primary color
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2705:Reversal film
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2670:Image sharing
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2275:Stopping down
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2240:Rephotography
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2175:Long-exposure
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1309:88-87161-01-1
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1298:0-89381-953-0
1295:
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1288:Spira, S. F.
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198:December 2023
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159: –
158:
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153:Find sources:
147:
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137:
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131:This article
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107:December 2023
100:
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2928:Polaroid art
2817:K-14 process
2812:Instant film
2807:Gum printing
2757:C-41 process
2742:Photographic
2643:Image sensor
2638:Film scanner
2292:Sun printing
2225:Print toning
2017:space selfie
1987:Pictorialism
1917:Ethnographic
1897:Conservation
1769:Guide number
1764:Focal length
1428:
1289:
1269:
1260:
1249:. Retrieved
1245:
1235:
1224:. Retrieved
1214:
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1187:
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1165:
1156:
1122:Asahi Pentax
1111:
1104:
1100:
1079:
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1046:Canon Pellix
1042:
1024:, autofocus
1018:
1006:
986:
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887:
874:film formats
870:large format
866:
852:view cameras
848:
808:leaf shutter
805:
797:carbon-fibre
731:
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689:
679:series, the
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599:
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562:
552:lens mount.
538:
529:Digital SLRs
503:Asahi Pentax
488:
473:
461:World War II
444:
432:
429:Large format
427:
421:, and color
419:refresh rate
413:resolution,
399:
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292:photographer
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152:
140:Please help
135:verification
132:
104:
88:
86:lead section
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
2933:Stereoscopy
2792:E-6 process
2787:Dye coupler
2715:color space
2628:Digiscoping
2621:camera back
2536:Philippines
2465:Visual arts
2455:Glass plate
2440:Heliography
2339:Composition
2314:Ultraviolet
2270:Stereoscopy
2265:Slow motion
2250:Scanography
2165:Kite aerial
2110:Contre-jour
2002:Post-mortem
1992:Pornography
1972:Neues Sehen
1907:Documentary
1841:Zone System
1816:Reciprocity
1742:Film format
1672:Backscatter
1650:Terminology
1520:beauty dish
1424:rangefinder
1389:light-field
1370:Photography
669:porro prism
449:Kine Exakta
407:shutter lag
359:. When the
333:rangefinder
2978:Categories
2923:Lomography
2744:processing
2693:Print film
2609:comparison
2576:Uzbekistan
2526:Luxembourg
2486:Bangladesh
2435:Dufaycolor
2415:Box camera
2372:Simplicity
2329:Zoom burst
2324:Xerography
2319:Vignetting
2309:Time-lapse
2297:Tilt–shift
2190:Mordançage
2180:Luminogram
2145:Holography
2140:High-speed
2120:Fill flash
2105:Burst mode
2083:Techniques
2064:Vernacular
2059:Underwater
2054:Toy camera
2034:Still life
1962:Monochrome
1952:High-speed
1902:Cloudscape
1892:Conceptual
1794:Photograph
1779:Lens flare
1759:Film speed
1641:Zone plate
1587:wide-angle
1572:long-focus
1251:2007-08-28
1240:Tal, Guy.
1226:2013-10-15
1148:References
1142:Zeiss Ikon
1038:retrofocus
929:Minolta XE
816:Hasselblad
634:pentaprism
476:pentaprism
453:35 mm
441:35 mm
437:35 mm
357:viewfinder
353:pentaprism
260:pentaprism
168:newspapers
50:improve it
2868:Norwegian
2832:Stop bath
2777:Developer
2772:Cyanotype
2400:Ambrotype
2362:Lead room
2285:Slit-scan
2220:Photogram
2215:Panoramic
2125:Fireworks
1957:Landscape
1602:telephoto
1550:reflector
1545:monolight
1540:lens hood
1525:cucoloris
1466:safelight
1377:Equipment
650:Miranda T
523:Canonflex
495:Asahiflex
480:Rectaflex
391:autofocus
341:apertures
264:Rectaflex
91:summarize
56:talk page
2952:Category
2648:CMOS APS
2546:Slovenia
2474:Regional
2420:Calotype
2357:Headroom
2235:Redscale
2150:Infrared
2100:Brenizer
2074:Wildlife
1997:Portrait
1942:Forensic
1932:Fine-art
1867:Aircraft
1857:Abstract
1737:F-number
1717:Exposure
1692:Clipping
1667:Aperture
1535:hot shoe
1461:enlarger
1456:Darkroom
1271:Collider
1127:Fujifilm
1116:See also
1048:and the
982:aperture
966:parallax
830:120 film
715:titanium
395:focusing
384:pellicle
337:parallax
2963:Outline
2899:Related
2581:Vietnam
2566:Ukraine
2501:Denmark
2481:Albania
2460:Tintype
2387:History
2352:Framing
2245:Rollout
2210:Panning
2160:Kirlian
2069:Wedding
1947:Glamour
1927:Fashion
1912:Eclipse
1882:Banquet
1804:Albumen
1614:Monopod
1592:fisheye
1560:softbox
1414:pinhole
1404:instant
1394:digital
823:⁄
790:⁄
780:⁄
770:⁄
760:⁄
750:⁄
719:Nikon F
654:Yashica
554:Olympus
544:around
515:Yashica
361:shutter
326:TLR or
306:History
278:) is a
256:Dresden
182:scholar
2961:
2950:
2878:street
2873:Polish
2561:Turkey
2556:Taiwan
2541:Serbia
2531:Norway
2506:Greece
2491:Canada
2090:Afocal
2049:Street
2029:Sports
2012:Selfie
1967:Nature
1922:Erotic
1887:Candid
1862:Aerial
1850:Genres
1752:medium
1629:Tripod
1597:swivel
1510:Filter
1488:holder
1483:format
1384:Camera
1307:
1296:
1202:
1097:Future
976:. The
801:Kevlar
743:Mamiya
739:Konica
725:, and
638:Duflex
619:sensor
612:sensor
550:Pentax
541:Pentax
469:Duflex
457:Exakta
367:, the
284:mirror
280:camera
184:
177:
170:
163:
155:
2883:women
2841:Lists
2797:Fixer
2675:Pixel
2604:D-SLR
2551:Sudan
2521:Korea
2516:Japan
2511:India
2496:China
2280:Strip
2205:Night
2185:Macro
2095:Bokeh
2039:Stock
2007:Ruins
1747:large
1577:prime
1555:snoot
1515:Flash
1493:stock
1434:still
1419:press
1409:phone
1399:field
1180:Sport
1071:DSLRs
845:Parts
812:Kodak
734:Copal
681:Leica
662:Nikon
511:Canon
507:Nikon
491:Asahi
445:Спорт
423:gamut
411:pixel
288:prism
189:JSTOR
175:books
2911:film
2616:MILC
2115:ETTR
1977:Nude
1937:Fire
1836:Sync
1634:head
1582:zoom
1567:Lens
1530:gobo
1478:base
1473:Film
1449:view
1305:ISBN
1294:ISBN
1200:ISBN
1168:119.
1059:Sony
1001:/1.8
993:/1.4
911:The
799:and
782:4000
608:film
513:and
465:Alpa
373:CMOS
365:DSLR
298:and
286:and
250:The
161:news
2653:CCD
1444:toy
1439:TLR
1429:SLR
996:to
894:110
890:APS
825:500
803:).
792:250
762:125
755:to
610:or
371:or
369:CCD
276:SLR
144:by
2980::
1268:.
1244:.
951:.
772:60
752:30
741:,
729:.
727:F3
723:F2
721:,
687:.
621:.
600:or
521:,
509:,
417:,
386:.
270:A
59:.
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