Sinicization - Knowledge

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not certain that all names in fact had a specific meaning). Giving "numeral names" was another unique Manchu habit. These were names that actually referred to numbers. Sometimes they were given using Manchu numbers—for example, Nadanju (seventy) or Susai (fifty). Other times number names used the Manchu transcriptions of Chinese numbers, as in the name Loišici (= Liushi qi, "sixty-seven"), Bašinu (= bashi wu, "eight-five").45 Such names, unheard of among the Han, were quite common among the Manchus, an appeared from time to time among Chinese bannermen. Popular curiosity about this odd custom in Qing was partly satisfied by the nineteenth-century bannerman-writer Fu-ge, who explained in his book of "jottings" that naming children for their grandparents' ages was a way of wishing longevity to the newly born.46

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the TSPM, which included a seminar on the so-called "sinicization" of Christianity. Fu Xianwei, chairman of the TSPM, was quoted as saying that "churches in China will continue to explore the sinicization of Christianity ensure Christianity takes root in the soil of Chinese culture, ethnicity, and society... To advance the sinicization of Christianity, churches will need guidance and support from government agencies in charge of religious affairs." Gao Feng, chairman of the CCC, stated that the TSPM would "take on a new mission in this age, adhere to the path of sinicization, and deepen and advance the process of sinicizing Christianity." Wang Zuo'an, director of the State Administration for Religious Affairs (SARA), also reinforced the need for the sinicization of Christianity.

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Chinese accustomed to names composed of a familiar surname and one or two elegang characters drawn from a poem or a passage from the classics, Manchu names looked not just different, but absurd. What was oneo to make of a name like E-bi-long, written in Chinese characters meaning "repress-must flourish," or Duo-er-gun, meaning "numerous-thou-roll"? S.... To them they looked like nonsense.... But they are not nonsense in Manchu: "E-bi-long" is the transcription of ebilun, meaning "a delicate or sickly child," and "Duo-er-gun" is the Chinese transcription of dorgon, the Manchu word for badger.

1890: 4324:.... The government initiated educational reform in the 1950s to achieve a number of high-priority goals. First, it was done to help root out fifty years of Japanese colonial influence on the island's populace--"resinicizing" them, one might say- -and thereby guarantee their loyalty to the Chinese motherland. Second, the million mainlanders or so who had fled to Taiwan themselves had the age-old tendency of being more loyal to city, county, or province than to China as a nation. They identified themselves as Hunanese, Cantonese, or Sichuanese first, and as Chinese second. 3320:

meaningful and that conformed to the generational principle. Thus, in the seventh generation of the Gūwalgiya lineage were sons with two names, one Manchu and one Chinese, such as Duolunbu/Shiman, Delinbu/Shizhu, and Tehengbu/Shizhen. Within the family and the banner, these boys used their Manchu name, but outside they used their Han-style name. Then, from the eighth or ninth generation one, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Gūwalgiya at Xiuyan stopped giving polysyllabic Manchu names to their sons, who thereafter used Chinese names exclusively.

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the Director of Political Affairs of the Regional Secretariat of Yunnan ... According to Chinese records, he introduced new agricultural technologies, constructed irrigation systems, and tried to raise living standards. Though a Muslims, he built or rebuilt Confucian temples and created a Confucian education system. His contemporary, He Hongzuo, the Regional Superintendent of Confucian studies, wrote that through his efforts 'the orangutans and butcherbirds became unicorns and phonixes and their felts and furs were exchanged for gowns and caps' ...

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al-Ajall Shams al-Din Umar al-Bukhari (Ch. Sai-tien-ch'ih shan-ssu-ting). a court official and general of Turkic origin who participated in the Mongol invasion of Szechwan ... And Yunnan in c. 1252, and who became Yuan Governor of the latter province in 1274–79. Shams al-Din—who is widely believed by the Muslims of Yunnan to have introduced Islam to the region—is represented as a wise and benevolent ruler, who successfully "pacified and comforted" the people of Yunnan, and who is credited with building Confucian temples, as well as mosques and schools

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affiliation rather than by their lineage. Even if they had customarily used both surname and given name, this would not have eliminated the difference with Han names, since Manchu names of any kind were very often longer than two characters—that is, two syllables— in length. Where a Han name (to pick at random two names from the eighteenth century) might read Zhang Tingyu or Dai Zhen, the full name of, say, Ebilun (a

1589:), and teaching students to revere traditional ethics, develop pan-Chinese nationalism, and view Taiwan from the perspective of China. Other reasons for the policy were to combat the Japanese influences on the culture that had occurred in the previous 50 years, and to help unite the recent immigrants from mainland China that had come to Taiwan with the KMT and among whom there was a tendency to be more loyal to 4267:

with the traditional Confucian virtues. The avenue passing in front of the foreign ministry en route to the presidential palace was named chieh-shou (long life), in Chiang's honor. Students were required to learn Mandarin and speak it exclusively; those who disobeyed and spoke Taiwanese Min, Hakka, or aboriginal tongues could be fined, slapped, or subjected to other disciplinary actions.

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succeeded by his brother Husain. It cannot be too strongly emphasised that the direction of this movement was from the interior, from the north. The Muhammadan colonies on the coast were hardly affected by it. On the other hand it may safely be assumed that the Muslims of Yunnan remained in constant communication with those of the northern provinces of Shensi and Kansu.

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The restrictions they now face can be traced to 2015, when Mr. Xi first raised the issue of what he called the "Sinicization of Islam," saying all faiths should be subordinate to Chinese culture and the Communist Party. Last year, Mr. Xi's government issued a confidential directive that ordered local

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when Maroco Polo visited Yunnan in the early Yuan period he noted the presence of "Saracens" among the population while the Persian historian Rashid al-Din (died 1318 AD) recorded in his Jami' ut-Tawarikh that 'the great city of Yachi' in Yunnan was exclusively inhabited by Muslims. Rashid al-Din may

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The National Committee of the Three-Self Patriotic Movement of Protestant Churches in China marked its 60th anniversary in 2014. Subsequently, China's government-sponsored China Christian Council (CCC) and the TSPM orchestrated a conference in Shanghai on August 4–6 to commemorate the anniversary of

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Manchu men had abandoned their original polysyllabic personal names infavor of Han-style disyllabic names; they had adopted the Han practice of choosing characters with auspicious meanings for the names; and they had assigned names on a generational basis.... Except among some Hanjun such as the two

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famous Manchu figure of the early Qing who belonged to the Niohuru clan) would have been the unwieldy "Niu-gu-lu E-bi-long" in Chinese. Moreover, the characters used in names were typically chosen to represent the sounds of Manchu, and not to carry any particular meaning in Chinese. For educated Han

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In recent times, sinicization has been used in reference to China's policy toward minorities, particularly toward religious minorities within China. Policies include the destruction of religious architecture and costumes, the attempt to blend religious traditions with traditions perceived as Chinese

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The new KMT concluded that it must "Sinicize" Taiwan if it were ever to unify mainland China. Textbooks were designed to teach young people the dialect of North China as a national language. Pupils also were taught to revere Confucian ethics, to develop Han Chinese nationalism, and to accept Taiwan

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While Chinese names, too, sometimes ended in characters with the sounds "zhu," "bao," and "tai," more often than not, such names in the Qing belonged to Manchus and other bannermen (Chinese bannermen and Mongols sometimes took Manchu-sounding names), even if the attached meaning is not clear (it is

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an animal's anklebone).44 Names such as Jalfungga (long-lived), Fulingga (lucky one), Fulungga (majestic), and Hūturingga (fortunate), were not unknown, either, particularly after the seventeenth century. Although mightily foreign when written as Zha-la-feng-a, Fu-ling-a, Fu-long-a, or Hu-tu-ling-ga

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Thus we find names like Nikan (Chinese), Ajige (little), Asiha (young), Haha (nale), Mampi (knot—a reference to the hair?), Kara (black), Fulata (red-eyed), Necin (peaceful), Kirsa (steppe fox), Unahan (colt), Jumara (squirrel), Nimašan (sea eagle), Nomin (lapis lazuli), and Gacuha (toy made out of

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In 2018, over one million Chinese government workers began forcibly living in the homes of Uyghur Muslim families to monitor and assess resistance to assimilation, and to watch for frowned-upon religious or cultural practices. These government workers were trained to call themselves "relatives" and

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newspaper, claimed that sinicization was a form of 'inculturation', which is a Catholic missionary term that refers to adopting local culture to proclaim the gospel. He cited Matteo Ricci as an example and pointed out that the Chinese leadership had promised not to undermine the doctrine and nature

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arranged a conference in Shanghai on August 4–6, 2014, commemorating the anniversary of the TSPM. This conference included a seminar on the sinicizaton of Christianity, with Fu Xianwei, chairman of the TSPM, saying "churches in China will continue to explore the sinicization of Christianity ensure

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of southwest China. As migrants, they lived among ethnic Chinese and were sinicized to varying degrees. Many worked as farm laborers. Some attained official positions in the court and military. The numerous tribal groups in the north and northwest who had been heavily drafted into the military then

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At Xiuyan, in eastern Fengtian, the Manchus in the seventh or eighth generation continued as before to give their sons polysyllabic Manchu personal names that were meaningless when transliterated into Chinese, but at the same time they began to also give them Chinese names that were disyllabic and

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Although Saiyid-i Adjall certainly did much for the propagation of Islam in Yunnan, it is his son Nasir al-Din to whom is ascribed the main credit for its dissemination. He was a minister and at first governed the province of Shansi: he later became governor of Yunnan where he died in 1292 and was

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claimed descent from the emir of Bokhara ... and was appointed as the top administrator in Yunnan in the 1270s. Today the Muslims of Yunnan regard him as the founder of their community, a wise and benevolent ruler who 'pacified and comforted' the peoples of Yunnan. Sayyid Ajall was officially

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certain that Muslims of Central Asian originally played a major role in the Yuan (Mongol) conquest and subsequent rule of south-west China, as a result of which a distinct Muslim community was established in Yunnan by the late 13th century AD. Foremost among these soldier-administrators was Sayyid

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have stated that in present-day Tibet, traditional Tibetan festivals have "been turned into a platform for propaganda and political theater" where "government workers and retirees are barred from engaging in religious activities, and government workers and students in Tibetan schools are forbidden

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Historian Jacqueline Armijo-Hussein has written on Sayyid Ajall's confucianization and sinicization policies in various papers, including in her dissertation "Sayyid 'Ajall Shams al-Din: A Muslim from Central Asia, serving the Mongols in China, and bringing 'civilization' to Yunnan" (1997); and in

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initiated the policy of settling Xiongnu nomads away from the frontier near Taiyuan in modern Shanxi province, where they would be less likely to rebel. The Xiongnu abandoned nomadism and the elite were educated in Chinese-Confucian literate culture. The migration of northern Chinese people to the

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In order to shore up his government's legitimacy, Chiang set about turning Taiwan's inhabitants into Chinese. To use Renan's terminology, Chiang chose to re-define the concept of shared destiny to include the mainland. Streets were re-named; major thoroughfares in Taipei received names associated

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and when the ancient and politically prominent Manchu lineage of Niohuru adopted the Han-style surname Lang, he ridiculed them for having "forgotten their roots." (The Niohuru, whose name was derived from niohe, Manchu for wolf," had chosen Lang as their surname because it was a homophone for the

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from the Yuan Dynasty, and indicated further Muslim settlement in northeastern and especially southwestern Yunnan. Marco Polo, who travelled through Yunnan "Carajan" at the beginning of the Yuan period, noted the presence of "Saracens" among the population. Similarly, the Persian historian Rashid

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In 2019, TSPM chairman Xu Xiaohong made a pledge to eliminate any Western "imprint" from Chinese faith saying " must recognise that Chinese churches are surnamed 'China', not 'the West'" and "No matter how much effort or time it takes, our resolution in upholding the Sinicisation of Protestantism

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scholars. The natives of Yunnan were instructed by Sayyid Ajall in such Confucian ceremonies as weddings, matchmaking, funerals, ancestor worship, and kowtow. The native leaders had their "barbarian" clothing replaced by clothing given to them by Sayyid Ajall as well. The governor was praised and

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In June 2018, the Bishops' Conference of the Catholic Church in China and the Catholic Patriotic Association issued a "Five-Year Plan on Carrying Forward the Catholic Church's Adherence to the Direction of Sinicization in Our Country". This document calls for Catholics to accept Communist party

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be built in the city. The latter temple, built in 1274 and doubled as a school, was the first Confucian temple ever to be built in Yunnan. By incorporating Chinese and consequently Confucian thought in the dynasty, scholars now deem Kublai Khan as an adopted Chinese citizen of Mongol ethnicity,

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Chinese names consist typically of a single-character surname and a given name of one or two characters, the latter usually chosen for their auspicious meaning. Manchu names were different. For one thing, Manchus did not commonly employ surnames, identifying themselves usually by their banner

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In this way, Yunnan became known to the Islamic world. When Sayyid Ajall died in 1279 he was succeeded by his son Nasir al-Din who governed for give years and led the invasion of Burma. His younger brother became the Transport Commissioner and the entire family entrenched their

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On his death he was succeeded by his eldest son, Nasir al-Din (Ch. Na-su-la-ting, the "Nescradin" of Marco Polo), who governed Yunnan between 1279 and I284. While Arab and South Asian Muslims, pioneers of the maritime expansion of Islam in the Bay of Bengal, must have visited

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of each religion. He stated in the interview: "These two terms, "inculturation" and "sinicization," refer to each other without confusion and without opposition: in some ways, they can be complementary and can open avenues for dialogue on the religious and cultural level."

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In April 2016, CCP general secretary Xi Jinping declared that to "actively guide the adaptation of religions to socialist society, an important task is supporting China's religions' persistence in the direction of sinicization." He later reiterated this plan to the

1831:, said in a 2018 speech that "We must allow traditional Chinese culture to permeate Islam and jointly guard the spiritual homeland of the Chinese people." He encouraged Chinese characteristics to be present in religious ceremony, culture, and architecture. 1259:"The Origins of Confucian and Islamic Education in Southwest China: Yunnan in the Yuan Period" (n.d.) and "The Sinicization and Confucianization in Chinese and Western Historiography of a Muslim from Bukhara Serving Under the Mongols in China" (1989). 1120:(original Chinese), in contrast to new Chinese people who colonized Guizhou at later times. They still spoke an archaic dialect as of 1929. Many immigrants to Guizhou were descended from these soldiers in garrisons who married non-Chinese women. 799:) among the population. Proponents believe it will help to develop shared values, pride in being the country's citizen, respect and acceptance towards cultural differences among citizens of China. Critics argue that assimilation destroys 1869:

reported that Chinese authorities had forcibly rebuilt a number of mosques to eliminate traditional Islamic architecture (e.g. minarets, domes) and replace them with Chinese architecture. In July 2023, the United Front Work Department's

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models of rule as much as Confucian ones. There is also evidence of sinicization, however. For example, Manchus originally had their own separate style of naming from the Han Chinese, but eventually adopted Han Chinese naming practices.

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with the main goal of ensuring adherence to national ideology. Critics of China's treatment of Uyghurs have accused the Chinese government of propagating a policy of sinicization in Xinjiang in the 21st century, calling this policy a

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Christianity takes root in the soil of Chinese culture, ethnicity, and society... To advance the sinicization of Christianity, churches will need guidance and support from government agencies in charge of religious affairs."

1088:. During this period, the process of sinicization accelerated among the non-Han arrivals in the north and among the indigenous people in the south. This process was also accompanied by the increasing popularity of Buddhism ( 4042: 3561: 3622: 4796: 3991: 2959: 2847: 2804: 5141: 1372:

followed their traditional practice in typically used their first/personal name to address themselves and not their last name, while Han Chinese bannermen used their last name and first in normal Chinese style.

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family name but called themselves only by their personal name—for example, Yikuang, Ronglu, Gangyi, Duanfang, Xiliang, and Tieliang. In this respect, most Manchus remained conspicuously different from Han.

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As of 2019, it was estimated that Chinese authorities may have detained one and a half million people in secretive re-education camps. The vast majority of those forcibly interned are Muslim Uyghurs but

1320:, and when phonetically transcribed into Chinese, they made no sense at all. The meaning of the names that Manchus used were also very different from the meanings of Chinese names. The Manchus also gave 4122: 2282: 1823:

first raised the issue of "sinicization of Islam". In 2018, a confidential directive was issued ordering local officials to "prevent Islam from interfering with secular life and the state's functions".

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recorded that Yunnan was heavily populated by Muslims during the Yuan dynasty, with Rashid naming a city with all Muslim inhabitants as the "great city of Yachi." It has been suggested that Yachi was

3782: 1414:, Minh Mang declared that "We must hope that their barbarian habits will be subconsciously dissipated, and that they will daily become more infected by Han customs." Moreover, he would use the term 4999: 4613: 1768:." I am convinced that an important intellectual and pastoral challenge arises in an almost natural way from the bringing together of these two terms, which indicate two real visions of the world." 1684:

saying "We will fully implement the Party's basic policy on religious affairs, insist on the sinicization of Chinese religions, and provide active guidance for religion and socialism to coexist."

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school revealed Manchu rulers were savvy in their manipulation of their subjects and from the 1630s through at least the 18th century, the emperors developed a sense of Manchu identity and used

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province. Restrictions included limiting the size of mosques, requiring a Communist Party member on mosque management committees, forbidding the use of Arabic words on food stalls (such as "

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created an assimilationist group and encouraged the integration of Muslims into Chinese society. Ma Fuxiang was a hardcore assimilationist and said that Hui should assimilate into Han.

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or in coastal areas from the mouth of the Yangtze to the Gulf of Tonkin. The remnants of these peoples who were not fully sinicized are now recognized officially as the

4765: 2589:. Asiatische Forschungen: Monographienreihe zur Geschichte, Kultur und Sprache der Völker Ost- und Zentralasiens. Vol. 121. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 476. 2503:. Asiatische Forschungen: Monographienreihe zur Geschichte, Kultur und Sprache der Völker Ost- und Zentralasiens. Vol. 121. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 477. 4243: 4849: 4091: 2881: 4724: 2475: 1301:

to justify their rule. The "orthodox" historical view emphasized the power of Han Chinese to "sinicize" their conquerors, although more recent research such as the

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and retake control of it. Chiang believed that to retake mainland China, it would be necessary to re-Sinicize Taiwan's inhabitants who had undergone assimilation

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leadership, love the motherland and obey the state, as well as to embrace the state's directive to implement Chinese cultural integration within Catholicism.

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Sinicization: at the crossing of three China regions, an ethnic minority becoming increasingly more Chinese: the Kam People, officially called Dong People

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have been referring to the region around Ta-li in western Yunnan, which was to emerge as the earliest centre of Hui Muslim settlement in the province.

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Sayyid Ajall would also be the first to bring Islam to the area, and thus the widespread presence of Islam in Yunnan is credited to his work. Both

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described as making "the orangutans and butcherbirds become unicorns and phoenixes and their felts and furs were exchanged for gowns and caps" by

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rather than simply being mutually excluded from the definition of fellow Chinese he governed. As such, Sayyid Ajall would be the one to introduce

5706: 5417: 4673: 4483: 1753: 3719: 3690: 4939: 4639: 2909: 1332: 4910: 4880: 5321: 4977: 4220: 1764:, said that "two expressions or, more precisely, two principles stand out, which should interact with each other, namely "sinicization" and " 1001:, large numbers of non-Chinese peoples living along China's northern periphery settled in northern China. Some of these migrants such as the 5550: 4308: 2993: 5779: 4549: 1226: 5333:

Sinisation: à la limite de trois provinces de Chine, une minorité de plus en plus chinoise: les locuteurs kam, officiellement appelés Dong

4113:""'Cultural genocide': China separating thousands of Muslim children from parents for 'thought education'" – The Independent, 5 July 2019" 1513:

Strict surveillance and mass detentions of Uyghurs in the Xinjiang re-education camps is a part of the ongoing sinicization policy by the

3744: 2522: 1517:(CCP). Since 2015, it has been estimated that over a million Uyghurs have been detained in these camps. The camps were established under 1499: 3669: 3477: 3213: 2448: 3435: 3392: 3349: 3306: 3048: 5711: 2895:

al-Din (died 1318 AD) recorded in his Jami' ut-Tawarikh that the 'great city of Yachi' in Yunnan was exclusively inhabited by Muslims.

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peoples. Over time, the mutual contact between Baiyue peoples and Han Chinese, as well as southward spread of Han Chinese, mostly as

2399: 2345: 4144: 3242: 2723: 5051: 4968:, 'No opposition between sinicization and inculturation' Parolin tells China media, Catholic World Report, retrieved June 2nd 2023 2213: 1510:-only street names and signs to Chinese, as well as switching carpet patterns in state-owned carpet factories from Uyghur to Han. 2584: 2545: 4021: 2315: 5937: 3027: 4959:

https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2019/05/13/no-opposition-between-sinicization-and-inculturation-parolin-tells-china-media/

4452: 5389: 4344: 3594: 3555: 3517: 2953: 2798: 1471: 760: 673:, 'Chinese, relating to China') is the process by which non-Chinese societies or groups are acculturated or assimilated into 31: 4757: 3273: 2244: 5523: 4253: 3545: 768: 4073: 2875: 5410: 2471: 1554: 1350:) gave their children Chinese names, which were separate from the Manchu names, and even adopted the Chinese practice of 1335:, not understand what the emperor was telling him in Manchu, despite coming from the Manchu stronghold of Shengjing (now 1272: 756: 4997:

https://www.vaticannews.va/zh/vatican-city/news/2019-05/cardinal-parolin-interview-chinese-newspaper-china-holy-see.html

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and political chaos, it was also a time of flourishing arts and culture, advancement in technology, and the spread of

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Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Jāmi'at al-Malik 'Abd al-'Azīz. Ma'had Shu'ūn al Aqallīyat al-Muslimah (1986).

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Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Jāmi'at al-Malik 'Abd al-'Azīz. Ma'had Shu'ūn al Aqallīyat al-Muslimah (1986).

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Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Jāmi'at al-Malik 'Abd al-'Azīz. Ma'had Shu'ūn al Aqallīyat al-Muslimah (1986).

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Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Jāmi'at al-Malik 'Abd al-'Azīz. Ma'had Shu'ūn al Aqallīyat al-Muslimah (1986).

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in 1934–1937. The administration that was set up was colonial in nature, importing Han cooks and baths, changing the

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In December 2016, the Ninth National Congress of the Chinese Catholic Representatives reaffirmed their plan for the

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The process of re-asserting non-Chinese identity, as in the case of ethnic groups in Taiwan, is sometimes known as

4987:, Beijing and Rome can work together, Parolin tells Chinese media, Herald Malaysia Online, retrieved June 3rd 2023 3584: 3507: 1716:

will never change, and our determination to walk a path that is adapted to a socialist society will never waver."

5292: 3766: 2266: 1777: 1761: 1490: 1043: 725: 4949:, Beijing and Rome can work together, Parolin tells Chinese media, Catholic News Agency, retrieved June 2nd 2023 2014: 6186: 5403: 3803:

Lipman, Jonathan N. (Jul 1984). "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu".

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has claimed that the People's Republic of China has used the concept of sinicization as a means to obscure Han

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https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/41269/beijing-and-rome-can-work-together-parolin-tells-chinese-media

915:, led to the sinicization of most of the Baiyue populations that remained in southern China, be they in the 6181: 5915: 5017: 4360: 3259:

Manchus & Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928.

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Chinese clothing was also adopted by the Vietnamese people. Variations of them are still being used today.

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https://www.heraldmalaysia.com/news/beijing-and-rome-can-work-together-parolin-tells-chinese-media/47797/1

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Manchus & Han: ethnic relations and political power in late Qing and early republican China, 1861–1928

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Manchus & Han: ethnic relations and political power in late Qing and early republican China, 1861–1928

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Manchus & Han: ethnic relations and political power in late Qing and early republican China, 1861–1928

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Manchus & Han: ethnic relations and political power in late Qing and early republican China, 1861–1928

1343:(reigned 1796–1820) complained that his officials were not proficient at understanding or writing Manchu. 6206: 6118: 5655: 5501: 1113: 1093: 5311: 4571: 3951: 6196: 6063: 4511: 3651: 1781: 1745:

to uphold the principle of independence and self-governance, along with the promotion of sinicization.

1570: 920: 752: 748: 4475: 1365:, which sounded like "wolf" in Chinese, since wolf in Manchu was Niohuru; thus forming a translation. 1165:. Sayyid Ajall is best known among Chinese for helping sinicize the Yunnan province; the promotion of 3715: 1932: 1806: 1486: 1206: 1014: 998: 4635: 6201: 6176: 5826: 5677: 5612: 5540: 4413:""They Say We Should Be Grateful" Mass Rehousing and Relocation Programs in Tibetan Areas of China" 3927: 1732: 1590: 629: 4665: 4210: 3887:

Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949

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Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949

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Human Rights in Asia: A Comparative Legal Study of Twelve Asian Jurisdictions, France and the USA

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stated that Christian groups must "adhere to the direction of the sinicisation of Christianity."

1708: 1514: 1385: 1278: 1268: 1210: 1150: 764: 5952: 4541: 6098: 5462: 1362: 964: 3740: 3461: 3197: 3159: 3121: 3049:"Session 8: Individual Papers: New Work on Confucianism, Buddhism, and Islam from Han to Yuan" 2498: 2179: 2121: 1660:, it has been underway since the Chinese regained control of Tibet in 1951. Sources quoted by 1435: 5895: 5858: 5814: 5426: 3665: 3419: 3376: 3333: 3290: 2586:

In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200–1300)

2500:

In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200–1300)

2432: 1967: 1773: 1641: 1637: 1617: 968: 744: 729: 3052: 1835:

have been described in Chinese state media as being a key part of enhancing "ethnic unity".

6135: 6103: 4074:"'Absolutely No Mercy': Leaked Files Expose How China Organized Mass Detentions of Muslims" 2751:

Between winds and clouds: the making of Yunnan (second century BCE to twentieth century CE)

2710:

Between winds and clouds: the making of Yunnan (second century BCE to twentieth century CE)

2662:

Between winds and clouds: the making of Yunnan (second century BCE to twentieth century CE)

1403: 1252: 1237: 1089: 1010: 976: 916: 827: 709: 4850:"Ahead of China-Vatican dialogue, a five-year plan to Sinicize the Church under the Party" 4283: 3648:"Vietnam-Champa Relations and the Malay-Islam Regional Network in the 17th–19th Centuries" 2630: 8: 6140: 6113: 5518: 5511: 4725:"The Ninth Assembly of Chinese Catholic Representatives: More smog and pollution in 2017" 3586:

Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History

1649: 1546: 1202: 1181:' upon the non-Han Chinese peoples in Yunnan, who he viewed as "backward and barbarian." 896: 835: 816: 788: 525: 5039:

officials to prevent Islam from interfering with secular life and the state's functions.

3952:"Expert Says 1.8 Million Uyghurs, Muslim Minorities Held in Xinjiang's Internment Camps" 3239: 2702: 1704:

and the anti-Christian movement of 1922–1927 as early efforts to sinicize Christianity.

1425: 5791: 5479: 5059: 4417: 4078: 3828: 3820: 1431: 1178: 1081: 823: 808: 804: 717: 697: 38: 488: 443: 256: 211: 6130: 6093: 5744: 5385: 5377: 4340: 4117: 4083: 4043:"Former inmates of China's Muslim 're-education' camps tell of brainwashing, torture" 4013: 3891: 3853: 3832: 3772: 3590: 3551: 3513: 3467: 3425: 3382: 3339: 3296: 3262: 3203: 3165: 3127: 3090: 3080: 2949: 2837: 2794: 2755: 2713: 2666: 2600: 2590: 2551: 2514: 2504: 2438: 2365: 2307: 2272: 2183: 2172: 2150: 2125: 2114: 2081: 2010: 1530: 1482: 1376:

Usage of surnames was not traditional to the Manchu while it was to the Han Chinese.

1339:). By the 19th century even the imperial court had lost fluency in the language. The 1298: 1281:

Chinese military soldiers were settled in Yunnan, and many married the native women.

1221: 812: 721: 402: 394: 170: 162: 5228:"Thousands of ethnic minority Muslims defy Chinese authorities in defense of mosque" 3543: 3019: 1578: 6108: 6036: 5968: 5764: 5306: 4444: 3812: 2437:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 92. 1957: 1937: 1840: 1811: 1653: 1577:

in schools and punishments for using other regional Chinese languages (such as the

1574: 1328: 1302: 1197: 1053: 1049: 988: 960: 952: 867: 800: 792: 713: 701: 693: 411: 359: 179: 127: 3079:. Harvard East Asian Monographs 149. Harvard University Asia Center. p. 424. 1368:

Although the Manchus replaced their Manchu names with Chinese personal names, the

6155: 6070: 6048: 6031: 5838: 5803: 5644: 5634: 5590: 5585: 5484: 5447: 5343: 5263: 5232: 5003: 4984: 4965: 4946: 4479: 4385: 4368: 4357: 4215: 3956: 3277: 3270: 3246: 2238: 2207: 1942: 1701: 1661: 1562: 1550: 1507: 1351: 1340: 1189: 1116:

Kweichow) and married native non-Chinese women, their descendants being known as

689: 685: 677:, particularly the language, societal norms, culture, and ethnic identity of the 674: 1419: 6145: 6043: 6026: 5942: 5922: 5890: 5843: 5833: 5786: 5774: 5733: 5728: 5694: 5684: 5662: 5624: 5595: 5580: 5530: 5506: 5437: 5196:"Beijing's crackdown on religious minorities takes aim at 10,000 Muslim Utsuls" 3984:"U.N. says it has credible reports China holds million Uighurs in secret camps" 3816: 2178:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 1988: 1982: 1923: 1787: 1597: 1566: 1217:. He would go on to construct numerous Confucian temples throughout his reign. 1166: 1026: 936: 889: 831: 565: 418: 186: 3544:

Randall Peerenboom; Carole J. Petersen; Albert H.Y. Chen (27 September 2006).

2120:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 1410:

and China's Han dynasty for Vietnam. Directing his policies at the Khmers and

903:. These Yue peoples, together with their southerner neighbours who formed the 669: 541: 6170: 6125: 6053: 5994: 5927: 5910: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5848: 5821: 5754: 5738: 5723: 5718: 5672: 5650: 5639: 5629: 5619: 5602: 5545: 5535: 5469: 5359: 5165:"Tiny Muslim community becomes latest target for China's religious crackdown" 4087: 3424:(reprint, illustrated ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 57. 3381:(reprint, illustrated ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 56. 3338:(reprint, illustrated ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 56. 3295:(reprint, illustrated ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 56. 3094: 2604: 2518: 2361:

Beyond the Great Wall: Urban Form and Transformation on the Chinese Frontiers

1909: 1765: 1697: 1605: 1582: 1391: 1369: 1294: 740: 436: 204: 30:

This article is about cultural assimilation. For the linguistic meaning, see

3463:

The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China

3199:

The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China

3161:

The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China

3123:

The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China

1632:

is the change of Tibetan society to Han Chinese standards by means of state

5999: 5978: 5947: 5932: 5905: 5900: 5798: 5749: 5701: 5689: 5607: 5575: 5565: 5560: 5442: 4789:"Gallagher: we are not afraid of China's new global leadership – La Stampa" 4697:"Christmas in China brings glittering decor and foreign influence concerns" 3623:"H-Net Discussion Networks – FW: H-ASIA: Vietnam as "Zhongguo" (2 REPLIES)" 2703:"Chapter 5 Sinicization and Indigenization: The Emergence of the Yunnanese" 1972: 1895: 1792: 1395: 1317: 1306: 1290: 1170: 1162: 1133: 1105: 1077: 941: 912: 478: 366: 325: 246: 134: 93: 1009:

had been pastoralist nomads from the northern steppes. Others such as the

975:

population and adopted Chinese culture practice Chinese customs, speaking

951:

Turks founded three sinicized dynasties in northern China. Descendants of

6150: 5973: 5769: 5474: 5373: 5353: 5337: 5086:"Why Chinese civil servants are happy to occupy Uyghur homes in Xinjiang" 4729: 4182: 4178:"China's Oppression of the Uighurs 'The Equivalent of Cultural Genocide'" 3923:"Chinese official says 'sinicization' of religion in Xinjiang must go on" 3466:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 241. 3202:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 243. 3164:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 242. 3126:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 242. 1790:, the Vatican secretary of state, in a 2019 interview with the CCP-owned 1720: 1645: 1411: 1347: 1313: 1085: 1069: 994: 904: 857: 705: 678: 560: 110: 37:"Hanhua" redirects here. For the subdistrict in Xinye County, Henan, see 5395: 5109:"Xinjiang's Uyghurs didn't choose to be Muslim, new Chinese report says" 4476:"Tibetan Religious Festival Marred by Police Presence, State Propaganda" 2043: 755:

within China. Evidence of this process is reflected in the histories of

592: 5365: 5361:

Islam in China, Hui and Uyghurs: between modernization and sinicization

3741:"The Ao Dai and I: A Personal Essay on Cultural Identity and Steampunk" 2048: 1977: 1820: 1633: 1521: 1496: 1459: 1233: 1184:

He founded a "Chinese style" city called Zhongjing Cheng, where modern

1158: 972: 900: 775:

as the vehicle for exporting Chinese culture to other Asian countries.

772: 3824: 1220:

Confucian rituals were taught to students in newly founded schools by

944:

of northern China was a sinicized empire of Mongolic-Xianbei origin.

5494: 5489: 5200: 5134:"1.5 million Muslims could be detained in China's Xinjiang: academic" 4636:"2014 Annual Report: Religious and Human Rights Persecution in China" 4149: 1875: 1534: 1241: 1057: 606: 457: 225: 4911:"China's Catholics told to create five-year plan to Sinicise Church" 1757: 1503: 1336: 1209:, and traditions into Yunnan, including Chinese social structures, 1174: 1061: 895:

As early as the 11th century BC, some of the Baiyue peoples in the

826:

spoken by native peoples of the region. There are also a number of

578: 464: 380: 232: 148: 5376:, White Lotus Press editor, Bangkok, Thailand, published in 2004. 4881:"In China, government-aligned bishops release 'Sinicization' plan" 4606:"Chinese Protestant church head wants purge of Western influences" 4474:

Lodoe, Kalden; Demo, Yangdon; Gelek, Lobsang (September 6, 2019).

1442:

people in 1712 when differentiating between Vietnamese and Chams.

5369: 4755: 4701: 3931: 1586: 1358: 1185: 1141: 1137: 1129: 1109: 1073: 1052:

that lasted from 386 to 589, following the tumultuous era of the

1030: 1018: 1006: 1002: 885: 485: 253: 4211:"Fear and oppression in Xinjiang: China's war on Uighur culture" 3768:

The religious traditions of Asia: religion, history, and culture

3406:

Zhao brothers, bannermen still did not, by and large, use their

3240:

Manchu Rule over China and the Attrition of the Manchu Language

3020:""CESWW" – Dissertations in Central Eurasian Studies – History" 2364:(illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 78. 1851: 1558: 1321: 1193: 1154: 1146: 1065: 956: 948: 862: 1022:

exploited the chaos to seize power by local Chinese warlords.

5259:"Among Uyghurs, China aims to 'meld Islam with Confucianism'" 4382:"On Tibet, Senator's Daughter Shows More Spine Than the U.S." 2945:

Where China Meets India: Burma and the New Crossroads of Asia

2790:

Where China Meets India: Burma and the New Crossroads of Asia

2268:

China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects

2205: 1874:

developed a plan to "meld Islam with Confucianism" using the

1859: 1855: 1847: 1629: 1399: 908: 507: 493: 342: 275: 261: 4572:"习近平：决胜全面建成小康社会夺取新时代中国特色社会主义伟大胜利——在中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会上的报告-新华网" 4819:"Sinicization of China Church: the plan in full – UCA News" 3076:

Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic

1076:. The period came to an end with the unification of all of 2472:"How Kublai Khan's Yuan complicates the notion of 'China'" 899:

started to sinicize, marked by their establishment of the

884:

inhabited the coastline of China from as far north as the

5340:, Guy Trédaniel editor, Paris, France, published in 1998. 2989:

Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Volumes 7–8

2911:

Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Volumes 7–8

2877:

Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Volumes 7–8

2401:

Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Volumes 7–8

1866: 1846:

In September 2020, sinicization policies targeted Muslim

469: 237: 4445:"Invasion & After: Tibet Since the Chinese Invasion" 2077:

Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific, Volume 86, Part 5

1434:

as for 'China') to refer to Vietnam. Likewise, the lord

1048:

The Northern and Southern dynasties was a period in the

982: 739:

is also often used to refer to processes or policies of

5345:

Sinicization of the Kam (Dong People), a China minority

4145:"'Cultural genocide' for repressed minority of Uighurs" 1017:

were farmers and herders from the mountains of western

856:

Before sinicization, non-Chinese indigenous peoples of

3764: 3691:"#18 Transcultural Tradition of the Vietnamese Ao Dai" 3537: 2236: 1675:

Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party

1624:

Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party

1034:

south further settled China as a multi-ethnic empire.

634: 3509:

The Emergence Of Modern Southeast Asia: A New History

2240:

The Cowrie Shell Miao of Kweichow, Volume 32, Issue 1

1327:

Historical records report that as early as 1776, the

423: 399: 385: 371: 191: 167: 153: 139: 1885: 1229:, the Regional Superintendent of Confucian studies. 4756:H.E. Msgr. Paul Richard Gallagher (26 March 2018). 3883: 3845: 3417: 3374: 3331: 3288: 3261:University of Washington Press, 2000. Pages 52–54. 2212:. Royal Scottish Geographical Society. p. 70. 1843:and other minority groups have also been included. 1815:

Mosque with dome removed due to sinicization policy

1255:became Governor of Yunnan in 1279 after his death. 448: 216: 5349:Sinisation d'une minorité de Chine, les Kam (Dong) 2171: 2113: 1422:) to refer to the Vietnamese people, and the name 1361:family of the Manchu changed their family name to 1037: 4014:"Data leak details China's 'brainwashing system'" 6168: 5018:"A Crackdown on Islam Is Spreading Across China" 4599: 4597: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4250:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 3890:. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 131. 3852:. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 130. 2015:"Sinicisation, the Tribute System and Dynasties" 1423: 771:, which has long been a unifying feature in the 546: 530: 3459: 3195: 3157: 3119: 2301: 2299: 1316:consisted of more than the two or one syllable 4473: 3505: 2537: 2344:. New York: Facts On File, Inc. Archived from 2342:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire 2264: 2169: 2111: 930: 611: 597: 583: 5411: 5106: 4594: 4498: 4358:Chinese population—Threat to Tibetan identity 3582: 3512:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 115–. 2941: 2829: 2786: 2209:Scottish geographical magazine, Volumes 45–46 1784:began holding training seminars immediately. 1104:During the eighth and ninth centuries in the 425: 312: 298: 193: 80: 66: 4722: 4666:"'Sinicization' of Christianity China's aim" 4510:Bowie, Julia; Gitter, David (14 June 2018). 4072:Ramzy, Austin; Buckley, Chris (2019-11-16). 4071: 2696: 2694: 2296: 1545:After the Republic of China took control of 907:centuries later, are collectively termed as 779:as well as the promotion of "ethnic unity". 5107:Westcott, Ben; Xiong, Yong (22 July 2019). 5058:(in Chinese). 10 March 2018. Archived from 4509: 3501: 3499: 2984:(Original from the University of Virginia) 2906:(Original from the University of Virginia) 2872:(Original from the University of Virginia) 2396:(Original from the University of Virginia) 2144: 1500:36th Division (National Revolutionary Army) 1379: 1331:was shocked to see a high Manchu official, 875: 5418: 5404: 4282:. Hoover Institution. 2008. Archived from 2754:. Columbia University Press. p. 157. 2665:. Columbia University Press. p. 154. 2582: 2496: 2430: 2073: 1090:introduced into China in the first century 1068:. The period saw large-scale migration of 5425: 4209:Shepherd, Christian (12 September 2019). 3576: 2691: 5162: 5006:, 帕罗林枢机："我们与中国正在开创一种积极的方法", Vatican News 4847: 4512:"The CCP's Plan to 'Sinicize' Religions" 4208: 3496: 2550:. Oxford University Press. p. 116. 2009: 1810: 1600:. This is an issue in, for example, the 860:, collectively termed by the Chinese as 426: 194: 5163:Baptista, Eduardo (28 September 2020). 5016:Myers, Steven Lee (21 September 2019). 4786: 3072: 2996:from the original on September 27, 2023 2962:from the original on September 27, 2023 2918:from the original on September 27, 2023 2884:from the original on September 27, 2023 2850:from the original on September 27, 2023 2833:First encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913–1936 2807:from the original on September 27, 2023 2408:from the original on September 27, 2023 2357: 1652:, land development, land transfer, and 1346:Eventually, the Qing royal family (the 14: 6169: 5194:Seibt, Sébastian (30 September 2020). 5079: 5077: 5028:from the original on 24 September 2019 4425:from the original on 10 September 2019 4379: 4350: 4241: 3964:from the original on November 28, 2019 3802: 3603:from the original on 27 September 2023 3564:from the original on 27 September 2023 3480:from the original on December 31, 2013 3251: 3101:from the original on 27 September 2023 2768:from the original on 27 September 2023 2679:from the original on 27 September 2023 2611:from the original on 27 September 2023 2564:from the original on 27 September 2023 2469: 2378:from the original on 27 September 2023 2271:. Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 23. 2206:Scottish Geographical Society (1929). 1656:. According to the U.S. branch of the 1465: 769:adoption of the Chinese writing system 401: 169: 5399: 5193: 5096:from the original on 19 October 2021. 5083: 5015: 4878: 4860:from the original on 25 February 2020 4829:from the original on 16 December 2018 4676:from the original on 27 November 2018 4616:from the original on 19 February 2020 4486:from the original on 9 September 2019 4242:Dreyer, June Teufel (July 17, 2003). 3949: 2318:from the original on 17 November 2012 983:Han, Jin, and Sixteen Kingdoms period 787:The assimilation policy is a type of 32:Transcription into Chinese characters 27:Assimilation into Han Chinese culture 5175:from the original on 16 October 2020 4823:Union of Catholic Asian News Limited 4799:from the original on 27 January 2021 4768:from the original on 3 December 2019 4638:. Texas, USA: ChinaAid. April 2015. 4552:from the original on 29 January 2020 4451:. Office of Tibet, Washington, D.C. 4190:from the original on 21 January 2020 4175: 3994:from the original on 12 January 2020 3438:from the original on January 5, 2014 3395:from the original on January 5, 2014 3352:from the original on January 5, 2014 3309:from the original on January 5, 2014 3216:from the original on January 5, 2014 2747: 2700: 2658: 2434:Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia 2305: 1700:churches in China has described the 1394:sinicized ethnic minorities such as 822:In China there are 292 non-Mandarin 681:—the largest ethnic group of China. 5144:from the original on 9 January 2021 5074: 4694: 4603: 4176:Zand, Bernhard (28 November 2019). 3950:Lipes, Joshua (November 24, 2019). 3811:(3). Sage Publications, Inc.: 296. 2543: 1862:in schools and government offices. 1754:Secretary for Relations with States 1273:Miao rebellions in the Ming dynasty 1108:, Chinese male soldiers moved into 747:of norms from China on neighboring 24: 5208:from the original on 31 March 2021 5100: 4825:. Hong Kong, China. 31 July 2018. 4642:from the original on 14 April 2020 4582:from the original on 20 April 2018 4522:from the original on 18 April 2020 4223:from the original on 14 April 2020 4157:from the original on 25 April 2020 4125:from the original on 22 April 2020 2729:from the original on 23 March 2014 2470:Carter, James (16 December 2020). 2163: 2080:. American Philosophical Society. 2019:IAI Istituto Affari Internazionali 1963:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 1665:from visiting local monasteries." 25: 6218: 5356:, s.n. editor, published in 1994. 5286: 5084:Byler, Darren (9 November 2018). 4921:from the original on 16 June 2019 4787:Valente, Gianni (22 March 2018). 3589:. Berghahn Books. pp. 209–. 2583:Rachewiltz, Igor de, ed. (1993). 2497:Rachewiltz, Igor de, ed. (1993). 2174:A History of Chinese Civilization 2116:A History of Chinese Civilization 1472:Hong Kong–Mainland China conflict 880:'Hundreds of Yue Peoples' 5251: 4891:from the original on 17 May 2020 4737:from the original on 2 June 2017 4053:from the original on 16 May 2018 3939:from the original on 2020-01-10. 3583:A. Dirk Moses (1 January 2008). 2525:from the original on 14 May 2016 2478:from the original on 2 June 2021 2451:from the original on 13 May 2016 2147:Medieval Chinese Warfare 300–900 1948:Ethnic groups in Chinese history 1916: 1902: 1888: 1687: 1502:governed the southern region of 841: 5271:from the original on 2023-09-15 5220: 5187: 5156: 5126: 5115:from the original on 2019-12-19 5044: 5009: 4990: 4971: 4952: 4933: 4903: 4872: 4841: 4811: 4780: 4749: 4716: 4695:Woo, Ryan (December 25, 2023). 4688: 4658: 4628: 4578:(in Chinese). 27 October 2017. 4564: 4534: 4467: 4455:from the original on 2 May 2014 4437: 4405: 4373: 4329: 4301: 4272: 4235: 4202: 4169: 4137: 4105: 4094:from the original on 2020-01-08 4065: 4035: 4024:from the original on 2019-11-26 4006: 3976: 3943: 3915: 3904:from the original on 2023-09-27 3877: 3866:from the original on 2023-09-27 3839: 3796: 3785:from the original on 2023-09-27 3765:Joseph Mitsuo Kitagawa (2002). 3758: 3747:from the original on 2016-03-07 3733: 3722:from the original on 2016-02-04 3708: 3697:from the original on 2010-03-23 3683: 3672:from the original on 2016-01-21 3658: 3640: 3615: 3526:from the original on 2023-09-27 3453: 3411: 3368: 3325: 3282: 3232: 3189: 3151: 3113: 3066: 3041: 3030:from the original on 2014-08-25 3012: 2978: 2934: 2900: 2866: 2823: 2780: 2741: 2652: 2641:from the original on 2014-12-02 2623: 2576: 2490: 2463: 2424: 2390: 2351: 2338:Sayyid Ajall 'Umar Shams-ud-Din 2330: 2285:from the original on 2023-09-27 2247:from the original on 2023-09-27 2237:Margaret Portia Mickey (1947). 2216:from the original on 2018-05-17 2094:from the original on 2023-09-27 2056:from the original on 2018-11-19 2025:from the original on 2023-07-25 1819:In 2015, CCP general secretary 1491:Persecution of Uyghurs in China 1448: 1284: 1262: 1123: 1099: 1044:Northern and Southern dynasties 1038:Northern and Southern dynasties 782: 508: 494: 470: 449: 276: 262: 238: 217: 4848:Zhicheng, Wang (31 May 2018). 4380:Warren, James (May 18, 1997). 2992:. The Institute. p. 385. 2914:. The Institute. p. 387. 2880:. The Institute. p. 174. 2631:"Ethnic Groups – china.org.cn" 2547:The Silk Road in World History 2404:. The Institute. p. 385. 2336:Atwood, Christopher P. 2004. " 2306:Lane, George (June 29, 2011). 2258: 2227: 2196: 2138: 2105: 2074:Goodenough, Ward Hunt (1996). 2067: 2036: 2003: 1872:Central Institute of Socialism 1743:Catholic Patriotic Association 1726: 1591:one's city, county or province 1438:had referred to Vietnamese as 1390:The Vietnamese Nguyễn emperor 1248:), which had many Hui people. 635: 547: 424: 400: 386: 372: 313: 299: 192: 168: 154: 140: 81: 67: 13: 1: 4879:Jones, Kevin (25 July 2018). 4604:Gan, Nectar (12 March 2019). 4548:(in Chinese). 23 April 2016. 2712:. Columbia University Press. 1996: 1694:Three-Self Patriotic Movement 1682:19th Communist Party Congress 1606:Taiwan localization movements 1565:was to eventually go back to 1297:who adopted the norms of the 1188:is today, and ordered that a 846: 6000:Romanization of the writings 5312:Resources in other libraries 4361:Government of Tibet in exile 3884:Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). 3846:Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). 3550:. Routledge. pp. 474–. 3418:Edward J. M. Rhoads (2001). 3375:Edward J. M. Rhoads (2001). 3332:Edward J. M. Rhoads (2001). 3289:Edward J. M. Rhoads (2001). 1829:Islamic Association of China 1739:United Front Work Department 1602:Taiwan independence movement 1453: 971:, have assimilated into the 7: 6119:Forced religious conversion 5322:Sinicization vs. Manchuness 2358:Gaubatz, Piper Rae (1996). 1881: 1827:Yang Faming, leader of the 1668: 1593:than to China as a nation. 1476: 1094:northern and southern China 931:Mongolic and Turkic peoples 791:aimed at strengthening the 684:Areas of influence include 10: 6223: 4245:Taiwan's Evolving Identity 3817:10.1177/009770048401000302 3771:. Routledge. p. 368. 1804: 1774:Churches in Hebei province 1748:In March 2018, Archbishop 1730: 1672: 1621: 1615: 1561:in 1949, the intention of 1480: 1469: 1383: 1266: 1072:to the lands south of the 1041: 986: 934: 925:People's Republic of China 36: 29: 6086: 6077:Vergangenheitsbewältigung 6019: 5987: 5962:Assimilation by religions 5961: 5433: 5307:Resources in your library 5052:"杨发明委员：坚持我国伊斯兰教中国化方向-新华网" 4764:. Holy See Press Office. 4280:"Starting Anew on Taiwan" 3363:Chinese word for "wolf.") 3073:Gladney, Dru C. (1996) . 2243:. The Museum. p. 6. 2149:. Routledge. p. 48. 1933:Chinese Rites controversy 1807:Xinjiang internment camps 1540: 1487:Xinjiang internment camps 1056:period. Though an age of 871: 851: 793:Chinese national identity 646: 628: 623: 619: 612: 605: 598: 591: 584: 577: 572: 556: 540: 524: 519: 501: 484: 477: 463: 456: 442: 435: 417: 410: 393: 379: 365: 358: 353: 349: 338: 334: 324: 320: 306: 292: 287: 269: 252: 245: 231: 224: 210: 203: 185: 178: 161: 147: 133: 126: 121: 117: 106: 102: 92: 88: 74: 60: 55: 51: 46: 5988:Assimilation by writings 5169:South China Morning Post 4610:South China Morning Post 4542:"习近平：全面提高新形势下宗教工作水平-新华网" 3928:South China Morning Post 3460:Mark C. Elliott (2001). 3196:Mark C. Elliott (2001). 3158:Mark C. Elliott (2001). 3120:Mark C. Elliott (2001). 1800: 1733:Catholic Church in China 1611: 1406:, claimed the legacy of 1380:Nguyễn dynasty (Vietnam) 294:Traditional Chinese 288:Alternative Chinese name 62:Traditional Chinese 3506:Norman G. Owen (2005). 2265:Michael Dillon (1999). 2170:Jacques Gernet (1996). 2112:Jacques Gernet (1996). 1953:Little China (ideology) 1709:China Christian Council 1515:Chinese Communist Party 1386:Sinicization of Vietnam 1279:Ming conquest of Yunnan 1269:Ming conquest of Yunnan 1151:Ajall Shams al-Din Omar 888:to as far south as the 308:Simplified Chinese 76:Simplified Chinese 6099:Cultural globalization 5267:. September 14, 2023. 4356:Samdup, Tseten (1993) 4047:www.washingtonpost.com 3666:"Angelasancartier.net" 3269:. Partially available 2942:Thant Myint-U (2011). 2836:. BRILL. p. 847. 2830:M. Th Houtsma (1993). 2787:Thant Myint-U (2011). 1816: 1424: 1177:would be part of his ' 965:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom 753:minority ethnic groups 726:science and technology 668: 531: 6187:Cultural assimilation 5427:Cultural assimilation 3257:Edward J. M. Rhoads, 3024:cesww.fas.harvard.edu 1968:Sinicization of Tibet 1814: 1731:Further information: 1642:religious persecution 1638:cultural assimilation 1618:Sinicization of Tibet 1555:relocated its capital 1519:CCP General Secretary 1157:after conquering the 1114:formerly romanized as 1092:) and Daoism in both 999:Jin dynasty (266–420) 969:Taoyuan County, Hunan 728:, value systems, and 6192:Culture of East Asia 6136:Internal colonialism 6104:Cultural imperialism 5780:Northern Afghanistan 4885:Catholic News Agency 4337:China's Tibet Policy 4153:. 17 December 2019. 3245:19 June 2013 at the 2312:Encyclopædia Iranica 2145:David Graff (2003). 1858:"), and banning the 1762:Secretariat of State 1628:The sinicization of 1238:Rashid al-Din Vatvat 977:varieties of Chinese 749:East Asian societies 6182:Chinese nationalism 6141:Jewish assimilation 6114:Forced assimilation 5647:or Castilianization 5364:, the study of the 5324:(by Xiaowei Zheng). 4915:World Watch Monitor 4762:Summary of Bulletin 4335:Burbu, Dawa (2001) 4309:"Third-Wave Reform" 4296:as a part of China. 2544:Liu, Xinru (2001). 2431:Tan Ta Sen (2009). 1650:population transfer 1636:, police presence, 1571:under Japanese rule 1466:Hong Kong and Macau 1458:Hui Muslim General 1324:as personal names. 1251:Sayyid Ajall's son 1203:Confucian education 979:as their language. 897:Yangtze River Delta 830:languages, such as 817:settler colonialism 789:Chinese nationalism 710:architectural style 526:Vietnamese alphabet 6207:Politics of Taiwan 5760:Montenegrinization 5022:The New York Times 5002:2023-06-03 at the 4983:2023-06-03 at the 4964:2023-06-02 at the 4945:2023-06-02 at the 4723:Shan Ren Shen Fu. 4418:Human Rights Watch 4393:on 22 October 2018 4367:2009-02-05 at the 4079:The New York Times 3990:. 10 August 2018. 3276:2023-09-27 at the 2748:Yang, Bin (2009). 2701:Yang, Bin (2008). 2659:Yang, Bin (2009). 2011:Millward, James A. 1878:texts as a guide. 1817: 1719:In December 2023, 1432:Chinese characters 1289:The rulers of the 1179:civilizing mission 967:) who migrated to 809:cultural diversity 805:language diversity 39:Hanhua Subdistrict 6197:Japanese language 6164: 6163: 6131:Identity politics 6094:Cultural genocide 6015: 6014: 5745:Macedonianization 5390:978-974-480-062-6 5293:Library resources 5140:. 14 March 2019. 5056:www.xinhuanet.com 4576:www.xinhuanet.com 4546:www.xinhuanet.com 4345:978-0-7007-0474-3 4118:Independent.co.uk 3596:978-1-84545-452-4 3557:978-1-134-23881-1 3519:978-0-8248-2890-5 2955:978-1-4668-0127-1 2800:978-1-4668-0127-1 1531:cultural genocide 1483:Xinjiang conflict 1299:Mandate of Heaven 1153:, as governor of 1062:Mahayana Buddhism 921:ethnic minorities 878: 813:James A. Millward 667:(from the prefix 650: 649: 642: 641: 515: 514: 360:Standard Mandarin 283: 282: 128:Standard Mandarin 16:(Redirected from 6214: 6109:Dominant culture 6087:Related concepts 6049:De-russification 6037:De-stalinization 6032:De-communization 5969:Christianization 5959: 5958: 5811:or Latinization 5765:Norwegianization 5741:or Hungarization 5715: 5556:Colombianization 5458:Native Americans 5420: 5413: 5406: 5397: 5396: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5276: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5245: 5236:. 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The historian 801:ethnic diversity 702:language/lexicon 638: 637: 621: 620: 615: 614: 601: 600: 587: 586: 552: 551: 536: 511: 510: 497: 496: 473: 472: 471:Zung1 Gwok3 Faa3 452: 451: 431: 430: 429: 428: 406: 405: 404: 389: 388: 375: 374: 351: 350: 316: 315: 302: 301: 279: 278: 265: 264: 241: 240: 220: 219: 199: 198: 197: 196: 174: 173: 172: 157: 156: 143: 142: 119: 118: 84: 83: 70: 69: 44: 43: 21: 6222: 6221: 6217: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6212: 6211: 6202:Korean language 6177:Chinese culture 6167: 6166: 6165: 6160: 6156:Monoculturalism 6082: 6071:De-sinicization 6044:De-nazification 6020:Opposite trends 6011: 5983: 5957: 5839:Sanskritization 5804:Romanianization 5770:Pakistanization 5709: 5645:Hispanicization 5635:Hawaiianization 5591:Europeanization 5586:Estonianization 5541:Canadianization 5448:Americanization 5429: 5424: 5318: 5317: 5316: 5301: 5300: 5296: 5289: 5284: 5283: 5274: 5272: 5264:Radio Free Asia 5257: 5256: 5252: 5243: 5241: 5233:CNN Philippines 5226: 5225: 5221: 5211: 5209: 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Berlie 5357: 5341: 5325: 5315: 5314: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5287:External links 5285: 5282: 5281: 5250: 5219: 5186: 5155: 5125: 5099: 5073: 5043: 5008: 4989: 4970: 4951: 4932: 4902: 4871: 4840: 4810: 4795:(in Italian). 4779: 4748: 4715: 4687: 4672:. 6 May 2015. 4657: 4627: 4593: 4563: 4533: 4497: 4466: 4436: 4421:. 2013-06-27. 4404: 4372: 4349: 4328: 4300: 4271: 4234: 4201: 4168: 4136: 4104: 4064: 4034: 4020:. 2019-11-24. 4005: 3975: 3942: 3914: 3896: 3876: 3858: 3838: 3795: 3777: 3757: 3743:. 2010-10-20. 3732: 3707: 3693:. 2010-03-14. 3682: 3657: 3654:on 2004-06-17. 3639: 3614: 3595: 3575: 3556: 3536: 3518: 3495: 3472: 3452: 3430: 3410: 3387: 3367: 3344: 3324: 3301: 3281: 3250: 3231: 3208: 3188: 3170: 3150: 3132: 3112: 3085: 3065: 3040: 3011: 2977: 2954: 2933: 2899: 2865: 2842: 2822: 2799: 2779: 2761:978-0231142540 2760: 2740: 2719:978-0231142540 2718: 2690: 2672:978-0231142540 2671: 2651: 2622: 2595: 2575: 2556: 2536: 2509: 2489: 2462: 2444:978-9812308375 2443: 2423: 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5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5828: 5825: 5824: 5823: 5822:Russification 5820: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5788: 5785: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5755:Mongolization 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5740: 5739:Magyarization 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5724:Kurdification 5722: 5720: 5719:Koreanization 5717: 5713: 5708: 5707:Kazakhization 5705: 5703: 5700: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5674: 5673:Israelization 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5657: 5654: 5653: 5652: 5651:Indianization 5649: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5640:Hellenization 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5630:Germanization 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5620:Gaelicization 5618: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5603:Finnicization 5601: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5551:Chilenization 5549: 5547: 5546:Celticization 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5536:Bulgarization 5534: 5532: 5529: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5519:Bengalization 5517: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5470:Anglicization 5468: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5432: 5428: 5421: 5416: 5414: 5409: 5407: 5402: 5401: 5398: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5382:974-480-062-3 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5362: 5358: 5355: 5351: 5350: 5347:(in French)/ 5346: 5342: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5331:(in French)/ 5330: 5326: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5270: 5266: 5265: 5260: 5254: 5240:on 2023-06-03 5239: 5235: 5234: 5229: 5223: 5207: 5203: 5202: 5197: 5190: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5159: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5129: 5114: 5110: 5103: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5080: 5078: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5040: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5012: 5005: 5001: 4998: 4993: 4986: 4982: 4979: 4974: 4967: 4963: 4960: 4955: 4948: 4944: 4941: 4936: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4906: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4875: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4844: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4814: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4783: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4752: 4736: 4732: 4731: 4726: 4719: 4704: 4703: 4698: 4691: 4675: 4671: 4670:Baptist Press 4667: 4661: 4654: 4641: 4637: 4631: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4598: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4567: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4537: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4470: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4440: 4424: 4420: 4419: 4414: 4408: 4392: 4388: 4387: 4383: 4376: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4359: 4353: 4347:, pp. 100–124 4346: 4342: 4339:, Routledge, 4338: 4332: 4325: 4315:on 2011-07-16 4314: 4310: 4304: 4297: 4286:on 2009-04-08 4285: 4281: 4275: 4268: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4246: 4238: 4222: 4218: 4217: 4212: 4205: 4189: 4185: 4184: 4179: 4172: 4156: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4140: 4124: 4120: 4119: 4114: 4108: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4080: 4075: 4068: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4038: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4009: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3979: 3963: 3959: 3958: 3953: 3946: 3938: 3934: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3918: 3903: 3899: 3897:0-521-25514-7 3893: 3889: 3888: 3880: 3865: 3861: 3859:0-521-25514-7 3855: 3851: 3850: 3842: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3799: 3784: 3780: 3778:0-7007-1762-5 3774: 3770: 3769: 3761: 3746: 3742: 3736: 3721: 3717: 3711: 3696: 3692: 3686: 3671: 3667: 3661: 3653: 3649: 3643: 3629:on 2018-10-31 3628: 3624: 3618: 3602: 3598: 3592: 3588: 3587: 3579: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3549: 3548: 3540: 3525: 3521: 3515: 3511: 3510: 3502: 3500: 3492: 3479: 3475: 3473:0-8047-4684-2 3469: 3465: 3464: 3456: 3449: 3437: 3433: 3431:9780295804125 3427: 3423: 3422: 3414: 3407: 3394: 3390: 3388:9780295804125 3384: 3380: 3379: 3371: 3364: 3351: 3347: 3345:9780295804125 3341: 3337: 3336: 3328: 3321: 3308: 3304: 3302:9780295804125 3298: 3294: 3293: 3285: 3279: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3267:0-295-98040-0 3264: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3244: 3241: 3235: 3228: 3215: 3211: 3209:0-8047-4684-2 3205: 3201: 3200: 3192: 3185: 3173: 3171:0-8047-4684-2 3167: 3163: 3162: 3154: 3147: 3135: 3133:0-8047-4684-2 3129: 3125: 3124: 3116: 3100: 3096: 3092: 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Macmillan. 2947: 2946: 2937: 2930: 2917: 2913: 2912: 2903: 2896: 2883: 2879: 2878: 2869: 2862: 2849: 2845: 2843:90-04-09796-1 2839: 2835: 2834: 2826: 2819: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2793:. Macmillan. 2792: 2791: 2783: 2767: 2763: 2757: 2753: 2752: 2744: 2725: 2721: 2715: 2711: 2704: 2697: 2695: 2678: 2674: 2668: 2664: 2663: 2655: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2626: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2592: 2588: 2587: 2579: 2563: 2559: 2553: 2549: 2548: 2540: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2506: 2502: 2501: 2493: 2477: 2473: 2466: 2450: 2446: 2440: 2436: 2435: 2427: 2420: 2407: 2403: 2402: 2393: 2377: 2373: 2367: 2363: 2362: 2354: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2333: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2302: 2300: 2284: 2280: 2278:0-7007-1026-4 2274: 2270: 2269: 2261: 2246: 2242: 2241: 2230: 2215: 2211: 2210: 2199: 2191: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2175: 2166: 2158: 2152: 2148: 2141: 2133: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2117: 2108: 2093: 2089: 2087:9780871698650 2083: 2079: 2078: 2070: 2055: 2051: 2050: 2045: 2039: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2006: 2002: 1991: 1990: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1925: 1914: 1911: 1910:Taiwan portal 1900: 1897: 1886: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1842: 1836: 1832: 1830: 1825: 1822: 1813: 1808: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1778:Yibin Diocese 1775: 1769: 1767: 1766:inculturation 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1734: 1724: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1710: 1707:The TSPM and 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1688:Protestantism 1685: 1683: 1676: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1625: 1619: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1473: 1463: 1461: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1427: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1387: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1318:Chinese names 1315: 1311: 1308: 1307:Central Asian 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1282: 1280: 1274: 1270: 1260: 1256: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1045: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 997:to the early 996: 990: 980: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 945: 943: 938: 928: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 893: 891: 887: 886:Yangtze River 883: 869: 866: 864: 859: 842:Sinicizations 839: 837: 833: 829: 825: 820: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 780: 776: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 741:acculturation 738: 733: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 682: 680: 676: 672: 671: 666: 662: 658: 654: 645: 633: 631: 627: 622: 618: 610: 608: 604: 596: 594: 590: 582: 580: 576: 573:Japanese name 571: 567: 562: 559: 555: 545: 543: 539: 535: 529: 527: 523: 518: 509:Tiong-kok-hua 506: 504: 500: 495:Tiong-kok-hoa 492: 490: 487: 483: 480: 476: 468: 466: 462: 459: 455: 447: 445: 441: 438: 434: 422: 420: 416: 413: 409: 403: 398: 396: 392: 384: 382: 378: 370: 368: 364: 361: 357: 352: 348: 344: 341: 337: 333: 329: 327: 323: 319: 311: 309: 305: 297: 295: 291: 286: 274: 272: 268: 260: 258: 255: 251: 248: 244: 236: 234: 230: 227: 223: 215: 213: 209: 206: 202: 190: 188: 184: 181: 177: 171: 166: 164: 160: 152: 150: 146: 138: 136: 132: 129: 125: 120: 116: 112: 109: 105: 101: 97: 95: 91: 87: 79: 77: 73: 65: 63: 59: 54: 50: 45: 40: 33: 19: 6075: 6059:Latinization 6005:Soviet Union 5979:Islamization 5948:Wolofization 5933:Uzbekization 5906:Thaification 5901:Tamilization 5854:Sinicization 5853: 5809:Romanization 5799:Polonization 5750:Malayization 5702:Javanization 5690:Japanization 5668:Indonezation 5608:Francization 5576:Czechization 5566:Croatization 5561:Creolization 5443:Albanization 5360: 5348: 5344: 5332: 5328: 5298:Sinicization 5297: 5273:. 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