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513: by the Laboratory of Molecular Biology and University of Cambridge scientists. This antibody now looks promising for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Humanized monoclonal antibodies form the majority of antibody-based drugs on the market today and include several blockbuster antibodies, such as
496:
in
Cambridge. He continued to specialise in protein and nucleic acid sequencing and became a Group Leader at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in 1981. He became interested in the idea that all antibodies have the same basic structure, with only small changes making them specific for one
505:
had won the 1984 Nobel Prize for their work at the
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, in discovering a method to isolate and reproduce individual, or monoclonal, antibodies from among the multitude of different antibody proteins that the immune system makes to seek and destroy foreign invaders
399:, antibodies for therapeutic uses. Previously, antibodies had been derived from mice, which made them difficult to use in human therapeutics because the human immune system had anti-mouse reactions to them. For these developments Winter was awarded the 2018
506:
attacking the body. These monoclonal antibodies had limited application in human medicine, because mouse monoclonal antibodies are rapidly inactivated by the human immune response, which prevents them from providing long-term benefits.
3971:
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5142:
1083:"The inventor of humanized monoclonal antibodies and cofounder of Cambridge Antibody Technology, Greg Winter, muses on the future of antibody therapeutics and UK life science innovation"
593:
by the society in 2011 "for his pioneering work in protein engineering and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, and his contributions as an inventor and entrepreneur". He was given the
558:
In 2000, Winter founded
Domantis to pioneer the use of domain antibodies, which use only the active portion of a full-sized antibody. Domantis was acquired by the pharmaceutical
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Winter subsequently founded another company, Bicycle
Therapeutics Limited as a start up company which is developing very small protein mimics based on a covalently bonded
4087:
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Griffiths, A. D.; Williams, S. C.; Hartley, O; Tomlinson, I. M.; Waterhouse, P; Crosby, W. L.; Kontermann, R. E.; Jones, P. T.; Low, N. M.; Allison, T. J. (1994).
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Marks, J. D.; Hoogenboom, H. R.; Bonnert, T. P.; McCafferty, J.; Griffiths, A. D.; Winter, G. (1991). "By-passing immunization".
651:, Winter was awarded half of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry on 3 October 2018 for his work on phage displays for antibodies (while
1034:"Multi-subunit proteins on the surface of filamentous phage: Methodologies for displaying antibody (Fab) heavy and light chains"
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83:
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Winter, G; Griffiths, A. D.; Hawkins, R. E.; Hoogenboom, H. R. (1994). "Making antibodies by phage display technology".
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Winter pioneered a technique to "humanise" mouse monoclonal antibodies; a technique used in the development of
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until its absorption into the
Laboratory of Molecular Biology. He is a member of the Advisory Council for the
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Hoogenboom, H. R.; Griffiths, A. D.; Johnson, K. S.; Chiswell, D. J.; Hudson, P.; Winter, G. (1991).
648:
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1973:
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on 2 October 2012, remaining in office until 2019. From 2006 to 2011, he was Deputy
Director of the
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532:) and is also the chairman of the Scientific Advisory Board for Biosceptre International Limited.
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1765:"Covagen AG | September 2011: Sir Gregory Winter joins Covagen's Scientific Advisory Board"
1143:(1981). "Nucleotide sequence of the haemagglutinin gene of a human influenza virus H1 subtype".
543:), which was discovered by Cambridge Antibody Technology as D2E7, and developed and marketed by
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2013:
1509:"The amino acid sequence of tryptophanyl tRNA Synthetase fromBacillus stearothermophilus"
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The amino acid sequence of tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase from
Bacillus stearothermophilus
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The amino acid sequence of tryptophanyl RNA synthetase from bacillus stearothermophilus
1449:"Greg Winter wins 2018 Nobel Prize for Chemistry – MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology"
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1000:
985:"Isolation of high affinity human antibodies directly from large synthetic repertoires"
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2080:"Sir Gregory Winter CBE FRS appointed Master of Trinity College, Cambridge University"
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860:(1990). "Phage antibodies: filamentous phage displaying antibody variable domains".
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1212:(1981). "Structure of the neuraminidase gene in human influenza virus A/PR/8/34".
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in 1989, and
Bicycle Therapeutics. He worked on the Scientific Advisory Board of
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http://www.astrazeneca.com/media/latest-press-releases/2006/5266?itemId=3891617
1816:
Lawrence, Stacy (2007). "Billion dollar babies—biotech drugs as blockbusters".
857:
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for
Medicine (Molecular Immunology) and in 1999, the Cancer Research Institute
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Fellows of the
Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering
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1939:"Phage-encoded combinatorial chemical libraries based on bicyclic peptides"
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degree, from the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, for research on the
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GSK is to buy Domantis – a company based on discoveries by MRC scientists
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of Bicycle Therapeutics Ltd. – Christian Heinis and Sir Greg Winter, FRS.
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Greg Winter during Nobel press conference in Stockholm, December 2018
548:
153:
608:. Winter was formerly the Joint Head of the Division of Protein and
4185:
217:
1718:"Gregory Winter: Executive Profile & Biography – Businessweek"
1031:
982:
848:
5113:
People educated at the Royal Grammar School, Newcastle upon Tyne
4562:
4360:
Princess of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research
1335:
947:
476:. Later, Winter completed a term of post-doctoral fellowship at
380:. His research career has been based almost entirely at the MRC
1597:
932:
600:
In 1995, Winter won several international awards including the
306:
3995:
Prince of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research
2054:"Advisory Council of the Campaign for Science and Engineering"
1660:"Therapeutic Antibodies – MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology"
915:
2301:
1623:}} template missing ID and not present in Wikidata.
1489:
655:
received the other half of the prize that same year "for the
529:
1936:
1384:"Live blog: direction evolution takes chemistry Nobel prize"
1271:
5143:
Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)
4398:
4327:
1937:
Heinis, C.; Rutherford, T.; Freund, S.; Winter, G. (2009).
1272:
Riechmann, L.; Clark, M.; Waldmann, H.; Winter, G. (1988).
4870:
612:
Chemistry-Biotechnology, and was Deputy Director, at the
391:
He is credited with having invented techniques to both
5163:
Members of the European Molecular Biology Organization
2046:
2010:"Royal Society announces 2011 Copley Medal recipient"
1573:"King Faisal Prize | Professor Sir Gregory P. Winter"
2102:"Master of Trinity College, Cambridge &' events"
1200:
1131:
2143:"From pandemics to cancer: the science power list"
790:
745:"GSK snaps up Domantis to move into biotech field"
376:best known for his work on the therapeutic use of
1500:
5094:
2131:, retrieved on 17 March 2020 in Wilhelmexner.org
1869:"Global Pharmaceutical 2017 Industry Statistics"
1767:. Covagen.com. 20 September 2011. Archived from
1635:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984"
4328:European Organization for Nuclear Research CERN
2265:including the Nobel Lecture on 8 December 2018
2140:
716:"Announcement of the Prince Mahidol Award 2016"
3701:
1715:
1467:
663:'Science Power List'. In 2024 he received the
5138:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
4856:
4548:
3965:
3687:
2287:
1791:"Covagen AG | Scientific Advisory Board"
1612:
1506:
616:, Cambridge, an institution funded by the UK
630:Commander of the Order of the British Empire
1745:. bicycletherapeutics.com. 10 December 2012
640:from 2012 to 2019. In 2015 he received the
620:. He was also Deputy Director of the MRC's
395:(1986) and, later, to fully humanize using
4863:
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2294:
2280:
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1378:
1376:
739:
737:
67:
2104:. University of Cambridge. Archived from
1956:
1703:"Sir Gregory Winter | Royal Society"
1532:
1297:
1100:
1057:
1008:
785:
783:
781:
760:
758:
702:"Doctor Gregory P. WINTER | Jeantet"
659:of enzymes"). In 2020 he was featured on
587:Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1990
440:Royal Grammar School, Newcastle upon Tyne
181:Royal Grammar School, Newcastle upon Tyne
1815:
1274:"Reshaping human antibodies for therapy"
718:. princemahidolaward.org. Archived from
576:
562:in December 2006 for £230 million.
2141:Franklin-Wallis, Oliver (23 May 2020).
1480:(PhD thesis). University of Cambridge.
1373:
734:
14:
5095:
2267:Harnessing Evolution to Make Medicines
1507:Winter, G. P.; Hartley, B. S. (1977).
1473:
1405:"Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018 – live"
922:
824:"Sir Gregory P. Winter – Facts – 2018"
805: ed.). A & C Black.
778:
755:
483:
5168:Masters of Trinity College, Cambridge
5123:Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge
4872:Masters of Trinity College, Cambridge
4844:
4536:
4358:
3993:
3984:for Technical and Scientific Research
3953:
3675:
2275:
2082:. 10 Downing Street. 16 December 2011
572:
5118:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
3982:Prince or Princess of Asturias Award
1988:"Sir Gregory Winter CBE FMedSci FRS"
1080:
816:
676:
638:Master of Trinity College, Cambridge
626:Campaign for Science and Engineering
488:Following his PhD, Winter completed
420:Master of Trinity College, Cambridge
84:Master of Trinity College, Cambridge
4110:Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad
2176:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018"
1980:
1689:MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology
1664:MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology
1453:MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology
962:10.1146/annurev.iy.12.040194.002245
24:
3783:(Democratic Republic of the Congo)
1001:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06626.x
25:
5194:
4134:Pedro Miguel Echenique Landiríbar
2221:
535:In 1989, Winter was a founder of
30:For the American journalist, see
5081:
2524:
2228:
2209: This article incorporates
2204:
1972:
1853:
1365:
1321:
1257:
1186:
830:. Nobel Media AB. 6 October 2018
684:"EMBO MEMBER: Gregory P. Winter"
239:Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine
2189:
2168:
2134:
2120:
2094:
2072:
2028:
2012:. Royal Society. Archived from
2002:
1930:
1911:
1893:
1861:
1809:
1783:
1757:
1735:
1709:
1695:
1677:
1652:
1627:
1590:
1565:
1441:
1423:
1397:
1329:
1265:
1194:
1125:
1074:
1025:
976:
941:
614:Laboratory of Molecular Biology
602:King Faisal International Prize
494:Laboratory of Molecular Biology
424:Laboratory of Molecular Biology
382:Laboratory of Molecular Biology
296:Laboratory of Molecular Biology
904:
842:
708:
694:
622:Centre for Protein Engineering
386:Centre for Protein Engineering
27:English biochemist (born 1951)
13:
1:
4767:William Lionel Wilkinson
1793:. Covagen.com. Archived from
1743:"www.bicycletherapeutics.com"
1716:Gregory Winter (8 May 2001).
1474:Winter, Gregory Paul (1976).
1431:"Sir Gregory Winter Chairman"
929:Gregory Winter's publications
670:
537:Cambridge Antibody Technology
522:Cambridge Antibody Technology
210:Cambridge Antibody Technology
5173:Nobel laureates in Chemistry
5153:Fellows of the Royal Society
1534:10.1016/0014-5793(77)80471-7
1352:10.1016/0022-2836(91)90498-U
1339:Journal of Molecular Biology
810:UK public library membership
792:"WINTER, Sir Gregory (Paul)"
464:tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase
433:
7:
4814:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
4773:Robert Hughes Williams
4721:Colin James Pennycuick
1598:"Scientific Advisory Board"
950:Annual Review of Immunology
912:"Trinity College Cambridge"
469:Bacillus stearothermophilus
438:Winter was educated at the
10:
5199:
454:in 1973. He was awarded a
452:Trinity College, Cambridge
416:Trinity College, Cambridge
365:(born 14 April 1951) is a
191:Trinity College, Cambridge
29:
5183:Scientists from Leicester
5079:
5013:William Hepworth Thompson
4878:
4796:
4578:
4365:
4354:
4040:Antonio González González
4018:Luis Antonio Santaló Sors
4000:
3989:
3877:
3852:
3827:
3796:
3766:
3742:
3711:
3330:
3031:
2772:
2533:
2522:
2313:
801:. Vol. 2016 (online
771:13 September 2011 at the
547:. HUMIRA, an antibody to
388:, in Cambridge, England.
343:
339:
335:
323:
305:
287:
277:
270:
224:
205:
186:
176:
164:
133:
128:
124:
112:
100:
89:
82:
78:
66:
41:
4606:Malcolm H. Chisholm
4401:Scientific Collaboration
4106:Manuel Losada Villasante
4082:Francisco Bolívar Zapata
3448:Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
2727:Wendell Meredith Stanley
2307:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
935:bibliographic database.
618:Medical Research Council
428:Medical Research Council
401:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
259:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
32:Greg Winter (journalist)
5133:British Nobel laureates
4492:Everett Peter Greenberg
4144:Enrique Moreno González
4088:Federico García Moliner
1944:Nature Chemical Biology
1923:16 January 2014 at the
937:(subscription required)
803:Oxford University Press
636:in 2004. He served as
628:. Winter was appointed
478:Imperial College London
448:University of Cambridge
350:Sir Gregory Paul Winter
300:Imperial College London
292:University of Cambridge
5003:Christopher Wordsworth
4591:Michael Ashburner
4371:Emmanuelle Charpentier
4030:David Vázquez Martínez
4024:Antonio Garcia-Bellido
3883:Nobel Prize recipients
3829:Physiology or Medicine
3612:Emmanuelle Charpentier
3600:M. Stanley Whittingham
2571:Hans von Euler-Chelpin
1905:2 January 2010 at the
1722:Bloomberg BusinessWeek
1050:10.1093/nar/19.15.4133
1038:Nucleic Acids Research
667:of the Royal Society.
606:William B. Coley Award
582:
472:in 1977 supervised by
442:. He went on to study
4300:Arturo Álvarez-Buylla
2982:Christian B. Anfinsen
2622:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
585:Winter was elected a
580:
490:postdoctoral research
378:monoclonal antibodies
5018:Henry Montagu Butler
4993:Thomas Postlethwaite
4804:Edward Norton Lorenz
4262:George M. Whitesides
3644:Karl Barry Sharpless
3141:Dudley R. Herschbach
2966:Luis Federico Leloir
2213:available under the
2042:on 23 February 2008.
1998:on 17 November 2015.
1958:10.1038/nchembio.184
1819:Nature Biotechnology
1088:Nature Biotechnology
499:Georges J. F. Köhler
254:Prince Mahidol Award
215:Bicycle Therapeutics
107:Baron Rees of Ludlow
5178:Royal Medal winners
5128:British biochemists
4998:William Lort Mansel
4893:John Christopherson
4824:Bengt I. Samuelsson
4711:Michael E. McIntyre
4626:Simon Conway Morris
4506:Jeffrey M. Friedman
4334:Avelino Corma Canós
4130:Emilio Méndez Pérez
3636:Carolyn R. Bertozzi
3548:Jean-Pierre Sauvage
3285:Jens Christian Skou
3253:F. Sherwood Rowland
3165:Charles J. Pedersen
3129:Herbert A. Hauptman
2822:Vincent du Vigneaud
2439:Richard Willstätter
2323:Jacobus van 't Hoff
2016:on 12 December 2013
1832:10.1038/nbt0407-380
1577:kingfaisalprize.org
1525:1977FEBSL..80..340W
1437:on 29 January 2012.
1290:1988Natur.332..323R
1228:1981Natur.290..213F
1157:1981Natur.292...72W
874:1990Natur.348..552M
766:Scientific Founders
722:on 14 November 2017
642:Wilhelm Exner Medal
555:in 2006 for £702m.
545:Abbott Laboratories
484:Career and research
466:from the bacterium
374:molecular biologist
138:Gregory Paul Winter
4809:Yasutomi Nishizuka
4304:Giacomo Rizzolatti
4234:Juan Ignacio Cirac
4034:Emilio Rosenblueth
3596:John B. Goodenough
3524:William E. Moerner
3404:Richard R. Schrock
3376:Roderick MacKinnon
3348:K. Barry Sharpless
3173:Johann Deisenhofer
3002:Geoffrey Wilkinson
2998:Ernst Otto Fischer
2922:Robert S. Mulliken
2858:Jaroslav Heyrovský
2806:Hermann Staudinger
2626:Irène Joliot-Curie
2259:on Nobelprize.org
2128:Sir Gregory Winter
1494:uk.bl.ethos.477727
751:. 9 December 2006.
657:directed evolution
632:(CBE) in 1997 and
583:
573:Awards and honours
418:and was appointed
414:He is a Fellow of
18:Sir Gregory Winter
5090:
5089:
4838:
4837:
4726:John Albert Raven
4666:Eric Jakeman
4651:Nicholas C. Handy
4641:Robert Fettiplace
4616:Peter Clarricoats
4530:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4502:Daniel J. Drucker
4488:Jeffrey I. Gordon
4426:Ingrid Daubechies
4416:Sandra Myrna Díaz
4350:
4349:
4314:Richard A. Lerner
4276:Raymond Tomlinson
4072:Santiago Grisolía
3980:Laureates of the
3947:
3946:
3854:Economic Sciences
3759:announced in 2019
3669:
3668:
3652:Moungi G. Bawendi
3572:Richard Henderson
3416:Roger D. Kornberg
3384:Aaron Ciechanover
3217:Rudolph A. Marcus
3121:Robert Merrifield
3057:Peter D. Mitchell
2830:Cyril Hinshelwood
2591:Friedrich Bergius
2515:Richard Zsigmondy
2431:Theodore Richards
2379:Ernest Rutherford
2196:Copley Medal 2024
2060:on 28 August 2010
1881:on 3 October 2018
1621:Google Scholar ID
1044:(15): 4133–4137.
868:(6301): 552–554.
852:; Griffiths, A.;
808:(Subscription or
704:. 1 October 2017.
347:
346:
272:Scientific career
119:Dame Sally Davies
16:(Redirected from
5190:
5158:Knights Bachelor
5085:
4865:
4858:
4851:
4842:
4841:
4751:Azim Surani
4736:Man Mohan Sharma
4696:Harry Kroto
4661:Jonathan Hodgkin
4646:Erwin Gabathuler
4557:
4550:
4543:
4534:
4533:
4356:
4355:
4324:François Englert
4182:Lawrence Roberts
4176:Jean Weissenbach
4100:Manuel Patarroyo
4076:Salvador Moncada
4060:Marcos Moshinsky
4012:Manuel Ballester
3991:
3990:
3974:
3967:
3960:
3951:
3950:
3885:
3862:William Nordhaus
3837:James P. Allison
3818:Donna Strickland
3735:(United Kingdom)
3696:
3689:
3682:
3673:
3672:
3662:
3660:Alexei I. Ekimov
3646:
3640:Morten P. Meldal
3630:
3618:
3606:
3590:
3574:
3564:Jacques Dubochet
3558:
3542:
3526:
3510:
3494:
3488:Robert Lefkowitz
3482:
3474:
3458:
3452:Thomas A. Steitz
3442:
3426:
3418:
3410:
3400:Robert H. Grubbs
3394:
3378:
3366:
3350:
3323:
3321:Hideki Shirakawa
3307:
3299:
3287:
3271:
3255:
3239:
3231:
3219:
3211:
3209:Richard R. Ernst
3203:
3195:
3183:
3167:
3151:
3135:
3123:
3115:
3107:
3099:
3087:
3085:Frederick Sanger
3071:
3065:Herbert C. Brown
3059:
3051:
3043:
3041:William Lipscomb
3024:
3012:
3004:
2992:
2976:
2974:Gerhard Herzberg
2968:
2960:
2948:
2940:
2924:
2916:
2908:
2900:
2888:
2876:
2868:
2860:
2852:
2850:Frederick Sanger
2844:
2836:
2834:Nikolay Semyonov
2824:
2816:
2808:
2800:
2788:
2786:Glenn T. Seaborg
2765:
2753:
2745:
2737:
2729:
2713:
2711:Artturi Virtanen
2705:
2697:
2695:George de Hevesy
2689:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2668:
2656:
2648:
2636:
2628:
2616:
2608:
2607:
2601:
2593:
2581:
2573:
2561:
2553:
2551:Heinrich Wieland
2545:
2543:Theodor Svedberg
2528:
2527:
2517:
2509:
2508:
2502:
2494:
2486:
2478:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2455:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2441:
2433:
2425:
2417:
2405:
2397:
2389:
2381:
2373:
2365:
2357:
2355:Adolf von Baeyer
2349:
2341:
2339:Svante Arrhenius
2333:
2325:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2273:
2272:
2264:
2232:
2231:
2208:
2198:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2138:
2132:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2056:. Archived from
2050:
2044:
2043:
2038:. Archived from
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1994:. Archived from
1984:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1970:
1960:
1934:
1928:
1915:
1909:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1880:
1874:. Archived from
1873:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1797:on 26 April 2012
1787:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1771:on 26 April 2012
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1536:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1455:. 3 October 2018
1445:
1439:
1438:
1433:. Archived from
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1411:. 3 October 2018
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1380:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1363:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1319:
1301:
1299:10.1038/332323a0
1269:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1236:10.1038/290213a0
1198:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1165:10.1038/292072a0
1129:
1123:
1122:
1104:
1102:10.1038/nbt.1815
1078:
1072:
1071:
1061:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1012:
989:The EMBO Journal
980:
974:
973:
945:
939:
938:
926:
920:
919:
918:on 6 March 2012.
914:. Archived from
908:
902:
901:
882:10.1038/348552a0
846:
840:
839:
837:
835:
820:
814:
813:
806:
794:
787:
776:
762:
753:
752:
741:
732:
731:
729:
727:
712:
706:
705:
698:
692:
691:
680:
589:and awarded the
567:hydrophobic core
474:Brian S. Hartley
450:graduating from
444:Natural Sciences
364:
330:Brian S. Hartley
325:Doctoral advisor
319:
172:
151:
147:
145:
129:Personal details
115:
103:
94:
71:
61:
39:
38:
21:
5198:
5197:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5086:
5077:
5028:G. M. Trevelyan
5008:William Whewell
4988:John Hinchliffe
4978:Richard Bentley
4943:John Arrowsmith
4918:John Richardson
4898:Robert Beaumont
4874:
4869:
4839:
4834:
4792:
4761:Herman Waldmann
4671:George Jellicoe
4631:Andrew Crawford
4621:John G. Collier
4574:
4561:
4531:
4522:
4518:Svetlana Mojsov
4514:Jens Juul Holst
4510:Joel F. Habener
4470:Geoffrey Hinton
4434:Emmanuel Candès
4395:Barry C. Barish
4375:Jennifer Doudna
4361:
4346:
4342:Galen D. Stucky
4228:Antonio Damasio
4222:Robert Weinberg
4218:Bert Vogelstein
4194:Tim Berners-Lee
4168:Francis Collins
4117:Valentín Fuster
3996:
3985:
3978:
3948:
3943:
3881:
3873:
3870:(United States)
3864:(United States)
3848:
3839:(United States)
3823:
3808:(United States)
3792:
3762:
3738:
3729:(United States)
3723:(United States)
3707:
3700:
3670:
3665:
3649:
3633:
3624:David MacMillan
3621:
3616:Jennifer Doudna
3609:
3593:
3577:
3561:
3552:Fraser Stoddart
3545:
3536:Paul L. Modrich
3529:
3513:
3497:
3485:
3477:
3472:Ei-ichi Negishi
3464:Richard F. Heck
3461:
3445:
3432:Osamu Shimomura
3429:
3421:
3413:
3397:
3381:
3369:
3353:
3340:William Knowles
3337:
3326:
3317:Alan MacDiarmid
3310:
3302:
3290:
3274:
3269:Richard Smalley
3258:
3245:Paul J. Crutzen
3242:
3234:
3222:
3214:
3206:
3198:
3186:
3170:
3161:Jean-Marie Lehn
3154:
3138:
3126:
3118:
3110:
3102:
3090:
3074:
3062:
3054:
3046:
3038:
3027:
3022:Vladimir Prelog
3015:
3007:
2995:
2979:
2971:
2963:
2951:
2943:
2927:
2919:
2914:Robert Woodward
2911:
2906:Dorothy Hodgkin
2903:
2891:
2879:
2871:
2863:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2827:
2819:
2811:
2803:
2791:
2779:
2768:
2756:
2751:William Giauque
2748:
2740:
2735:Robert Robinson
2732:
2719:James B. Sumner
2716:
2708:
2700:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2666:Leopold Ružička
2662:Adolf Butenandt
2659:
2651:
2639:
2631:
2619:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2599:Irving Langmuir
2596:
2584:
2576:
2564:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2497:
2489:
2484:Frederick Soddy
2481:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2411:Victor Grignard
2408:
2400:
2392:
2387:Wilhelm Ostwald
2384:
2376:
2368:
2360:
2352:
2344:
2336:
2328:
2320:
2309:
2300:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2201:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2108:on 12 July 2012
2100:
2099:
2095:
2085:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2036:"LMB Structure"
2034:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1935:
1931:
1925:Wayback Machine
1916:
1912:
1907:Wayback Machine
1898:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1814:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1714:
1710:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1668:
1666:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1643:
1641:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1603:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1581:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1505:
1501:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1364:
1334:
1330:
1320:
1284:(6162): 323–7.
1270:
1266:
1256:
1222:(5803): 213–7.
1210:Brownlee, G. G.
1199:
1195:
1185:
1141:Brownlee, G. G.
1130:
1126:
1079:
1075:
1030:
1026:
995:(14): 3245–60.
981:
977:
946:
942:
936:
931:indexed by the
927:
923:
910:
909:
905:
847:
843:
833:
831:
822:
821:
817:
807:
789:
788:
779:
773:Wayback Machine
763:
756:
749:The Independent
743:
742:
735:
725:
723:
714:
713:
709:
700:
699:
695:
688:people.embo.org
682:
681:
677:
673:
634:Knight Bachelor
575:
560:GlaxoSmithKline
528:, (now part of
520:Winter founded
486:
436:
352:
317:
298:
294:
262:
257:
252:
247:
244:Knight Bachelor
242:
237:
232:
216:
214:
212:
187:Alma mater
168:
152:
149:
143:
141:
140:
139:
113:
101:
95:
90:
74:
62:
49:
47:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5196:
5186:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5088:
5087:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5070:
5068:Gregory Winter
5065:
5060:
5055:
5053:Michael Atiyah
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4868:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4845:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4785:
4783:Gregory Winter
4780:
4775:
4770:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4716:Derek W. Moore
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4676:Louise Johnson
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4575:
4560:
4559:
4552:
4545:
4537:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4498:
4496:Bonnie Bassler
4484:
4482:Demis Hassabis
4466:
4448:Philip Felgner
4440:Katalin Karikó
4436:
4418:
4408:
4402:
4383:
4377:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4330:
4316:
4310:Gregory Winter
4306:
4292:
4278:
4268:
4254:Shuji Nakamura
4246:
4240:Peter Lawrence
4236:
4230:
4224:
4202:
4196:
4186:Robert E. Kahn
4178:
4172:Hamilton Smith
4156:
4154:Luc Montagnier
4146:
4140:Ricardo Miledi
4136:
4126:
4119:
4113:
4102:
4096:
4090:
4084:
4078:
4068:
4062:
4056:Manuel Cardona
4052:
4046:Jacinto Convit
4042:
4036:
4026:
4020:
4014:
4008:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3987:
3986:
3977:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3954:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3865:
3858:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3840:
3833:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3815:
3809:
3802:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3784:
3777:
3775:
3764:
3763:
3755:Olga Tokarczuk
3753:
3751:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3733:Gregory Winter
3730:
3724:
3721:Frances Arnold
3717:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3699:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3676:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3647:
3631:
3619:
3607:
3591:
3584:Gregory Winter
3580:Frances Arnold
3575:
3559:
3543:
3527:
3511:
3504:Michael Levitt
3500:Martin Karplus
3495:
3483:
3475:
3459:
3443:
3440:Roger Y. Tsien
3436:Martin Chalfie
3427:
3419:
3411:
3395:
3379:
3367:
3351:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3313:Alan J. Heeger
3308:
3300:
3288:
3281:John E. Walker
3272:
3256:
3240:
3232:
3220:
3212:
3204:
3196:
3184:
3181:Hartmut Michel
3168:
3157:Donald J. Cram
3152:
3136:
3124:
3116:
3108:
3100:
3097:Roald Hoffmann
3088:
3081:Walter Gilbert
3072:
3060:
3052:
3049:Ilya Prigogine
3044:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3018:John Cornforth
3013:
3005:
2993:
2986:Stanford Moore
2977:
2969:
2961:
2949:
2941:
2934:Ronald Norrish
2925:
2917:
2909:
2901:
2889:
2877:
2869:
2861:
2853:
2845:
2842:Alexander Todd
2837:
2825:
2817:
2809:
2801:
2789:
2782:Edwin McMillan
2776:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2754:
2746:
2738:
2730:
2714:
2706:
2698:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2657:
2649:
2642:Norman Haworth
2637:
2629:
2617:
2609:
2602:
2594:
2582:
2574:
2562:
2554:
2546:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2510:
2503:
2495:
2487:
2479:
2476:Walther Nernst
2471:
2464:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2434:
2426:
2418:
2406:
2398:
2390:
2382:
2374:
2371:Eduard Buchner
2366:
2358:
2350:
2347:William Ramsay
2342:
2334:
2326:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2299:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2257:Gregory Winter
2246:Gregory Winter
2234:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:External links
2220:
2200:
2199:
2188:
2167:
2133:
2119:
2093:
2071:
2045:
2027:
2001:
1979:
1951:(7): 502–507.
1929:
1910:
1892:
1860:
1808:
1782:
1756:
1734:
1708:
1694:
1676:
1651:
1639:NobelPrize.org
1626:
1611:
1589:
1564:
1519:(2): 340–342.
1499:
1466:
1440:
1422:
1396:
1372:
1328:
1264:
1193:
1151:(5818): 72–5.
1124:
1073:
1024:
975:
940:
921:
903:
850:McCafferty, J.
841:
828:NobelPrize.org
815:
777:
754:
733:
707:
693:
674:
672:
669:
653:Frances Arnold
574:
571:
503:César Milstein
485:
482:
435:
432:
409:Frances Arnold
345:
344:
341:
340:
337:
336:
333:
332:
327:
321:
320:
309:
303:
302:
289:
285:
284:
279:
275:
274:
268:
267:
229:Colworth Medal
226:
222:
221:
207:
206:Known for
203:
202:
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
166:
162:
161:
158:Leicestershire
137:
135:
131:
130:
126:
125:
122:
121:
116:
110:
109:
104:
98:
97:
87:
86:
80:
79:
76:
75:
73:Winter in 2016
72:
64:
63:
48:
46:Gregory Winter
45:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5195:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5108:Living people
5106:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5084:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5048:Andrew Huxley
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5023:J. J. Thomson
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4933:Thomas Comber
4931:
4929:
4928:Samuel Brooke
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4913:Thomas Nevile
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4903:John Whitgift
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4877:
4873:
4866:
4861:
4859:
4854:
4852:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4830:
4829:Lyman Spitzer
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4778:Alan Williams
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4701:Steven V. Ley
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4686:Carole Jordan
4684:
4682:
4681:Vaughan Jones
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4636:Leslie Dutton
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4568:Royal Society
4565:
4558:
4553:
4551:
4546:
4544:
4539:
4538:
4535:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4478:Yoshua Bengio
4475:
4471:
4467:
4465:
4464:Sarah Gilbert
4461:
4460:Derrick Rossi
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4444:Drew Weissman
4441:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4391:Kip S. Thorne
4388:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4357:
4353:
4343:
4339:
4338:Mark E. Davis
4335:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4296:Joseph Altman
4293:
4291:
4290:Linda Watkins
4287:
4283:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4272:Martin Cooper
4269:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4258:Robert Langer
4255:
4251:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4214:Joan Massagué
4211:
4207:
4206:Judah Folkman
4203:
4201:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4125:research team
4124:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4112:of Costa Rica
4111:
4107:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4051:
4050:Pablo Rudomín
4047:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4007:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3992:
3988:
3983:
3975:
3970:
3968:
3963:
3961:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3812:Gérard Mourou
3810:
3807:
3806:Arthur Ashkin
3804:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3781:Denis Mukwege
3779:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3697:
3692:
3690:
3685:
3683:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3661:
3657:
3656:Louis E. Brus
3653:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3632:
3629:
3628:Benjamin List
3625:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3605:
3604:Akira Yoshino
3601:
3597:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3573:
3569:
3568:Joachim Frank
3565:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3532:Tomas Lindahl
3528:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3509:
3508:Arieh Warshel
3505:
3501:
3496:
3493:
3492:Brian Kobilka
3489:
3484:
3481:
3480:Dan Shechtman
3476:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3460:
3457:
3456:Ada E. Yonath
3453:
3449:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3425:
3420:
3417:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3393:
3389:
3388:Avram Hershko
3385:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3368:
3365:
3364:Kurt Wüthrich
3361:
3360:Koichi Tanaka
3357:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3306:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3277:Paul D. Boyer
3273:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3238:
3233:
3230:
3229:Michael Smith
3226:
3221:
3218:
3213:
3210:
3205:
3202:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3189:Sidney Altman
3185:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3122:
3117:
3114:
3109:
3106:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3093:Kenichi Fukui
3089:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3058:
3053:
3050:
3045:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3011:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2991:
2990:William Stein
2987:
2983:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2967:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2947:
2942:
2939:
2938:George Porter
2935:
2931:
2930:Manfred Eigen
2926:
2923:
2918:
2915:
2910:
2907:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2875:
2874:Melvin Calvin
2870:
2867:
2866:Willard Libby
2862:
2859:
2854:
2851:
2846:
2843:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2823:
2818:
2815:
2814:Linus Pauling
2810:
2807:
2802:
2799:
2798:Richard Synge
2795:
2794:Archer Martin
2790:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2752:
2747:
2744:
2743:Arne Tiselius
2739:
2736:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2723:John Northrop
2720:
2715:
2712:
2707:
2704:
2699:
2696:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2655:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2603:
2600:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2580:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2567:Arthur Harden
2563:
2560:
2559:Adolf Windaus
2555:
2552:
2547:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2516:
2511:
2504:
2501:
2496:
2493:
2492:Francis Aston
2488:
2485:
2480:
2477:
2472:
2465:
2462:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2440:
2435:
2432:
2427:
2424:
2423:Alfred Werner
2419:
2416:
2415:Paul Sabatier
2412:
2407:
2404:
2399:
2396:
2391:
2388:
2383:
2380:
2375:
2372:
2367:
2364:
2363:Henri Moissan
2359:
2356:
2351:
2348:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2332:
2327:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2241:
2237:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2197:
2192:
2177:
2171:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2129:
2123:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2081:
2075:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2015:
2011:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1992:Royal Society
1989:
1983:
1975:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1877:
1870:
1864:
1856:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1812:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1744:
1738:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1704:
1698:
1690:
1686:
1685:"Greg Winter"
1680:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1622:
1615:
1599:
1593:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1470:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1385:
1379:
1377:
1368:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1346:(3): 581–97.
1345:
1341:
1340:
1332:
1324:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1260:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1189:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1081:Anon (2011).
1077:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
979:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
944:
934:
930:
925:
917:
913:
907:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
845:
829:
825:
819:
811:
804:
800:
799:
793:
786:
784:
782:
774:
770:
767:
761:
759:
750:
746:
740:
738:
721:
717:
711:
703:
697:
689:
685:
679:
675:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
598:
596:
595:Scheele Award
592:
588:
579:
570:
568:
563:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
533:
531:
527:
523:
518:
516:
512:
507:
504:
500:
495:
491:
481:
479:
475:
471:
470:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
397:phage display
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
372:
368:
363:
359:
355:
351:
342:
338:
334:
331:
328:
326:
322:
315:
314:
310:
308:
304:
301:
297:
293:
290:
286:
283:
280:
276:
273:
269:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
227:
223:
219:
211:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
189:
185:
182:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
150:(age 73)
148:14 April 1951
136:
132:
127:
123:
120:
117:
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5033:Edgar Adrian
4983:Robert Smith
4973:John Montagu
4963:Isaac Barrow
4958:John Pearson
4948:John Wilkins
4923:Leonard Mawe
4888:William Bill
4819:E. O. Wilson
4782:
4765:
4746:George Stark
4741:Allan Snyder
4456:Özlem Türeci
4412:Joanne Chory
4406:Svante Pääbo
4387:Rainer Weiss
4309:
4286:Baruch Minke
4282:David Julius
4250:Sumio Iijima
4244:Ginés Morata
4200:Jane Goodall
4164:John Sulston
4160:Craig Venter
4150:Robert Gallo
4094:Amable Liñán
4006:Alberto Sols
3913:
3843:Tasuku Honjo
3758:
3732:
3727:George Smith
3588:George Smith
3583:
3468:Akira Suzuki
3424:Gerhard Ertl
3408:Yves Chauvin
3356:John B. Fenn
3344:Ryoji Noyori
3331:2001–present
3305:Ahmed Zewail
3265:Harold Kroto
3249:Mario Molina
3177:Robert Huber
3149:John Polanyi
3133:Jerome Karle
3069:Georg Wittig
2954:Derek Barton
2946:Lars Onsager
2898:Giulio Natta
2894:Karl Ziegler
2886:John Kendrew
2654:Richard Kuhn
2579:Hans Fischer
2395:Otto Wallach
2331:Emil Fischer
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2014:the original
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1876:the original
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827:
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720:the original
710:
696:
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665:Copley Medal
660:
649:George Smith
646:
610:Nucleic acid
599:
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467:
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437:
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405:George Smith
390:
384:and the MRC
349:
348:
311:
288:Institutions
282:Biochemistry
271:
264:Copley Medal
170:LMB web page
114:Succeeded by
91:
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5103:1951 births
5063:Martin Rees
5058:Amartya Sen
4953:Henry Ferne
4938:Thomas Hill
4883:John Redman
4756:Bob Vaughan
4611:Robin Clark
4601:David Brown
4586:Roger Angel
4430:Terence Tao
4320:Peter Higgs
4266:Tobin Marks
4210:Tony Hunter
4190:Vinton Cerf
4066:Guido Münch
3787:Nadia Murad
3704:Nobel Prize
3556:Ben Feringa
3540:Aziz Sancar
3520:Stefan Hell
3516:Eric Betzig
3293:Walter Kohn
3261:Robert Curl
3237:George Olah
3225:Kary Mullis
3201:Elias Corey
3193:Thomas Cech
3145:Yuan T. Lee
3113:Henry Taube
2646:Paul Karrer
2634:Peter Debye
2614:Harold Urey
2500:Fritz Pregl
2461:Fritz Haber
2403:Marie Curie
2181:9 September
2064:11 February
2020:23 February
1927:LMB webpage
956:: 433–455.
647:Along with
591:Royal Medal
553:AstraZeneca
403:along with
367:Nobel Prize
249:Royal Medal
234:EMBO Member
220:engineering
102:Preceded by
5097:Categories
5038:Rab Butler
4968:John North
4908:John Still
4788:Semir Zeki
4731:David Read
4706:Lew Mander
4691:John Knott
4656:Allen Hill
4596:David Bohm
4474:Yann LeCun
4452:Uğur Şahin
4422:Yves Meyer
4397:, and the
3868:Paul Romer
3757:(Poland) (
3744:Literature
3392:Irwin Rose
3372:Peter Agre
3297:John Pople
3105:Aaron Klug
3010:Paul Flory
2958:Odd Hassel
2882:Max Perutz
2763:Kurt Alder
2759:Otto Diels
2587:Carl Bosch
1990:. London:
1600:. Heptares
1206:Winter, G.
1202:Fields, S.
1137:Fields, S.
1133:Winter, G.
1095:(3): 190.
854:Winter, G.
812:required.)
671:References
661:The Times'
541:adalimumab
511:Campath-1H
460:amino acid
144:1951-04-14
4381:Hugh Herr
4123:Atapuerca
3713:Chemistry
3706:laureates
3077:Paul Berg
3032:1976–2000
2773:1951–1975
2703:Otto Hahn
2534:1926–1950
2314:1901–1925
2303:Laureates
2215:CC BY 4.0
2155:0140-0460
2147:The Times
1885:3 October
1848:205266758
1669:7 October
1644:7 October
1582:4 October
1543:0014-5793
1486:500591023
1459:7 October
1415:3 October
1389:3 October
1119:205275386
834:6 October
798:Who's Who
597:in 1994.
549:TNF alpha
434:Education
369:-winning
177:Education
160:, England
154:Leicester
96:2012–2019
92:In office
4570:elected
3820:(Canada)
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2217:license.
1967:19483697
1921:Archived
1903:Archived
1840:17420735
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515:Keytruda
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2305:of the
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241:(1989)
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225:Awards
3914:2018
3768:Peace
3702:2018
1879:(PDF)
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1844:S2CID
1555:S2CID
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