Sinicization - Knowledge

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not certain that all names in fact had a specific meaning). Giving "numeral names" was another unique Manchu habit. These were names that actually referred to numbers. Sometimes they were given using Manchu numbers—for example, Nadanju (seventy) or Susai (fifty). Other times number names used the Manchu transcriptions of Chinese numbers, as in the name Loišici (= Liushi qi, "sixty-seven"), Bašinu (= bashi wu, "eight-five").45 Such names, unheard of among the Han, were quite common among the Manchus, an appeared from time to time among Chinese bannermen. Popular curiosity about this odd custom in Qing was partly satisfied by the nineteenth-century bannerman-writer Fu-ge, who explained in his book of "jottings" that naming children for their grandparents' ages was a way of wishing longevity to the newly born.46

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the TSPM, which included a seminar on the so-called "sinicization" of Christianity. Fu Xianwei, chairman of the TSPM, was quoted as saying that "churches in China will continue to explore the sinicization of Christianity ensure Christianity takes root in the soil of Chinese culture, ethnicity, and society... To advance the sinicization of Christianity, churches will need guidance and support from government agencies in charge of religious affairs." Gao Feng, chairman of the CCC, stated that the TSPM would "take on a new mission in this age, adhere to the path of sinicization, and deepen and advance the process of sinicizing Christianity." Wang Zuo'an, director of the State Administration for Religious Affairs (SARA), also reinforced the need for the sinicization of Christianity.

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Chinese accustomed to names composed of a familiar surname and one or two elegang characters drawn from a poem or a passage from the classics, Manchu names looked not just different, but absurd. What was oneo to make of a name like E-bi-long, written in Chinese characters meaning "repress-must flourish," or Duo-er-gun, meaning "numerous-thou-roll"? S.... To them they looked like nonsense.... But they are not nonsense in Manchu: "E-bi-long" is the transcription of ebilun, meaning "a delicate or sickly child," and "Duo-er-gun" is the Chinese transcription of dorgon, the Manchu word for badger.

1879: 4313:.... The government initiated educational reform in the 1950s to achieve a number of high-priority goals. First, it was done to help root out fifty years of Japanese colonial influence on the island's populace--"resinicizing" them, one might say- -and thereby guarantee their loyalty to the Chinese motherland. Second, the million mainlanders or so who had fled to Taiwan themselves had the age-old tendency of being more loyal to city, county, or province than to China as a nation. They identified themselves as Hunanese, Cantonese, or Sichuanese first, and as Chinese second. 3309:

meaningful and that conformed to the generational principle. Thus, in the seventh generation of the Gūwalgiya lineage were sons with two names, one Manchu and one Chinese, such as Duolunbu/Shiman, Delinbu/Shizhu, and Tehengbu/Shizhen. Within the family and the banner, these boys used their Manchu name, but outside they used their Han-style name. Then, from the eighth or ninth generation one, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Gūwalgiya at Xiuyan stopped giving polysyllabic Manchu names to their sons, who thereafter used Chinese names exclusively.

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the Director of Political Affairs of the Regional Secretariat of Yunnan ... According to Chinese records, he introduced new agricultural technologies, constructed irrigation systems, and tried to raise living standards. Though a Muslims, he built or rebuilt Confucian temples and created a Confucian education system. His contemporary, He Hongzuo, the Regional Superintendent of Confucian studies, wrote that through his efforts 'the orangutans and butcherbirds became unicorns and phonixes and their felts and furs were exchanged for gowns and caps' ...

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al-Ajall Shams al-Din Umar al-Bukhari (Ch. Sai-tien-ch'ih shan-ssu-ting). a court official and general of Turkic origin who participated in the Mongol invasion of Szechwan ... And Yunnan in c. 1252, and who became Yuan Governor of the latter province in 1274–79. Shams al-Din—who is widely believed by the Muslims of Yunnan to have introduced Islam to the region—is represented as a wise and benevolent ruler, who successfully "pacified and comforted" the people of Yunnan, and who is credited with building Confucian temples, as well as mosques and schools

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affiliation rather than by their lineage. Even if they had customarily used both surname and given name, this would not have eliminated the difference with Han names, since Manchu names of any kind were very often longer than two characters—that is, two syllables— in length. Where a Han name (to pick at random two names from the eighteenth century) might read Zhang Tingyu or Dai Zhen, the full name of, say, Ebilun (a

1578:), and teaching students to revere traditional ethics, develop pan-Chinese nationalism, and view Taiwan from the perspective of China. Other reasons for the policy were to combat the Japanese influences on the culture that had occurred in the previous 50 years, and to help unite the recent immigrants from mainland China that had come to Taiwan with the KMT and among whom there was a tendency to be more loyal to 4256:

with the traditional Confucian virtues. The avenue passing in front of the foreign ministry en route to the presidential palace was named chieh-shou (long life), in Chiang's honor. Students were required to learn Mandarin and speak it exclusively; those who disobeyed and spoke Taiwanese Min, Hakka, or aboriginal tongues could be fined, slapped, or subjected to other disciplinary actions.

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succeeded by his brother Husain. It cannot be too strongly emphasised that the direction of this movement was from the interior, from the north. The Muhammadan colonies on the coast were hardly affected by it. On the other hand it may safely be assumed that the Muslims of Yunnan remained in constant communication with those of the northern provinces of Shensi and Kansu.

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The restrictions they now face can be traced to 2015, when Mr. Xi first raised the issue of what he called the "Sinicization of Islam," saying all faiths should be subordinate to Chinese culture and the Communist Party. Last year, Mr. Xi's government issued a confidential directive that ordered local

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when Maroco Polo visited Yunnan in the early Yuan period he noted the presence of "Saracens" among the population while the Persian historian Rashid al-Din (died 1318 AD) recorded in his Jami' ut-Tawarikh that 'the great city of Yachi' in Yunnan was exclusively inhabited by Muslims. Rashid al-Din may

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The National Committee of the Three-Self Patriotic Movement of Protestant Churches in China marked its 60th anniversary in 2014. Subsequently, China's government-sponsored China Christian Council (CCC) and the TSPM orchestrated a conference in Shanghai on August 4–6 to commemorate the anniversary of

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Manchu men had abandoned their original polysyllabic personal names infavor of Han-style disyllabic names; they had adopted the Han practice of choosing characters with auspicious meanings for the names; and they had assigned names on a generational basis.... Except among some Hanjun such as the two

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famous Manchu figure of the early Qing who belonged to the Niohuru clan) would have been the unwieldy "Niu-gu-lu E-bi-long" in Chinese. Moreover, the characters used in names were typically chosen to represent the sounds of Manchu, and not to carry any particular meaning in Chinese. For educated Han

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In recent times, sinicization has been used in reference to China's policy toward minorities, particularly toward religious minorities within China. Policies include the destruction of religious architecture and costumes, the attempt to blend religious traditions with traditions perceived as Chinese

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The new KMT concluded that it must "Sinicize" Taiwan if it were ever to unify mainland China. Textbooks were designed to teach young people the dialect of North China as a national language. Pupils also were taught to revere Confucian ethics, to develop Han Chinese nationalism, and to accept Taiwan

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While Chinese names, too, sometimes ended in characters with the sounds "zhu," "bao," and "tai," more often than not, such names in the Qing belonged to Manchus and other bannermen (Chinese bannermen and Mongols sometimes took Manchu-sounding names), even if the attached meaning is not clear (it is

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an animal's anklebone).44 Names such as Jalfungga (long-lived), Fulingga (lucky one), Fulungga (majestic), and Hūturingga (fortunate), were not unknown, either, particularly after the seventeenth century. Although mightily foreign when written as Zha-la-feng-a, Fu-ling-a, Fu-long-a, or Hu-tu-ling-ga

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Thus we find names like Nikan (Chinese), Ajige (little), Asiha (young), Haha (nale), Mampi (knot—a reference to the hair?), Kara (black), Fulata (red-eyed), Necin (peaceful), Kirsa (steppe fox), Unahan (colt), Jumara (squirrel), Nimašan (sea eagle), Nomin (lapis lazuli), and Gacuha (toy made out of

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In 2018, over one million Chinese government workers began forcibly living in the homes of Uyghur Muslim families to monitor and assess resistance to assimilation, and to watch for frowned-upon religious or cultural practices. These government workers were trained to call themselves "relatives" and

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newspaper, claimed that sinicization was a form of 'inculturation', which is a Catholic missionary term that refers to adopting local culture to proclaim the gospel. He cited Matteo Ricci as an example and pointed out that the Chinese leadership had promised not to undermine the doctrine and nature

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arranged a conference in Shanghai on August 4–6, 2014, commemorating the anniversary of the TSPM. This conference included a seminar on the sinicizaton of Christianity, with Fu Xianwei, chairman of the TSPM, saying "churches in China will continue to explore the sinicization of Christianity ensure

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of southwest China. As migrants, they lived among ethnic Chinese and were sinicized to varying degrees. Many worked as farm laborers. Some attained official positions in the court and military. The numerous tribal groups in the north and northwest who had been heavily drafted into the military then

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At Xiuyan, in eastern Fengtian, the Manchus in the seventh or eighth generation continued as before to give their sons polysyllabic Manchu personal names that were meaningless when transliterated into Chinese, but at the same time they began to also give them Chinese names that were disyllabic and

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Although Saiyid-i Adjall certainly did much for the propagation of Islam in Yunnan, it is his son Nasir al-Din to whom is ascribed the main credit for its dissemination. He was a minister and at first governed the province of Shansi: he later became governor of Yunnan where he died in 1292 and was

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claimed descent from the emir of Bokhara ... and was appointed as the top administrator in Yunnan in the 1270s. Today the Muslims of Yunnan regard him as the founder of their community, a wise and benevolent ruler who 'pacified and comforted' the peoples of Yunnan. Sayyid Ajall was officially

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certain that Muslims of Central Asian originally played a major role in the Yuan (Mongol) conquest and subsequent rule of south-west China, as a result of which a distinct Muslim community was established in Yunnan by the late 13th century AD. Foremost among these soldier-administrators was Sayyid

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have stated that in present-day Tibet, traditional Tibetan festivals have "been turned into a platform for propaganda and political theater" where "government workers and retirees are barred from engaging in religious activities, and government workers and students in Tibetan schools are forbidden

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Historian Jacqueline Armijo-Hussein has written on Sayyid Ajall's confucianization and sinicization policies in various papers, including in her dissertation "Sayyid 'Ajall Shams al-Din: A Muslim from Central Asia, serving the Mongols in China, and bringing 'civilization' to Yunnan" (1997); and in

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initiated the policy of settling Xiongnu nomads away from the frontier near Taiyuan in modern Shanxi province, where they would be less likely to rebel. The Xiongnu abandoned nomadism and the elite were educated in Chinese-Confucian literate culture. The migration of northern Chinese people to the

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In order to shore up his government's legitimacy, Chiang set about turning Taiwan's inhabitants into Chinese. To use Renan's terminology, Chiang chose to re-define the concept of shared destiny to include the mainland. Streets were re-named; major thoroughfares in Taipei received names associated

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and when the ancient and politically prominent Manchu lineage of Niohuru adopted the Han-style surname Lang, he ridiculed them for having "forgotten their roots." (The Niohuru, whose name was derived from niohe, Manchu for wolf," had chosen Lang as their surname because it was a homophone for the

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from the Yuan Dynasty, and indicated further Muslim settlement in northeastern and especially southwestern Yunnan. Marco Polo, who travelled through Yunnan "Carajan" at the beginning of the Yuan period, noted the presence of "Saracens" among the population. Similarly, the Persian historian Rashid

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In 2019, TSPM chairman Xu Xiaohong made a pledge to eliminate any Western "imprint" from Chinese faith saying " must recognise that Chinese churches are surnamed 'China', not 'the West'" and "No matter how much effort or time it takes, our resolution in upholding the Sinicisation of Protestantism

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scholars. The natives of Yunnan were instructed by Sayyid Ajall in such Confucian ceremonies as weddings, matchmaking, funerals, ancestor worship, and kowtow. The native leaders had their "barbarian" clothing replaced by clothing given to them by Sayyid Ajall as well. The governor was praised and

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In June 2018, the Bishops' Conference of the Catholic Church in China and the Catholic Patriotic Association issued a "Five-Year Plan on Carrying Forward the Catholic Church's Adherence to the Direction of Sinicization in Our Country". This document calls for Catholics to accept Communist party

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be built in the city. The latter temple, built in 1274 and doubled as a school, was the first Confucian temple ever to be built in Yunnan. By incorporating Chinese and consequently Confucian thought in the dynasty, scholars now deem Kublai Khan as an adopted Chinese citizen of Mongol ethnicity,

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Chinese names consist typically of a single-character surname and a given name of one or two characters, the latter usually chosen for their auspicious meaning. Manchu names were different. For one thing, Manchus did not commonly employ surnames, identifying themselves usually by their banner

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In this way, Yunnan became known to the Islamic world. When Sayyid Ajall died in 1279 he was succeeded by his son Nasir al-Din who governed for give years and led the invasion of Burma. His younger brother became the Transport Commissioner and the entire family entrenched their

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On his death he was succeeded by his eldest son, Nasir al-Din (Ch. Na-su-la-ting, the "Nescradin" of Marco Polo), who governed Yunnan between 1279 and I284. While Arab and South Asian Muslims, pioneers of the maritime expansion of Islam in the Bay of Bengal, must have visited

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of each religion. He stated in the interview: "These two terms, "inculturation" and "sinicization," refer to each other without confusion and without opposition: in some ways, they can be complementary and can open avenues for dialogue on the religious and cultural level."

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In April 2016, CCP general secretary Xi Jinping declared that to "actively guide the adaptation of religions to socialist society, an important task is supporting China's religions' persistence in the direction of sinicization." He later reiterated this plan to the

1820:, said in a 2018 speech that "We must allow traditional Chinese culture to permeate Islam and jointly guard the spiritual homeland of the Chinese people." He encouraged Chinese characteristics to be present in religious ceremony, culture, and architecture. 1248:"The Origins of Confucian and Islamic Education in Southwest China: Yunnan in the Yuan Period" (n.d.) and "The Sinicization and Confucianization in Chinese and Western Historiography of a Muslim from Bukhara Serving Under the Mongols in China" (1989). 1109:(original Chinese), in contrast to new Chinese people who colonized Guizhou at later times. They still spoke an archaic dialect as of 1929. Many immigrants to Guizhou were descended from these soldiers in garrisons who married non-Chinese women. 788:) among the population. Proponents believe it will help to develop shared values, pride in being the country's citizen, respect and acceptance towards cultural differences among citizens of China. Critics argue that assimilation destroys 1858:

reported that Chinese authorities had forcibly rebuilt a number of mosques to eliminate traditional Islamic architecture (e.g. minarets, domes) and replace them with Chinese architecture. In July 2023, the United Front Work Department's

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models of rule as much as Confucian ones. There is also evidence of sinicization, however. For example, Manchus originally had their own separate style of naming from the Han Chinese, but eventually adopted Han Chinese naming practices.

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with the main goal of ensuring adherence to national ideology. Critics of China's treatment of Uyghurs have accused the Chinese government of propagating a policy of sinicization in Xinjiang in the 21st century, calling this policy a

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Christianity takes root in the soil of Chinese culture, ethnicity, and society... To advance the sinicization of Christianity, churches will need guidance and support from government agencies in charge of religious affairs."

1077:. During this period, the process of sinicization accelerated among the non-Han arrivals in the north and among the indigenous people in the south. This process was also accompanied by the increasing popularity of Buddhism ( 4031: 3550: 3611: 4785: 3980: 2948: 2836: 2793: 5130: 1361:

followed their traditional practice in typically used their first/personal name to address themselves and not their last name, while Han Chinese bannermen used their last name and first in normal Chinese style.

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family name but called themselves only by their personal name—for example, Yikuang, Ronglu, Gangyi, Duanfang, Xiliang, and Tieliang. In this respect, most Manchus remained conspicuously different from Han.

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As of 2019, it was estimated that Chinese authorities may have detained one and a half million people in secretive re-education camps. The vast majority of those forcibly interned are Muslim Uyghurs but

1309:, and when phonetically transcribed into Chinese, they made no sense at all. The meaning of the names that Manchus used were also very different from the meanings of Chinese names. The Manchus also gave 4111: 2271: 1812:

first raised the issue of "sinicization of Islam". In 2018, a confidential directive was issued ordering local officials to "prevent Islam from interfering with secular life and the state's functions".

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recorded that Yunnan was heavily populated by Muslims during the Yuan dynasty, with Rashid naming a city with all Muslim inhabitants as the "great city of Yachi." It has been suggested that Yachi was

3771: 1403:, Minh Mang declared that "We must hope that their barbarian habits will be subconsciously dissipated, and that they will daily become more infected by Han customs." Moreover, he would use the term 4988: 4602: 1757:." I am convinced that an important intellectual and pastoral challenge arises in an almost natural way from the bringing together of these two terms, which indicate two real visions of the world." 1673:

saying "We will fully implement the Party's basic policy on religious affairs, insist on the sinicization of Chinese religions, and provide active guidance for religion and socialism to coexist."

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school revealed Manchu rulers were savvy in their manipulation of their subjects and from the 1630s through at least the 18th century, the emperors developed a sense of Manchu identity and used

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province. Restrictions included limiting the size of mosques, requiring a Communist Party member on mosque management committees, forbidding the use of Arabic words on food stalls (such as "

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created an assimilationist group and encouraged the integration of Muslims into Chinese society. Ma Fuxiang was a hardcore assimilationist and said that Hui should assimilate into Han.

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or in coastal areas from the mouth of the Yangtze to the Gulf of Tonkin. The remnants of these peoples who were not fully sinicized are now recognized officially as the

4754: 2578:. Asiatische Forschungen: Monographienreihe zur Geschichte, Kultur und Sprache der Völker Ost- und Zentralasiens. Vol. 121. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 476. 2492:. Asiatische Forschungen: Monographienreihe zur Geschichte, Kultur und Sprache der Völker Ost- und Zentralasiens. Vol. 121. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 477. 4232: 4838: 4080: 2870: 4713: 2464: 1290:

to justify their rule. The "orthodox" historical view emphasized the power of Han Chinese to "sinicize" their conquerors, although more recent research such as the

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and retake control of it. Chiang believed that to retake mainland China, it would be necessary to re-Sinicize Taiwan's inhabitants who had undergone assimilation

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leadership, love the motherland and obey the state, as well as to embrace the state's directive to implement Chinese cultural integration within Catholicism.

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Sinicization: at the crossing of three China regions, an ethnic minority becoming increasingly more Chinese: the Kam People, officially called Dong People

5153: 4370: 1343:, although its usage was inconsistent and error-ridden. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Manchu royal family stopped using Manchu names. 3911: 5014: 4401: 2918:

have been referring to the region around Ta-li in western Yunnan, which was to emerge as the earliest centre of Hui Muslim settlement in the province.

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Sayyid Ajall would also be the first to bring Islam to the area, and thus the widespread presence of Islam in Yunnan is credited to his work. Both

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described as making "the orangutans and butcherbirds become unicorns and phoenixes and their felts and furs were exchanged for gowns and caps" by

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rather than simply being mutually excluded from the definition of fellow Chinese he governed. As such, Sayyid Ajall would be the one to introduce

5695: 5406: 4662: 4472: 1742: 3708: 3679: 4928: 4628: 2898: 1321: 4899: 4869: 5310: 4966: 4209: 1753:, said that "two expressions or, more precisely, two principles stand out, which should interact with each other, namely "sinicization" and " 990:, large numbers of non-Chinese peoples living along China's northern periphery settled in northern China. Some of these migrants such as the 5539: 4297: 2982: 5768: 4538: 1215: 5322:

Sinisation: à la limite de trois provinces de Chine, une minorité de plus en plus chinoise: les locuteurs kam, officiellement appelés Dong

4102:""'Cultural genocide': China separating thousands of Muslim children from parents for 'thought education'" – The Independent, 5 July 2019" 1502:

Strict surveillance and mass detentions of Uyghurs in the Xinjiang re-education camps is a part of the ongoing sinicization policy by the

3733: 2511: 1506:(CCP). Since 2015, it has been estimated that over a million Uyghurs have been detained in these camps. The camps were established under 1488: 3658: 3466: 3202: 2437: 3424: 3381: 3338: 3295: 3037: 5700: 2884:

al-Din (died 1318 AD) recorded in his Jami' ut-Tawarikh that the 'great city of Yachi' in Yunnan was exclusively inhabited by Muslims.

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peoples. Over time, the mutual contact between Baiyue peoples and Han Chinese, as well as southward spread of Han Chinese, mostly as

2388: 2334: 4133: 3231: 2712: 5040: 4957:, 'No opposition between sinicization and inculturation' Parolin tells China media, Catholic World Report, retrieved June 2nd 2023 2202: 1499:-only street names and signs to Chinese, as well as switching carpet patterns in state-owned carpet factories from Uyghur to Han. 2573: 2534: 4010: 2304: 5926: 3016: 4948:

https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2019/05/13/no-opposition-between-sinicization-and-inculturation-parolin-tells-china-media/

4441: 5378: 4333: 3583: 3544: 3506: 2942: 2787: 1460: 749: 662:, 'Chinese, relating to China') is the process by which non-Chinese societies or groups are acculturated or assimilated into 20: 4746: 3262: 2233: 5512: 4242: 3534: 757: 4062: 2864: 5399: 2460: 1543: 1339:) gave their children Chinese names, which were separate from the Manchu names, and even adopted the Chinese practice of 1324:, not understand what the emperor was telling him in Manchu, despite coming from the Manchu stronghold of Shengjing (now 1261: 745: 4986:

https://www.vaticannews.va/zh/vatican-city/news/2019-05/cardinal-parolin-interview-chinese-newspaper-china-holy-see.html

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and political chaos, it was also a time of flourishing arts and culture, advancement in technology, and the spread of

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Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Jāmi'at al-Malik 'Abd al-'Azīz. Ma'had Shu'ūn al Aqallīyat al-Muslimah (1986).

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Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Jāmi'at al-Malik 'Abd al-'Azīz. Ma'had Shu'ūn al Aqallīyat al-Muslimah (1986).

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Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Jāmi'at al-Malik 'Abd al-'Azīz. Ma'had Shu'ūn al Aqallīyat al-Muslimah (1986).

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Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Jāmi'at al-Malik 'Abd al-'Azīz. Ma'had Shu'ūn al Aqallīyat al-Muslimah (1986).

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in 1934–1937. The administration that was set up was colonial in nature, importing Han cooks and baths, changing the

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In December 2016, the Ninth National Congress of the Chinese Catholic Representatives reaffirmed their plan for the

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The process of re-asserting non-Chinese identity, as in the case of ethnic groups in Taiwan, is sometimes known as

4976:, Beijing and Rome can work together, Parolin tells Chinese media, Herald Malaysia Online, retrieved June 3rd 2023 3573: 3496: 1705:

will never change, and our determination to walk a path that is adapted to a socialist society will never waver."

5281: 3755: 2255: 1766: 1750: 1479: 1032: 714: 4938:, Beijing and Rome can work together, Parolin tells Chinese media, Catholic News Agency, retrieved June 2nd 2023 2003: 6175: 5392: 3792:

Lipman, Jonathan N. (Jul 1984). "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu".

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has claimed that the People's Republic of China has used the concept of sinicization as a means to obscure Han

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https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/41269/beijing-and-rome-can-work-together-parolin-tells-chinese-media

904:, led to the sinicization of most of the Baiyue populations that remained in southern China, be they in the 6170: 5904: 5006: 4349: 3248:

Manchus & Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928.

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Chinese clothing was also adopted by the Vietnamese people. Variations of them are still being used today.

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https://www.heraldmalaysia.com/news/beijing-and-rome-can-work-together-parolin-tells-chinese-media/47797/1

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Manchus & Han: ethnic relations and political power in late Qing and early republican China, 1861–1928

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Manchus & Han: ethnic relations and political power in late Qing and early republican China, 1861–1928

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Manchus & Han: ethnic relations and political power in late Qing and early republican China, 1861–1928

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Manchus & Han: ethnic relations and political power in late Qing and early republican China, 1861–1928

1332:(reigned 1796–1820) complained that his officials were not proficient at understanding or writing Manchu. 6195: 6107: 5644: 5490: 1102: 1082: 5300: 4560: 3940: 6185: 6052: 4500: 3640: 1770: 1734:

to uphold the principle of independence and self-governance, along with the promotion of sinicization.

1559: 909: 741: 737: 4464: 1354:, which sounded like "wolf" in Chinese, since wolf in Manchu was Niohuru; thus forming a translation. 1154:. Sayyid Ajall is best known among Chinese for helping sinicize the Yunnan province; the promotion of 3704: 1921: 1795: 1475: 1195: 1003: 987: 4624: 6190: 6165: 5815: 5666: 5601: 5529: 4402:""They Say We Should Be Grateful" Mass Rehousing and Relocation Programs in Tibetan Areas of China" 3916: 1721: 1579: 618: 4654: 4199: 3876:

Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949

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Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949

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Human Rights in Asia: A Comparative Legal Study of Twelve Asian Jurisdictions, France and the USA

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stated that Christian groups must "adhere to the direction of the sinicisation of Christianity."

1697: 1503: 1374: 1267: 1257: 1199: 1139: 753: 5941: 4530: 6087: 5451: 1351: 953: 3729: 3450: 3186: 3148: 3110: 3038:"Session 8: Individual Papers: New Work on Confucianism, Buddhism, and Islam from Han to Yuan" 2487: 2168: 2110: 1649:, it has been underway since the Chinese regained control of Tibet in 1951. Sources quoted by 1424: 5884: 5847: 5803: 5415: 3654: 3408: 3365: 3322: 3279: 2575:

In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200–1300)

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In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200–1300)

2421: 1956: 1762: 1630: 1626: 1606: 957: 733: 718: 3041: 1824:

have been described in Chinese state media as being a key part of enhancing "ethnic unity".

6124: 6092: 4063:"'Absolutely No Mercy': Leaked Files Expose How China Organized Mass Detentions of Muslims" 2740:

Between winds and clouds: the making of Yunnan (second century BCE to twentieth century CE)

2699:

Between winds and clouds: the making of Yunnan (second century BCE to twentieth century CE)

2651:

Between winds and clouds: the making of Yunnan (second century BCE to twentieth century CE)

1392: 1241: 1226: 1078: 999: 965: 905: 816: 698: 4839:"Ahead of China-Vatican dialogue, a five-year plan to Sinicize the Church under the Party" 4272: 3637:"Vietnam-Champa Relations and the Malay-Islam Regional Network in the 17th–19th Centuries" 2619: 8: 6129: 6102: 5507: 5500: 4714:"The Ninth Assembly of Chinese Catholic Representatives: More smog and pollution in 2017" 3575:

Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History

1638: 1535: 1191: 1170:' upon the non-Han Chinese peoples in Yunnan, who he viewed as "backward and barbarian." 885: 824: 805: 777: 514: 5028:

officials to prevent Islam from interfering with secular life and the state's functions.

3941:"Expert Says 1.8 Million Uyghurs, Muslim Minorities Held in Xinjiang's Internment Camps" 3228: 2691: 1693:

and the anti-Christian movement of 1922–1927 as early efforts to sinicize Christianity.

1414: 5780: 5468: 5048: 4406: 4067: 3817: 3809: 1420: 1167: 1070: 812: 797: 793: 706: 686: 27: 477: 432: 245: 200: 6119: 6082: 5733: 5374: 5366: 4329: 4106: 4072: 4032:"Former inmates of China's Muslim 're-education' camps tell of brainwashing, torture" 4002: 3880: 3842: 3821: 3761: 3579: 3540: 3502: 3456: 3414: 3371: 3328: 3285: 3251: 3192: 3154: 3116: 3079: 3069: 2938: 2826: 2783: 2744: 2702: 2655: 2589: 2579: 2540: 2503: 2493: 2427: 2354: 2296: 2261: 2172: 2161: 2139: 2114: 2103: 2070: 1999: 1519: 1471: 1365:

Usage of surnames was not traditional to the Manchu while it was to the Han Chinese.

1328:). By the 19th century even the imperial court had lost fluency in the language. The 1287: 1270:

Chinese military soldiers were settled in Yunnan, and many married the native women.

1210: 801: 710: 391: 383: 159: 151: 5217:"Thousands of ethnic minority Muslims defy Chinese authorities in defense of mosque" 3532: 3008: 1567: 6097: 6025: 5957: 5753: 5295: 4433: 3801: 2426:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 92. 1946: 1926: 1829: 1800: 1642: 1566:

in schools and punishments for using other regional Chinese languages (such as the

1563: 1317: 1291: 1186: 1042: 1038: 977: 949: 941: 856: 789: 781: 702: 690: 682: 400: 348: 168: 116: 3068:. Harvard East Asian Monographs 149. Harvard University Asia Center. p. 424. 1357:

Although the Manchus replaced their Manchu names with Chinese personal names, the

6144: 6059: 6037: 6020: 5827: 5792: 5633: 5623: 5579: 5574: 5473: 5436: 5332: 5252: 5221: 4992: 4973: 4954: 4935: 4468: 4374: 4357: 4346: 4204: 3945: 3266: 3259: 3235: 2227: 2196: 1931: 1690: 1650: 1551: 1539: 1496: 1340: 1329: 1178: 1105:

Kweichow) and married native non-Chinese women, their descendants being known as

678: 674: 666:, particularly the language, societal norms, culture, and ethnic identity of the 663: 1408: 6134: 6032: 6015: 5931: 5911: 5879: 5832: 5822: 5775: 5763: 5722: 5717: 5683: 5673: 5651: 5613: 5584: 5569: 5519: 5495: 5426: 5185:"Beijing's crackdown on religious minorities takes aim at 10,000 Muslim Utsuls" 3973:"U.N. says it has credible reports China holds million Uighurs in secret camps" 3805: 2167:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 1977: 1971: 1912: 1776: 1586: 1555: 1206:. He would go on to construct numerous Confucian temples throughout his reign. 1155: 1015: 925: 878: 820: 554: 407: 175: 3533:

Randall Peerenboom; Carole J. Petersen; Albert H.Y. Chen (27 September 2006).

2109:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 1399:

and China's Han dynasty for Vietnam. Directing his policies at the Khmers and

892:. These Yue peoples, together with their southerner neighbours who formed the 658: 530: 6159: 6114: 6042: 5983: 5916: 5899: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5837: 5810: 5743: 5727: 5712: 5707: 5661: 5639: 5628: 5618: 5608: 5591: 5534: 5524: 5458: 5348: 5154:"Tiny Muslim community becomes latest target for China's religious crackdown" 4076: 3413:(reprint, illustrated ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 57. 3370:(reprint, illustrated ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 56. 3327:(reprint, illustrated ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 56. 3284:(reprint, illustrated ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 56. 3083: 2593: 2507: 2350:

Beyond the Great Wall: Urban Form and Transformation on the Chinese Frontiers

1898: 1754: 1686: 1594: 1571: 1380: 1358: 1283: 729: 425: 193: 19:

This article is about cultural assimilation. For the linguistic meaning, see

3452:

The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China

3188:

The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China

3150:

The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China

3112:

The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China

1621:

is the change of Tibetan society to Han Chinese standards by means of state

5988: 5967: 5936: 5921: 5894: 5889: 5787: 5738: 5690: 5678: 5596: 5564: 5554: 5549: 5431: 4778:"Gallagher: we are not afraid of China's new global leadership – La Stampa" 4686:"Christmas in China brings glittering decor and foreign influence concerns" 3612:"H-Net Discussion Networks – FW: H-ASIA: Vietnam as "Zhongguo" (2 REPLIES)" 2692:"Chapter 5 Sinicization and Indigenization: The Emergence of the Yunnanese" 1961: 1884: 1781: 1384: 1306: 1295: 1279: 1159: 1151: 1122: 1094: 1066: 930: 901: 467: 355: 314: 235: 123: 82: 998:

had been pastoralist nomads from the northern steppes. Others such as the

964:

population and adopted Chinese culture practice Chinese customs, speaking

940:

Turks founded three sinicized dynasties in northern China. Descendants of

6139: 5962: 5758: 5463: 5362: 5342: 5326: 5075:"Why Chinese civil servants are happy to occupy Uyghur homes in Xinjiang" 4718: 4171: 4167:"China's Oppression of the Uighurs 'The Equivalent of Cultural Genocide'" 3912:"Chinese official says 'sinicization' of religion in Xinjiang must go on" 3455:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 241. 3191:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 243. 3153:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 242. 3115:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 242. 1779:, the Vatican secretary of state, in a 2019 interview with the CCP-owned 1709: 1634: 1400: 1336: 1302: 1074: 1058: 983: 893: 846: 694: 667: 549: 99: 26:"Hanhua" redirects here. For the subdistrict in Xinye County, Henan, see 5384: 5098:"Xinjiang's Uyghurs didn't choose to be Muslim, new Chinese report says" 4465:"Tibetan Religious Festival Marred by Police Presence, State Propaganda" 2032: 744:

within China. Evidence of this process is reflected in the histories of

581: 5354: 5350:

Islam in China, Hui and Uyghurs: between modernization and sinicization

3730:"The Ao Dai and I: A Personal Essay on Cultural Identity and Steampunk" 2037: 1966: 1809: 1622: 1510: 1485: 1448: 1222: 1173:

He founded a "Chinese style" city called Zhongjing Cheng, where modern

1147: 961: 889: 764:

as the vehicle for exporting Chinese culture to other Asian countries.

761: 3813: 1209:

Confucian rituals were taught to students in newly founded schools by

933:

of northern China was a sinicized empire of Mongolic-Xianbei origin.

5483: 5478: 5189: 5123:"1.5 million Muslims could be detained in China's Xinjiang: academic" 4625:"2014 Annual Report: Religious and Human Rights Persecution in China" 4138: 1864: 1523: 1230: 1046: 595: 446: 214: 4900:"China's Catholics told to create five-year plan to Sinicise Church" 1746: 1492: 1325: 1198:, and traditions into Yunnan, including Chinese social structures, 1163: 1050: 884:

As early as the 11th century BC, some of the Baiyue peoples in the

815:

spoken by native peoples of the region. There are also a number of

567: 453: 369: 221: 137: 5365:, White Lotus Press editor, Bangkok, Thailand, published in 2004. 4870:"In China, government-aligned bishops release 'Sinicization' plan" 4595:"Chinese Protestant church head wants purge of Western influences" 4463:

Lodoe, Kalden; Demo, Yangdon; Gelek, Lobsang (September 6, 2019).

1431:

people in 1712 when differentiating between Vietnamese and Chams.

5358: 4744: 4690: 3920: 1575: 1347: 1174: 1130: 1126: 1118: 1098: 1062: 1041:

that lasted from 386 to 589, following the tumultuous era of the

1019: 1007: 995: 991: 874: 474: 242: 4200:"Fear and oppression in Xinjiang: China's war on Uighur culture" 3757:

The religious traditions of Asia: religion, history, and culture

3395:

Zhao brothers, bannermen still did not, by and large, use their

3229:

Manchu Rule over China and the Attrition of the Manchu Language

3009:""CESWW" – Dissertations in Central Eurasian Studies – History" 2353:(illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 78. 1840: 1547: 1310: 1182: 1143: 1135: 1054: 945: 937: 851: 1011:

exploited the chaos to seize power by local Chinese warlords.

5248:"Among Uyghurs, China aims to 'meld Islam with Confucianism'" 4371:"On Tibet, Senator's Daughter Shows More Spine Than the U.S." 2934:

Where China Meets India: Burma and the New Crossroads of Asia

2779:

Where China Meets India: Burma and the New Crossroads of Asia

2257:

China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects

2194: 1863:

developed a plan to "meld Islam with Confucianism" using the

1848: 1844: 1836: 1618: 1388: 897: 496: 482: 331: 264: 250: 4561:"习近平：决胜全面建成小康社会夺取新时代中国特色社会主义伟大胜利——在中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会上的报告-新华网" 4808:"Sinicization of China Church: the plan in full – UCA News" 3065:

Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic

1065:. The period came to an end with the unification of all of 2461:"How Kublai Khan's Yuan complicates the notion of 'China'" 888:

started to sinicize, marked by their establishment of the

873:

inhabited the coastline of China from as far north as the

5329:, Guy Trédaniel editor, Paris, France, published in 1998. 2978:

Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Volumes 7–8

2900:

Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Volumes 7–8

2866:

Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Volumes 7–8

2390:

Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Volumes 7–8

1855: 1835:

In September 2020, sinicization policies targeted Muslim

458: 226: 4434:"Invasion & After: Tibet Since the Chinese Invasion" 2066:

Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific, Volume 86, Part 5

1423:

as for 'China') to refer to Vietnam. Likewise, the lord

1037:

The Northern and Southern dynasties was a period in the

971: 728:

is also often used to refer to processes or policies of

5334:

Sinicization of the Kam (Dong People), a China minority

4134:"'Cultural genocide' for repressed minority of Uighurs" 1006:

were farmers and herders from the mountains of western

845:

Before sinicization, non-Chinese indigenous peoples of

3753: 3680:"#18 Transcultural Tradition of the Vietnamese Ao Dai" 3526: 2225: 1664:

Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party

1613:

Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party

1023:

south further settled China as a multi-ethnic empire.

623: 3498:

The Emergence Of Modern Southeast Asia: A New History

2229:

The Cowrie Shell Miao of Kweichow, Volume 32, Issue 1

1316:

Historical records report that as early as 1776, the

412: 388: 374: 360: 180: 156: 142: 128: 1874: 1218:, the Regional Superintendent of Confucian studies. 4745:H.E. Msgr. Paul Richard Gallagher (26 March 2018). 3872: 3834: 3406: 3363: 3320: 3277: 3250:University of Washington Press, 2000. Pages 52–54. 2201:. Royal Scottish Geographical Society. p. 70. 1832:and other minority groups have also been included. 1804:

Mosque with dome removed due to sinicization policy

1244:became Governor of Yunnan in 1279 after his death. 437: 205: 5338:Sinisation d'une minorité de Chine, les Kam (Dong) 2160: 2102: 1411:) to refer to the Vietnamese people, and the name 1350:family of the Manchu changed their family name to 1026: 4003:"Data leak details China's 'brainwashing system'" 6157: 5007:"A Crackdown on Islam Is Spreading Across China" 4588: 4586: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4239:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 3879:. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 131. 3841:. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 130. 2004:"Sinicisation, the Tribute System and Dynasties" 1412: 760:, which has long been a unifying feature in the 535: 519: 3448: 3184: 3146: 3108: 2290: 2288: 1305:consisted of more than the two or one syllable 4462: 3494: 2526: 2333:. New York: Facts On File, Inc. Archived from 2331:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire 2253: 2158: 2100: 919: 600: 586: 572: 5400: 5095: 4583: 4487: 4347:Chinese population—Threat to Tibetan identity 3571: 3501:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 115–. 2930: 2818: 2775: 2198:Scottish geographical magazine, Volumes 45–46 1773:began holding training seminars immediately. 1093:During the eighth and ninth centuries in the 414: 301: 287: 182: 69: 55: 4711: 4655:"'Sinicization' of Christianity China's aim" 4499:Bowie, Julia; Gitter, David (14 June 2018). 4061:Ramzy, Austin; Buckley, Chris (2019-11-16). 4060: 2685: 2683: 2285: 1534:After the Republic of China took control of 896:centuries later, are collectively termed as 768:as well as the promotion of "ethnic unity". 5096:Westcott, Ben; Xiong, Yong (22 July 2019). 5047:(in Chinese). 10 March 2018. Archived from 4498: 3490: 3488: 2973:(Original from the University of Virginia) 2895:(Original from the University of Virginia) 2861:(Original from the University of Virginia) 2385:(Original from the University of Virginia) 2133: 1489:36th Division (National Revolutionary Army) 1368: 1320:was shocked to see a high Manchu official, 864: 5407: 5393: 4271:. Hoover Institution. 2008. Archived from 2743:. Columbia University Press. p. 157. 2654:. Columbia University Press. p. 154. 2571: 2485: 2419: 2062: 1079:introduced into China in the first century 1057:. The period saw large-scale migration of 5414: 4198:Shepherd, Christian (12 September 2019). 3565: 2680: 5151: 4995:, 帕罗林枢机："我们与中国正在开创一种积极的方法", Vatican News 4836: 4501:"The CCP's Plan to 'Sinicize' Religions" 4197: 3485: 2539:. Oxford University Press. p. 116. 1998: 1799: 1589:. This is an issue in, for example, the 849:, collectively termed by the Chinese as 415: 183: 5152:Baptista, Eduardo (28 September 2020). 5005:Myers, Steven Lee (21 September 2019). 4775: 3061: 2985:from the original on September 27, 2023 2951:from the original on September 27, 2023 2907:from the original on September 27, 2023 2873:from the original on September 27, 2023 2839:from the original on September 27, 2023 2822:First encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913–1936 2796:from the original on September 27, 2023 2397:from the original on September 27, 2023 2346: 1641:, land development, land transfer, and 1335:Eventually, the Qing royal family (the 6158: 5183:Seibt, Sébastian (30 September 2020). 5068: 5066: 5017:from the original on 24 September 2019 4414:from the original on 10 September 2019 4368: 4339: 4230: 3953:from the original on November 28, 2019 3791: 3592:from the original on 27 September 2023 3553:from the original on 27 September 2023 3469:from the original on December 31, 2013 3240: 3090:from the original on 27 September 2023 2757:from the original on 27 September 2023 2668:from the original on 27 September 2023 2600:from the original on 27 September 2023 2553:from the original on 27 September 2023 2458: 2367:from the original on 27 September 2023 2260:. Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 23. 2195:Scottish Geographical Society (1929). 1645:. According to the U.S. branch of the 1454: 758:adoption of the Chinese writing system 390: 158: 5388: 5182: 5085:from the original on 19 October 2021. 5072: 5004: 4867: 4849:from the original on 25 February 2020 4818:from the original on 16 December 2018 4665:from the original on 27 November 2018 4605:from the original on 19 February 2020 4475:from the original on 9 September 2019 4231:Dreyer, June Teufel (July 17, 2003). 3938: 2307:from the original on 17 November 2012 972:Han, Jin, and Sixteen Kingdoms period 776:The assimilation policy is a type of 21:Transcription into Chinese characters 16:Assimilation into Han Chinese culture 5164:from the original on 16 October 2020 4812:Union of Catholic Asian News Limited 4788:from the original on 27 January 2021 4757:from the original on 3 December 2019 4627:. Texas, USA: ChinaAid. April 2015. 4541:from the original on 29 January 2020 4440:. Office of Tibet, Washington, D.C. 4179:from the original on 21 January 2020 4164: 3983:from the original on 12 January 2020 3427:from the original on January 5, 2014 3384:from the original on January 5, 2014 3341:from the original on January 5, 2014 3298:from the original on January 5, 2014 3205:from the original on January 5, 2014 2736: 2689: 2647: 2423:Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia 2294: 1689:churches in China has described the 1383:sinicized ethnic minorities such as 811:In China there are 292 non-Mandarin 670:—the largest ethnic group of China. 5133:from the original on 9 January 2021 5063: 4683: 4592: 4165:Zand, Bernhard (28 November 2019). 3939:Lipes, Joshua (November 24, 2019). 3800:(3). Sage Publications, Inc.: 296. 2532: 1851:in schools and government offices. 1743:Secretary for Relations with States 1262:Miao rebellions in the Ming dynasty 1097:, Chinese male soldiers moved into 736:of norms from China on neighboring 13: 5197:from the original on 31 March 2021 5089: 4814:. Hong Kong, China. 31 July 2018. 4631:from the original on 14 April 2020 4571:from the original on 20 April 2018 4511:from the original on 18 April 2020 4212:from the original on 14 April 2020 4146:from the original on 25 April 2020 4114:from the original on 22 April 2020 2718:from the original on 23 March 2014 2459:Carter, James (16 December 2020). 2152: 2069:. American Philosophical Society. 2008:IAI Istituto Affari Internazionali 1952:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 1654:from visiting local monasteries." 14: 6207: 5345:, s.n. editor, published in 1994. 5275: 5073:Byler, Darren (9 November 2018). 4910:from the original on 16 June 2019 4776:Valente, Gianni (22 March 2018). 3578:. Berghahn Books. pp. 209–. 2572:Rachewiltz, Igor de, ed. (1993). 2486:Rachewiltz, Igor de, ed. (1993). 2163:A History of Chinese Civilization 2105:A History of Chinese Civilization 1461:Hong Kong–Mainland China conflict 869:'Hundreds of Yue Peoples' 5240: 4880:from the original on 17 May 2020 4726:from the original on 2 June 2017 4042:from the original on 16 May 2018 3928:from the original on 2020-01-10. 3572:A. Dirk Moses (1 January 2008). 2514:from the original on 14 May 2016 2467:from the original on 2 June 2021 2440:from the original on 13 May 2016 2136:Medieval Chinese Warfare 300–900 1937:Ethnic groups in Chinese history 1905: 1891: 1877: 1676: 1491:governed the southern region of 830: 5260:from the original on 2023-09-15 5209: 5176: 5145: 5115: 5104:from the original on 2019-12-19 5033: 4998: 4979: 4960: 4941: 4922: 4892: 4861: 4830: 4800: 4769: 4738: 4705: 4684:Woo, Ryan (December 25, 2023). 4677: 4647: 4617: 4567:(in Chinese). 27 October 2017. 4553: 4523: 4456: 4444:from the original on 2 May 2014 4426: 4394: 4362: 4318: 4290: 4261: 4224: 4191: 4158: 4126: 4094: 4083:from the original on 2020-01-08 4054: 4024: 4013:from the original on 2019-11-26 3995: 3965: 3932: 3904: 3893:from the original on 2023-09-27 3866: 3855:from the original on 2023-09-27 3828: 3785: 3774:from the original on 2023-09-27 3754:Joseph Mitsuo Kitagawa (2002). 3747: 3736:from the original on 2016-03-07 3722: 3711:from the original on 2016-02-04 3697: 3686:from the original on 2010-03-23 3672: 3661:from the original on 2016-01-21 3647: 3629: 3604: 3515:from the original on 2023-09-27 3442: 3400: 3357: 3314: 3271: 3221: 3178: 3140: 3102: 3055: 3030: 3019:from the original on 2014-08-25 3001: 2967: 2923: 2889: 2855: 2812: 2769: 2730: 2641: 2630:from the original on 2014-12-02 2612: 2565: 2479: 2452: 2413: 2379: 2340: 2327:Sayyid Ajall 'Umar Shams-ud-Din 2319: 2274:from the original on 2023-09-27 2236:from the original on 2023-09-27 2226:Margaret Portia Mickey (1947). 2205:from the original on 2018-05-17 2083:from the original on 2023-09-27 2045:from the original on 2018-11-19 2014:from the original on 2023-07-25 1808:In 2015, CCP general secretary 1480:Persecution of Uyghurs in China 1437: 1273: 1251: 1112: 1088: 1033:Northern and Southern dynasties 1027:Northern and Southern dynasties 771: 497: 483: 459: 438: 265: 251: 227: 206: 4837:Zhicheng, Wang (31 May 2018). 4369:Warren, James (May 18, 1997). 2981:. The Institute. p. 385. 2903:. The Institute. p. 387. 2869:. The Institute. p. 174. 2620:"Ethnic Groups – china.org.cn" 2536:The Silk Road in World History 2393:. The Institute. p. 385. 2325:Atwood, Christopher P. 2004. " 2295:Lane, George (June 29, 2011). 2247: 2216: 2185: 2127: 2094: 2063:Goodenough, Ward Hunt (1996). 2056: 2025: 1992: 1861:Central Institute of Socialism 1732:Catholic Patriotic Association 1715: 1580:one's city, county or province 1427:had referred to Vietnamese as 1379:The Vietnamese Nguyễn emperor 1237:), which had many Hui people. 624: 536: 413: 389: 375: 361: 302: 288: 181: 157: 143: 129: 70: 56: 1: 4868:Jones, Kevin (25 July 2018). 4593:Gan, Nectar (12 March 2019). 4537:(in Chinese). 23 April 2016. 2701:. Columbia University Press. 1985: 1683:Three-Self Patriotic Movement 1671:19th Communist Party Congress 1595:Taiwan localization movements 1554:was to eventually go back to 1286:who adopted the norms of the 1177:is today, and ordered that a 835: 5989:Romanization of the writings 5301:Resources in other libraries 4350:Government of Tibet in exile 3873:Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). 3835:Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). 3539:. Routledge. pp. 474–. 3407:Edward J. M. Rhoads (2001). 3364:Edward J. M. Rhoads (2001). 3321:Edward J. M. Rhoads (2001). 3278:Edward J. M. Rhoads (2001). 1818:Islamic Association of China 1728:United Front Work Department 1591:Taiwan independence movement 1442: 960:, have assimilated into the 7: 6108:Forced religious conversion 5311:Sinicization vs. Manchuness 2347:Gaubatz, Piper Rae (1996). 1870: 1816:Yang Faming, leader of the 1657: 1582:than to China as a nation. 1465: 1083:northern and southern China 920:Mongolic and Turkic peoples 780:aimed at strengthening the 673:Areas of influence include 10: 6212: 4234:Taiwan's Evolving Identity 3806:10.1177/009770048401000302 3760:. Routledge. p. 368. 1793: 1763:Churches in Hebei province 1737:In March 2018, Archbishop 1719: 1661: 1610: 1604: 1550:in 1949, the intention of 1469: 1458: 1372: 1255: 1061:to the lands south of the 1030: 975: 923: 914:People's Republic of China 25: 18: 6075: 6066:Vergangenheitsbewältigung 6008: 5976: 5951:Assimilation by religions 5950: 5422: 5296:Resources in your library 5041:"杨发明委员：坚持我国伊斯兰教中国化方向-新华网" 4753:. Holy See Press Office. 4269:"Starting Anew on Taiwan" 3352:Chinese word for "wolf.") 3062:Gladney, Dru C. (1996) . 2232:. The Museum. p. 6. 2138:. Routledge. p. 48. 1922:Chinese Rites controversy 1796:Xinjiang internment camps 1529: 1476:Xinjiang internment camps 1045:period. Though an age of 860: 840: 782:Chinese national identity 635: 617: 612: 608: 601: 594: 587: 580: 573: 566: 561: 545: 529: 513: 508: 490: 473: 466: 452: 445: 431: 424: 406: 399: 382: 368: 354: 347: 342: 338: 327: 323: 313: 309: 295: 281: 276: 258: 241: 234: 220: 213: 199: 192: 174: 167: 150: 136: 122: 115: 110: 106: 95: 91: 81: 77: 63: 49: 44: 40: 35: 5977:Assimilation by writings 5158:South China Morning Post 4599:South China Morning Post 4531:"习近平：全面提高新形势下宗教工作水平-新华网" 3917:South China Morning Post 3449:Mark C. Elliott (2001). 3185:Mark C. Elliott (2001). 3147:Mark C. Elliott (2001). 3109:Mark C. Elliott (2001). 1789: 1722:Catholic Church in China 1600: 1395:, claimed the legacy of 1369:Nguyễn dynasty (Vietnam) 283:Traditional Chinese 277:Alternative Chinese name 51:Traditional Chinese 3495:Norman G. Owen (2005). 2254:Michael Dillon (1999). 2159:Jacques Gernet (1996). 2101:Jacques Gernet (1996). 1942:Little China (ideology) 1698:China Christian Council 1504:Chinese Communist Party 1375:Sinicization of Vietnam 1268:Ming conquest of Yunnan 1258:Ming conquest of Yunnan 1140:Ajall Shams al-Din Omar 877:to as far south as the 297:Simplified Chinese 65:Simplified Chinese 6088:Cultural globalization 5256:. September 14, 2023. 4345:Samdup, Tseten (1993) 4036:www.washingtonpost.com 3655:"Angelasancartier.net" 3258:. Partially available 2931:Thant Myint-U (2011). 2825:. BRILL. p. 847. 2819:M. Th Houtsma (1993). 2776:Thant Myint-U (2011). 1805: 1413: 1166:would be part of his ' 954:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom 742:minority ethnic groups 715:science and technology 657: 520: 6176:Cultural assimilation 5416:Cultural assimilation 3246:Edward J. M. Rhoads, 3013:cesww.fas.harvard.edu 1957:Sinicization of Tibet 1803: 1720:Further information: 1631:religious persecution 1627:cultural assimilation 1607:Sinicization of Tibet 1544:relocated its capital 1508:CCP General Secretary 1146:after conquering the 1103:formerly romanized as 1081:) and Daoism in both 988:Jin dynasty (266–420) 958:Taoyuan County, Hunan 717:, value systems, and 6181:Culture of East Asia 6125:Internal colonialism 6093:Cultural imperialism 5769:Northern Afghanistan 4874:Catholic News Agency 4326:China's Tibet Policy 4142:. 17 December 2019. 3234:19 June 2013 at the 2301:Encyclopædia Iranica 2134:David Graff (2003). 1847:"), and banning the 1751:Secretariat of State 1617:The sinicization of 1227:Rashid al-Din Vatvat 966:varieties of Chinese 738:East Asian societies 6171:Chinese nationalism 6130:Jewish assimilation 6103:Forced assimilation 5636:or Castilianization 5353:, the study of the 5313:(by Xiaowei Zheng). 4904:World Watch Monitor 4751:Summary of Bulletin 4324:Burbu, Dawa (2001) 4298:"Third-Wave Reform" 4285:as a part of China. 2533:Liu, Xinru (2001). 2420:Tan Ta Sen (2009). 1639:population transfer 1625:, police presence, 1560:under Japanese rule 1455:Hong Kong and Macau 1447:Hui Muslim General 1313:as personal names. 1240:Sayyid Ajall's son 1192:Confucian education 968:as their language. 886:Yangtze River Delta 819:languages, such as 806:settler colonialism 778:Chinese nationalism 699:architectural style 515:Vietnamese alphabet 6196:Politics of Taiwan 5749:Montenegrinization 5011:The New York Times 4991:2023-06-03 at the 4972:2023-06-03 at the 4953:2023-06-02 at the 4934:2023-06-02 at the 4712:Shan Ren Shen Fu. 4407:Human Rights Watch 4382:on 22 October 2018 4356:2009-02-05 at the 4068:The New York Times 3979:. 10 August 2018. 3265:2023-09-27 at the 2737:Yang, Bin (2009). 2690:Yang, Bin (2008). 2648:Yang, Bin (2009). 2000:Millward, James A. 1867:texts as a guide. 1806: 1708:In December 2023, 1421:Chinese characters 1278:The rulers of the 1168:civilizing mission 956:) who migrated to 798:cultural diversity 794:language diversity 28:Hanhua Subdistrict 6186:Japanese language 6153: 6152: 6120:Identity politics 6083:Cultural genocide 6004: 6003: 5734:Macedonianization 5379:978-974-480-062-6 5282:Library resources 5129:. 14 March 2019. 5045:www.xinhuanet.com 4565:www.xinhuanet.com 4535:www.xinhuanet.com 4334:978-0-7007-0474-3 4107:Independent.co.uk 3585:978-1-84545-452-4 3546:978-1-134-23881-1 3508:978-0-8248-2890-5 2944:978-1-4668-0127-1 2789:978-1-4668-0127-1 1520:cultural genocide 1472:Xinjiang conflict 1288:Mandate of Heaven 1142:, as governor of 1051:Mahayana Buddhism 910:ethnic minorities 867: 802:James A. Millward 656:(from the prefix 639: 638: 631: 630: 504: 503: 349:Standard Mandarin 272: 271: 117:Standard Mandarin 6203: 6098:Dominant culture 6076:Related concepts 6038:De-russification 6026:De-stalinization 6021:De-communization 5958:Christianization 5948: 5947: 5800:or Latinization 5754:Norwegianization 5730:or Hungarization 5704: 5545:Colombianization 5447:Native Americans 5409: 5402: 5395: 5386: 5385: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5265: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5234: 5225:. 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The historian 790:ethnic diversity 691:language/lexicon 627: 626: 610: 609: 604: 603: 590: 589: 576: 575: 541: 540: 525: 500: 499: 486: 485: 462: 461: 460:Zung1 Gwok3 Faa3 441: 440: 420: 419: 418: 417: 395: 394: 393: 378: 377: 364: 363: 340: 339: 305: 304: 291: 290: 268: 267: 254: 253: 230: 229: 209: 208: 188: 187: 186: 185: 163: 162: 161: 146: 145: 132: 131: 108: 107: 73: 72: 59: 58: 33: 32: 6211: 6210: 6206: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6201: 6200: 6191:Korean language 6166:Chinese culture 6156: 6155: 6154: 6149: 6145:Monoculturalism 6071: 6060:De-sinicization 6033:De-nazification 6009:Opposite trends 6000: 5972: 5946: 5828:Sanskritization 5793:Romanianization 5759:Pakistanization 5698: 5634:Hispanicization 5624:Hawaiianization 5580:Europeanization 5575:Estonianization 5530:Canadianization 5437:Americanization 5418: 5413: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5290: 5289: 5285: 5278: 5273: 5272: 5263: 5261: 5253:Radio Free Asia 5246: 5245: 5241: 5232: 5230: 5222:CNN Philippines 5215: 5214: 5210: 5200: 5198: 5181: 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1691:Boxer Rebellion 1679: 1666: 1660: 1651:Radio Free Asia 1615: 1609: 1603: 1552:Chiang Kai-shek 1540:Empire of Japan 1532: 1497:Uyghur-language 1482: 1470:Main articles: 1468: 1463: 1457: 1445: 1440: 1425:Nguyễn Phúc Chu 1377: 1371: 1330:Jiaqing Emperor 1276: 1264: 1256:Main articles: 1254: 1200:funeral rituals 1179:Buddhist temple 1115: 1091: 1035: 1029: 980: 974: 928: 922: 843: 838: 833: 827:, and English. 774: 664:Chinese culture 553: 546:Literal meaning 538: 522: 509:Vietnamese name 328:Literal meaning 96:Literal meaning 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6209: 6199: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6135:Language shift 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6079: 6077: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6069: 6062: 6057: 6056: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6035: 6030: 6029: 6028: 6018: 6016:De-arabization 6012: 6010: 6006: 6005: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5998: 5997: 5996: 5986: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5954: 5952: 5945: 5944: 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Berlie 5346: 5330: 5314: 5304: 5303: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5276:External links 5274: 5271: 5270: 5239: 5208: 5175: 5144: 5114: 5088: 5062: 5032: 4997: 4978: 4959: 4940: 4921: 4891: 4860: 4829: 4799: 4784:(in Italian). 4768: 4737: 4704: 4676: 4661:. 6 May 2015. 4646: 4616: 4582: 4552: 4522: 4486: 4455: 4425: 4410:. 2013-06-27. 4393: 4361: 4338: 4317: 4289: 4260: 4223: 4190: 4157: 4125: 4093: 4053: 4023: 4009:. 2019-11-24. 3994: 3964: 3931: 3903: 3885: 3865: 3847: 3827: 3784: 3766: 3746: 3732:. 2010-10-20. 3721: 3696: 3682:. 2010-03-14. 3671: 3646: 3643:on 2004-06-17. 3628: 3603: 3584: 3564: 3545: 3525: 3507: 3484: 3461: 3441: 3419: 3399: 3376: 3356: 3333: 3313: 3290: 3270: 3239: 3220: 3197: 3177: 3159: 3139: 3121: 3101: 3074: 3054: 3029: 3000: 2966: 2943: 2922: 2888: 2854: 2831: 2811: 2788: 2768: 2750:978-0231142540 2749: 2729: 2708:978-0231142540 2707: 2679: 2661:978-0231142540 2660: 2640: 2611: 2584: 2564: 2545: 2525: 2498: 2478: 2451: 2433:978-9812308375 2432: 2412: 2378: 2359: 2339: 2337:on 2014-08-13. 2318: 2297:"Sayyed ajall" 2284: 2266: 2246: 2215: 2184: 2177: 2151: 2144: 2126: 2119: 2093: 2075: 2055: 2024: 2002:(2023-07-25). 1990: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1981: 1978:Zhonghua minzu 1974: 1972:Taiwanese wave 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1916: 1913:Vietnam portal 1902: 1888: 1872: 1869: 1854:In June 2023, 1791: 1788: 1739:Paul Gallagher 1717: 1714: 1678: 1675: 1659: 1656: 1605:Main article: 1602: 1599: 1587:desinicization 1556:mainland China 1531: 1528: 1526:, of Uyghurs. 1515:administration 1467: 1464: 1459:Main article: 1456: 1453: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1419:(中國, the same 1373:Main article: 1370: 1367: 1284:ethnic Manchus 1275: 1272: 1253: 1250: 1114: 1111: 1090: 1087: 1031:Main article: 1028: 1025: 1016:Three Kingdoms 982:From the late 976:Main article: 973: 970: 926:Taoyuan County 924:Main article: 921: 918: 906:Yangtze Valley 879:Gulf of Tonkin 847:southern China 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 786:Zhonghua minzu 773: 770: 637: 636: 633: 632: 629: 628: 621: 615: 614: 613:Transcriptions 606: 605: 598: 592: 591: 584: 578: 577: 570: 564: 563: 559: 558: 547: 543: 542: 533: 527: 526: 523:Trung Quốc hóa 517: 511: 510: 506: 505: 502: 501: 494: 488: 487: 480: 471: 470: 464: 463: 456: 450: 449: 447:Yue: Cantonese 443: 442: 435: 429: 428: 422: 421: 416:جوْ قُوَع خُوَ 410: 404: 403: 401:other Mandarin 397: 396: 386: 380: 379: 372: 366: 365: 358: 352: 351: 345: 344: 343:Transcriptions 336: 335: 329: 325: 324: 321: 320: 317: 311: 310: 307: 306: 299: 293: 292: 285: 279: 278: 274: 273: 270: 269: 262: 256: 255: 248: 239: 238: 232: 231: 224: 218: 217: 215:Yue: Cantonese 211: 210: 203: 197: 196: 190: 189: 178: 172: 171: 169:other Mandarin 165: 164: 154: 148: 147: 140: 134: 133: 126: 120: 119: 113: 112: 111:Transcriptions 104: 103: 97: 93: 92: 89: 88: 85: 79: 78: 75: 74: 67: 61: 60: 53: 47: 46: 42: 41: 38: 37: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6208: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6115:Globalization 6113: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6074: 6068: 6067: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6043:Korenizatsiia 6041: 6040: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6027: 6024: 6023: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6007: 5995: 5992: 5991: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5984:Cyrillization 5982: 5981: 5979: 5975: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5917:Ukrainization 5915: 5913: 5910: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5901: 5900:Turkification 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5885:Taiwanization 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5875:Swedification 5873: 5871: 5870:Swahilization 5868: 5866: 5865:Sovietization 5863: 5861: 5860:Slovakization 5858: 5856: 5855:Slavicization 5853: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5838:Sinhalization 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5812: 5811:Russification 5809: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5774: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5744:Mongolization 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5729: 5728:Magyarization 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5713:Kurdification 5711: 5709: 5708:Koreanization 5706: 5702: 5697: 5696:Kazakhization 5694: 5692: 5689: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5663: 5662:Israelization 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5641: 5640:Indianization 5638: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5629:Hellenization 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5619:Germanization 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5609:Gaelicization 5607: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5592:Finnicization 5590: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5540:Chilenization 5538: 5536: 5535:Celticization 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5525:Bulgarization 5523: 5521: 5518: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5509: 5508:Bengalization 5506: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5466: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5459:Anglicization 5457: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5439: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5424: 5421: 5417: 5410: 5405: 5403: 5398: 5396: 5391: 5390: 5387: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5371:974-480-062-3 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5351: 5347: 5344: 5340: 5339: 5336:(in French)/ 5335: 5331: 5328: 5324: 5323: 5320:(in French)/ 5319: 5315: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5259: 5255: 5254: 5249: 5243: 5229:on 2023-06-03 5228: 5224: 5223: 5218: 5212: 5196: 5192: 5191: 5186: 5179: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5148: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5118: 5103: 5099: 5092: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5069: 5067: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5036: 5029: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5001: 4994: 4990: 4987: 4982: 4975: 4971: 4968: 4963: 4956: 4952: 4949: 4944: 4937: 4933: 4930: 4925: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4895: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4864: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4833: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4803: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4772: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4741: 4725: 4721: 4720: 4715: 4708: 4693: 4692: 4687: 4680: 4664: 4660: 4659:Baptist Press 4656: 4650: 4643: 4630: 4626: 4620: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4589: 4587: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4556: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4526: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4459: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4429: 4413: 4409: 4408: 4403: 4397: 4381: 4377: 4376: 4372: 4365: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4348: 4342: 4336:, pp. 100–124 4335: 4331: 4328:, Routledge, 4327: 4321: 4314: 4304:on 2011-07-16 4303: 4299: 4293: 4286: 4275:on 2009-04-08 4274: 4270: 4264: 4257: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4235: 4227: 4211: 4207: 4206: 4201: 4194: 4178: 4174: 4173: 4168: 4161: 4145: 4141: 4140: 4135: 4129: 4113: 4109: 4108: 4103: 4097: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4069: 4064: 4057: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4027: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3998: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3952: 3948: 3947: 3942: 3935: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3907: 3892: 3888: 3886:0-521-25514-7 3882: 3878: 3877: 3869: 3854: 3850: 3848:0-521-25514-7 3844: 3840: 3839: 3831: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3788: 3773: 3769: 3767:0-7007-1762-5 3763: 3759: 3758: 3750: 3735: 3731: 3725: 3710: 3706: 3700: 3685: 3681: 3675: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3642: 3638: 3632: 3618:on 2018-10-31 3617: 3613: 3607: 3591: 3587: 3581: 3577: 3576: 3568: 3552: 3548: 3542: 3538: 3537: 3529: 3514: 3510: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3491: 3489: 3481: 3468: 3464: 3462:0-8047-4684-2 3458: 3454: 3453: 3445: 3438: 3426: 3422: 3420:9780295804125 3416: 3412: 3411: 3403: 3396: 3383: 3379: 3377:9780295804125 3373: 3369: 3368: 3360: 3353: 3340: 3336: 3334:9780295804125 3330: 3326: 3325: 3317: 3310: 3297: 3293: 3291:9780295804125 3287: 3283: 3282: 3274: 3268: 3264: 3261: 3257: 3256:0-295-98040-0 3253: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3233: 3230: 3224: 3217: 3204: 3200: 3198:0-8047-4684-2 3194: 3190: 3189: 3181: 3174: 3162: 3160:0-8047-4684-2 3156: 3152: 3151: 3143: 3136: 3124: 3122:0-8047-4684-2 3118: 3114: 3113: 3105: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3071: 3067: 3066: 3058: 3044:on 2015-07-15 3043: 3039: 3033: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3004: 2997: 2984: 2980: 2979: 2970: 2963: 2950: 2946: 2940: 2937:. Macmillan. 2936: 2935: 2926: 2919: 2906: 2902: 2901: 2892: 2885: 2872: 2868: 2867: 2858: 2851: 2838: 2834: 2832:90-04-09796-1 2828: 2824: 2823: 2815: 2808: 2795: 2791: 2785: 2782:. Macmillan. 2781: 2780: 2772: 2756: 2752: 2746: 2742: 2741: 2733: 2714: 2710: 2704: 2700: 2693: 2686: 2684: 2667: 2663: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2644: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2615: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2581: 2577: 2576: 2568: 2552: 2548: 2542: 2538: 2537: 2529: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2495: 2491: 2490: 2482: 2466: 2462: 2455: 2439: 2435: 2429: 2425: 2424: 2416: 2409: 2396: 2392: 2391: 2382: 2366: 2362: 2356: 2352: 2351: 2343: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2322: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2291: 2289: 2273: 2269: 2267:0-7007-1026-4 2263: 2259: 2258: 2250: 2235: 2231: 2230: 2219: 2204: 2200: 2199: 2188: 2180: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2164: 2155: 2147: 2141: 2137: 2130: 2122: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2106: 2097: 2082: 2078: 2076:9780871698650 2072: 2068: 2067: 2059: 2044: 2040: 2039: 2034: 2028: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1995: 1991: 1980: 1979: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1914: 1903: 1900: 1899:Taiwan portal 1889: 1886: 1875: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1825: 1821: 1819: 1814: 1811: 1802: 1797: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1767:Yibin Diocese 1764: 1758: 1756: 1755:inculturation 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1723: 1713: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1699: 1696:The TSPM and 1694: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1677:Protestantism 1674: 1672: 1665: 1655: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1614: 1608: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1462: 1452: 1450: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1416: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1376: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1307:Chinese names 1304: 1300: 1297: 1296:Central Asian 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1271: 1269: 1263: 1259: 1249: 1245: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1034: 1024: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 986:to the early 985: 979: 969: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 934: 932: 927: 917: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 882: 880: 876: 875:Yangtze River 872: 858: 855: 853: 848: 831:Sinicizations 828: 826: 822: 818: 814: 809: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 769: 765: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 730:acculturation 727: 722: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 671: 669: 665: 661: 660: 655: 651: 647: 643: 634: 622: 620: 616: 611: 607: 599: 597: 593: 585: 583: 579: 571: 569: 565: 562:Japanese name 560: 556: 551: 548: 544: 534: 532: 528: 524: 518: 516: 512: 507: 498:Tiong-kok-hua 495: 493: 489: 484:Tiong-kok-hoa 481: 479: 476: 472: 469: 465: 457: 455: 451: 448: 444: 436: 434: 430: 427: 423: 411: 409: 405: 402: 398: 392: 387: 385: 381: 373: 371: 367: 359: 357: 353: 350: 346: 341: 337: 333: 330: 326: 322: 318: 316: 312: 308: 300: 298: 294: 286: 284: 280: 275: 263: 261: 257: 249: 247: 244: 240: 237: 233: 225: 223: 219: 216: 212: 204: 202: 198: 195: 191: 179: 177: 173: 170: 166: 160: 155: 153: 149: 141: 139: 135: 127: 125: 121: 118: 114: 109: 105: 101: 98: 94: 90: 86: 84: 80: 76: 68: 66: 62: 54: 52: 48: 43: 39: 34: 29: 22: 6064: 6048:Latinization 5994:Soviet Union 5968:Islamization 5937:Wolofization 5922:Uzbekization 5895:Thaification 5890:Tamilization 5843:Sinicization 5842: 5798:Romanization 5788:Polonization 5739:Malayization 5691:Javanization 5679:Japanization 5657:Indonezation 5597:Francization 5565:Czechization 5555:Croatization 5550:Creolization 5432:Albanization 5349: 5337: 5333: 5321: 5317: 5287:Sinicization 5286: 5262:. 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