Single transferable vote

3314:," a voter can mark as many preferences as they desire. Under semi-optional preferential voting, the voter is required to rank some number of candidates greater than one but less than the total number of candidates in the running. A vote not fully marked as per requirement under full-preferential voting or semi-optional preferential voting may be declared rejected altogether or declared rejected when, in the course of the vote count process, the vote's insufficiency has an effect on the count. Under some full-preferential voting systems, it is impossible to have many votes declared exhausted and thus, in systems that use the Droop quota and sometimes under systems that use the Hare, all, or almost all, winners will receive quota. But where there are many exhausted votes, as happens often under optional or semi-optional preferential voting systems, it is possible to have three winners in a district elected with partial quota, even if the 5953:

area just to capture the required population to be represented by multiple members. There can be a greater disconnect between the voter, or community, and their representatives. If areas with low population density were using multi-member districts to elect the relatively few high-level members of Parliament in Scotland or of the UK Parliament, constituencies could become so large as to seem to be impractical. However, Scotland successfully uses multiple-member regions in its Scottish Parliament elections and STV in its Local Authority elections. The large number of Local Authority or Scottish Parliament members allows the creation of MMDs without having each district cover too large an area. Meanwhile, MMDs even of immense size can be used successfully. In New South Wales, Australia, the whole state elects 21 members of the upper house in one single STV contest and has done so since 1991.

2952:

candidate from a certain party, if that person cannot be elected, might prefer an independent (or even a rival party candidate) before other candidates of their first choice's party. This means that even if it seems that the outcome over-represents or under-represents some faction (based on first preferences), the outcome actually closely adheres to a combination of the first preferences of many voters and secondary preferences of most of the other voters. Under STV, about 80 percent of voters see their vote used to elect someone they prefer (and even more than that portion see someone they prefer elected, even if their vote itself was not used to elect anyone), while under FPTP, often less than half of the votes are used to elect anyone and only the largest group in each district is represented.

2944:, the outcome is uncertain. It likely would be that Party A, with 48 percent of the votes, would achieve a clean sweep of all five seats or that Party A might easily take four of the five seats, with Party B taking just one. (The first case would be achieved by Party B votes being cracked by the district boundaries; the second case would be achieved by Party B voters being mostly packed into just one district, leaving Party A with easy victories in the other four districts.) On the other hand, if districts were drawn in a different fashion, Party A and Party B might divide the seats in a three-to-two ratio. Even under certain circumstances, the independent candidate might take a seat if their supporters are sufficiently concentrated in one district. 5925:

Some are non-transferable because the choices marked have already been elected, so the voter may be pleased with the overall election result even though their first preference was not elected and their vote itself was not used to elect anyone. Even if a voter marks many preferences, the vote may still be found to be non-transferable, if at any point the vote needs to be transferred and all the preferences ranked lower have already been eliminated or elected. But the number of non-transferable votes is fewer than the number of ignored votes under first-past-the-post and the number of effective votes, votes actually used to elect someone, is higher than under all but the most landslide first-past-the-post election contests.

1896:

vote count process to have more general support. Under SNTV, 15 voters would have seen their first preference win – Oranges (or Chicken or Cake), Pears and Hamburgers. Eight voters would have not seen their first-preference food served. The pro-Oranges voter, if Oranges was not chosen, may have been consoled by their second choice, Pears, being served, but the others would not be served any of the foods they like, except maybe the voter who likes Strawberry and the one who likes Chocolate whose third choice, Hamburgers, was a winner. At least three voters would not be served any of their favorites.

1067: 3284: 6363:

according to second and later preferences. This can also be analysed, again using the 1223 members elected in the Scottish local elections. Some of the leading candidates in the first count were not elected but, comparing the number to the total number of members elected in these elections, the successful candidates were mostly set in the first count (through the simple mechanics of single voting in multi-member districts), before any vote transfers are done. Only about ten percent or less of the front runners in the first count were not elected in the end.

1025: 1089:, is a multi-winner electoral system in which each voter casts a single vote in the form of a ranked-choice ballot. Voters have the option to rank candidates, and their vote may be transferred according to alternative preferences if their preferred candidate is eliminated or elected with surplus votes, so that their vote is used to elect someone they prefer over others in the running. STV aims to approach proportional representation based on votes cast in the district where it is used, so that each vote is worth about the same as another. 4001: 1777: 4129: 2937:, if voters voted along party lines, every Party A candidate would receive a vote from 48 percent of the voters, and some even up to 55% if voters of Candidate I also vote for some Party A candidates with their 4 other votes. At the same time, Party B's candidates could only get up to 52% of the votes with the same tactics. If the voters are partisan enough, the likely outcome is that party A would take all the seats although Party A took less than half the votes (minority representation) and all other votes are wasted. 5945:

most popular candidate in the district to be elected; it is only necessary to have quota (or survive to the end when the remaining candidates are declared elected). To have quota, you do not need support from across the district necessarily. If a corner of the district has a quota worth of votes and the voters there support a candidate, that candidate will be elected and there is nothing the others elsewhere in the district can do about it. So, at least theoretically, you would not need to campaign across the district.

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last seat, the voter may have little interest in the choice. None of them were the voter's first choice, nor their second or third preference. And perhaps the voter has already seen one or two of their earlier choices already elected. Many votes up for transfer are found to be non-transferable in the last vote transfers. One to three members at the end are often elected with partial quotas, due to the number of exhausted votes. In STV elections, a majority of votes are used to elect the members who are elected.

10168: 5878:. As part of the process of selecting winners for the Academy Awards, STV is used to choose nominees within each category. The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences claims that STV is preferred because "lthough there are always instances in which an election procedure can be manipulated, an advantage of STV procedures is that the computations are too complex to be manipulated by a voter attempting to rank competitors of its most preferred candidate at the bottom of its preference list." 160: 3855: 3982:, a candidate or party with at least one-third of the votes is guaranteed to win a seat. In a seven-seat STV contest using the Hare quota, any candidate with one-seventh of the vote (either first preferences alone, or a combination of first preferences and lower-ranked preferences transferred from other candidates) will win a seat. Many systems use the Droop quota, which is even smaller than the Hare for the same number of seats, as it produces more proportional results. 3438:

next preference, if any. Elections and eliminations, and vote transfers where applicable, continue until enough candidates are declared elected to fill the open seats or until there are only as many remaining candidates as there are unfilled seats, at which point the remaining candidates are declared elected. These last candidates may be elected without surpassing quota, but their survival until the end is taken as proof of their general acceptability by the voters.

1000: 124: 7498: 1443: 1415: 1354: 1298:). Transfer of any existing surplus votes is done before eliminations of candidates. This prevents a party from losing a candidate in the early stage who might be elected later through transfers. When surplus votes are transferred under some systems, some or all of the votes held by the winner are apportioned fractionally to the next marked preference on the ballot. In others, the transfers to the next available marked preference is done using whole votes. 2930: – , Party A could have won all seats, leaving Party B and voters of the independent candidate without representation. This is because if all those who voted for A3 marked their votes for all five of the Party A candidates, every Party A candidate would be among the five candidates with the most votes and would be declared elected. That would mean that a voting block of only 25 percent of the electorate would have all the representation. 1543: 1536: 1394: 1347: 1564: 1557: 1550: 1468: 1459: 1429: 1408: 1368: 1361: 1522: 1422: 1401: 1375: 1333: 1529: 1450: 1387: 1340: 4271: 3347: 3223: 1185: 4243:

anomalies: preference deals between parties, and "micro parties" which rely entirely on these deals. Additionally, independent candidates are unelectable unless they form, or join, a group above-the-line. Concerning the development of STV in Australia researchers have observed: "... we see real evidence of the extent to which Australian politicians, particularly at national levels, are prone to fiddle with the electoral system".

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counted in the 1st round. As well, the Droop quota is usually used in real-life STV elections. With the Droop quota in effect and five seats, it would have taken 17 percent to be elected with quota, not 20 percent as under the Hare quota. However, if B2's surplus votes under the Droop quota are transferred to any non–Party A candidate, the same five candidates are elected each time, albeit in a slightly different order.

3792: 6586: 3122:(IRV) is the single-winner analogue of STV. It is also called "single-winner ranked-choice voting". Its goal is representation of a majority of the voters in a district by a single official, as opposed to STV's goals of not only the representation of a majority of voters through the election of multiple officials but also of proportional representation of all the substantial voting blocks in the district. 3615:

the victorious candidate (transferred from the eliminated candidate) are then transferred to the next preference of the victorious candidate, as happened with their initial surplus, but just using the recently transferred votes as guide. Vote transfers from the victorious candidate to a candidate who has been eliminated are impossible, and reference must be made to the next marked preference, if any. See

45: 1288:), and candidates who accumulate that many votes are declared elected. In many STV systems, the quota is also used to determine surplus votes, the number of votes received by successful candidates over and above the quota. Surplus votes are transferred to candidates ranked lower in the voters' preferences, if possible, so they are not wasted by remaining with a candidate who does not need them. 84: 4049:, so not only could the voter determine the ultimate role of their vote in the election, the elected MPs would have been able to determine who had voted for them. As Hare envisaged that the whole House of Commons be elected "at large" this would have replaced geographical constituencies with what Hare called "constituencies of interest" – those people who had actually voted for each MP. 5850:

first-preference votes being spread too thinly among them, and consequently several potential winners with broad second-preference appeal may be eliminated before others are elected and their second-preference votes distributed. In practice, the majority of voters express preference for candidates from the same party in order, which minimizes the impact of this potential effect of STV.

4082:, also praised the Hare system for allowing everyone to elect an MP, even ideological minorities, but also argued that the Hare system would create more problems than it solved: " is inconsistent with the extrinsic independence as well as the inherent moderation of a Parliament – two of the conditions we have seen, are essential to the bare possibility of parliamentary government." 3611:

alternate preference) are used to determine the transfer of the surplus. If the number of transferable votes is less than the number of the surplus, no calculations are needed to make the transfer. Transfer of the transferable votes is done simply by reference to subsequent preference on the votes. Not all the surplus will be transferred if there are not enough transferable votes.

3599:. It is larger than the Droop and sometimes ensures greater representation to less-popular parties within a district. But also, being larger than Droop, Hare presents more of an obstacle to small parties that hope to take just one seat. Being smaller than Hare, the Droop quota may give a seat to a small party that does not have the votes to take a seat under Hare. 1155:(district) or at-large, also in a multiple-winner contest. Every sizeable group within the district wins at least one seat: the more seats the district has, the smaller the size of the group needed to elect a member. In this way, STV provides approximately proportional representation overall, ensuring that substantial minority factions have some representation. 2910:. Under SNTV, the five candidates most popular when only first preferences are considered were candidates A2, A3, B1, B2 and B3. This means even though Party B's candidates had less support together, they would have received 60% of seats, and Party A only 40%. In this case, Party A overextended themselves by fielding too many candidates, but even if they had 4078:, in which he writes: "Of all modes in which a national representation can possibly be constituted, this one affords the best security for the intellectual qualifications desirable in the representatives. At present... the only persons who can get elected are those who possess local influence, or make their way by lavish expenditure...." His contemporary, 5728:(where the theoretical threshold is ten percent of district votes), the Conservative People's party – with just 22,000 votes – won one out of ten seats in the district. When levelling seats were allocated, the Independent Greens – with almost 32,000 votes overall – were not allocated any seats. 2890:

members elected in the district represent the sentiments of a large majority of the voters. Due to the diversity of members elected, each voter has someone elected who shares the party label that they voted for in the first place, even if not the individual candidate they preferred, or has seen the election of the independent candidate that they prefer.

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candidate who wins in the end are never transferred – just the surplus votes are transferred (unless all seats are already filled). Alternate preferences are only consulted if the candidate is unpopular or elected, and not always then. Votes lie where they are when the last seats filled so even under STV not all votes are used to elect someone.

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transferred to Oranges. In accordance with the next preference marked on the two votes cast by the Pear–Strawberry–Cake voters (which had been transferred to Strawberry in step 2), the two votes are transferred to Cake. (The Cake preference had been "piggy-backed" along with the transfer to Strawberry.) Cake reaches the quota and is elected.

3850:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\text{transferred votes given to the next preference}}\\={}&\left({\frac {\text{votes for next preference belonging to the original candidate}}{\text{total votes for the original candidate or total transferable votes}}}\right)\times {\text{surplus votes for original candidate}}\end{aligned}}} 1947:. For example, the seven supporters of Pears could arrange in advance to have three types of Pears included on the ballot, then vote for all three, and if no other option reaches more than 7 votes, all three foods served would be a type of Pear. The only way this could be avoided would be for those who do not want Pears to vote 3171:(1879). In 1884, Charles L. Dodgson (Lewis Caroll) argued for a proportional representation system based on multi-member districts similar to indirect STV, with each voter casting only a single vote, quotas as minimum requirements to take seats, and votes transferable by candidates through what is now called 3784:

Randomness may arise from the later preferences, if any, if they have to be used later. But if they do have to be used later, choosing the votes at random to compose each transfer means that the votes that make up each transfer should carry back-up preferences in approximately true proportion to the whole.

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of STV in districts where it is difficult to collect all the ballots in one central place to conduct STV transfers or where X voting is preferred over ranked voting due to voters' inability or disinterest in ranking candidates. Once known as the Gove system, or the schedule system of PR, it was invented by

5857:

Accordingly, in many elections, each party has their vote spread over the party's slate (if the party runs multiple candidates so that all the large parties' votes are spread somewhat equally), and candidates of popular parties are mostly all more popular than candidates of less-popular parties. This

3917:

Historically, the district magnitude under STV elections has ranged from two (the absolute minimum) to 21 (currently being used in New South Wales, Australia to elect the Legislative Council, half at a time). In higher-level government elections district magnitude is usually in the 3 to 5 or 7 range,

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In cases where the number of transferable votes is more than the surplus, a more-involved method may be used to make the transfer proportional and to ensure that the quota left with the successful candidate is proportional as well. But election officials here have a choice of using simpler methods or

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In STV, vote transfers are of two types – transfers of votes of eliminated candidates and transfers of surplus votes of elected candidates. The first type happens more often than the second type. Surplus votes are transferred only after a candidate is elected and then only if there are

1864:

As in many STV elections most of the candidates in winning position in the first round went on to be elected in the end. The leading front runners were Pears and Hamburgers, both of whom were elected. There was a three-way tie for third between Cake, Chicken and Oranges, Cake coming out on top in the

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As well, there was general satisfaction with the choices selected. Nineteen voters saw either their first or second choice elected, although four of them did not actually have their vote used to achieve the result. Four saw their third choice elected. Fifteen voters saw their first preference chosen;

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Most elected members were elected by achieving the quota. Thus they were elected by receiving approximately the same number of votes. The few elected without quota received a number of votes close to quota as well. A large proportion of the votes were used to elect someone, with relatively few being

6362:

The transfers of votes under STV mean that candidates who did well on first-preference votes in the first count (but not well enough to be immediately declared elected) may not be elected in the end, and those who did poorly on the first count may be elected in the end. This is due to transfers made

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The data can also be analysed to find the proportion of voters who express only a single preference, or those who express a minimum number of preferences, to assess party strength. Where parties nominate multiple candidates in an electoral district, analysis can also be done to assess their relative

5985:

The relative performance of political parties in STV systems is sometimes analysed in a different fashion from that used in other electoral schemes. For example, seeing which candidates are declared elected on first-preference votes alone in the 2012 Scottish local elections, where 1223 members were

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Some opponents argue that larger, multi-seat districts would require more campaign funds to reach the voters. Proponents argue that STV can lower campaign costs because like-minded candidates can share some expenses. Proponents reason that negative advertising is disincentivized in such a system, as

5866:

A number of methods of tactical or strategic voting exist that can be used in STV elections but much less so than with first-past-the-post elections. In STV elections, most constituencies will be marginal, at least with regard to the allocation of a final seat. Manipulating STV requires knowledge of

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The outcome of voting under STV is proportional within a single election to the collective preference of voters, assuming voters have ranked their real preferences. Due to other voting mechanisms usually used in conjunction with STV, such as a district or constituency system, an election by STV does

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The algorithm is complicated, particularly if Gregory or another fractional-vote method is used. In large elections with many candidates, a computer may be required. (This is because after several rounds of counting, there may be many different categories of previously transferred votes, each with a

5727:

million votes cast overall were required to be eligible for leveling seats, while in the 10-seat North Zealand Folketing constituency, the Droop quota (set at 9 percent) would have been 26,500 (1/11th of 292,000 valid votes). In the North Zealand constituency in the 2022 election, held using list PR

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In modern elections, held by secret ballot, a voter may discover how their vote was distributed by viewing detailed election results (or at least trace the routes along which their vote, or other votes identical to the one they cast, may have been transferred and see to whom it may have been used to

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If the Droop quota is used, for example, in a nine-seat district, the quota is 10% (plus one vote); in a three-seat district, it is 25% (plus one vote). The quota acts in some ways as an electoral threshold and the Droop quota in a district is a significantly higher proportion of district votes than

3874:

The Gregory method (also known as Newland–Britain or Senatorial rules) eliminates randomness by examining all the preferences marked on the last parcel of ballots received by the elected candidate. The later preferences dictate how later transfers, if any, will go. Votes are transferred as fractions

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When the number of votes transferred from the losing candidate with the fewest votes is too small to change the ordering of remaining candidates, no transfer is made or more than one candidate is eliminated simultaneously. In most systems, once a candidate has been eliminated or elected, they do not

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An alternative way to mark preferences for candidates is to use columns for the voters' preference with the name of each candidate appearing in each column. A marking in the first column indicates the most preferred candidate. A marking in the second column indicates the second-preference candidate,

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version of STV, where voters may rank both candidates and parties, even both interchangeably, depending on the ballot type, but must choose at least a local (district) candidate (1st preference) and a national list (2nd preference). The list preferences are used if the vote is unused in the district

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However, under STV (as seen in the example above), the final result may be modulated by cross-party transfers, say from a party A or B candidate to a candidate of the other party or to the independent candidate. When secondary preferences are applied, some voters who gave their first preference to a

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If there is no reason to establish relative popularity of the elected members, the count ends there when the last seats are declared filled. If the ranking of the candidates is important, the votes belonging to the eliminated Candidate B1 might be transferred as per below, assuming voters' alternate

2412:

In the fifth round, Candidate A2 is eliminated with all their votes going to the candidate A4, the last remaining candidate from Party A, who is elected. The surplus votes of Candidate A4 are transferred. All the voters who helped elect Candidate A4 prefer the independent candidate to the candidates

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Surplus votes are distributed; the voters of Candidate A3 have marked their second preference for another politician of the same party, Candidate A4, so A4 now receives Candidate A3's surplus votes. This transfer of 5 percent of the votes leaves A3 with the quota (20 percent) and A4 with 13 percent.

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is such a system. Under it, each voter is given as many votes as there can be winners. This system can produce very unrepresentative results. In the example above, if every voter voted for three options, the small majority of voters who chose a fruit could easily force all three outcomes to be fruit

1895:

would have seen a three-way tie for third place with Oranges, Cake and Chicken tied. The tie would have been resolved by the flip of a coin or the choice of an election official. Possibly Oranges or Chicken would have been determined to be the winner among the three, even though Cake was seen in the

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The key to STV's approximation of proportionality is that each voter effectively only casts a single vote in a district contest electing multiple winners, while the ranked ballots (and sufficiently large districts) allow the results to approach proportionality. The use of a quota means that, for the

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where members of Dáil Éireann, known as TDs (Dáil deputies), were elected by single transferable vote from 39 constituencies, each with between three and five seats, members were elected under STV with about the same number of votes and a large proportion of votes cast in each district were used to

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Allowing voters to rank only as many candidates as they wish grants them greater freedom, but can also lead to some voters ranking so few candidates that their vote eventually becomes exhausted – that is, at a certain point during the count, it can no longer be transferred and influence the result.

3866:

Transferring votes without considering later preferences may influence later transfers and such systems are sometimes thought of as being random. Alternatively, some jurisdictions use systems that break down the elected candidate's votes into many separate piles, separating the various combinations

3626:

The use of an even smaller quota is sometimes defended, although under such a quota, it is theoretically possible to have more candidates receive quota than the number of empty seats. Frank Britton, of the Election Ballot Services at the Electoral Reform Society, stated that the final "plus one" of

3614:

If the variation of STV used allows transfers to candidates already elected, when a candidate is eliminated and the next preference on the ballot shows preference for a candidate already elected, votes are transferred to already victorious candidate, forming a new surplus. The new surplus votes for

3501:

If fair results are to be produced and the number of candidates is fixed, a quota must be set such that any candidate who receives that many votes is elected. The quota, if used, must be set at a level where no more candidates can reach quota than there are seats to be filled. It cannot be so small

3437:

Usually one or more candidates achieve quota in the first count. If there are still unfilled seats after the surplus is transferred, the count would proceed with the candidate with the fewest votes being eliminated. Their votes would be transferred to other candidates as determined by those voters'

3162:

is a non-ranked-vote version of STV. Single voting in a multi-seat district is retained. Voters do not mark their ballots with rankings, but votes are transferred, as needed, based on the eliminated or elected candidate's pre-set instructions. This is a useful system to achieve many of the benefits

3128:(SNTV) produces much the same representation as STV, without the work and complication of preferential ballots and vote transfers. Single voting in a multiple-member district produces mixed roughly proportional representation, which STV's vote transfers sometimes does not alter. (An example was the 1923:

If the voters had been able to choose only one food to serve such as in the ticket voting system used in the US electoral college (first-past-the-post but without "districts"), it is likely that Pears, the choice of less than a third of the 23 party-goers, would have won, meaning Pears would be the

1318:

To select the three foods, each guest is given one vote – they each mark their first preference and are also allowed to cast two back-up preferences to be used only if their first-preference food cannot be selected or to direct a transfer if the first-preference food is chosen with a

5944:

In addition, candidates do not have to secure the support of the largest voting block to be elected as under FPTP. STV ensures that each substantial group gets at least one seat, allowing candidates to focus campaign spending primarily on supportive voters. Under STV, it is not necessary to be the

5931:

STV ballots can also be long; having multiple pages increases the chances of people not marking multiple preferences and thus missing later opportunities to have their vote transferred. After a vote is transferred twice, is at the end of the count and three candidates remain in the running for the

4327:

Less well known is STV use at the municipal level in western Canada. Calgary and Winnipeg used STV for more than 50 years before city elections were changed to use the first-past-the-post system. Nineteen other municipalities, including the capital cities of the other three western provinces, also

4323:

STV was used to elect legislators in two Canadian provinces between 1920 and 1955. The cities of Edmonton and Calgary elected their MLAs through STV from 1924 to 1956, when the Alberta provincial government changed those elections to use the first-past-the-post system. The city of Winnipeg elected

4044:

Thomas Hare is generally credited with the conception of STV, and he may have independently developed the idea in 1857. Hare's view was that STV should be a means of "making the exercise of the suffrage a step in the elevation of the individual character, whether it be found in the majority or the

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District elections grow more proportionally representative in direct relation to the increase in the number of seats to be elected in a constituency – the more seats, the more the distribution of the seats in a district will be proportional. For example, in a three-seat STV election

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principle of requiring a 50% + 1 majority in single-winner elections under instant-runoff voting. Using Droop means 25% plus 1 is the quota in a three-seat contest because no more than three people can each have 25% of the vote + 1; using Droop means 10% of the vote + 1 is the quota in a nine-seat

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elections, voters are told they must mark at least five preferences if the ballot is to be counted. Even where second and subsequent preferences are marked, in some cases they may not be consulted at all, such as if the first preference candidate is elected at the end of the count to fill the last

2947:

STV election results are roughly proportional (as much as the number of seats allows) and take into account more than the first preferences of voters. However, it could happen that the independent candidate is eliminated in an early round and so is unable to receive transfers from party voters. If

2889:

In the first round, 74 percent of votes were cast for candidates who were successful in the end. In this case, as in all STV elections, about 80 percent or more of the votes were used to actually elect someone. Only the 11 percent of votes cast in the end for B1 were not used to elect someone. The

1860:

Note that if Hamburger had received only one vote when Chicken was eliminated, it still would have won because the only other remaining candidate, Oranges, had fewer votes so would have been declared defeated in the next round. This would have left Hamburger as the last remaining candidate to fill

1301:

When seats still remain to be filled and there are no surplus votes to transfer (none of the remaining candidates' votes have surplus votes needing to be transferred), the least popular candidate is eliminated. The eliminated candidate's votes are transferred to the next-preferred candidate rather

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Furthermore, STV requires multi-member districts (MMDs). It is thus impossible to use MMDs in the Scottish Highlands to elect member of the UK Parliament because only one member is elected in that area. To create an MMD in a sparsely-settled area, an electoral district would have to cover a large

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in the 2020 Irish general election, where Labour, PBP, Green and Aontu parties were the least popular. Their candidates were four of the five least-popular candidates in the first count and were eliminated quickly. SF, FG and FF parties were more popular – their candidates took the

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is used: in a nine-seat district, the Droop quota is 10% (plus one vote); in a three-seat district, it would be 25% (plus one vote). This electoral threshold seems significantly higher than for most party-list PR systems, based on percentage points. However, the Droop quota in a district covering

3897:

Meek, in 1969, was the first to realize that computers make it possible to count votes in a way that is conceptually simpler and closer to the original concept of STV. One advantage of Meek's method is that the quota is adjusted at each stage of counting when the number of votes decreases because

3767:

If the number of transferable votes is less than the surplus, the transfer of surplus votes can be performed just as it is done in the case of transfer of votes of eliminated candidates, the only difference being that non-transferable votes remain with the elected candidate. They do not go to the

3321:

In practice, the candidates' names are usually organized in columns so that voters are informed of the candidates' party affiliations or whether they are standing as independents. Voters indicate their preferences by ranking the candidates in order of preference. They usually use numbers (1, 2, 3

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of the groups to bias the election toward a particular result could occur). It might have been Strawberry cake, Pears and Hamburgers, but also the foods chosen might have been Pears in two groups (districts) and Hamburgers in the other. Or even just Pears alone might have won in each of the three

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In jurisdictions such as Malta, Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, voters may rank as many or as few candidates as they wish. Consequently, voters sometimes, for example, rank only the candidates of a single party, or of their most preferred parties. Voters who do not fully understand the

5710:

The degree of proportionality of STV election results depends directly on the district magnitude (i.e. the number of seats in each district). While Ireland originally had a median district magnitude of five (ranging from three to nine) in 1923, successive governments lowered this. Systematically

3602:

Surplus votes cast for a winning candidate are sometimes transferred to the voter's next choice candidate, who is also preferred by the voter. (Any vote is only used once but may be allocated to different candidates along the way until it finds its final place.) Most first-count votes cast for a

3413:

In some implementations, a "uniform quota" is simply set by law – any candidate receiving that set number of votes is declared elected, with surplus transferred away. Something like this system was used in New York City from 1937 to 1947, where seats were allocated to each borough

3301:

Alternate (secondary) preferences may be required or strictly optional depending on the system used. Some systems declare a ballot spoiled if it is not marked with at least a set number or minimum number of preferences. Rules vary. Sometimes a voter is allowed to mark just their first preference

2914:

only three, they would not necessarily have been successful in gaining three seats instead of two seats, because one or two of their candidates might have taken the lion share of their party votes, leaving not enough votes for the other(s) to be elected. This could be addressed under SNTV if the

1852:

STV in this case produced a large number of effective votes – 19 votes were used to elect the successful candidates. (Only the votes for Oranges at the end were not used to select a food. The Orange voters have satisfaction of seeing their second choice – Pears – selected, even if

1305:

Counting, eliminations, and vote transfers continue until enough candidates are declared elected (all seats are filled by candidates reaching the quota) or until there are only as many remaining candidates as there are unfilled seats, at which point the remaining candidates are declared elected.

3405:

In most STV elections, a quota is established to ensure that all elected candidates are elected with approximately equal numbers of votes. In some STV varieties, votes are totalled, and a quota (the minimum number of votes that guarantees election) is derived. Those who are elected are the most

1314:

Suppose an election is conducted to determine what three foods to serve at a party. There are seven choices: Oranges, Pears, Strawberries, Cake (of the strawberry/chocolate variety), Chocolate, Hamburgers and Chicken. Only three of these may be served to the 23 guests. STV is chosen to make the

1158:

There are several STV variants. Two common distinguishing characteristics are whether or not ticket voting is allowed and the manner in which surplus votes are transferred. In Australia, lower house elections do not allow ticket voting; some but not all state upper house systems do allow ticket

3985:

Because of this quota-based fairness, under STV it is extremely rare for a party to take a majority of the seats in a district without the support of a majority of the district's voters. Additionally, a large majority of voters (generally around 80 percent or more) see their vote used to elect

3610:

It can happen that a vote is eligible to be transferred but cannot be because it bears no subsequent preference for any remaining candidate. In the case of transfers of surplus votes, an "exhausted" vote remains with the victorious candidates and only transferable votes (votes bearing a usable

2885:

This vote count varies from the reality of many STV systems because there were no "exhausted" non-transferable votes. In most real-life STV elections, some votes that are set to be transferred cannot be and the number of votes still in play at the end is lower than the number of votes cast and

5667:

Advocates for STV argue it is an improvement over winner-take-all non-proportional voting systems such as first-past-the-post, where vote splits commonly result in a majority of voters electing no one and the successful candidate having support from just a minority of the district voters. STV

1959:

Elections with parties are conducted in very similar manner to the non-partisan STV election presented above. Parties actually play no role in STV elections – each voter marks preferences for individual candidates and his or her secondary preferences may be of a different party if so desired.

4242:

that meant writing 99 preferences on the ballot. Therefore, 95% and more of voters use the above-the-line option, making the system, in all but name, a party list system. Parties determine the order in which candidates are elected and also control transfers to other lists and this has led to

3878:

As well, there are variants named the inclusive Gregory method (IGM) and the weighted inclusive Gregory method (WIGM). WIGM is used in the Scottish local government elections. Unlike the ordinary Gregory method, these systems look at secondary preferences on all the votes held by the elected

3433:

Once a quota is determined, candidates' vote tallies are consulted. If at any time a candidate achieves the quota, they are declared elected. Then if there are still unfilled seats, in some STV systems, any surplus votes (those over and above the quota) are transferred to other candidates in

3783:

In the STV systems used in the Republic of Ireland (except Senate elections) and Malta, the next preference is examined and then surplus votes are transferred as whole votes in proportion to the proportions of votes marked for each of the other candidates. This is called the "exact method".

3759:

Various methods are used in STV systems to transfer surplus votes held by elected candidates. The transfer of surplus votes of an elected candidate may be very simply done or may be done more intricately, depending on the circumstances and the choice of the government or election officials.

4056:

amended Hare's proposal by adding multi-member districts instead of at-large voting. Instead of a single member being said to represent a whole district of varied sentiment, as under first-past-the-post, under STV multiple members represent the range of sentiments of the district, each one

3750:

Transfers of votes of eliminated candidates is done simply, without the use of complex math. The next usable preference on the vote gives the destination for the transfer of the vote. If there is no usable preference on the ballot, the vote goes to the "exhausted" or non-transferable pile.

1824:

Of the remaining options, Oranges, Strawberry and Chicken now are tied for the fewest votes. Strawberry had the fewest first preference votes so is eliminated. In accordance with the next preference marked on the vote cast by the voter who voted Strawberry as first preference, that vote is

6366:

Only 68 of the elected members, of the overall 1,223 successful candidates, were not already in a winning position in the first count, thus showing that vote transfers merely put a polish on the first-count ranking of candidates established through single voting in multi-seat districts.

5849:

If there are not enough candidates to represent one of the priorities the electorate vote for (such as a party), all of them may be elected in the early stages, with votes being transferred to candidates with other views. On the other hand, putting up too many candidates might result in

3139:

is a version of single transferable voting applied to the ranking of parties, first proposed for elections in Germany in 2013. The spare vote system includes the step of transferring the votes of eliminated choices to the next-indicated choice, but it does not transfer surplus votes.

5807:

A third way to fill a vacancy is to hold a single-winner by-election (effectively instant-runoff voting); this allows each party to choose a new candidate and all voters to participate. This is the method used in the Republic of Ireland in national elections, and in Scotland's local

4045:

minority." In Hare's original system, he further proposed that electors should have the opportunity of discovering which candidate their vote had ultimately counted for, to improve their personal connection with voting. At the time of Hare's original proposal, the UK did not use the

3466:

If there are still seats to be filled after all surplus votes have been transferred, the candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated and their votes are transferred to the next candidate marked on each ballot. Candidates already elected or eliminated cannot receive votes in most

3454:

If any such elected candidate has more votes than the quota, surplus votes are then transferred to other candidates proportionally based on their next-indicated choice on all the ballots that had been received by that candidate. There are several different ways to do this. (see

3730: 3576: 2193:

In the third and fourth rounds, the least popular candidates are eliminated (Candidates A1 and A5) and their votes transferred to their next preferences. Voters of Candidate A5 are not very partisan, preferring the independent candidate over the other candidates of Party A.

1817:

Chocolate has the fewest votes and is eliminated. According to their only voter's next preference, this vote is transferred to Cake. No option has reached the quota, and there are still two to elect with five in the race, so elimination of options will continue next round.

4119:

system in local or regional elections, and only white male general practitioners were elected to the General Medical Council. In 1979, the UK National Health Service used STV to proportionally elect women and immigrant GPs, and specialists, to the General Medical Council.

1502:

The table is read as columns: the left-most column shows that there were three ballots with Orange as the first choice and Pear as second, while the right-most column shows there were three ballots with Chicken as first choice, Chocolate as second, and Hamburger as third.

6573:

In Cambridge, Massachusetts, under STV in 2021, 90 percent of voters saw their vote help to elect a candidate, more than 65 percent of voters saw their first choice candidate elected, and more than 95 percent of voters saw at least one of their top three choices elected.

4111:

was a strong advocate, calling it "Proportional Representation". The HG Wells formula for scientific voting, repeated, over many years, in his PR writings, to avoid misunderstanding, is Proportional Representation by the single transferable vote in large constituencies.

5948:

The larger, multi-member constituencies can result in less, rather than more, representation of local communities within the electoral district. The representatives could potentially all be from one part of the region, leaving other communities without representation.

5854:

not guarantee proportionality across all districts. If proportionality is measured by looking at first preference votes, the final result may vary from that proportionality due to some votes being transferred from one party to another during the vote count procedure.

1148:

most part, each successful candidate is elected with the same number of votes. This equality produces fairness in the particular sense that a party taking twice as many votes as another party will generally take twice the number of seats compared to that other party.

3775:

Votes to the number of the surplus can be drawn at random from the candidate's votes. Choosing the votes at random from the pile means that each transfer should be mixed and will likely closely resemble the composition of the entire pile. (This is the system used in

1123:

can take all the seats in a district unless the number of seats in the district is very small or almost all the votes cast are cast for one party's candidates (which is seldom the case). This makes it different from other commonly used candidate-based systems. In

5731:

A parliamentary committee in 2010 discussed the "increasing trend towards the creation of three-seat constituencies in Ireland" and recommended not less than four-seaters, except where the geographic size of such a constituency would be disproportionately large.

1963:

This example shows election of five members in a district. Party A runs five candidates, Party B runs three, and there is one independent in the race. The election is conducted under STV with the Hare quota, which for five seats is 20% (100% divided by five).

1943:

of some kind: an outcome that is unlikely to be more representative than simply choosing only one winner. In an extreme example, where no faction can command an absolute majority, the largest of the minority groups can force a one-outcome result by running

1171:, there is no ticket voting and surplus votes are fractionally transferred based on the last parcel of votes received by winners in accordance with the Gregory method. Systems that use the Gregory method for surplus vote transfers are strictly non-random. 3197:

systems may also be interpreted as a related, effectively preferential mixed system. Votes are not transferred, but a voter may vote differently for the local election and the overall party vote, with one, both or neither of those votes electing someone.

3867:

of marked preferences on the ballots, or do the same by transferring part of each vote at the transfer value rate. The vote is transferred in the form of the ballot paper, carrying its own back-up preferences with it for possible later use. This is the

3409:

A common formula sets quota as a fraction of the votes cast. A four-seat district using the Hare quota sets quota as one-fourth of the valid votes; a four-seat district using the Droop quota sets the quota as one more than one-fifth of the valid votes.

5917:

system may only vote for as many candidates as the instruction on the ballot gives before "and so on", and may even "bullet vote", only expressing a first preference, or indicate a first preference for multiple candidates, especially when both STV and

5772:

in the resulting government. A district only needs to have four members to be proportional for the major parties, but may under-represent smaller parties, even though they may well be more likely to be elected under STV than under first-past-the-post.

6188:

Other useful information can be found by analysing terminal transfers—i.e., when the votes of a candidate are transferred and no other candidate from that party remains in the count—especially with respect to the first instance in which that occurs:

5767:

STV differs from other proportional representation systems in that candidates of one party can be elected on transfers from voters for other parties. Hence, STV may reduce the role of political parties in the electoral process and corresponding

3918:

with NSW being an obvious exception. In local government elections such as city councils, STV elections are often held citywide with district magnitudes in the 6 to 13 range, or wards may be used, usually electing 2 to 5 members in each ward.

1908:

Using FPTP, it could happen that under any three-district single-winner system, none of the groups elect Pears, if the 7 votes for it are split and in each "district" there is another food that beats it (e.g. Oranges, Hamburgers and Chicken).

1899:

Under first-past-the-post, the guests would have been split into three groups with one food chosen by each group based on just the most popular food in each group. The result in this case would have been dependent on how the groups are formed

3175:. The difference from "indirect STV" is that under liquid democracy, candidates, elected members and sometimes voters may transfer votes after the votes are cast to build coalitions; candidates do not have to publish their list beforehand. 3922:

the usual electoral threshold in use for most party-list PR systems, but the Droop quota in a district covering just part of a jurisdiction may be set at as few votes as a smaller proportion of the votes cast across a whole jurisdiction.

5811:

Yet another option is to allow the party of the vacant member to nominate a successor, possibly subject to the approval of the voting population or the rest of the government. This is the method used in the Republic of Ireland in local

3406:

popular, and attainment of quota is the benchmark of that popularity. Some say that the importance of quota is to set the number of votes that are surplus; that is, the number that should be transferred away from successful candidates.

3505:

The Droop quota is the one most commonly used. It is generally considered to be the absolute lowest number that elects the correct number of candidates to fill the available seats, at least based on the original number of votes cast.

1835:

Chicken has the fewest votes and is eliminated. The Chicken voters' next preference is Chocolate but Chocolate has already been eliminated. The next usable preference is Hamburgers, so the three votes are transferred to Hamburgers.

5819:, a departing member from the Republic of Ireland or Northern Ireland is replaced with the top eligible name from a replacement list submitted by the candidate at the time of the original election. This method was also used in the 3763:

It can happen that a vote is set to be transferred but cannot be because it bears no subsequent preference for any remaining candidate. In transfers of surplus votes, any non-transferable votes are left with the elected candidate.

3622:

A different quota, one set lower than Droop, is sometimes workable. If fractional votes are used in an STV method, a quota smaller than the Droop quota may be used, where less than a whole number is added to votes/(seats plus 1).

2640:

There are now only four candidates remaining and three seats remaining open. The least popular candidate (Candidate B1) is declared defeated. The remaining three are declared elected regardless of whether they reached the quota.

3470:

This process repeats until either every seat has been filled by candidates surpassing quota or until there are only as many remaining candidates as there are remaining seats, at which point the remaining candidates are declared

7486: 5905:

Critics contend that some voters find the mechanisms behind STV difficult to understand, but this does not make it more difficult for voters to rank the list of candidates in order of preference on an STV ballot paper (see

3980: 10304: 4237:

lower house and the Capital Territory assembly. There is a compulsory number of preferences for a vote for candidates (below-the-line) to be valid: for the Senate a minimum of 90% of candidates must be scored, in 2013 in

3682: 2898:

This result differs from the one that would have occurred if the voting system used had been non-PR, such as single non-transferable vote (SNTV), first-past-the-post (FPTP) in five districts, first-past-the-post at-large

4178:

was introduced to reduce a high rate of informal voting but in 2016, group tickets were abolished to avoid undue influence of preference deals amongst parties that were seen as distorting election results and a form of

3522: 1839:

Hamburgers is elected with 7 votes in total. Hamburgers now has a surplus vote, but this does not matter since the election is over. There are no more foods needing to be chosen – three have been chosen.

3497:

STV systems primarily differ in how they transfer surplus votes and in the size of the quota. For this reason, it has been suggested that STV can be considered a family of voting systems rather than a single system.

5668:

prevents in most cases one party taking all the seats and in its thinning out of the candidates in the field prevents the election of an extreme candidate or party if it does not have enough overall general appeal.

4453:

countries – Malta and Australia – and Ireland use STV at the national level. Nepal, Estonia and Denmark used a form of STV previously. More than 80 countries in the world use a form of

3737:

In any case, in most STV elections the appearance of non-transferable votes means that the quota could be lowered significantly below Droop during the counting of the vote with no danger of having too many elected.

3675: 1828:

Cake has no surplus votes, no other option has reached the quota, and there is still one choice to select with three in the race, so the vote count proceeds, with the elimination of the least popular candidate.

6544:

Thus, of 1223 seats filled in 2012, only 68 were filled by candidates who were not in top three or four spots in the first count. Therefore, transfers changed the outcome of only about 6 percent of the spots.

1795:

formula is used to produce the quota (the number of votes required to be automatically declared elected) = floor(valid votes / (seats to fill + 1)) + 1 = floor(23 / (3 + 1)) + 1 = floor(5.75) + 1 = 5 + 1 = 6

3462:

If there are still seats to be filled after the surplus votes of all candidates elected in the first count have been transferred, if any new candidates have been elected, their surplus votes are transferred

8136: 3606:

There are variations in the conduct of transfers in different variations of STV, such as how to transfer surplus votes from winning candidates and whether to transfer votes to already-elected candidates.

3446:

An STV election count starts with a count of each voter's first choice, recording how many for each candidate, calculation of the total number of votes and the quota and then taking the following steps:

5719:

just part of a jurisdiction may be set at as few votes as an list PR system's electoral threshold set at a lower percentage but based on the votes cast across a whole jurisdiction. For instance, in the

3797: 1291:

If seats remain open after the first count, any surplus votes are transferred. This may generate the necessary winners. As well, least popular candidates may be eliminated as way to generate winners.

10299: 4143:

from 1896 to 1902. In 1909, it began to be used on a permanent basis for House of Assembly elections and to elect all House of Assembly members. (Instant-runoff voting was used for elections to the

2948:

that happens, the supporters of the independent candidate might aid one or another of the main parties. The five seats would be divided among the two main parties, in a more or less fair fashion.

8147:"News Release: Final Proposals for Na h-Eileanan an Iar, Orkney Islands and Shetland Islands council areas submitted to Scottish Ministers" (PDF) (Press release). Boundaries Scotland. 28 May 2021 5687:

in the United States (which refers to STV as proportional ranked choice voting and instant-runoff voting as "ranked choice voting", although there are other preferential voting methods that use

8500: 4373:

was founded in 1893 to promote STV, and their efforts resulted in its adoption by many city councils in the first half of the 20th century. More than twenty cities have used STV, including

3298:

In STV, each voter casts just one vote although multiple seats are to be filled in the district. Voters mark first preference and can provide alternate preferences, to be used if needed.

5823:, until 2009, when the practice was changed to allow political parties to nominate new MLAs in the event of vacancies. Independent MLAs may still draw up lists of potential replacements. 983: 4347:, it received 58 percent support and achieved a simple majority in 77 of 79 electoral districts. It was rejected for falling short of the 60 percent threshold that had been set by the 4115:

STV in large constituencies and multiple-member districts permits an approach to the Hare-Mill-Wells ideal of mirror representation. The UK National Health Service previously used the

1905:"districts", in which case only 7 guests out of 23 would have seen their first choice served, a very unrepresentative outcome, given that three different foods could have been served. 5755:. Before the advent of computers, this complexity made ballot-counting more difficult than in other methods, though Winnipeg used it to elect ten MLAs in seven elections (1920–1945). 10365: 5867:

the contents of all the ballots, effectively only being possible after the ballots are counted; and discovering the correct votes to cast to manipulate the outcome strategically is

4660:

If elected members are from only two parties, the party with the most first-preference votes is allocated additional members to reach majority of seats in the chamber if necessary

7391: 7084: 3898:

some become non-transferable. Meek also considered a variant of his system which allows for equal preferences to be expressed. This has subsequently (since 1998) been used by the

10587: 8860: 1951:, by not voting for their preferred option but instead voting for whatever they consider to be the least bad outcome that is still likely to gain the required number of votes. 10309: 667: 1857:

eight of these 15 saw their first and third choices selected. Four others saw their second preference chosen, with one of them having their second and third choice selected.

1281:

In a single transferable vote (STV) system, the voter ranks candidates in order of preference on their ballot. A vote is initially allocated to the voter's first preference.

4211: 8531: 8137:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233430071_Detailed_description_of_the_stv_count_in_accordance_with_the_rules_in_the_scottish_local_government_elections_order_2007

4340: 7136: 4186:

Beginning in the 1970s, Australian states began to reform their upper houses to introduce proportional representation in line with the Federal Senate. The first was the

4033: 3152:

election, which may use FPTP, IRV or STV rules; in the STV case, the vote is transferred to another tier in favour of the chosen party list. (This is in contrast to the

686: 3422:, newspapers reported that it was expected that the number of councillors would drop to 17 due to lower voter turnout. Under NYC's STV, total seats on council varied: 3986:

someone. Thus under STV, the candidates who make up a majority of the district's elected members are supported directly by a majority of the voters in the district.

10278: 5555: 10269: 6970: 8659: 2906:

This result is different from if all voters could only vote for their first preference but still all seats were filled in a single contest, which is called the

10628: 10530: 3333:, where a voter simply indicates preference for a party slate, sometimes even ranking party slates, instead of marking preferences for individual candidates. 1315:

decision, with the whole-vote method used to transfer surplus votes. The hope is that each guest will be served at least one food that they are happy with.

8457: 3502:

that more candidates can be elected than the number of open seats, but the smaller it is, the fairer the result. There are several ways to specify quotas.

1053: 890: 8158: 10370: 10244: 10211: 10201: 9495: 3414:

based on voter turnout. Under such a system, the number of representatives elected varied from election to election depending on voter turnout. In the

3292: 9419:"State legislative councils: designing for accountability." In N. Aroney, S. Prasser, & J. R. Nethercote (Eds.), Restraining Elective Dictatorship 3933: 1811:

No other option has reached the quota, and there are still two to elect with six options in the race, so elimination of lower-scoring options starts.

10117: 4705: 4352: 4344: 4207: 3588:

Droop being relatively low means that the largest party, if it has the majority of votes, is likely to take the majority of the seats in a district.

8504: 10377: 10249: 8184: 7838: 7502: 5672: 8085: 5830:, Malta introduced a one-off policy to elect the candidate eliminated last to fill the prospective vacancy for the extra seat that arose from the 10330: 5341: 3995: 1302:

than being discarded; if the next-preferred choice has already been eliminated or elected, the procedure is iterated to lower-ranked candidates.

7085:

https://www.elections.act.gov.au/education/act_electoral_commission_fact_sheets/fact_sheets_-_general_html/elections_act_factsheet_ballot_papers

1319:

surplus of votes. The 23 guests at the party mark their ballots: some mark first, second and third preferences; some mark only two preferences.

1159:

voting. In Ireland and Malta, surplus votes are transferred as whole votes (there may be some random-ness) and neither allows ticket voting. In

10475: 8288: 7779: 4065:, where only the final weightings of each candidate need to be published. However, the elected member cannot verify who their supporters are. 7644: 5759:

different permutation of early preferences and thus each with a different carried-forward weighting, all of which have to be kept track of.)

5700: 3875:

of votes. Gregory is in use in Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland (Senate elections) and in some electoral systems used in Australia.

1802:

First-preference votes are counted. Pears reaches the quota with 8 votes and is therefore elected on the first count, with 2 surplus votes.

3630: 10399: 10216: 10206: 9945: 8817: 8709:"Legislative Council – State Election 2019". vtr.elections.nsw.gov.au. Archived from the original on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2019 5026: 7600: 6690:

Likely outcome based on first preferences and assuming most voters also cast their second and third votes for candidates of the same party

10592: 10465: 10435: 9713: 5035: 4074: 3768:

exhausted pile. Transfer of the transferable votes is done in these cases simply by reference to the next usable preference on the vote.

744: 9110:"Booklet Position Effects, and Two New statistics to Gauge Voter Understanding of the Need to Rank Candidates in Preferential Elections" 8024: 7399: 3156:, which is currently used in Hungary, where voters may not define a separate party-list preference and do not cast preferential votes.) 8312: 7137:

https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/1044631/Santucci_georgetown_0076D_13763.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

5827: 3725:{\displaystyle {\text{votes needed to win}}=\left\lceil {\frac {\text{valid votes cast}}{\rm {{\text{seats to fill}}+1}}}\right\rceil } 1249: 17: 9332: (2004). "Single Transferable Vote with Borda Elimination: Proportional Representation, Moderation, Quasi-chaos and Stability". 8867: 8990:"A New Approach to the Single Transferable Vote. Paper I: Equality of Treatment of Voters and a Feedback Mechanism for Vote Counting" 7546: 7454: 5874:

The difficulty of manipulating results under STV is credited with why it is chosen for use in part of the process of allocating the

5781:

As STV is a multi-member system, filling vacancies between elections can be problematic, and a variety of methods have been devised:

4364: 4288: 3882:

Both Gregory and earlier methods have the problem that, in some circumstances, they do not treat all votes equally. For this reason,

3571:{\displaystyle {\text{votes needed to win}}=\left\lfloor {\frac {\text{valid votes cast}}{{\text{seats to fill}}+1}}\right\rfloor +1} 3364: 3244: 1221: 1202: 5859: 4324:

its MLAs through STV from 1920 to 1955, when the Manitoba provincial government changed those elections to use first-past-the-post.

4246:

As a result of a parliamentary commission investigating the 2013 election, from 2016 the system has been considerably reformed (see

10618: 10314: 9841: 9693: 5059: 4163: 3190: 2181:

In the first round, the vote tally of the most popular candidate of Party A, Candidate A3, is more than quota, so they win a seat.

1322:

When the ballots are counted, it is found that the ballots are marked in seven distinct combinations, as shown in the table below:

776: 638: 633: 8112: 5735:

STV provides proportionality by transferring votes to minimize waste, and therefore also minimizes the number of unrepresented or

4174:

who have taken advantage of this system to achieve parliamentary representation and the balance of power. From the 1984 election,

3787:

The basic formula for how to transfer surplus votes when there are more transferable votes than the surplus to be transferred is:

1931:), the bare majority that prefers some other kind of fruit (Oranges, Pears, Strawberries) would have dominated all other choices. 10623: 10535: 9940: 9718: 5970: 5815:

Another possibility is to have the candidates themselves create an ordered list of successors before leaving their seats. In the

5234: 4434: 3492: 1920:

voting) as at least in all districts the majority would have been quite happy, but that still leaves the minority unrepresented.

1285: 1046: 739: 7083:"the instructions on the ballot papers ask electors to show preferences for at least as many candidates as there are vacancies" 5928:

The STV method may be confusing to some and may cause some people to vote incorrectly with respect to their actual preferences.

4537: 4253:

In 2023, the single transferable vote was also chosen as the electoral method in South Australia for the state's First Nation's

1808:

All of the voters who gave first preference to Pears preferred Strawberry next, so the surplus votes are awarded to Strawberry.

1228: 1116:) may be thought of as remainder votes – they are transferred to a voter's subsequent preferences if necessary. 10342: 10225: 9703: 9488: 6759: 6755: 5804:

Another option is to have a head official or remaining members of the elected body appoint a new member to fulfill the vacancy.

5752: 5597: 5569: 5142: 4455: 4199: 4191: 421: 5711:

lowering the number of representatives from a given district directly benefits larger parties at the expense of smaller ones.

10545: 10110: 8375: 7060: 6863: 5096:

2015 reform abolished staggered terms and half-council elections. Range of district magnitude: 5 (Mosta) to 13 (Birkirkara).

4979: 4398: 9467: 4491: 10503: 10264: 10067: 8922: 5386: 5008: 4823: 4581: 4187: 3911: 3179: 2903:

voting (as used to elect members of the US electoral college), or a single-winner winner-take-all system in five districts

1093: 945: 196: 9395:

Papers on Parliament No. 34 Representation and Institutional Change: 50 Years of Proportional Representation in the Senate

1865:

end. Transfers seldom affect the election of more than one or two of the initial front runners and sometimes none at all.

1235: 10638: 10191: 10157: 9750: 9430: 6704: 5481: 5363: 5189: 4528: 4195: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3159: 8238: 7535:

Electoral Reform Society, 1979 audit, which records the gratitude of the British medical profession for introducing STV.

5913:

STV systems vary, both in ballot design and in whether or not voters are obliged to provide a full list of preferences.

96: 9172: 9062: 8978: 8935: 7822: 6620: 5550: 4370: 3860: 3400: 1284:

A quota (the minimum number of votes that guarantees election) is calculated by a specified method (STV generally uses

1039: 54: 9162: 7706: 4618:

Constituencies have a constitutionally mandated minimum magnitude of 3, and a legally mandated maximum magnitude of 5

10613: 10540: 9481: 7009: 5428: 4310: 3596: 3386: 3270: 1912:

Similar problems arise to a lesser degree if all districts use a majority system instead of plurality (for instance,

1268: 1217: 940: 8685: 7123: 5362:

Indirect use of STV, where not citizens, but bodies elected by citizens elect another body. Not to be confused with

3252: 1938:

transferable vote is very different from simply having more seats to fill and giving each voter more votes to cast.

1889:

as used to elect members of the US electoral college, or a single-winner winner-take-all system in three districts.

10498: 10493: 10335: 10103: 9935: 9881: 8420: 7684: 6721: 6708: 5966: 4247: 1944: 930: 680: 651: 591: 7882: 4437:, introduced in the US Congress in June 2017, would have established STV for US House elections starting in 2022. 10259: 10062: 9733: 6738: 5207: 5106: 1160: 662: 187: 104: 4018: 10566: 10347: 10196: 10085: 9861: 9406: 7580: 6920: 5322:; Albany, New York; St. Paul, Minnesota; St. Louis Park, Minnesota; Portland, Oregon (multi-member wards); and 5286: 4348: 4292: 4254: 3368: 3248: 3164: 3144: 2927: 1206: 725: 100: 7894: 5161: 789: 10145: 8162: 5990: 5278: 5212: 5165: 4931: 4430: 4203: 3129: 1873:

This result differs from the one that would have occurred if the voting system used had been non-PR, such as

367: 352: 337: 63: 6838:

George Howatt, Democratic Representation under the Hare-Clark System – The Need for Seven-Member Electorates

5173: 4101:

to be the first parliament in the world to be at least partially elected by a form of STV, specifically the

10471: 10414: 10409: 10404: 9904: 9889: 9708: 9274: 6615: 6546: 5786: 5720: 5274: 4702: 4644: 4544: 4180: 4144: 4021:

proposed a transferable vote system for elections in Denmark, and his system was used in 1856 to elect the

3311: 3303: 3209:, which also sequentially selects candidates and reweights the voters approving these selected candidates. 3125: 2907: 1892: 1874: 1168: 603: 526: 447: 9698: 9313: 8924:

Article 16 of the Constitution: Review of the Electoral System for the Election of Members to Dáil Éireann

7984: 5844: 10561: 10445: 10254: 9955: 9678: 9668: 9529: 7442: 6725: 6657: 6558: 4898: 4393:. STV has also been adopted for student government elections at several American universities, including 4155: 4148: 4140: 4103: 4098: 3202: 1125: 1071: 968: 415: 397: 238: 9417: 10633: 10571: 9920: 9611: 6785:"Comparing Proportional Representation Electoral Systems: Quotas, Thresholds, Paradoxes and Majorities" 6442: 6282: 6063: 5543: 4394: 4116: 3742:

still open seats to be filled and if the transfers may affect the ranking of the remaining candidates.

1882: 1878: 1784:

illustrating the vote process. Not shown is the one-vote transfer from Strawberry to Oranges in Step 4.

1129: 859: 842: 809: 573: 561: 531: 332: 290: 223: 8393: 7270: 4194:

system (replaced with STV in 1982), followed by the single transferable vote being introduced for the

1242: 9970: 9925: 9871: 9783: 5863:

five seats – and candidates of those parties were already leading in the first count.

5820: 5456: 5445: 5230: 2922:

If voters could vote for five candidates (but not cast ranked votes) – ) as under the

1101: 715: 708: 192: 5153: 4381:

and New York City. As of January 2010, it is used to elect the city council and school committee in

3434:

proportion to the next-highest preference marked on the ballots received by that candidate, if any.

10525: 9960: 9846: 9804: 9648: 9584: 9542: 9393: 8969:

Margetts, Helen (2003). "Electoral Reform". In Fisher, Justin; Denver, David; Benyon, John (eds.).

7787: 7783: 7756: 6591: 5794: 5680: 5311: 5101: 4382: 3777: 3233: 3194: 1442: 1414: 1353: 769: 697: 549: 536: 519: 474: 437: 427: 9225: 9143: 7596: 7421: 5157: 4057:

representing a "constituency of interest" made up of only those who voted for the elected member.

978: 10391: 10126: 9985: 9975: 9950: 9766: 9643: 9579: 9022:"A New Approach to the Single Transferable Vote. Paper II: The Problem of Non-transferable Votes" 6463: 6309: 6084: 5962: 5918: 5748: 5747:

A frequent concern about STV is its complexity compared with single-mark voting methods, such as

5319: 5181: 5133: 4450: 4281: 3357: 3237: 1195: 895: 749: 432: 8719: 864: 10485: 10430: 10274: 10221: 10026: 9965: 9828: 9220: 8482: 7945: 6505: 6400: 6228: 6126: 6021: 5974: 5651: 5123: 4697: 4507: 4446: 4250:), with group voting tickets (GVTs) abolished and voters no longer required to fill all boxes. 4053: 3288: 3206: 3148: 2923: 1939: 1137: 924: 804: 734: 541: 9771: 8012: 7378: 6648:

The name "proportional ranked-choice voting" can refer to a wide variety of methods including

4602: 10520: 10450: 10140: 9930: 9851: 9616: 9461: 6371:

Candidates not in a winning position on 1st preference who secured election, by party (2012)

5464: 5345: 5259: 5196: 5177: 3119: 2934: 1917: 1575: 1133: 1066: 832: 672: 556: 362: 341: 273: 251: 31: 8572: 10000: 9569: 9447: 8548: 7911: 7247:"Review of some aspects the Single Transferable Voting system for local elections in Wales" 5769: 5315: 5169: 5149: 4912: 4652: 4610: 4557: 4167: 2911: 963: 950: 918: 182: 8185:"Portland, Maine, Question 4, Proportional Ranked-Choice Voting Amendment (November 2022)" 8: 9980: 9574: 6936: 5882: 5816: 5063: 5014: 4983: 4935: 4827: 4628: 4566: 4226: 4175: 4094: 4072:

was a friend of Hare's and an early proponent of STV, praising it at length in his essay

4026: 3330: 3283: 3183: 2941: 1886: 869: 703: 356: 3585:

district because no more than nine people can each have 10% of the vote + 1, and so on.

2413:

of the other party so their 3% surplus votes will go to Candidate I in the sixth round.

10508: 10021: 9631: 9589: 9293: 9254: 9246: 8645: 7843:

2023 (SA) – Schedule 1 — Rules of election for Local First Nations Voices – Section 13"

7066: 7038: 7015: 6987: 6982:

Peters, Dominik; Skowron, Piotr (2020). "Proportionality and the Limits of Welfarism".

6812: 5583: 5469: 5440: 5408: 5137: 5054: 4747: 4623: 4572: 4548: 4014: 3887: 1152: 1029: 900: 511: 295: 9470:

A podcast about the development of Australia's upper houses into STV elected chambers.

8458:"Do all countries have by-elections? Filling parliamentary vacancies around the world" 7204: 10455: 10152: 9990: 9899: 9856: 9776: 9621: 9606: 9564: 9426: 9402: 9373: 9349: 9320: 9297: 9238: 9168: 9120: 9096: 9058: 9029: 8997: 8974: 8931: 8909: 7818: 7576: 7343: 7246: 7070: 7056: 7019: 7005: 6804: 6742: 6605: 5127: 4960: 4586: 4512: 4230: 4171: 4159: 3153: 1024: 935: 905: 827: 764: 598: 325: 300: 283: 151: 59: 9362: 9345: 9258: 9109: 5391: 4025:

and from 1866 it was also adapted for indirect elections to the second chamber, the

4000: 1776: 1542: 1535: 1393: 1346: 10031: 9663: 9519: 9504: 9341: 9285: 9230: 9088: 9048: 8899: 7963: 7547:"Senate Voting Changes Explained in Australian Electoral Commission Advertisements" 7333: 7048: 6997: 6796: 5886: 5736: 4332: 4206:

in 2003. The single transferable vote was also introduced for the elections to the

4128: 4069: 4062: 3883: 3172: 1928: 1913: 1563: 1556: 1549: 1467: 1458: 1428: 1407: 1367: 1360: 1097: 1016: 973: 852: 566: 442: 268: 262: 244: 233: 228: 216: 177: 139: 8379: 10079: 9995: 9836: 9814: 9626: 9547: 9537: 9515: 9205: 9052: 8941: 8263: 7729: 7526:

HG Wells 1916: The Elements of Reconstruction. HG Wells 1918: In The Fourth Year.

6610: 6484: 6421: 6336: 6255: 6105: 6042: 5337: 5323: 5199:

elections: all 20 boards (until the district health boards were replaced in 2021)

4803: 4767: 4426: 4402: 4390: 4239: 3899: 3859:

This can produce fractional votes, which are handled differently under different

3167:

legislator William H. Gove of Salem and Archibald E. Dobbs of Ireland, author of

2916: 1948: 1421: 1374: 1113: 1105: 1004: 837: 692: 657: 578: 489: 392: 315: 257: 135: 8421:

https://www.dst.dk/valg/Valg1968094/other/Fordelingen-af-mandater-ved-FV2022.pdf

8211: 7306: 5801:

can be filled by re-examining the ballot papers data from the previous election.

3975:{\displaystyle ({\rm {\mbox{valid votes cast}}})/({\rm {\mbox{seats to fill}}})} 1521: 1400: 1332: 9894: 9599: 9559: 9273:

Benade, Gerdus; Buck, Ruth; Duchin, Moon; Gold, Dara; Weighill, Thomas (2021).

9201: 9021: 8989: 8835: 7883:

https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0004/NQ29051.pdf

6626: 6600: 5875: 5798: 4727: 4418: 4086: 4079: 3868: 3514: 2900: 1901: 1781: 874: 814: 799: 610: 479: 454: 305: 9452: 9092: 8904: 8887: 7052: 6800: 4328:

used STV For elections in about 100 elections during the 1918 to 1931 period.

3879:

candidate, not just the votes that make up the last parcel of votes received.

3132:. The winners were the same under STV as would have been elected under SNTV.) 1528: 1449: 1386: 1339: 10607: 10440: 9638: 9377: 9353: 9314:"Single Transferable Vote with Borda Elimination: A New Vote-Counting System" 9242: 9124: 9100: 9033: 9001: 8913: 8840: 7347: 6808: 5831: 5688: 5637: 4633: 4046: 3891: 883: 583: 371: 209: 172: 147: 10167: 8336: 7001: 10460: 9653: 9594: 8856: 8660:"Advantages and Disadvantages of Using the Single Transferable Vote System" 4406: 4162:. This change has led to the rise of a number of minor parties such as the 3581: 1294:

The specific method of transferring votes varies in different systems (see

623: 387: 380: 310: 10095: 8847:(7th ed.). London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. – via 8503:(Press release). Northern Ireland Office. 10 February 2009. Archived from 8407: 5965:

that they pass. No preference voting system satisfies all the criteria in

5723:, the main electoral threshold of 2 percent in use meant 71,000 of the 3.5 4466:

The table below lists countries that use STV to fill a nationally elected

159: 10036: 9799: 9738: 9658: 9554: 9289: 9139: 8189: 7930: 6653: 6567: 5961:

Academic analysis of voting systems such as STV generally centres on the

5890: 5868: 5715: 5632: 5612: 5490: 5474: 5450: 5418: 5413: 5397: 5330: 4639: 4597: 4591: 4523: 4517: 4467: 4410: 4386: 4158:

on a state-by-state basis became the method for electing Senators to the

4108: 4040:

Although he was not the first to propose transferable votes, the British

4017:

in 1819. The system remained unused in public elections until 1855, when

3510: 3315: 3310:

Under full-preferential voting, a voter must rank all candidates. Under "

1792: 1141: 1120: 501: 459: 402: 347: 9250: 8603: 999: 9809: 9745: 9234: 8848: 8060: 7814: 7338: 7321: 4378: 4295: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3927: 3592: 3371: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3136: 1112:. Surplus votes belonging to winning candidates (those in excess of an 1109: 8038: 7811:

The Australian Electoral System: Origins, Variations, and Consequences

7662: 7443:

https://www.cambridgema.gov/Election2023/Official/Council%20Round1.htm

6919:

German state parliament faction of the pirates in Schleswig-Holstein:

6816: 6784: 3670:{\displaystyle ({\text{valid votes cast}})/({\text{seats to fill}}+1)} 3451:

A candidate who has reached or exceeded the quota is declared elected.

3322:

etc.) to show this, with 1 representing the voter's first preference.

123: 10046: 10041: 9164:

Platypus and Parliament: The Australian Senate in Theory and Practice

4374: 4229:, a party list option. It is used in the Australian upper house, the 4041: 469: 464: 9473: 9456: 4270: 3346: 3222: 1184: 9866: 7271:

https://citizensassembly.arts.ubc.ca/resources/TechReport(full).pdf

7043: 6992: 6984:

Proceedings of the 21st ACM Conference on Economics and Computation

6700: 6549:

would have provided the same results in a great majority of cases.

5790: 5684: 5529: 4865: 4414: 4234: 4136: 4022: 1164: 720: 9464:

lists a dozen programs for computing the single transferable vote.

7497: 7113:

Sandford Fleming, Essays on the Rectification of Parliament (1892)

3827:

total votes for the original candidate or total transferable votes

93:

may have been created or edited in return for undisclosed payments

9728: 8973:. Abingdon, England: Routledge (published 2014). pp. 64–82. 8921:

Ireland. Oireachtas. Joint Committee on the Constitution (2010).

8361: 7095:

Farrell and McAllister, The Australian Electoral System, p. 57-60

6681:

Based on single vote cast for 1st preferences, no tactical voting

6649: 5894: 5525: 4339:

was recommended for provincial elections by the British Columbia

4221:

in Australia refers to the Senate electoral system, a variant of

506: 7946:"H.R.3057 – 115th Congress (2017–2018): Fair Representation Act" 7160: 7158: 4355:, on 12 May 2009, BC-STV was defeated 61 percent to 39 percent. 3627:

the Droop quota is not needed; the quota he proposed was simply

10588:

List of members of the Australian Parliament who died in office

10016: 8501:"Change to the System for Filling Vacancies in the NI Assembly" 7226: 6570:. Perhaps one full quota or less is not used to elect someone. 4336: 1011: 8239:"Learning from the past to prepare for the future: RCV in NYC" 7808: 7471:

Farrell and McAllister, The Australian Electoral System, p. 26

3745: 3287:

A single transferable vote ballot paper for the electorate of

7665:. Melbourne: Proportional Representation Society of Australia 7155: 6905: 3824:

votes for next preference belonging to the original candidate

8086:"Hamilton City Council switches to STV system for elections" 4147:(its upper house), with some of the members elected through 83: 8013:

https://electoral.gov.mt/ElectionResults/LocalCouncil?v=808

7379:

https://electoral.gov.mt/ElectionResults/LocalCouncil?v=808

5578: 4422: 3430:

21 seats, 1941 26 seats, 1943 17 seats, and 1945 23 seats.

8888:"Algorithm 123: Single Transferable Vote by Meek's Method" 6439: 6279: 6060: 4784:

with the option of using a group voting ticket until 2003

3905: 8839: 8787: 8775: 8765: 8763: 7369:

constituency-review-report-2023.pdf (amazonaws.com), p. 5

7124:"Proportional Representation in New York City, 1936–1947" 5941:

its effect is diluted among a larger pool of candidates.

5348:

from 1937 to 1947 (multi-winner districts; uniform quota)

4013:

The concept of transferable voting was first proposed by

2882:

Under STV, candidates A3, A4, I, B2 and B3 were elected.

7508: 7422:"Scotland council elections 2022: A really simple guide" 7104:

A Report on Alberta Elections (1948 election in Calgary)

4132:

Australian Senate ballot paper used in Victoria for 2016

4032: 9184:

Proportional Representation Applied to Party Government

8583: 7218:

Hoag, Clarence Gilbert; Hallett, George Hervey (1926).

6937:

Indirect STV Election: A Voting System for South Africa

6630:, a journal concerned with the technical aspects of STV 6460: 6306: 6081: 5459:

elections by provinces and local assemblies since 2018

3734:

So, the quota for one seat is 50 of 100 votes, not 51.

3130:

election of Edmonton, Alberta, MLAs through STV in 1930

1954: 8799: 8760: 8748: 8736: 8425: 8212:"What offices are elected using Ranked-Choice Voting?" 7663:"The Hare-Clark System of Proportional Representation" 6847: 6502: 6397: 6225: 6123: 6018: 5491:

Historic use of STV for election of legislative bodies

3962: 3942: 3910:

Formally, STV satisfies a fairness criterion known as

1309: 8886:

Hill, I. D.; Wichmann, B. A.; Woodall, D. R. (1987).

8487:

S.I. No. 128/1965 – Local Elections Regulations, 1965

7621:

Electoral Reform expected to alter balance of power,

3936: 3795: 3685: 3633: 3525: 1849:

Orange ends up being neither elected nor eliminated.

9272: 8720:"Monotonicity Failure Under STV And Related Systems" 8218:. City of Minneapolis Elections & Voter Services 7757:"Above or below the line? Managing preference votes" 6922:

Alternativen zum Gesetzentwurf aus Drucksache 18/385

6581: 2969: 99:. It may require cleanup to comply with Knowledge's 9206:"Single Transferable Vote Resists Strategic Voting" 8885: 8617: 8549:"Single Transferable Vote Resists Strategic Voting" 8364:. Proportional Representation Society of Australia. 7881:Harold Jansen, STV in Alberta and Manitoba (1998). 7474: 7455:"Andræs metode | Gyldendal – Den Store Danske" 7232: 7185: 6969:Australian Capital Territory Electoral Commission, 5627:Direct (19 elected in single country-wide contest) 4982:elections (since 1987 – with the option of using a 4934:elections (since 2003 – with the option of using a 4826:elections (since 1982 – with the option of using a 1861:the last open seat, even if it did not have quota. 1209:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 10245:Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives 9275:"Ranked Choice Voting and Minority Representation" 8866:. London: Electoral Reform Society. Archived from 8301:A Report on Alberta Elections; Parliamentary Guide 7997: 7964:"Electoral Commission of Malta – General Election" 5973:(like most other vote-based ordering systems) and 4778:21 (half the chamber at a time – staggered terms) 3974: 3849: 3724: 3669: 3570: 3475:There are variations in conducting transfers (see 3293:2016 Australian Capital Territory general election 3205:rules behaving similarly to STV, for instance the 2184: 1927:Even if they held two rounds of voting (as in the 9145:In the Fourth Year: Anticipation of a World Peace 7287: 7275: 4208:Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly 1151:Under STV, winners are elected in a multi-member 10605: 9363:"Tie-Breaking with the Single Transferable Vote" 9181: 8362:"Proportional Representation and its Importance" 8156: 7985:"How Malta Votes: An Overview - Malta Elections" 6668: 6666: 5673:Proportional Representation Society of Australia 5480:Indirect by provincial assemblies and direct by 4836:Local First Nations Voice elections (since 2023) 8483:"Local Elections Regulations, 1965. Section 87" 6481: 6418: 6333: 6252: 6102: 6039: 5845:Tactical voting § Single transferable vote 5742: 5192:(2020); in 2022, this number further increased. 3996:History and use of the single transferable vote 3677:. The equivalent integer quota may be written: 1853:their votes were not used to select any food.) 1100:. They can be thought of as a variation on the 9199: 8959: 7912:"Elect@CMU | About single transferable voting" 7748: 7699: 7597:"Role and History of the Legislative Assembly" 7164: 7032: 5677:quota-preferential proportional representation 4575:, all 12 senators for each state are elected. 4139:first used STV for election of members of the 4061:elect). This is particularly easy to do using 3803:transferred votes given to the next preference 2893: 1128:or plurality systems – such as 10629:Proportional representation electoral systems 10111: 9489: 7709:. Sydney: Australian Broadcasting Corporation 7573:Felicia: The political memoirs of Don Dunstan 7035:Multi-Winner Voting with Approval Preferences 6981: 6663: 6193:Average first terminal transfer rates (2012) 5701:Issues affecting the single transferable vote 3754: 3476: 3456: 1846:The winners are Pears, Cake, and Hamburgers. 1295: 1047: 10400:Chronology of Australian federal parliaments 9946:Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives 9079:Newland, Robert A. (1984). "The STV Quota". 8236: 7634:Constitution (Parliamentary Reform) Act 2003 6894:. Alberta Legislature. 1982. pp. 38–81. 5762: 5705: 3616: 1868: 10593:Members of multiple Australian legislatures 10466:List of acts of the Parliament of Australia 10125: 9391: 9360: 9054:Considerations on Representative Government 8445:When Canada Had Proportional Representation 8310: 8113:"As easy as 1, 2, 3: How to vote using STV" 7871:When Canada Had Proportional Representation 7575:. Griffin Press Limited. pp. 214–215. 7217: 5980: 4075:Considerations on Representative Government 3746:Transfers of votes of eliminated candidates 3486: 3251:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 10118: 10104: 9496: 9482: 9468:Australia's Upper Houses – ABC Rear Vision 9392:Sawer, Marian & Miskin, Sarah (1999). 8861:"2012 Scottish Local Government Elections" 8378:. Electoral Reform Society. Archived from 1054: 1040: 30:For the single-winner version of STV, see 9224: 9182:Ashworth, H.P.C.; Ashworth, T.R. (1900). 8960:Lambert, Enid; Lakeman, James D. (1955). 8903: 8526: 8524: 8522: 7809:David M. Farrell; Ian McAllister (2006). 7337: 7042: 7037:. SpringerBriefs in Intelligent Systems. 6991: 6782: 5881:While STV generally does not satisfy the 5624:Indirect elections, university elections 4571:At a full senate election triggered by a 4365:Ranked-choice voting in the United States 4311:Learn how and when to remove this message 3387:Learn how and when to remove this message 3271:Learn how and when to remove this message 3114: 2407: 1269:Learn how and when to remove this message 8968: 8589: 8159:"Ranked-Choice Voting Commission Report" 8041:. The Department of Internal Affairs, NZ 7687:. Perth: University of Western Australia 7677: 7544: 7033:Lackner, Martin; Skowron, Piotr (2023). 5921:are being used in concurrent elections. 4762:Local government elections (since 2011) 4742:Local government elections (since 2016) 4461: 4445:STV has seen its widest adoption in the 4127: 4031: 3999: 3336: 3282: 1775: 1065: 122: 9941:Independence of irrelevant alternatives 9719:Sequential proportional approval voting 9078: 8920: 8855: 8834: 8805: 8793: 8781: 8769: 8754: 8742: 8431: 8110: 7570: 7492: 7319: 7244: 7191: 7175: 7173: 5971:independence of irrelevant alternatives 4989:Local government elections (since 2023) 4941:Local government elections (since 2003) 4904:Local government elections (since 1993) 4833:Local government elections (since 1999) 4107:, named after himself and Thomas Hare. 3906:District magnitudes and proportionality 3580:The Droop quota is an extension of the 3493:Comparison of the Hare and Droop quotas 14: 10606: 9327: 9311: 9107: 8623: 8519: 7943: 7895:"Report of the Chief Electoral Office" 7802: 7771: 7655: 7360:Electoral Commission of Malta (gov.mt) 6934: 5969:: in particular, STV fails to achieve 5956: 5753:party-list proportional representation 5598:Party-list proportional representation 5570:Party-list proportional representation 4456:party-list proportional representation 4341:Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform 4225:characterized by the "above the line" 4200:Western Australian Legislative Council 4089:, leading it to be sometimes known as 4085:Advocacy of STV spread throughout the 3595:was used in the original proposals by 3418:, 26 councillors were elected; in the 10099: 9503: 9477: 9415: 9138: 9015: 8987: 8601: 8313:"Electoral systems change in Estonia" 8111:Edgeler, Graeme (12 September 2022). 7777: 7754: 7545:Anderson, Stephanie (25 April 2016). 7514: 7293: 7281: 6913: 6699:STV was previously used to elect the 6381: 6378: 6375: 6197: 5996: 5524:Provincial legislative assemblies of 2959: 9425:. UWA Publishing. pp. 175–195. 9160: 9047: 8337:"The Irish Senate elections of 1925" 8268:Ranked Choice Voting Resource Center 7727: 7480: 7170: 6829:Terry Newman, Hare-Clark in Tasmania 6789:British Journal of Political Science 5900: 5785:The countback method is used in the 4293:adding citations to reliable sources 4264: 4188:South Australian Legislative Council 3912:proportionality for solid coalitions 3840:surplus votes for original candidate 3369:adding citations to reliable sources 3340: 3249:adding citations to reliable sources 3216: 3201:There are also several proportional 1955:Example for an election with parties 1207:adding citations to reliable sources 1178: 77: 38: 9751:Indirect single transferable voting 8971:Central Debates in British Politics 8686:"The Highlands | Scotland.org" 8602:Scotl, Ballot Box (5 August 2022). 8394:"Proportional Ranked Choice Voting" 8031: 7538: 6762:to the Northern Ireland parliament. 6703:members of both the Senate and the 5671:STV is the system of choice of the 5482:Federally Administered Tribal Areas 5364:indirect single transferable voting 5314:(multi-member, at-large district); 4529:States and territories of Australia 4196:New South Wales Legislative Council 4091:British Proportional Representation 3428:1939 New York City Council election 3424:1937 New York City Council election 3420:1939 New York City Council election 3416:1937 New York City Council election 3160:Indirect single transferable voting 1310:Example for a non-partisan election 127:Simplified example of an STV ballot 24: 9192: 9057:. London: Parker, Son, and Bourn. 8289:"A short history of STV in the US" 7603:from the original on 23 April 2011 7589: 7222:. New York: The Macmillan Company. 6672:Based on 1st preference candidates 6621:Table of voting systems by country 6552: 5986:elected, can be shown as follows: 5534:Unicameral provincial governments 5329:At-large municipal board seats in 5326:(multi-member, at-large district). 4371:Proportional Representation League 4154:In 1948, single transferable vote 3401:Counting single transferable votes 3302:(plump) and not mark any more. In 1144:can take all seats in a district. 158: 55:Counting single transferable votes 25: 10650: 9441: 7599:. Parliament of New South Wales. 7233:Hill, Wichmann & Woodall 1987 6971:Modified d'Hondt Electoral System 6658:Instant-runoff voting#Terminology 4097:was successful in persuading the 3180:modified d'Hondt electoral system 3169:Representative Reform for Ireland 2645:preferences are marked that way. 1087:proportional ranked choice voting 10166: 8811: 8712: 8703: 8678: 8652: 8638: 8629: 8595: 8565: 8541: 8493: 8475: 8450: 8437: 7928: 7755:Green, Anthony (20 April 2005). 7496: 7381:. (Birkirkara elects 13 members) 7326:Journal of Economic Perspectives 7320:Tideman, Nicolaus (March 1995). 6754:STV was previously used for the 6737:STV was previously used for the 6720:STV was previously used for the 6584: 6382:Not elected though in top 3 or 4 6379:Elected though not in top 3 or 4 5301:3-seat wards (Portland, Oregon) 5281:) (districts of 1 to 5 members) 4965:State legislature (upper house) 4917:State legislature (upper house) 4870:State legislature (lower house) 4808:State legislature (upper house) 4772:State legislature (upper house) 4710:State legislature (lower house) 4458:for their national legislature. 4389:, and the board of assessors in 4358: 4269: 4248:2016 Australian federal election 4190:in 1973, which initially used a 3345: 3221: 2966:STV – Hare quota 2635: 1924:only food served at the party. 1562: 1555: 1548: 1541: 1534: 1527: 1520: 1466: 1457: 1448: 1441: 1427: 1420: 1413: 1406: 1399: 1392: 1385: 1373: 1366: 1359: 1352: 1345: 1338: 1331: 1183: 1023: 1010: 998: 946:McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem 592:Semi-proportional representation 224:First preference plurality (FPP) 82: 43: 10619:Non-monotonic electoral systems 9346:10.1016/j.electstud.2004.06.004 8827: 8604:"LE22: STV, it's only 1, 2, 3?" 8414: 8400: 8386: 8368: 8354: 8329: 8304: 8295: 8281: 8256: 8230: 8204: 8177: 8150: 8141: 8130: 8104: 8078: 8053: 8017: 8006: 7991: 7977: 7956: 7937: 7922: 7904: 7887: 7875: 7863: 7831: 7721: 7637: 7628: 7615: 7564: 7529: 7520: 7465: 7447: 7436: 7414: 7384: 7372: 7363: 7354: 7313: 7299: 7264: 7238: 7211: 7197: 7142: 7130: 7116: 7107: 7098: 7089: 7077: 7026: 6975: 6963: 6954: 6928: 6898: 6850:The Australian Electoral System 6848:Farrell and McAllister (2006). 6748: 6731: 6714: 6693: 6684: 5776: 4666: 4335:, Canada, a type of STV called 4280:needs additional citations for 4233:, most state upper houses, the 3477:§ Vote transfers and quota 3457:§ Vote transfers and quota 3356:needs additional citations for 2185:Second, third and fourth rounds 1296:§ Vote transfers and quota 1194:needs additional citations for 1140: – one party or 10624:Preferential electoral systems 10270:Manager of Opposition Business 10217:Manager of Opposition Business 10207:Manager of Government Business 9862:Mixed ballot transferable vote 9323:, Faculty of Business and Law. 9186:. Melbourne: Robertson and Co. 8635:Hoag, Effective Voting, (1914) 7944:Donald, Beyer (14 July 2017). 7780:"Serving up a dog's breakfast" 7396:localgovernmentdivision.gov.mt 7322:"The Single Transferable Vote" 6884: 6856: 6841: 6832: 6823: 6776: 6722:Dublin University constituency 6675: 6642: 5344:, including New York City for 3969: 3957: 3949: 3937: 3664: 3650: 3642: 3634: 3617:§ Filling seats under STV 3182:is a variant of STV, where an 3145:mixed ballot transferable vote 2928:multiple non-transferable vote 2915:party voters used coordinated 1967: 984:Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem 941:Moulin's impossibility theorem 906:Conflicting majorities paradox 13: 1: 9156:– via Internet Archive. 9148:. London: Chatto & Windus 8930:. Dublin: Stationery Office. 8311:Bernard Grofman; et al. 8216:What is Ranked-Choice Voting? 7778:Terry, Chris (5 April 2012). 7245:Gilmour, James (March 2021). 7180:A Report on Alberta Elections 6960:Hoag, Effective Voting (1914) 6892:A Report on Alberta Elections 6852:. UNSW Press. pp. 58–61. 6769: 5991:2012 Scottish local elections 5967:Arrow's impossibility theorem 5166:Palmerston North City Council 5162:New Plymouth District Council 4204:Victorian Legislative Council 3329:Some balloting systems allow 810:Frustrated majorities paradox 95:, a violation of Knowledge's 27:Multi-winner electoral system 10415:47th Parliament of Australia 10410:46th Parliament of Australia 10405:45th Parliament of Australia 10063:Comparison of voting systems 9905:Satisfaction approval voting 9890:Single non-transferable vote 9709:Proportional approval voting 9401:. Department of the Senate. 9361:O'Neill, Jeffrey C. (2004). 9167:. Department of the Senate. 8532:"33rd Dáil election results" 7759:. Australia: On Line Opinion 7728:Hill, I.D. (November 2000). 7707:"Glossary of Election Terms" 7398:(in Maltese). Archived from 6925:, 4 November 2013, in German 6616:Single non-transferable vote 6547:Single non-transferable vote 5787:Australian Capital Territory 5743:Difficulty of implementation 5138:Marlborough District Council 5013:Ireland's delegation to the 4703:Australian Capital Territory 4351:provincial government. In a 4181:optional preferential voting 4145:Tasmania Legislative Council 4123: 3312:optional preferential voting 3304:Australian Capital Territory 3212: 3126:Single non-transferable vote 2908:single non-transferable vote 1893:Single non-transferable vote 1875:single non-transferable vote 1169:Australian Capital Territory 979:Condorcet dominance theorems 919:Social and collective choice 7: 10562:Parliament House, Melbourne 10446:Matter of public importance 10305:Represented multiple states 9669:Graduated majority judgment 8462:www.electoral-reform.org.uk 8237:FairVote.org (3 May 2019). 8000:Australian Electoral System 7307:"Examples of STV elections" 7220:Proportional representation 7150:Proportional Representation 6986:. EC'20. pp. 793–794. 6910:, retrieved on 14 May 2022. 6783:Gallagher, Michael (1992). 6577: 6003:Elected on 1st prefs alone 5907: 5662: 5642:Lower house of legislature 5357: 5291:Local government elections 5082:Local government elections 4565:With the option of using a 4156:proportional representation 4141:Tasmanian House of Assembly 4104:Hare-Clark electoral system 4099:Tasmanian House of Assembly 4052:In the 1890s in Australia, 3902:for electing its trustees. 3441: 3203:multiwinner approval voting 1881:(FPTP) in three districts, 1506:The election step-by-step: 1119:Under STV, no one party or 1072:2011 Irish general election 1070:STV ballot papers from the 645:By mechanism of combination 416:Proportional representation 52:It has been suggested that 10: 10655: 10639:Electoral reform in Canada 10572:Parliament House, Canberra 10519:House of Representatives: 9921:Condorcet winner criterion 9612:First-past-the-post voting 8964:. London: Faber and Faber. 8039:"Single Transferable Vote" 7916:Carnegie Mellon University 7165:Lambert & Lakeman 1955 6907:What is Dual Level Voting? 5842: 5838: 5698: 5683:in the United Kingdom and 5544:First-past-the-post voting 5275:Local government elections 5240:Local government elections 5107:Local government elections 5036:Local government elections 4696: 4369:In the United States, the 4362: 4345:2005 provincial referendum 3993: 3989: 3755:Transfers of surplus votes 3490: 3398: 2666:If elected: surplus votes 2434:If elected: surplus votes 2215:If elected: surplus votes 1993:If elected: surplus votes 1218:"Single transferable vote" 1174: 843:Multiple districts paradox 574:Fractional approval voting 562:Interactive representation 29: 18:Single transferable voting 10580: 10554: 10546:Court of Disputed Returns 10484: 10423: 10390: 10356: 10323: 10292: 10235: 10184: 10175: 10164: 10133: 10076: 10068:Voting systems by country 10055: 10009: 9971:Mutual majority criterion 9926:Condorcet loser criterion 9913: 9880: 9872:Vote linkage mixed system 9827: 9792: 9784:Largest remainders method 9759: 9686: 9677: 9528: 9511: 9213:Social Choice and Welfare 9093:10.1080/00344898408459347 9074:– via Google Books. 7309:. Heriot-Watt University. 7053:10.1007/978-3-031-09016-5 6801:10.1017/S0007123400006499 6726:the 1918 general election 6525: 6504: 6483: 6462: 6441: 6420: 6399: 6384: 6335: 6308: 6281: 6254: 6227: 6203: 6200: 6163: 6146: 6125: 6104: 6083: 6062: 6041: 6020: 6002: 5999: 5821:Northern Ireland Assembly 5763:Role of political parties 5706:Degree of proportionality 5694: 5407: 5336:Historically, during the 5231:Northern Ireland Assembly 5226: 5211: 5206: 5068:Supranational parliament 5053: 5019:Supranational parliament 5007: 4975: 4959: 4927: 4911: 4864: 4819: 4802: 4766: 4260: 4008: 2976: 2973: 2968: 2965: 2894:Compared to other systems 2864: 2682: 2653: 2617: 2450: 2421: 2389: 2232: 2202: 2161: 2008: 1977: 1869:Compared to other systems 1573: 1514: 1511: 1102:largest remainders method 790:Paradoxes and pathologies 639:Mixed-member proportional 634:Mixed-member majoritarian 629:By results of combination 520:Approval-based committees 10614:Single transferable vote 10526:Two-party-preferred vote 10515:Single transferable vote 10265:Leader of the Opposition 10212:Leader of the Opposition 10202:Leader of the Government 10158:House of Representatives 9961:Majority loser criterion 9847:Additional member system 9805:Hagenbach-Bischoff quota 9724:Single transferable vote 9649:Positional voting system 9585:Minimax Condorcet method 9543:Combined approval voting 9200:Bartholdi, John J. III; 8842:The English Constitution 7998:Farrell and McAllister. 7931:"CMU Fair Ranked Voting" 7784:Electoral Reform Society 7649:www.elections.act.gov.au 6705:House of Representatives 6635: 6592:Political science portal 6562:actually elect someone. 5981:Migration of preferences 5935: 5795:Cambridge, Massachusetts 5681:Electoral Reform Society 5403:Upper house, since 1925 5312:Cambridge, Massachusetts 5299:9 at-large (Cambridge); 5174:Ruapehu District Council 5154:Kaipara District Council 4629:House of Representatives 4383:Cambridge, Massachusetts 3778:Cambridge, Massachusetts 3487:Vote transfers and quota 3483:receive any more votes. 3195:additional member system 3186:for parties is applied. 2870:60% (2 already elected) 2623:80% (1 already elected) 2395:80% (1 already elected) 1079:single transferable vote 969:Condorcet's jury theorem 770:Double simultaneous vote 745:Rural–urban proportional 740:Dual-member proportional 702: 691: 658:Parallel (superposition) 550:Fractional social choice 537:Expanding approvals rule 366: 351: 336: 267: 256: 232: 69:Proposed since May 2024. 10192:President of the Senate 10127:Parliament of Australia 9986:Resolvability criterion 9976:Participation criterion 9951:Later-no-harm criterion 9767:Highest averages method 8905:10.1093/comjnl/30.3.277 8025:"Mayor and Councillors" 7841:First Nations Voice Act 7685:"Above the line voting" 7392:"Mayor and Councillors" 7002:10.1145/3391403.3399465 5828:2009 European elections 5793:, Victoria, Malta, and 5588:Unicameral legislature 5560:Unicameral legislature 5320:Palm Desert, California 5182:Wellington City Council 4722:elections (since 1992) 4435:Fair Representation Act 4068:The political essayist 3772:more involved methods. 2974:Plurality block voting 2912:strategically nominated 1286:the Hare or Droop quota 896:Tyranny of the majority 673:Fusion (majority bonus) 490:Quota-remainder methods 10431:Speech from the throne 10027:First-preference votes 9966:Monotonicity criterion 9936:Independence of clones 9639:Simple majoritarianism 9312:Geller, Chris (2002). 9161:Bach, Stanley (2003). 9108:Ombler, Franz (2006). 8408:"Ranked Choice Voting" 8157:Amherst Town Council. 6935:Eisner, Jason (2015). 5963:voting system criteria 5654:in two-seat districts 5652:Plurality block voting 4901:elections (since 1896) 4447:English-speaking world 4440: 4387:Minneapolis, Minnesota 4164:Democratic Labor Party 4133: 4054:Catherine Helen Spence 4037: 4005: 3976: 3851: 3726: 3671: 3572: 3295: 3207:method of equal shares 3115:Related voting systems 2924:plurality block voting 2408:Fifth and sixth rounds 1940:Plurality block voting 1785: 1515:Votes for each option 1074: 1030:Mathematics portal 936:Majority impossibility 925:Impossibility theorems 721:Negative vote transfer 542:Method of equal shares 163: 128: 10521:Instant-runoff voting 10300:Served in both houses 9931:Consistency criterion 9852:Alternative vote plus 9617:Instant-runoff voting 9453:A concise STV analogy 9416:Stone, Bruce (2008). 8988:Meek, B. L. (1994a). 8962:Voting in Democracies 8820:National Civic League 7850:legislation.sa.gov.au 7571:Dunstan, Don (1981). 7205:"Cambridge STV Rules" 6739:1919 special election 6709:1901 federal election 5346:New York City Council 5342:between 1915 and 1960 5340:, in 21 other cities 5217:Devolved legislature 5197:District health board 5190:Hamilton City Council 5178:Tauranga City Council 5158:Kāpiti Coast District 5143:Territorial authority 4830:from 1985 until 2017) 4569:from 1983 until 2016 4470:by direct elections. 4462:National legislatures 4131: 4035: 4003: 3977: 3852: 3727: 3672: 3573: 3337:Seat filling by quota 3286: 3120:Instant-runoff voting 2935:majority block voting 1779: 1134:instant-runoff voting 1069: 833:Best-is-worst paradox 822:Pathological response 557:Direct representation 210:Single-winner methods 162: 126: 105:neutral point of view 32:Instant-runoff voting 10567:Old Parliament House 10541:Caretaker government 10144:(represented by the 10001:Seats-to-votes ratio 9772:Webster/Sainte-Laguë 9290:10.2139/ssrn.3778021 8892:The Computer Journal 8873:on 15 September 2015 8382:on 12 February 2013. 5721:2022 Danish election 5316:Eastpointe, Michigan 5170:Porirua City Council 5150:Dunedin City Council 4706:Legislative Assembly 4653:Parliamentary system 4611:Parliamentary system 4558:Parliamentary system 4496:Governmental system 4385:, the park board in 4289:improve this article 4168:Australian Democrats 3934: 3793: 3780:, city elections.) 3683: 3631: 3523: 3365:improve this article 3245:improve this section 1983:(first preferences) 1203:improve this article 1017:Economics portal 964:Median voter theorem 183:Comparative politics 62:into this article. ( 10260:Leader of the House 9981:Plurality criterion 9580:Kemeny–Young method 7625:, 11 June 1987, p.5 7517:, pp. 121–129. 7402:on 11 December 2023 6559:2020 Irish election 6372: 6194: 5993: 5957:Analysis of results 5883:Condorcet criterion 5817:European Parliament 5714:Supposing that the 5128:Wellington Regional 5064:European Parliament 5015:European Parliament 4984:group voting ticket 4980:Legislative Council 4936:group voting ticket 4932:Legislative Council 4828:group voting ticket 4824:Legislative Council 4686:District magnitude 4567:group voting ticket 4255:Voice to Parliament 4227:group voting ticket 4176:group ticket voting 4117:first-past-the-post 4095:Andrew Inglis Clark 3688:votes needed to win 3528:votes needed to win 3184:electoral threshold 2956: 2942:First past the post 1887:group ticket voting 1883:first-past-the-post 1879:first-past-the-post 1130:first-past-the-post 1092:STV is a family of 1005:Politics portal 716:Vote linkage system 687:Seat linkage system 274:Ranked-choice (RCV) 10509:Double dissolution 10022:Election threshold 9956:Majority criterion 9632:Supplementary vote 9462:Accurate Democracy 9457:Accurate Democracy 9235:10.1007/BF00183045 8947:on 18 January 2012 8818:Model City Charter 8165:on 4 November 2021 7461:. 4 February 2009. 7339:10.1257/jep.9.1.27 7148:Hoag and Hallett, 6370: 6201:% non-transferable 6192: 5989: 5394:general elections 5310:City elections in 5294:Local governments 5264:Local governments 5248:Local governments 5188:Later additions – 5111:Local governments 5085:Local governments 5060:Malta's delegation 5040:Local governments 4997:Local governments 4949:Local governments 4886:Local governments 4844:Local governments 4789:Local governments 4752:Local governments 4748:Northern Territory 4732:Local governments 4573:double dissolution 4492:District magnitude 4134: 4038: 4015:Thomas Wright Hill 4006: 3972: 3966: 3946: 3847: 3845: 3722: 3667: 3568: 3296: 2955: 2926:system, a type of 1934:Giving electors a 1789:Setting the quota: 1786: 1696:(0 surplus votes) 1571:Setting the quota 1075: 901:Discursive dilemma 860:Lesser evil voting 735:Supermixed systems 438:Largest remainders 296:Round-robin voting 164: 129: 10634:Electoral systems 10601: 10600: 10451:Readings of bills 10386: 10385: 10374: 10339: 10288: 10287: 10149: 10093: 10092: 9991:Reversal symmetry 9900:Cumulative voting 9882:Semi-proportional 9857:Mixed single vote 9823: 9822: 9699:Mixed single vote 9607:Exhaustive ballot 9570:Copeland's method 9565:Condorcet methods 9505:Electoral systems 9334:Electoral Studies 9321:Deakin University 9049:Mill, John Stuart 8796:, pp. 15–16. 8784:, pp. 17–18. 8577:www.whydomath.org 8061:"STV Information" 8002:. pp. 60–61. 7790:on 7 October 2017 7730:"How to ruin STV" 7651:. 6 January 2015. 7645:"1992 Referendum" 7459:denstoredanske.dk 7062:978-3-031-09015-8 6743:Sligo Corporation 6707:in the inaugural 6606:None of the above 6542: 6541: 6443:Liberal Democrats 6360: 6359: 6283:Liberal Democrats 6204:% transferred to 6182: 6181: 6064:Liberal Democrats 5901:Elector confusion 5660: 5659: 5488: 5487: 5446:National Assembly 5355: 5354: 5233:elections (since 5134:Unitary authority 4961:Western Australia 4899:House of Assembly 4664: 4663: 4353:second referendum 4321: 4320: 4313: 4172:Australian Greens 4160:Australian Senate 3965: 3945: 3841: 3829: 3828: 3825: 3804: 3716: 3707: 3702: 3689: 3656: 3640: 3556: 3547: 3542: 3529: 3397: 3396: 3389: 3281: 3280: 3273: 3154:mixed single vote 3112: 3111: 2940:In single-winner 2880: 2879: 2633: 2632: 2405: 2404: 2179: 2178: 1774: 1773: 1742:(1 surplus vote) 1594:(2 surplus vote) 1500: 1499: 1279: 1278: 1271: 1253: 1098:electoral systems 1064: 1063: 951:Gibbard's theorem 891:Dominance paradox 828:Perverse response 532:Phragmen's method 398:Majority judgment 326:Positional voting 284:Condorcet methods 152:electoral systems 121: 120: 76: 75: 71: 16:(Redirected from 10646: 10368: 10333: 10321: 10320: 10182: 10181: 10170: 10146:Governor-General 10143: 10120: 10113: 10106: 10097: 10096: 10032:Liquid democracy 9684: 9683: 9664:Two-round system 9575:Dodgson's method 9498: 9491: 9484: 9475: 9474: 9436: 9424: 9412: 9400: 9388: 9386: 9384: 9367: 9357: 9331: 9324: 9318: 9308: 9306: 9304: 9279: 9269: 9267: 9265: 9228: 9210: 9187: 9178: 9157: 9155: 9153: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9114: 9104: 9075: 9073: 9071: 9044: 9042: 9040: 9020: (1994b). 9019: 9012: 9010: 9008: 8984: 8965: 8956: 8954: 8952: 8946: 8940:. Archived from 8929: 8917: 8907: 8882: 8880: 8878: 8872: 8865: 8852: 8846: 8821: 8815: 8809: 8803: 8797: 8791: 8785: 8779: 8773: 8767: 8758: 8752: 8746: 8740: 8734: 8733: 8731: 8729: 8724: 8716: 8710: 8707: 8701: 8700: 8698: 8696: 8682: 8676: 8675: 8673: 8671: 8656: 8650: 8649: 8642: 8636: 8633: 8627: 8621: 8615: 8614: 8612: 8610: 8599: 8593: 8587: 8581: 8580: 8569: 8563: 8562: 8560: 8558: 8553: 8545: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8528: 8517: 8516: 8514: 8512: 8497: 8491: 8490: 8479: 8473: 8472: 8470: 8468: 8454: 8448: 8441: 8435: 8429: 8423: 8418: 8412: 8411: 8404: 8398: 8397: 8390: 8384: 8383: 8372: 8366: 8365: 8358: 8352: 8351: 8349: 8347: 8333: 8327: 8326: 8324: 8322: 8317: 8308: 8302: 8299: 8293: 8292: 8285: 8279: 8278: 8276: 8274: 8264:"History of RCV" 8260: 8254: 8253: 8251: 8249: 8234: 8228: 8227: 8225: 8223: 8208: 8202: 8201: 8199: 8197: 8181: 8175: 8174: 8172: 8170: 8161:. Archived from 8154: 8148: 8145: 8139: 8134: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8123: 8108: 8102: 8101: 8099: 8097: 8082: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8071: 8057: 8051: 8050: 8048: 8046: 8035: 8029: 8028: 8021: 8015: 8010: 8004: 8003: 7995: 7989: 7988: 7981: 7975: 7974: 7972: 7970: 7960: 7954: 7953: 7941: 7935: 7934: 7926: 7920: 7919: 7908: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7891: 7885: 7879: 7873: 7867: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7856: 7847: 7835: 7829: 7828: 7806: 7800: 7799: 7797: 7795: 7786:. Archived from 7775: 7769: 7768: 7766: 7764: 7752: 7746: 7745: 7743: 7741: 7725: 7719: 7718: 7716: 7714: 7703: 7697: 7696: 7694: 7692: 7681: 7675: 7674: 7672: 7670: 7659: 7653: 7652: 7641: 7635: 7632: 7626: 7619: 7613: 7612: 7610: 7608: 7593: 7587: 7586: 7568: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7557: 7542: 7536: 7533: 7527: 7524: 7518: 7512: 7506: 7500: 7490: 7484: 7478: 7472: 7469: 7463: 7462: 7451: 7445: 7440: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7429: 7418: 7412: 7411: 7409: 7407: 7388: 7382: 7376: 7370: 7367: 7361: 7358: 7352: 7351: 7341: 7317: 7311: 7310: 7303: 7297: 7291: 7285: 7279: 7273: 7268: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7257: 7242: 7236: 7230: 7224: 7223: 7215: 7209: 7208: 7201: 7195: 7189: 7183: 7177: 7168: 7162: 7153: 7146: 7140: 7134: 7128: 7127: 7120: 7114: 7111: 7105: 7102: 7096: 7093: 7087: 7081: 7075: 7074: 7046: 7030: 7024: 7023: 6995: 6979: 6973: 6967: 6961: 6958: 6952: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6941: 6932: 6926: 6917: 6911: 6902: 6896: 6895: 6888: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6868: 6860: 6854: 6853: 6845: 6839: 6836: 6830: 6827: 6821: 6820: 6780: 6763: 6752: 6746: 6735: 6729: 6718: 6712: 6697: 6691: 6688: 6682: 6679: 6673: 6670: 6661: 6646: 6594: 6589: 6588: 6587: 6373: 6369: 6198:Transferred from 6195: 6191: 5994: 5988: 5887:Condorcet method 5799:Casual vacancies 5749:plurality voting 5726: 5675:(which calls it 5495: 5494: 5431:(in few states) 5369: 5368: 5213:Northern Ireland 5124:Regional council 4671: 4670: 4473: 4472: 4468:legislative body 4333:British Columbia 4316: 4309: 4305: 4302: 4296: 4273: 4265: 4202:in 1987 and the 4183:was introduced. 4151:prior to 1946.) 4070:John Stuart Mill 3981: 3979: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3956: 3948: 3947: 3944:valid votes cast 3943: 3861:counting methods 3856: 3854: 3853: 3848: 3846: 3842: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3823: 3822: 3814: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3731: 3729: 3728: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3715: 3708: 3705: 3701:valid votes cast 3700: 3699: 3690: 3687: 3676: 3674: 3673: 3668: 3657: 3654: 3649: 3641: 3639:valid votes cast 3638: 3577: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3561: 3557: 3555: 3548: 3545: 3541:valid votes cast 3540: 3539: 3530: 3527: 3513:is given by the 3392: 3385: 3381: 3378: 3372: 3349: 3341: 3276: 3269: 3265: 3262: 3256: 3225: 3217: 3173:liquid democracy 2971: 2957: 2954: 2917:strategic voting 2648: 2647: 2416: 2415: 2197: 2196: 1972: 1971: 1945:clone candidates 1929:two-round system 1737: 1691: 1678: 1657: 1626: 1574:The quota is 6 ( 1566: 1559: 1552: 1545: 1538: 1531: 1524: 1509: 1508: 1470: 1461: 1452: 1445: 1431: 1424: 1417: 1410: 1403: 1396: 1389: 1377: 1370: 1363: 1356: 1349: 1342: 1335: 1325: 1324: 1274: 1267: 1263: 1260: 1254: 1252: 1211: 1187: 1179: 1106:solid coalitions 1056: 1049: 1042: 1028: 1027: 1015: 1014: 1003: 1002: 958:Positive results 853:Strategic voting 750:Majority jackpot 707: 696: 567:Liquid democracy 443:National remnant 433:Highest averages 370: 355: 340: 272: 263:Alternative vote 261: 245:Partisan primary 237: 178:Mechanism design 131: 130: 116: 113: 101:content policies 86: 78: 67: 47: 46: 39: 21: 10654: 10653: 10649: 10648: 10647: 10645: 10644: 10643: 10604: 10603: 10602: 10597: 10576: 10550: 10480: 10419: 10382: 10359:Representatives 10358: 10352: 10319: 10310:Longest service 10284: 10238:Representatives 10237: 10231: 10177: 10171: 10162: 10129: 10124: 10094: 10089: 10072: 10051: 10005: 9996:Smith criterion 9909: 9876: 9837:Parallel voting 9819: 9815:Imperiali quota 9788: 9755: 9673: 9627:Contingent vote 9590:Nanson's method 9548:Unified primary 9538:Approval voting 9524: 9507: 9502: 9444: 9439: 9433: 9432:978-1921401-091 9422: 9409: 9398: 9382: 9380: 9365: 9329: 9316: 9302: 9300: 9277: 9263: 9261: 9208: 9202:Orlin, James B. 9195: 9193:Further reading 9190: 9175: 9151: 9149: 9129: 9127: 9112: 9069: 9067: 9065: 9038: 9036: 9017: 9006: 9004: 8981: 8950: 8948: 8944: 8938: 8927: 8876: 8874: 8870: 8863: 8836:Bagehot, Walter 8830: 8825: 8824: 8816: 8812: 8804: 8800: 8792: 8788: 8780: 8776: 8768: 8761: 8753: 8749: 8741: 8737: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8718: 8717: 8713: 8708: 8704: 8694: 8692: 8684: 8683: 8679: 8669: 8667: 8658: 8657: 8653: 8644: 8643: 8639: 8634: 8630: 8622: 8618: 8608: 8606: 8600: 8596: 8588: 8584: 8571: 8570: 8566: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8547: 8546: 8542: 8534: 8530: 8529: 8520: 8510: 8508: 8507:on 7 March 2012 8499: 8498: 8494: 8481: 8480: 8476: 8466: 8464: 8456: 8455: 8451: 8442: 8438: 8430: 8426: 8419: 8415: 8406: 8405: 8401: 8392: 8391: 8387: 8374: 8373: 8369: 8360: 8359: 8355: 8345: 8343: 8335: 8334: 8330: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8309: 8305: 8300: 8296: 8287: 8286: 8282: 8272: 8270: 8262: 8261: 8257: 8247: 8245: 8235: 8231: 8221: 8219: 8210: 8209: 8205: 8195: 8193: 8183: 8182: 8178: 8168: 8166: 8155: 8151: 8146: 8142: 8135: 8131: 8121: 8119: 8109: 8105: 8095: 8093: 8092:. 6 August 2020 8084: 8083: 8079: 8069: 8067: 8065:www.stv.govt.nz 8059: 8058: 8054: 8044: 8042: 8037: 8036: 8032: 8023: 8022: 8018: 8011: 8007: 7996: 7992: 7983: 7982: 7978: 7968: 7966: 7962: 7961: 7957: 7942: 7938: 7927: 7923: 7910: 7909: 7905: 7897: 7893: 7892: 7888: 7880: 7876: 7868: 7864: 7854: 7852: 7845: 7837: 7836: 7832: 7825: 7807: 7803: 7793: 7791: 7776: 7772: 7762: 7760: 7753: 7749: 7739: 7737: 7726: 7722: 7712: 7710: 7705: 7704: 7700: 7690: 7688: 7683: 7682: 7678: 7668: 7666: 7661: 7660: 7656: 7643: 7642: 7638: 7633: 7629: 7620: 7616: 7606: 7604: 7595: 7594: 7590: 7583: 7569: 7565: 7555: 7553: 7543: 7539: 7534: 7530: 7525: 7521: 7513: 7509: 7491: 7487: 7479: 7475: 7470: 7466: 7453: 7452: 7448: 7441: 7437: 7427: 7425: 7424:. 28 March 2022 7420: 7419: 7415: 7405: 7403: 7390: 7389: 7385: 7377: 7373: 7368: 7364: 7359: 7355: 7318: 7314: 7305: 7304: 7300: 7292: 7288: 7280: 7276: 7269: 7265: 7255: 7253: 7243: 7239: 7231: 7227: 7216: 7212: 7203: 7202: 7198: 7190: 7186: 7178: 7171: 7163: 7156: 7147: 7143: 7135: 7131: 7122: 7121: 7117: 7112: 7108: 7103: 7099: 7094: 7090: 7082: 7078: 7063: 7031: 7027: 7012: 6980: 6976: 6968: 6964: 6959: 6955: 6945: 6943: 6939: 6933: 6929: 6918: 6914: 6903: 6899: 6890: 6889: 6885: 6875: 6873: 6866: 6862: 6861: 6857: 6846: 6842: 6837: 6833: 6828: 6824: 6781: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6766: 6753: 6749: 6736: 6732: 6719: 6715: 6698: 6694: 6689: 6685: 6680: 6676: 6671: 6664: 6647: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6611:Approval voting 6590: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6555: 6553:Effective votes 6376:Political party 5983: 5959: 5938: 5903: 5847: 5841: 5779: 5765: 5745: 5737:disenfranchised 5724: 5708: 5703: 5697: 5665: 5615:of legislature 5493: 5477:of legislature 5453:of legislature 5429:Vidhan Parishad 5421:of legislature 5400:of legislature 5360: 5351: 5338:Progressive Era 5324:Portland, Maine 5243: 5202: 5193: 5184: 4992: 4944: 4907: 4839: 4804:South Australia 4768:New South Wales 4669: 4594:of legislature 4554: 4520:of legislature 4488:Constituencies 4464: 4443: 4395:Carnegie Mellon 4391:Arden, Delaware 4367: 4361: 4317: 4306: 4300: 4297: 4286: 4274: 4263: 4240:New South Wales 4212:1992 referendum 4126: 4011: 3998: 3992: 3961: 3960: 3952: 3941: 3940: 3935: 3932: 3931: 3908: 3900:John Muir Trust 3894:were invented. 3888:Warren's method 3844: 3843: 3838: 3821: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3790: 3757: 3748: 3704: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3680: 3653: 3645: 3637: 3632: 3629: 3628: 3582:winner-take-all 3544: 3543: 3538: 3534: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3520: 3495: 3489: 3463:proportionally. 3444: 3403: 3393: 3382: 3376: 3373: 3362: 3350: 3339: 3277: 3266: 3260: 3257: 3242: 3226: 3215: 3117: 2896: 2831:18% + 6% = 24% 2812:11% − 11% = 0% 2790:15% + 5% = 20% 2749:already elected 2723:already elected 2638: 2558:12% + 3% = 15% 2518:13% + 10% = 23% 2492:already elected 2470:10% − 10% = 0% 2410: 2280:already elected 2271:25% − 5% = 20% 2187: 1970: 1957: 1871: 1735: 1689: 1676: 1655: 1624: 1436:3rd preference 1382:2nd preference 1328:1st preference 1312: 1275: 1264: 1258: 1255: 1212: 1210: 1200: 1188: 1177: 1126:winner-take-all 1114:electoral quota 1060: 1022: 1021: 1009: 997: 989: 988: 955: 931:Arrow's theorem 921: 911: 910: 879: 849: 838:No-show paradox 819: 805:Cloning paradox 795:Spoiler effects 792: 782: 781: 756: 643: 626: 616: 615: 588: 579:Maximal lottery 546: 527:Thiele's method 516: 486: 418: 408: 407: 393:Approval voting 381:Cardinal voting 377: 322: 316:Maximal lottery 280: 212: 202: 117: 111: 108: 103:, particularly 87: 72: 48: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10652: 10642: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10599: 10598: 10596: 10595: 10590: 10584: 10582: 10578: 10577: 10575: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10558: 10556: 10552: 10551: 10549: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10517: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10490: 10488: 10482: 10481: 10479: 10478: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10456:King's Consent 10453: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10436:Joint meetings 10433: 10427: 10425: 10421: 10420: 10418: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10396: 10394: 10388: 10387: 10384: 10383: 10381: 10380: 10375: 10362: 10360: 10354: 10353: 10351: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10327: 10325: 10318: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10296: 10294: 10290: 10289: 10286: 10285: 10283: 10282: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10255:Prime Minister 10252: 10247: 10241: 10239: 10233: 10232: 10230: 10229: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10188: 10186: 10179: 10173: 10172: 10165: 10163: 10161: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10137: 10135: 10131: 10130: 10123: 10122: 10115: 10108: 10100: 10091: 10090: 10077: 10074: 10073: 10071: 10070: 10065: 10059: 10057: 10053: 10052: 10050: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10013: 10011: 10007: 10006: 10004: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9917: 9915: 9911: 9910: 9908: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9895:Limited voting 9892: 9886: 9884: 9878: 9877: 9875: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9833: 9831: 9825: 9824: 9821: 9820: 9818: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9796: 9794: 9790: 9789: 9787: 9786: 9781: 9780: 9779: 9774: 9763: 9761: 9757: 9756: 9754: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9742: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9690: 9688: 9681: 9675: 9674: 9672: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9635: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9622:Coombs' method 9614: 9609: 9604: 9603: 9602: 9600:Schulze method 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9562: 9560:Bucklin voting 9557: 9552: 9551: 9550: 9545: 9534: 9532: 9526: 9525: 9512: 9509: 9508: 9501: 9500: 9493: 9486: 9478: 9472: 9471: 9465: 9459: 9450: 9443: 9442:External links 9440: 9438: 9437: 9431: 9413: 9407: 9389: 9370:Voting Matters 9358: 9340:(2): 265–280. 9325: 9309: 9270: 9219:(4): 341–354. 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9188: 9179: 9174:978-0642712912 9173: 9158: 9136: 9117:Voting Matters 9105: 9081:Representation 9076: 9064:978-1414254685 9063: 9045: 9026:Voting Matters 9013: 8994:Voting Matters 8985: 8980:978-0582437272 8979: 8966: 8957: 8937:978-1406425017 8936: 8918: 8898:(3): 277–281. 8883: 8853: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8823: 8822: 8810: 8798: 8786: 8774: 8759: 8747: 8735: 8711: 8702: 8677: 8666:. 18 June 2013 8651: 8637: 8628: 8616: 8594: 8582: 8573:"Why Do Math?" 8564: 8540: 8518: 8492: 8474: 8449: 8436: 8434:, p. 177. 8424: 8413: 8399: 8385: 8367: 8353: 8328: 8303: 8294: 8280: 8255: 8229: 8203: 8176: 8149: 8140: 8129: 8103: 8077: 8052: 8030: 8016: 8005: 7990: 7976: 7955: 7936: 7921: 7903: 7886: 7874: 7862: 7830: 7824:978-0868408583 7823: 7801: 7770: 7747: 7734:Voting Matters 7720: 7698: 7676: 7654: 7636: 7627: 7623:The Australian 7614: 7588: 7581: 7563: 7537: 7528: 7519: 7507: 7485: 7483:, p. 144. 7473: 7464: 7446: 7435: 7413: 7383: 7371: 7362: 7353: 7312: 7298: 7286: 7274: 7263: 7237: 7225: 7210: 7196: 7184: 7169: 7167:, p. 245. 7154: 7141: 7129: 7115: 7106: 7097: 7088: 7076: 7061: 7025: 7010: 6974: 6962: 6953: 6927: 6912: 6904:Björn Benken: 6897: 6883: 6864:"Which quota?" 6855: 6840: 6831: 6822: 6795:(4): 469–496. 6774: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6765: 6764: 6760:1925 elections 6747: 6730: 6713: 6692: 6683: 6674: 6662: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6631: 6627:Voting matters 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6601:Tally (voting) 6597: 6596: 6595: 6579: 6576: 6554: 6551: 6540: 6539: 6536: 6533: 6530: 6527: 6524: 6521: 6520: 6517: 6514: 6511: 6508: 6503: 6500: 6499: 6496: 6493: 6490: 6487: 6485:Scottish Green 6482: 6479: 6478: 6475: 6472: 6469: 6466: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6454: 6451: 6448: 6445: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6433: 6430: 6427: 6424: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6412: 6409: 6406: 6403: 6398: 6395: 6394: 6391: 6387: 6386: 6385:Net gain/loss 6383: 6380: 6377: 6358: 6357: 6354: 6351: 6348: 6345: 6342: 6339: 6337:Scottish Green 6334: 6331: 6330: 6327: 6324: 6321: 6318: 6315: 6312: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6300: 6297: 6294: 6291: 6288: 6285: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6273: 6270: 6267: 6264: 6261: 6258: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6246: 6243: 6240: 6237: 6234: 6231: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6219: 6216: 6213: 6210: 6206: 6205: 6202: 6199: 6180: 6179: 6176: 6173: 6170: 6167: 6161: 6160: 6157: 6154: 6151: 6148: 6145: 6142: 6141: 6138: 6135: 6132: 6129: 6124: 6121: 6120: 6117: 6114: 6111: 6108: 6106:Scottish Green 6103: 6100: 6099: 6096: 6093: 6090: 6087: 6082: 6079: 6078: 6075: 6072: 6069: 6066: 6061: 6058: 6057: 6054: 6051: 6048: 6045: 6040: 6037: 6036: 6033: 6030: 6027: 6024: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6012: 6009: 6005: 6004: 6001: 5998: 5982: 5979: 5958: 5955: 5937: 5934: 5902: 5899: 5889:variants like 5876:Academy Awards 5860:Cavan-Monaghan 5840: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5824: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5802: 5778: 5775: 5764: 5761: 5744: 5741: 5707: 5704: 5699:Main article: 5696: 5693: 5664: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5649: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5619: 5616: 5610: 5607: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5595: 5592: 5589: 5586: 5581: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5567: 5564: 5561: 5558: 5556:Supreme Soviet 5553: 5547: 5546: 5541: 5538: 5535: 5532: 5522: 5518: 5517: 5514: 5511: 5508: 5505: 5502: 5499: 5492: 5489: 5486: 5485: 5478: 5472: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5454: 5448: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5416: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5401: 5395: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5379: 5376: 5373: 5359: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5349: 5334: 5327: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5289: 5283: 5282: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5241: 5238: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5210: 5208:United Kingdom 5204: 5203: 5201: 5200: 5194: 5187: 5185: 5148: 5146: 5140: 5131: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5094: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5011: 5005: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4990: 4987: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4966: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4942: 4939: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4905: 4902: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728:Norfolk Island 4724: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4650: 4647: 4645:Constituencies 4642: 4637: 4631: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4608: 4605: 4603:Constituencies 4600: 4595: 4589: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4563: 4560: 4555: 4553: 4552: 4541: 4533: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4515: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4463: 4460: 4442: 4439: 4360: 4357: 4343:in 2004. In a 4319: 4318: 4277: 4275: 4268: 4262: 4259: 4125: 4122: 4087:British Empire 4080:Walter Bagehot 4029:, until 1915. 4010: 4007: 3994:Main article: 3991: 3988: 3971: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3939: 3907: 3904: 3869:Gregory method 3837: 3833: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3809: 3808: 3800: 3798: 3756: 3753: 3747: 3744: 3720: 3714: 3711: 3697: 3693: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3636: 3567: 3564: 3560: 3554: 3551: 3537: 3533: 3515:floor function 3488: 3485: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3452: 3443: 3440: 3399:Main article: 3395: 3394: 3353: 3351: 3344: 3338: 3335: 3279: 3278: 3229: 3227: 3220: 3214: 3211: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2979: 2978: 2977:Party-list PR 2975: 2972: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2901:general ticket 2895: 2892: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2837: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2799: 2798: 2796: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2689: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2615: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2330:7% + 5% = 12% 2328: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2294:8% + 5% = 13% 2292: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2269: 2264: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2250:9% + 1% = 10% 2248: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2186: 2183: 2177: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2056: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2032: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1979: 1976: 1969: 1966: 1956: 1953: 1937: 1918:instant-runoff 1902:gerrymandering 1870: 1867: 1772: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1749: 1744: 1733: 1728: 1725: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1710: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1698: 1687: 1682: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1579: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1560: 1553: 1546: 1539: 1532: 1525: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1498: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1472: 1471: 1464: 1462: 1455: 1453: 1446: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1432: 1425: 1418: 1411: 1404: 1397: 1390: 1383: 1379: 1378: 1371: 1364: 1357: 1350: 1343: 1336: 1329: 1311: 1308: 1277: 1276: 1191: 1189: 1182: 1176: 1173: 1062: 1061: 1059: 1058: 1051: 1044: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1020: 1019: 1007: 994: 991: 990: 987: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 954: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 922: 917: 916: 913: 912: 909: 908: 903: 898: 893: 878: 877: 875:Turkey-raising 872: 867: 862: 848: 847: 846: 845: 835: 830: 818: 817: 815:Center squeeze 812: 807: 802: 800:Spoiler effect 793: 788: 787: 784: 783: 780: 779: 774: 773: 772: 759:By ballot type 755: 754: 753: 752: 747: 742: 732: 731: 730: 729: 728: 723: 713: 712: 711: 700: 677: 676: 675: 670: 665: 660: 642: 641: 636: 627: 622: 621: 618: 617: 614: 613: 611:Limited voting 608: 607: 606: 587: 586: 581: 576: 571: 570: 569: 564: 545: 544: 539: 534: 529: 515: 514: 509: 504: 499: 485: 484: 483: 482: 480:Localized list 477: 472: 467: 462: 452: 451: 450: 448:Biproportional 445: 440: 435: 419: 414: 413: 410: 409: 406: 405: 400: 395: 390: 376: 375: 360: 345: 321: 320: 319: 318: 313: 308: 303: 293: 279: 278: 277: 276: 265: 252:Instant-runoff 249: 248: 247: 239:Jungle primary 226: 215:Single vote - 213: 208: 207: 204: 203: 201: 200: 190: 185: 180: 175: 169: 166: 165: 155: 154: 144: 143: 119: 118: 90: 88: 81: 74: 73: 51: 49: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10651: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10611: 10609: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10585: 10583: 10579: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10559: 10557: 10553: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10518: 10516: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10491: 10489: 10487: 10483: 10477: 10476:House of Reps 10474: | 10473: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10441:Question time 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10428: 10426: 10422: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10397: 10395: 10393: 10389: 10379: 10376: 10372: 10367: 10364: 10363: 10361: 10355: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10337: 10332: 10329: 10328: 10326: 10322: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10297: 10295: 10291: 10280: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10242: 10240: 10234: 10227: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10189: 10187: 10183: 10180: 10176:Parliamentary 10174: 10169: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10147: 10142: 10139: 10138: 10136: 10132: 10128: 10121: 10116: 10114: 10109: 10107: 10102: 10101: 10098: 10088: 10087: 10082: 10081: 10075: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10060: 10058: 10054: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10014: 10012: 10008: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9918: 9916: 9912: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9887: 9885: 9883: 9879: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9834: 9832: 9830: 9826: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9797: 9795: 9791: 9785: 9782: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9769: 9768: 9765: 9764: 9762: 9758: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9726: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9691: 9689: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9676: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9619: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9567: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9540: 9539: 9536: 9535: 9533: 9531: 9530:Single-winner 9527: 9523: 9521: 9517: 9510: 9506: 9499: 9494: 9492: 9487: 9485: 9480: 9479: 9476: 9469: 9466: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9445: 9434: 9428: 9421: 9420: 9414: 9410: 9404: 9397: 9396: 9390: 9379: 9375: 9372:(18): 14–17. 9371: 9364: 9359: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9343: 9339: 9335: 9326: 9322: 9315: 9310: 9299: 9295: 9291: 9287: 9283: 9276: 9271: 9260: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9244: 9240: 9236: 9232: 9227: 9226:10.1.1.127.97 9222: 9218: 9214: 9207: 9203: 9198: 9197: 9185: 9180: 9176: 9170: 9166: 9165: 9159: 9147: 9146: 9141: 9137: 9126: 9122: 9119:(21): 12–21. 9118: 9111: 9106: 9102: 9098: 9094: 9090: 9087:(95): 14–17. 9086: 9082: 9077: 9066: 9060: 9056: 9055: 9050: 9046: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9023: 9014: 9003: 8999: 8995: 8991: 8986: 8982: 8976: 8972: 8967: 8963: 8958: 8943: 8939: 8933: 8926: 8925: 8919: 8915: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8884: 8869: 8862: 8858: 8857:Curtice, John 8854: 8850: 8845: 8843: 8837: 8833: 8832: 8819: 8814: 8808:, p. 23. 8807: 8802: 8795: 8790: 8783: 8778: 8772:, p. 14. 8771: 8766: 8764: 8757:, p. 13. 8756: 8751: 8745:, p. 22. 8744: 8739: 8721: 8715: 8706: 8691: 8687: 8681: 8665: 8661: 8655: 8647: 8641: 8632: 8625: 8620: 8605: 8598: 8592:, p. 68. 8591: 8590:Margetts 2003 8586: 8578: 8574: 8568: 8550: 8544: 8533: 8527: 8525: 8523: 8506: 8502: 8496: 8488: 8484: 8478: 8463: 8459: 8453: 8446: 8440: 8433: 8428: 8422: 8417: 8409: 8403: 8395: 8389: 8381: 8377: 8376:"Our mission" 8371: 8363: 8357: 8342: 8341:www.ark.ac.uk 8338: 8332: 8314: 8307: 8298: 8290: 8284: 8269: 8265: 8259: 8244: 8240: 8233: 8217: 8213: 8207: 8192: 8191: 8186: 8180: 8164: 8160: 8153: 8144: 8138: 8133: 8118: 8114: 8107: 8091: 8087: 8081: 8066: 8062: 8056: 8040: 8034: 8026: 8020: 8014: 8009: 8001: 7994: 7986: 7980: 7965: 7959: 7951: 7947: 7940: 7932: 7929:Gund, Devin. 7925: 7917: 7913: 7907: 7896: 7890: 7884: 7878: 7872: 7866: 7851: 7844: 7842: 7834: 7826: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7805: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7774: 7758: 7751: 7735: 7731: 7724: 7708: 7702: 7686: 7680: 7664: 7658: 7650: 7646: 7640: 7631: 7624: 7618: 7602: 7598: 7592: 7584: 7578: 7574: 7567: 7552: 7548: 7541: 7532: 7523: 7516: 7511: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7482: 7477: 7468: 7460: 7456: 7450: 7444: 7439: 7423: 7417: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7387: 7380: 7375: 7366: 7357: 7349: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7316: 7308: 7302: 7295: 7290: 7283: 7278: 7272: 7267: 7252: 7248: 7241: 7234: 7229: 7221: 7214: 7206: 7200: 7193: 7188: 7181: 7176: 7174: 7166: 7161: 7159: 7151: 7145: 7138: 7133: 7125: 7119: 7110: 7101: 7092: 7086: 7080: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7036: 7029: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7011:9781450379755 7007: 7003: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6985: 6978: 6972: 6966: 6957: 6938: 6931: 6924: 6923: 6916: 6909: 6908: 6901: 6893: 6887: 6872: 6865: 6859: 6851: 6844: 6835: 6826: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6779: 6775: 6761: 6757: 6751: 6744: 6740: 6734: 6727: 6723: 6717: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6696: 6687: 6678: 6669: 6667: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6645: 6641: 6629: 6628: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6598: 6593: 6582: 6575: 6571: 6569: 6563: 6560: 6550: 6548: 6537: 6534: 6531: 6528: 6523: 6522: 6518: 6515: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6501: 6497: 6494: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6480: 6476: 6473: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6459: 6455: 6452: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6438: 6434: 6431: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6417: 6413: 6410: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6396: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6374: 6368: 6364: 6355: 6352: 6349: 6346: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6332: 6328: 6325: 6322: 6319: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6305: 6301: 6298: 6295: 6292: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6278: 6274: 6271: 6268: 6265: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6251: 6247: 6244: 6241: 6238: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6224: 6220: 6217: 6214: 6211: 6208: 6207: 6196: 6190: 6186: 6177: 6174: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6155: 6152: 6149: 6144: 6143: 6139: 6136: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6122: 6118: 6115: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6101: 6097: 6094: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6080: 6076: 6073: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6059: 6055: 6052: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6038: 6034: 6031: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6017: 6013: 6010: 6007: 6006: 6000:Total elected 5995: 5992: 5987: 5978: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5933: 5929: 5926: 5922: 5920: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5908:§ Voting 5898: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5879: 5877: 5872: 5870: 5864: 5861: 5855: 5851: 5846: 5833: 5832:Lisbon Treaty 5829: 5825: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5803: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5783: 5782: 5774: 5771: 5760: 5756: 5754: 5750: 5740: 5738: 5733: 5729: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5702: 5692: 5690: 5689:ranked-choice 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5669: 5656: 5653: 5650: 5647: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5638:House of Keys 5636: 5634: 5631: 5630: 5626: 5623: 5620: 5617: 5614: 5611: 5608: 5605: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5593: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5565: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5545: 5542: 5539: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5515: 5512: 5509: 5506: 5504:Type of body 5503: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5483: 5479: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5458: 5455: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5427: 5426: 5423: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5399: 5396: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5380: 5378:Type of body 5377: 5374: 5371: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5332: 5328: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5287:United States 5285: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5239: 5236: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5209: 5205: 5198: 5195: 5191: 5186: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5132: 5129: 5125: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5052: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4995: 4988: 4985: 4981: 4978: 4977: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4940: 4937: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4884: 4881: 4878: 4875: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4842: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4721: 4718: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4688: 4685: 4682: 4680:Type of body 4679: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4568: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4539: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4482:Type of body 4481: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4459: 4457: 4452: 4448: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4366: 4359:United States 4356: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4329: 4325: 4315: 4312: 4304: 4294: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4278:This section 4276: 4272: 4267: 4266: 4258: 4256: 4251: 4249: 4244: 4241: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4198:in 1978, the 4197: 4193: 4189: 4184: 4182: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4152: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4130: 4121: 4118: 4113: 4110: 4106: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4083: 4081: 4077: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4064: 4063:Meek's method 4058: 4055: 4050: 4048: 4047:secret ballot 4043: 4034: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4002: 3997: 3987: 3983: 3964:seats to fill 3953: 3929: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3913: 3903: 3901: 3895: 3893: 3892:Wright system 3889: 3885: 3884:Meek's method 3880: 3876: 3872: 3870: 3864: 3862: 3857: 3835: 3831: 3818: 3810: 3788: 3785: 3781: 3779: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3752: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3732: 3718: 3712: 3709: 3706:seats to fill 3695: 3691: 3678: 3661: 3658: 3655:seats to fill 3646: 3624: 3620: 3619:for details. 3618: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3578: 3565: 3562: 3558: 3552: 3549: 3546:seats to fill 3535: 3531: 3518: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3484: 3480: 3478: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3458: 3453: 3450: 3449: 3448: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3391: 3388: 3380: 3370: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3354:This section 3352: 3348: 3343: 3342: 3334: 3332: 3331:ticket voting 3327: 3323: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3305: 3299: 3294: 3290: 3285: 3275: 3272: 3264: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3230:This section 3228: 3224: 3219: 3218: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3165:Massachusetts 3161: 3157: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3138: 3133: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3121: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3009: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2980: 2963:Popular vote 2962: 2958: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2943: 2938: 2936: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2918: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2902: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2646: 2642: 2636:Seventh round 2629: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2601:Candidate B3 2600: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2584:Candidate B2 2583: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2567:Candidate B1 2566: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2437: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2414: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2373:Candidate B3 2372: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2356:Candidate B2 2355: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2339:Candidate B1 2338: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2313:5% − 5% = 0% 2312: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2286:Candidate A4 2285: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2242:Candidate A2 2241: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2230:1% − 1% = 0% 2229: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2195: 2191: 2182: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2145:Candidate B3 2144: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2128:Candidate B2 2127: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2111:Candidate B1 2110: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2077:Candidate A5 2076: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2060:Candidate A4 2059: 2058: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2018:Candidate A2 2017: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1998:Candidate A1 1997: 1996: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1965: 1961: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1903: 1897: 1894: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1823: 1819: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1794: 1790: 1783: 1778: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1570: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1558: 1554: 1551: 1547: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1526: 1523: 1519: 1518: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1475:# of ballots 1474: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1416: 1412: 1409: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1395: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1369: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1316: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1297: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1282: 1273: 1270: 1262: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1241: 1237: 1234: 1230: 1227: 1223: 1220: – 1219: 1215: 1214:Find sources: 1208: 1204: 1198: 1197: 1192:This article 1190: 1186: 1181: 1180: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1156: 1154: 1149: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1096:multi-winner 1095: 1090: 1088: 1085:), a type of 1084: 1080: 1073: 1068: 1057: 1052: 1050: 1045: 1043: 1038: 1037: 1035: 1034: 1031: 1026: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1006: 1001: 996: 995: 993: 992: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 974:May's theorem 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 961: 960: 959: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 928: 927: 926: 920: 915: 914: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 888: 887: 886: 885: 884:majority rule 882:Paradoxes of 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 857: 856: 855: 854: 844: 841: 840: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 825: 824: 823: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 797: 796: 791: 786: 785: 778: 775: 771: 768: 767: 766: 763: 762: 761: 760: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 737: 736: 733: 727: 724: 722: 719: 718: 717: 714: 710: 705: 701: 699: 694: 690: 689: 688: 685: 684: 683: 682: 678: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 655: 654: 653: 648: 647: 646: 640: 637: 635: 632: 631: 630: 625: 624:Mixed systems 620: 619: 612: 609: 605: 602: 601: 600: 597: 596: 595: 594: 593: 585: 584:Random ballot 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 568: 565: 563: 560: 559: 558: 555: 554: 553: 552: 551: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 524: 523: 522: 521: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 494: 493: 492: 491: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 457: 456: 453: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 430: 429: 428:Apportionment 426: 425: 424: 423: 417: 412: 411: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 385: 384: 383: 382: 373: 369: 364: 363:Antiplurality 361: 358: 354: 349: 346: 343: 339: 334: 331: 330: 329: 328: 327: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 298: 297: 294: 292: 291:Condorcet-IRV 289: 288: 287: 286: 285: 275: 270: 266: 264: 259: 255: 254: 253: 250: 246: 243: 242: 240: 235: 230: 227: 225: 222: 221: 220: 218: 211: 206: 205: 198: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 173:Social choice 171: 170: 168: 167: 161: 157: 156: 153: 149: 148:Social choice 146: 145: 141: 137: 133: 132: 125: 115: 106: 102: 98: 94: 91:This article 89: 85: 80: 79: 70: 65: 61: 57: 56: 50: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 10536:By-elections 10514: 10470:Committees: 10461:Royal assent 10315:Independents 10084: 10078: 9723: 9694:Mixed-member 9679:Proportional 9654:Score voting 9595:Ranked pairs 9514:Part of the 9513: 9418: 9394: 9381:. Retrieved 9369: 9337: 9333: 9301:. Retrieved 9281: 9262:. Retrieved 9216: 9212: 9183: 9163: 9150:. Retrieved 9144: 9140:Wells, H. G. 9128:. Retrieved 9116: 9084: 9080: 9068:. Retrieved 9053: 9037:. Retrieved 9025: 9005:. Retrieved 8993: 8970: 8961: 8949:. Retrieved 8942:the original 8923: 8895: 8891: 8875:. Retrieved 8868:the original 8841: 8828:Bibliography 8813: 8806:Curtice 2012 8801: 8794:Curtice 2012 8789: 8782:Curtice 2012 8777: 8770:Curtice 2012 8755:Curtice 2012 8750: 8743:Curtice 2012 8738: 8726:. Retrieved 8714: 8705: 8693:. Retrieved 8689: 8680: 8668:. Retrieved 8663: 8654: 8640: 8631: 8619: 8607:. Retrieved 8597: 8585: 8576: 8567: 8555:. Retrieved 8543: 8509:. Retrieved 8505:the original 8495: 8486: 8477: 8465:. Retrieved 8461: 8452: 8444: 8439: 8432:Ireland 2010 8427: 8416: 8402: 8388: 8380:the original 8370: 8356: 8344:. Retrieved 8340: 8331: 8319:. Retrieved 8306: 8297: 8283: 8271:. Retrieved 8267: 8258: 8246:. Retrieved 8242: 8232: 8220:. Retrieved 8215: 8206: 8194:. Retrieved 8188: 8179: 8167:. Retrieved 8163:the original 8152: 8143: 8132: 8122:29 September 8120:. Retrieved 8116: 8106: 8094:. Retrieved 8089: 8080: 8068:. Retrieved 8064: 8055: 8045:25 September 8043:. Retrieved 8033: 8019: 8008: 7999: 7993: 7979: 7967:. Retrieved 7958: 7950:Congress.gov 7949: 7939: 7924: 7915: 7906: 7889: 7877: 7870: 7865: 7853:. Retrieved 7849: 7840: 7833: 7810: 7804: 7792:. Retrieved 7788:the original 7773: 7761:. Retrieved 7750: 7738:. Retrieved 7733: 7723: 7711:. Retrieved 7701: 7689:. Retrieved 7679: 7667:. Retrieved 7657: 7648: 7639: 7630: 7622: 7617: 7605:. Retrieved 7591: 7572: 7566: 7554:. Retrieved 7550: 7540: 7531: 7522: 7510: 7493:Bagehot 1894 7488: 7476: 7467: 7458: 7449: 7438: 7426:. Retrieved 7416: 7404:. Retrieved 7400:the original 7395: 7386: 7374: 7365: 7356: 7332:(1): 27–38. 7329: 7325: 7315: 7301: 7289: 7277: 7266: 7254:. Retrieved 7251:ResearchGate 7250: 7240: 7228: 7219: 7213: 7199: 7192:Newland 1984 7187: 7179: 7149: 7144: 7132: 7118: 7109: 7100: 7091: 7079: 7034: 7028: 6983: 6977: 6965: 6956: 6944:. Retrieved 6930: 6921: 6915: 6906: 6900: 6891: 6886: 6874:. Retrieved 6870: 6858: 6849: 6843: 6834: 6825: 6792: 6788: 6778: 6750: 6733: 6716: 6695: 6686: 6677: 6644: 6625: 6572: 6564: 6556: 6543: 6401:Conservative 6365: 6361: 6229:Conservative 6187: 6183: 6164: 6022:Conservative 5984: 5975:monotonicity 5960: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5930: 5927: 5923: 5915: 5912: 5904: 5880: 5873: 5865: 5858:happened in 5856: 5852: 5848: 5780: 5777:By-elections 5770:partisanship 5766: 5757: 5746: 5734: 5730: 5713: 5709: 5676: 5670: 5666: 5551:Estonian SSR 5513:Replaced by 5501:Body/region 5375:Body/region 5361: 5300: 4677:Body/region 4667:Other bodies 4636:legislature 4587:Dáil Éireann 4570: 4536:6 (for each 4465: 4451:Commonwealth 4444: 4368: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4307: 4298: 4287:Please help 4282:verification 4279: 4252: 4245: 4222: 4218: 4216: 4185: 4153: 4135: 4114: 4102: 4090: 4084: 4073: 4067: 4059: 4051: 4039: 4012: 3984: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3909: 3896: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3865: 3858: 3789: 3786: 3782: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3749: 3740: 3736: 3733: 3679: 3625: 3621: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3590: 3587: 3579: 3519: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3481: 3474: 3445: 3436: 3432: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3383: 3374: 3363:Please help 3358:verification 3355: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3309: 3300: 3297: 3267: 3258: 3243:Please help 3231: 3200: 3188: 3177: 3168: 3158: 3147:(MBTV) is a 3142: 3134: 3124: 3118: 3081:Independent 2950: 2946: 2939: 2932: 2921: 2905: 2897: 2888: 2884: 2881: 2865: 2856: 2844:Candidate B3 2843: 2834: 2822:Candidate B2 2821: 2803:Candidate B1 2802: 2793: 2787:Independent 2780: 2763:Candidate A5 2762: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2737:Candidate A4 2736: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2711:Candidate A3 2710: 2693:Candidate A2 2692: 2672:Candidate A1 2671: 2643: 2639: 2618: 2555:Independent 2550:Candidate I 2533:Candidate A5 2532: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2506:Candidate A4 2505: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2480:Candidate A3 2479: 2461:Candidate A2 2460: 2440:Candidate A1 2439: 2411: 2390: 2327:Independent 2322:Candidate I 2304:Candidate A5 2303: 2279: 2274: 2266: 2260:Candidate A3 2259: 2221:Candidate A1 2220: 2192: 2188: 2180: 2167: 2162: 2099:Independent 2094:Candidate I 2050: 2045: 2036:Candidate A3 2035: 1982: 1962: 1958: 1933: 1926: 1922: 1911: 1907: 1898: 1891: 1872: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1848: 1843: 1842: 1838: 1832: 1831: 1827: 1821: 1820: 1814: 1813: 1810: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1798: 1788: 1787: 1782:Sankey chart 1746: 1741: 1738: 1730: 1722: 1700: 1695: 1692: 1684: 1660: 1593: 1590: 1505: 1501: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1304: 1300: 1293: 1290: 1283: 1280: 1265: 1256: 1246: 1239: 1232: 1225: 1213: 1201:Please help 1196:verification 1193: 1157: 1153:constituency 1150: 1146: 1138:block voting 1118: 1108:rather than 1094:proportional 1091: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1076: 957: 956: 923: 881: 880: 865:Exaggeration 851: 850: 821: 820: 794: 758: 757: 726:Mixed ballot 681:Compensatory 679: 652:compensatory 649: 644: 628: 590: 589: 548: 547: 518: 517: 496: 488: 487: 475:List-free PR 420: 388:Score voting 379: 378: 324: 323: 311:Ranked pairs 282: 281: 214: 109: 97:terms of use 92: 68: 53: 36: 10531:Electorates 10392:Parliaments 10037:Spoilt vote 9800:Droop quota 9739:Schulze STV 9714:Rural–urban 9659:STAR voting 9555:Borda count 9448:ACE Project 9028:(1): 7–11. 8951:20 November 8728:27 February 8695:27 February 8624:Ombler 2006 8609:27 February 8557:27 February 8410:. FairVote. 8396:. FairVote. 8321:27 February 8222:31 December 8196:20 November 8190:Ballotpedia 8117:The Spinoff 7794:21 November 7763:21 November 7713:21 November 7691:21 November 7669:21 November 7607:9 September 7256:26 November 6946:27 February 6876:27 February 6871:prsa.org.au 6656:. See also 6654:Schulze STV 6506:Independent 6127:Independent 5891:Schulze STV 5869:NP-complete 5716:Droop quota 5633:Isle of Man 5613:Upper house 5475:Upper house 5457:Upper house 5451:Upper house 5419:Upper house 5414:Rajya Sabha 5398:Upper house 5333:, Minnesota 5331:Minneapolis 5136:elections: 5126:elections: 5102:New Zealand 4986:until 2021) 4640:Droop quota 4598:Droop quota 4592:Lower house 4543:2 (for the 4524:Droop quota 4518:Upper house 4411:UC Berkeley 4109:H. G. Wells 4093:. In 1896, 4036:Thomas Hare 3597:Thomas Hare 3511:Droop quota 3316:Droop quota 3289:Brindabella 2781:Candidate I 1968:First round 1793:Droop quota 1576:Droop quota 1142:voting bloc 1136:(IRV), and 1121:voting bloc 1110:party lists 765:Single vote 668:Conditional 663:Coexistence 512:Quota Borda 502:Schulze STV 460:Closed list 403:STAR voting 348:Borda count 10608:Categories 10343:Appointees 10134:Components 10056:Comparison 9810:Hare quota 9760:Allocation 9746:Spare vote 9734:Hare-Clark 9704:Party-list 9408:0642710619 8996:(1): 1–7. 8849:Wikisource 8646:"Scotland" 8346:30 January 8169:4 November 7815:UNSW Press 7813:. Sydney: 7782:. 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