2927:
with
Australia's traditional allies such as Britain and the United States while also reorienting Australia's foreign policy focus towards the Asia Pacific. With his first Minister for External Affairs, Percy Spender, the Menzies government signed the ANZUS treaty in San Francisco on 1 September 1951. Menzies later told parliament that this security pact between Australia, New Zealand and the United States was 'based on the utmost good will, the utmost good faith and unqualified friendship' saying 'each of us will stand by it'. At the same time as strengthening the alliance with the United States, Menzies and Spender were committed to Australia being on 'good neighbour terms' with the countries of South and South East Asia. To help forge closer ties in the region, the Menzies government initiated the Colombo Plan that would see almost 40 000 students from the region come to study in Australia over the four subsequent decades. Recognising the economic potential of a burgeoning postwar Japan, Menzies, together with Trade Minister Jack McEwan and his new minister for External Affairs, Richard Casey, negotiated the Commerce Agreement with Japan in 1957. This trade agreement was followed by bilateral agreements with Malaya in 1958 and Indonesia in 1959.
2589:; two other passengers and four crew. This event weakened Menzies's government. On the night of 11 November 1940, aircraft from the carriers of the Royal Navy's Mediterranean fleet disabled a number of Italian capital ships at anchor at the Italian base at Taranto. In December 1940, Menzies sent Churchill a letter expressing concern that the Imperial Japanese Navy might likewise use air power to cripple the Singapore base. In the same letter, Menzies asked Churchill to activate the Singapore strategy by stationing at least three or four capital ships at Singapore. In response, Churchill wrote back to Menzies that to say he would not have capital ships "sitting idle" at Singapore and that to transfer capital ships to Singapore would mean "ruining the Mediterranean situation. This I am sure you would not want to do unless or until the Japanese danger became far more menacing than at present". In March 1941 and again in August 1941, Menzies appealed to Churchill in letters to activate the Singapore strategy as he wrote that he was highly concerned about Japanese ambitions in the Asia-Pacific region.
2490:
Throughout the summer of 1939, Menzies stressed in his speeches that war was "not inevitable" as he urged
Australians to enjoy their summer vacations. In the cabinet, Menzies was opposed to expanding the tiny Australian Army beyond its current size of 1, 571 soldiers on economic grounds. The news of the Molotov–Ribbentrop pact of 22 August 1939 was greeted with both relief and concern in Menzies's cabinet. It was understood that the German-Soviet nonaggression pact ended the prospect of a "peace front" of Britain, France and the Soviet Union to deter Germany from invading Poland, and that war was more likely than not in Europe. Conversely, the Molotov–Ribbentrop pact had (temporarily as it proved) alienated Japan from Germany, and within the Australian cabinet, it was felt that Japan would be less likely to enter a war against the British empire because of the German-Soviet agreement, which had come as a most unwanted surprise in Tokyo. In Tokyo, the failure to achieve an alliance with Germany alongside the shock of the German-Soviet non-aggression pact caused the Japanese Prime Minister Baron
2801:
government in 1948 to extend commonwealth wartime powers to control rents and prices. In the election campaign of 1949, Menzies and his party were resolved to stamp out the communist movement and to fight in the interests of free enterprise against what they termed as Labor's 'socialistic measures'. If
Menzies won office, he pledged to counter inflation, extend child endowment and end petrol rationing. With the lower house enlarged from 74 to 121 seats, the Menzies Liberal/Country Coalition won the 1949 election with 74 House seats and 51.0 percent of the two-party vote but remained in minority in the Senate. Whatever else Menzies's victory represented, his anti-communism and advocacy for free enterprise had captured a new and formidable support base in postwar Australian society.
2177:(a part-time militia unit) from 1915 to 1919. This unit was not efficient and Menzies noted in his diary that training in even basic skills such as rifle shooting was sub-standard. He was commissioned a second lieutenant on 6 January 1915. Unlike many of his contemporaries, he did not volunteer for overseas service, something that would later be used against him by political opponents; in 1939 he described it as "a stream of mud through which I have waded at every campaign in which I have participated". Menzies never publicly addressed the reasons for his decision not to enlist, stating only that they were "compelling" and related to his "intimate personal and family affairs". His two older brothers did serve overseas. In a 1972 interview, his brother
2240:. He stood for constitutional democracy, the rule of law, the sanctity of contracts and the jealous preservation of existing institutions. Suspicious of the Labor Party, Menzies stressed the superiority of free enterprise except for certain public utilities such as the railways. His candidacy was nearly defeated when a group of ex-servicemen attacked him in the press for not having enlisted, but he survived this crisis. Within weeks of his entry to parliament, he was made a minister without portfolio in a new minority Nationalist State government led by Premier William McPherson. The new government had formed when the previous Labor government lost the support of the cross-bench Country Progressives. The following year he shifted to the
3543:
had a particularly logical mind, so that even in his conversation, let alone his set speeches and arguments, his remarks were always in sequence. Whether he was drawing on his memory, or making up his mind as he went along, each point he made reinforced the others and added to a logical and rounded whole. He spoke like this because it was the way he thought. He would have succeeded in anything that demands a logical intellect—science, generalship, high finance, the control of great organisations ... He had a beautiful speaking voice, clear, resonant and flexible. His appearance was impressive. Finally he had most of the virtues his countrymen and women liked and respected. He was not greedy. "I have never believed in making every bob (
3319:
4074:
2473:, Menzies also supported having the Polish Corridor returned to Germany. Despite his support for the Germans' claims to Danzig, Menzies was opposed to the prospect of German domination of Europe. Menzies in a speech on 28 March 1939 declared: "I do not accept this doctrine of an unimpeded march by Germany to a territorial conquest of middle and southeastern Europe". Ultimately, the fear of Japan proved decisive for Menzies, who believed that for Australia to not support Britain in the Danzig crisis would lead to Britain eventually abandoning Australia to face Japan alone. The prospect of war in Europe threatened to undermine the
3023:
1141:
3044:
Japanese war brides to be admitted to
Australia. In 1950, External Affairs Minister Percy Spender instigated the Colombo Plan, under which students from Asian countries were admitted to study at Australian universities, then in 1957, non-Europeans with 15 years' residence in Australia were allowed to become citizens. In a watershed legal reform, a 1958 revision of the Migration Act introduced a simpler system for entry and abolished the "dictation test" which had permitted the exclusion of migrants on the basis of their ability to take down a dictation offered in any European language. Immigration Minister
2330:. He was strongly committed to democracy for the British peoples, but he initially thought that the Germans should take care of their own affairs. He strongly supported the appeasement policies of the Chamberlain government in London, and sincerely believed that war could and should be avoided at all costs. after the visit to Germany in 1938, Menzies wrote that the "abandonment by the Germans of individual liberty ... has something rather magnificent about it". Menzies also praised the "really spiritual quality in the willingness of Germans to devote themselves to the service and well-being of the state".
4041:
3941:
4141:
4063:
4026:
2504:
day, which began "Fellow
Australians. It is my melancholy duty to inform you officially that in consequence of a persistence by Germany in her invasion of Poland, Great Britain has declared war upon her and that, as a result, Australia is also at war." A couple of days after the declaration, Menzies recalled parliament and asked for general support as the government faced the enormous responsibility of leading the nation in war time. Page and Curtin, as party leaders, pledged their support for all that needed to be done for the defence of the country.
10345:
3959:
4168:
10674:
1085:
1430:
3978:
3997:
3970:
3085:
established to inquire into the financial plight of
Australia's universities, and Menzies's pumped funds into the sector under conditions which preserved the autonomy of universities. In its support for higher education, the Menzies government tripled Federal government funding and provided emergency grants, significant increases in academic salaries, extra funding for buildings, and the establishment of a permanent committee, from 1961, to oversee and make recommendations concerning higher education.
3951:
1490:
2566:
2165:. Menzies was also president of the Students' Christian Union, a founding member of the Historical Society, and a prominent member of the Law Students' Society. He had "a reputation as an "unusually bright and articulate member of the undergraduate community", and was known as a skilful debater. However, he had also begun to develop the traits of pomposity and arrogance that would cause difficulties later in his career. His fellow law student and future parliamentary colleague
2084:
4052:
83:
3649:
2660:
Matters came to a head in August, when the cabinet voted to have
Menzies return to London to speak for Australia's interests in the War Cabinet. However, since Labor and the Coalition were level (both sides had 36 MPs), Menzies needed the support of the Labor Party in order to travel to Britain. Amid rumours that Menzies's real intention was to launch a political career in Britain, Labor insisted that the crisis was too dire for Menzies to leave the country.
1723:
8880:
2434:
2221:
4109:
3989:
4015:
2911:
1735:
2948:
4093:
4125:
2400:
4007:
3466:, in office for a combined total of 18 years, five months and 12 days. His second period of 16 years, one month and seven days is by far the longest unbroken tenure in that office. During his second period he dominated Australian politics as no one else has ever done. He managed to live down the failures of his first period in office and to rebuild the conservative side of politics from the nadir it hit at the
2931:
2743:
future as a democracy. The addresses frequently emphasised the values which
Menzies regarded as critical to shaping Australia's wartime and postwar policies. These were essentially the principles of liberalism: individual freedom, personal and community responsibility, the rule of law, parliamentary government, economic prosperity and progress based on private enterprise and reward for effort.
3187:. He later published two volumes of memoirs. In March 1967 he was elected Chancellor of Melbourne University, serving a five-year term. In 1971, Menzies suffered a severe stroke and was permanently paralysed on one side of his body for the remainder of his life. He suffered a second stroke in 1972. His official biographer, Lady McNicoll wrote after his death in
2346:. Your own comments on this dreadful history will need no reinforcement by me. All I need say is, that whatever the inflamed ambitions of the German Führer may be, he will undoubtedly learn, as other great enemies of freedom have learned before, that no empire, no dominion, can be soundly established upon a basis of broken promises or dishonoured agreements.
3155:
and growth of university life in
Australia was widely acknowledged by the award of honorary degrees in the Universities of Queensland, Adelaide, Tasmania, New South Wales, and the Australian National University and by thirteen universities in Canada, the United States and Britain, including Oxford and Cambridge. Many learned institutions, including the
3063:(Menzies) "I don't want to see reproduced in Australia the kind of problem they have in South Africa or in America or increasingly in Great Britain. I think it's been a very good policy and it's been of great value to us and most of the criticism of it that I've ever heard doesn't come from these oriental countries it comes from wandering Australians.
3103:
2773:. The organisational structure and constitutional framework of the new party was formulated at the Albury Conference. Officially launched at the Sydney Town Hall on 31 August 1945, the Menzies-led Liberal Party of Australia inherited the UAP's role as senior partner in the Coalition. Curtin died in office in 1945 and was succeeded by
2342:. Has, without flickering an eyelid, made a pact with Russia, a country the denouncing and reviling of which has been his chief stock-in-trade ever since he became chancellor. And has now, under circumstances which I will describe to you, invaded with armed force and in defiance of civilised opinion, the independent nation of
3450:
in the Bible, Menzies nonetheless preached religious freedom and non-sectarianism as the norm for
Australia. Indeed, his cooperation with Australian Catholics on the contentious state aid issue was recognised when he was invited as guest of honour to the annual Cardinal's Dinner in Sydney in 1964, presided over by Cardinal
2810:
3578:. Bramston had access to previously unavailable Menzies family papers, conducted new interviews with Menzies' contemporaries and it was endorsed by Menzies' daughter, Heather Henderson. It was described as having "the most attractive combination of research and readability" of all the Menzies biographies. The
4264:). The motto is an altered version from the Clan Menzies motto ("Vil God I Zal" or "With God I Will") that replaces "Will" with "Have" to represent Menzies' achievements. The basis for the escutcheon is from the Menzies family coat of arms. The two gold boar heads in the escutcheon are taken from the arms of
2995:
free medicines service, the Aged Persons' Homes Assistance scheme, free provision of life-saving drugs; the provision of supplementary pensions to dependent pensioners paying rent; increased rates of pension, unemployment and sickness benefits, and rehabilitation allowances; and a substantial system of
3582:
in Canberra holds a significant collection of memorabilia relating to Robert Menzies, including a range of medals and civil awards received by Sir Robert such as his Jubilee and Coronation medals, Order of Australia, Order of the Companions of Honour and US Legion of Merit. There are also a number of
3154:
On his retirement he became the thirteenth chancellor of the University of Melbourne and remained the head of the university from March 1967 until March 1972. Much earlier, in 1942, he had received the first honorary degree of Doctor of Laws of Melbourne University. His responsibility for the revival
2354:
Meanwhile, on the domestic front, animosity developed between Sir Earle Page and Menzies which was aggravated when Page became Acting Prime Minister during Lyons's illness after October 1938. Menzies and Page attacked each other publicly. He later became deputy leader of the UAP. His supporters began
3542:
It is difficult to exaggerate the pre-eminence enjoyed by Menzies for over a quarter of a century in the federal Parliament. He had many natural gifts, of which the greatest lay in the quality of his mind. His capacity to absorb and retain information, facts, opinion, prejudices was most unusual. He
3512:
The Menzies era saw Australia become an increasingly affluent society, with average weekly earnings in 1965 50% higher in real terms than in 1945. The increased prosperity enjoyed by most Australians during this period was accompanied by a general increase in leisure time, with the five-day workweek
3449:
Menzies was the son of a Presbyterian-turned-Methodist lay preacher and imbibed his father's Protestant faith and values. During his studies at the University of Melbourne, Menzies was president of the Students' Christian Union. Proud of his Scottish Presbyterian heritage with a living faith steeped
2994:
In 1960, the Menzies government introduced a new pharmaceutical benefits scheme, which expanded the range of prescribed medicines subsidised by the government. Other social welfare measures of the government included the extension of the Commonwealth Child Endowment scheme, the pensioner medical and
2881:
scare was claimed by some to enable the Menzies government to win the election. The Menzies government won 64 of 121 seats and 49.3 percent of the two-party vote. Evatt accused Menzies of arranging Petrov's defection. The aftermath of the 1954 election caused a split in the Labor Party, with several
2654:
newspaper in an editorial on 11 June 1941 attacked Menzies for having "too readily acquiesced in the ill-starred Greek campaign, of which the Cretan misadventure was the inevitable sequel ... As a military adventure, it was madness. As a political gesture, it was stupid because it was doomed to
2350:
Menzies went on to say that if Hitler's expansionist "policy were allowed to go unchecked there could be no security in Europe and there could be no just peace for the world". However, in a letter written by Menzies on 11 September 1939, he privately urged for peace negotiations and the continuation
2322:
that "I hope that I may be associated with the protest of the meeting tonight against the barbaric and medieval persecution to which their fellow Jews in Europe are apparently being subjected". In July 1939, Menzies, by then prime minister, declared in a speech that "history will label Hitler as one
2181:
recalled that a "family conference" had determined that Robert should not enlist. They believed that having two of the family's three adult sons serving overseas was a sufficiently patriotic contribution to the war effort, and that the family's interests would be served best by Robert continuing his
3093:
The Menzies government developed the city of Canberra as the national capital. In 1957, the Menzies government established the National Capital Development Commission as independent statutory authority charged with overseeing the planning and development of Canberra. During Menzies' time in office,
2958:
Throughout his second period in office, Menzies practised classical liberal economics with an emphasis on private enterprise and self-sufficiency in contrast to Labor's 'socialist objective'. Accordingly, the economic policy emphasis of the Menzies government moved towards tax incentives to release
2846:
on the question of changing the Constitution to permit the parliament to make laws in respect of Communists and Communism where he said this was necessary for the security of the Commonwealth. If passed, this would have given a government the power to introduce a bill proposing to ban the Communist
2561:
the Royal Navy needed to strengthen its Far Eastern forces. On 11 August 1940, Churchill sent a long letter to Menzies promising that if Japan entered the war, Britain would activate the Singapore strategy by sending a strong Royal Navy force to Singapore. Menzies continued to be worried about the
2503:
On 3 September 1939 Britain and France declared war on Germany due to its invasion of Poland on 1 September, leading to the start of World War II. Menzies responded immediately by also declaring Australia to be at war in support of Britain, and delivered a radio broadcast to the nation on that same
2105:. The following year, aged 13, he ranked first in the state-wide scholarship examinations. This feat financed the entirety of his secondary education, which had to be undertaken at private schools, as Victoria did not yet have a system of public secondary schools. In 1908 and 1909, Menzies attended
3043:
The Menzies government maintained and indeed expanded the Chifley Labor government's postwar immigration scheme established by Immigration Minister Arthur Calwell in 1947. Beginning in 1949, Immigration Minister Harold Holt decided to allow 800 non-European war refugees to remain in Australia, and
2919:
2742:
encompassed a wide range of topics including Roosevelt's Four Freedoms, the control of the war, the role of women in war and peace, the future of capitalism, the nature of democracy and especially the role of the middle class, 'the forgotten people' of the title and their importance to Australia's
2647:
Menzies came home to a hero's welcome. However, his support in Parliament was less certain. Not only did some Coalition MPs doubt his popularity in the electorate, but they also believed that a national unity government was the only long-term solution. Menzies's reputation was badly damaged by the
2507:
Thus, Menzies at the age of 44 found himself a wartime leader of a small nation of 7 million people. He was especially worried about the military threat from Japan. Australia had very small forces, and depended on Britain for defence against the looming threat of the Japanese Empire, with its
4212:
Dexter, a Kangaroo proper, supporting on its sinister shoulder a banner-stave Gules, therefrom displaying a Banner of the foresaid Arms; sinister, a Lion guardant per fess indented Gules and Argent, about its head a chaplet of Menzies heath and issuant therefrom a panache of five Plumes gules and
3555:
fan. He shared the tastes of the people he led. At the same time none was more able than he to touch chords of loyalty and pride in the traditions and history of the British people, especially that section of them who had settled in Australia. He made us proud of ourselves. We associated him with
2926:
The Menzies era saw immense regional changes, with post-war reconstruction and the withdrawal of European Powers and the British Empire from the Far East (including independence for India and Indonesia). In response to these geopolitical developments, the Menzies government maintained strong ties
2768:
Soon after his return, Menzies concluded that the UAP was at the end of its useful life. Menzies called a conference of anti-Labor parties with meetings in Canberra on 13 October 1944 and again in Albury (NSW) in December 1944. At the Canberra conference, the fourteen parties, with the UAP as the
2729:
I do not believe that the real life of this nation is to be found either in great luxury hotels and the petty gossip of so-called fashionable suburbs, or in the officialdom of the organised masses. It is to be found in the homes of people who are nameless and unadvertised, and who, whatever their
2508:
100 million people, a very powerful Army and Navy and an aggressive foreign policy. He hoped that a policy of appeasement would head off a war with Japan, and repeatedly pressured London. Menzies did his best to rally the country, but the bitter memories of the disillusionment which followed
2333:
Menzies supported British foreign policy, including appeasement, and was initially reticent about the prospect of going to war with Germany. However, by September 1939 the unfolding crisis in Europe changed his public stance that the diplomatic efforts by Chamberlain and other leaders to broker a
2194:
After graduating from the University of Melbourne in 1916 with first-class honours in Law, Menzies was admitted to the Victorian Bar and to the High Court of Australia in 1918. Establishing his own practice in Melbourne, Menzies specialised chiefly in constitutional law which he had read with the
2489:
Several times, Menzies declared that there were "two sides" both equally worthy of consideration to the Danzig dispute. He dismissed the "jitters", as he called it, on the stock market in the summer of 1939 while he spoke of "an outpouring of the sentiments of peace in the minds of the people".
2448:
A crisis arose almost immediately, however, when Page refused to serve under him. In an extraordinary personal attack in the House, Page accused Menzies of cowardice for not having enlisted in the War, and of treachery to Lyons. Menzies then formed a minority government. When Page was deposed as
3084:
The Menzies government extended Federal involvement in higher education and introduced the Commonwealth scholarship scheme in 1951, to cover fees and pay a generous means-tested allowance for promising students from lower socioeconomic groups. In 1956, a committee headed by Sir Keith Murray was
2718:
During his time in the political wilderness Menzies built up a large popular base of support by his frequent appeals, often by radio, to ordinary non-elite working citizens whom he called 'the Forgotten People'—especially those who were not suburban and rich or members of organised labour. From
2659:
for the Greek expedition as he maintained that he had only given permission to send the Australians to Greece after Blamey did not oppose it. Menzies maintained that if Blamey had given his disapproval in his opinion as a professional soldier, he would never have sent the Australians to Greece.
2477:
that called for the main British battle fleet to be sent out to Singapore (the major British naval base in Asia) in the event of a threat from Japan. A war with Germany would require the majority of the Royal Navy's ships to stay within European waters, and an inability to execute the Singapore
3010:
in July 1962 to close its schools in protest at the lack of government assistance, the Menzies government announced a new package of state aid for independent and Catholic schools. Menzies promised five million pounds annually for the provision of buildings and equipment facilities for science
2800:
announced that he intended to nationalise Australia's private banks, arousing intense middle-class opposition which Menzies successfully exploited. In addition to campaigning against Chifley's bank nationalization proposal, Menzies successfully led the 'No' case for a referendum by the Chifley
2512:
made his task difficult; this was compounded by his lack of a service record. Furthermore, as attorney-general and deputy prime minister, he had made an official visit to Germany in 1938, when the official policy of the Australian government, supported by the Opposition, was strong support for
3142:
Menzies's farewell press conference was the first political press conference telecast live in Australia. He resigned from Parliament on 17 February, ending 32 years in Parliament (most of them spent as either a cabinet minister or opposition frontbencher), a combined 25 years as leader of the
2825:
The spectre of communism and the threat it was deemed to pose to national security became the dominant preoccupation of the new government in its first phase. Menzies introduced legislation in 1950 to ban the Communist Party, hoping that the Senate would reject it and give him a trigger for a
1868:, a breakaway group from the Labor Party. Menzies won seven consecutive elections during his second period, eventually retiring as prime minister in January 1966. Despite the failures of his first administration, his government is remembered for its development of Australia's capital city of
2685:
as Coalition leader—and hence Prime Minister—even though the Country Party was the junior partner in the Coalition. Menzies was bitter about this treatment from his colleagues, and nearly left politics, but was persuaded to become Minister for Defence Co-ordination in Fadden's cabinet. The
2972:
3034:
In 1965, the Menzies government took the decision to end open discrimination against married women in the public service, by allowing them to become permanent public servants, and allowing female officers who were already permanent public servants to retain that status after marriage.
2066:
in 1906. Each of the three represented rural constituencies, and were defeated after a few terms. Menzies's maternal grandfather John Sampson was active in the trade union movement. He was the inaugural president of the Creswick Miners' Association, which he co-founded with future
2730:
individual religious conviction or dogma, see in their children their greatest contribution to the immortality of their race. The home is the foundation of sanity and sobriety; it is the indispensable condition of continuity; its health determines the health of society as a whole.
3011:
teaching in secondary schools. Also promised were 10 000 scholarships to help students stay at school for the last two years with a further 2 500 scholarships for technical schools. Despite the historically firm Catholic support base of the Labor Party, the Opposition under
2486:" while at the same time Germany should and would be deterred from going to war against Poland. Though Menzies felt that Poland was in the wrong in opposing the return of the Free City to Germany, he did not want to see the crisis end with Poland being subjected to Germany.
3583:
special presentation items including a walking stick, cigar boxes, silver gravy boats from the Kooyong electorate and a silver inkstand presented by Queen Elizabeth II. Robert Menzies's personal library of almost 4,000 books is held at the University of Melbourne Library.
2677:
to commission Curtin as prime minister. The Cabinet instead urged Menzies to make another overture to Labor for a national unity government, but Labor turned the offer down. With his position now untenable, Menzies resigned the prime ministership on 27 August 1941.
3252:, which would become their family home for 25 years. They had three surviving children: Kenneth (1922–1993), Robert Jr (known by his middle name, Ian; 1923–1974) and a daughter, Margery (known by her middle name, Heather; born 1928). Another child died at birth.
3107:
2604:-which came about because of Churchill's plans to send an Allied fleet up the Dardanelles-and he was highly suspicious of another of Churchill's plans for victory in the Mediterranean. On 25 February 1941, Menzies reluctantly gave his approval to send the
1840:. On his return to Australia in August 1941, Menzies found that he had lost the support of his party and consequently resigned as prime minister. He subsequently helped to create the new Liberal Party, and was elected its inaugural leader in August 1945.
3797:(KT), the order being chosen in recognition of his Scottish heritage. He is the only Australian ever appointed to this order. He was the second of only two Australian prime ministers to be knighted during their term of office (the first prime minister,
2562:
fact that the Singapore base-despite being billed as the "Gibraltar of the East" was a base, not the fortress that it was presented as; about the shoddy state of the fortifications at Singapore; and about the lack of details in Churchill's promises.
3104:
3656:. In part, the inscription reads: "The spire symbolises the rise to world recognition of a boy who was born in Jeparit and who rose by his own efforts to become Australia's Prime Minister and a statesman recognised and honoured throughout the world."
2182:
academic career. Another reason for keeping one of the elder sons home was the health of their father, James, who was physically unwell and emotionally unstable at the time. It has been noted that, as a student, Menzies supported the introduction of
2842:. At that election, the Coalition suffered a five-seat swing, winning 69 of 121 seats and 50.7 percent of the two-party vote. However, it won six seats in the Senate, giving it control of both chambers. Later in 1951 Menzies decided to hold a
3143:
non-Labor Coalition, and 38 years as an elected official. To date, Menzies is the last Australian prime minister to leave office on his or her own terms. He was succeeded as Liberal Party leader and prime minister by his former treasurer,
3126:
Menzies turned 71 in December 1965 and began telling others of his intention to retire in the new year. He informed cabinet of his decision on 19 January 1966 and resigned as leader of the Liberal Party the following day; Harold Holt was
2746:
After losing the UAP leadership, Menzies moved to the backbench. Besides his overall sense of duty, the war would have made it nearly impossible for him to return to his legal practice in any event. Labor won a crushing victory at the
2494:
to submit his resignation to the Emperor, which was accepted. The possibility that at least for the moment that Japan would stay neutral if the Danzig crisis led to war in Europe encouraged the cabinet in Canberra to stand by Britain.
2334:
peace agreement had failed, and that war was now an inevitability. In his Declaration of War broadcast on 3 September 1939, Menzies explained the dramatic turn of events over the past twelve months necessitating this change of course:
2203:. The case became a landmark authority for the positive reinterpretation of Commonwealth powers over those of the States. The High Court's verdict raised Menzies's profile as a skilled advocate, and eventually he was appointed a
2121:. Menzies was "not very interested in and certainly incompetent at sport", but excelled academically. In his third and final year at Wesley he won a £40 exhibition for university study, one of 25 awarded by the state government.
2870:, had defected, and that there was evidence of a Soviet spy ring in Australia, including members of Evatt's staff. Evatt felt compelled to state on the floor of Parliament that he'd personally written to Soviet Foreign Minister
2101:. When he was about eleven, he and his sister were sent to Ballarat to live with his paternal grandmother; his two older brothers were already living there. In 1906, Menzies began attending the Humffray Street State School in
3106:
2719:
November 1941, he began a series of weekly radio broadcasts reaching audiences across New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland. A selection of these talks was edited into a book bearing the title of his most famous address,
5707:
2050:. Seeking a new start, he moved the family to Jeparit to take over the general store, which "survived rather than prospered". During Menzies's childhood, three of his close relatives were elected to parliament. His uncle
2169:
noted Menzies as a student "did not suffer fools gladly the trouble was that his opponents frequently were not fools and that he tended to say things that were not only cutting and unkind but that were unjustified".
2759:
as his successor on the second ballot, defeating three other candidates. The UAP also voted to end the joint opposition arrangement with the Country Party, allowing Menzies to replace Fadden as opposition leader.
2600:. On 20 February 1941, Churchill asked Menzies to give his approval to send the Australian forces in North Africa to Greece. Like many other Australians of his generation, Menzies was haunted by the memory of the
2045:
township, in the year before Robert's birth. At the 1891 census, the settlement had a population of just 55 people. His elder siblings had been born in Ballarat, where his father was a locomotive painter at the
2784:. It won 26 of 74 seats on 45.9 percent of the two-party vote and remained in minority in the Senate. Despite winning a seven-seat swing, the Coalition failed to make a serious dent in Labor's large majority.
1105:
2668:
With Labor unwilling to support him travelling to London and his position within his own party room weakening, Menzies called an emergency cabinet meeting. He announced his intention to resign and advise the
9464:
1885:
1851:
to victory and returned as prime minister. His appeal to the home and family, promoted via reassuring radio talks, matched the national zeitgeist as the economy grew and middle-class values prevailed; the
6771:
2962:
In 1951, the top marginal tax rate for incomes above £10,000 (equivalent to $ 487,272.73 in 2022 ) was 75 per cent under Menzies; from 1955 until the mid-1980s, the top marginal tax rate was 67 per cent.
2449:
Country Party leader a few months later, Menzies took the Country Party back into his government in a full-fledged Coalition, with Page's successor, Archie Cameron, as number-two-man in the government.
3147:. He left office at the age of 71 years, 1 month and 6 days, making him the oldest person ever to be prime minister. Although the coalition remained in power for almost another seven years (until the
10830:
5516:
3003:
introduced a uniform divorce law across Australia, provided funding for marriage counselling services and made allowances for a specified period of separation as sufficient grounds for a divorce.
2482:
to handle the Danzig crisis. Menzies believed that the crisis should and would be resolved by a Munich-type deal under which the Free City of Danzig would be peacefully allowed to "go home to the
2545:, refused Menzies's offer to form a war coalition, and opposed using the Australian army for a European war, preferring to keep it at home to defend Australia. Labor agreed to participate in the
4194:
On a Wreath Argent and Gules, a demi-Lion Gules, its dexter paw upon a Baton Sable, about its head a chaplet of Menzies heath proper, issuant therefrom a panache of five Plumes Gules and Argent.
10825:
8883:
2311:, a Czech Jewish communist. The initial prohibition on Kisch's entry to Australia, however, had not been imposed by Menzies but by the Country Party minister for the interior, Thomas Paterson.
10835:
2097:
Growing up, Menzies and his siblings "had the normal enjoyments and camaraderies of a small country town". He began his formal education in 1899 at the Jeparit State School, a single-teacher
7944:
4206:
Per chevron Argent and Azure, in base the constellation of the Southern Cross of the first, on a Chief indented Gules a seven-point Star between two Boars' heads couped Or, armed the first.
3345:: "I was distressed to hear of the death of Sir Robert Menzies. He was a distinguished Australian whose contribution to his country and the Commonwealth will long be remembered", and from
10930:
7996:
5961:
2690:
lasted only 40 days before being defeated on a confidence motion. On 9 October 1941, Menzies resigned as leader of the UAP after failing to convince his colleagues that he should become
2248:. In 1929, he founded the Young Nationalists as his party's youth wing and was its first president. Holding the portfolios of Attorney-General and Minister for the Railways, Menzies was
1104:
9858:
8476:
8198:
7908:
4386:
3048:
announced that "distinguished and highly qualified Asians" might immigrate. Restrictions continued to be relaxed through the 1960s in the lead-up to the Holt government's watershed
3105:
9810:
3267:, on 12 October 1923 and 3 August 1928, respectively. Ian was afflicted with an undisclosed illness for most of his life. He never married, nor had children, and died in 1974 in
2478:
strategy as planned was widely feared in Canberra to be a strong encouragement for Japan to strike south against Australia. However, Menzies had a strong faith in the ability of
10016:
2612:, an Australian historian, has posited that Menzies might have replaced Churchill as British prime minister, and that he had some support in the UK for this. Support came from
4381:
2338:
In those past 12 months, what has happened? in cold-blooded breach of the solemn obligations implied in both the statements I have quoted, Hitler has annexed the whole of the
2755:
as well as a Senate majority. The Coalition, which had sunk into near-paralysis in opposition, was knocked down to only 19 seats. Hughes resigned as UAP leader, and Menzies
7936:
3410:
The service was and is to this day one of the largest state funerals ever held in Australia, with over 100,000 people lining the streets of Melbourne from Scots' Church to
11000:
3547:) a prisoner," he once remarked to me. So he was generous. He was a good family man, a regular churchgoer. Yet he enjoyed a party, good food and drink, loved to watch the
2200:
1106:
10995:
10850:
10820:
6985:
9815:
2874:, who assured him there were no Soviet spy rings in Australia, bringing the House into silence momentarily before both sides of Parliament laughed at Evatt's naivety.
1881:
2624:, who were trenchant critics of Churchill's purportedly autocratic style, and favoured replacing him with Menzies, who had some public support for staying on in the
2592:
From 24 January 1941, Menzies spent four months in Britain discussing war strategy with Churchill and other Empire leaders, while his position at home deteriorated.
2186:, which if implemented would have made him one of the first to be conscripted. Promoted to lieutenant, he resigned his commission with effect from 16 February 1921.
1238:
6014:
6554:
5175:
10333:
9851:
7880:
5719:
8662:
5741:
11015:
10940:
10935:
10890:
6365:
6141:
4347:
3259:
on 14 January 1922. He married Marjorie Cook on 16 September 1949, and had six children: Alec, Lindsay, Robert III, Diana, Donald, and Geoffrey. He died in
8914:
8632:
3167:, for which he supported its establishment in 1954, made him a fellow (FAAS) in 1958. On 7 October 1965, Menzies was installed as the ceremonial office of
1889:
6082:
5513:
10950:
10009:
9825:
9795:
9775:
9755:
9740:
9725:
9720:
3202:
3128:
3007:
1877:
6494:
5962:
https://www.theaustralian.com.au/commentary/opinion/hit-the-very-wealthy-with-more-tax-as-robert-menzies-did/news-story/8953321ef14d6074db39803d3a722776
5002:
4839:
10980:
9844:
7969:
6588:
5656:
5626:
2318:
was a "real German patriot" or a "mad swash-buckler". He condemned Nazi antisemitism, in 1933 writing to the organisers of an anti-Nazi protest at the
1761:
60:
7023:
10910:
10815:
10085:
9820:
9514:
1833:
10311:
6732:
5600:
2987:. In 1961 a Parliamentary Committee was established to investigate and report to the Parliament on Aboriginal voting rights, and in 1962, Menzies's
2644:
support Day, as does Menzies's daughter, Heather Henderson, who claimed Lady Astor "even offered all her sapphires if he would stay on in England".
10965:
10895:
9805:
9800:
9790:
9785:
9780:
9770:
9765:
9760:
9750:
9745:
9735:
9730:
7941:
5856:
4769:
2304:
1454:
1251:
2469:) rejoin Germany. Though Hitler had only asked for extraterritorial highways across the Polish Corridor to link East Prussia with the rest of the
2441:
With Lyons's sudden death on 7 April 1939, Page became caretaker prime minister until the UAP could elect a new leader. On 18 April 1939, Menzies
9469:
9459:
6246:
2756:
2695:
2442:
1825:
1215:
1210:
7993:
3592:
To the people of Britain at war from the Prime Minister of Australia. Speeches delivered in Great Britain in 1941. (Longmans Green and Co, 1941)
11030:
11020:
10985:
10810:
10002:
7655:
3683:
conferred the degree of Doctor of Laws (honoris causa) on Menzies. Similarly, he was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws by the Universities of
2843:
1276:
3564:'s protection of her husband's reputation and her refusal to co-operate with the appointed biographer. In 1991, the Menzies family appointed
11035:
6654:
4360:
2367:
7916:
7010:
6969:
6858:
5903:
5885:
1291:
11045:
10990:
10805:
9484:
8368:
4292:. The escutcheon is repeated in the banner held by the Kangaroo supporter, which represents Menzies' Thistle Banner which was displayed in
2533:, with the Coalition two seats short of a majority. Menzies managed to form a minority government with the support of two independent MPs,
2303:. In late 1934 and early 1935 Menzies, then attorney-general, unsuccessfully prosecuted the government's highly controversial case for the
301:
10875:
10326:
9636:
9147:
3272:
3156:
1769:
1007:
68:
6690:
3538:, and who later served under Menzies as a Liberal Party member of parliament himself in Canberra in the 1950s, offered this assessment:
10900:
10840:
9575:
8655:
4489:
3419:
2674:
244:
6064:
3524:" – to which Menzies coolly replied, "If I were the Archangel Gabriel, I'm afraid you wouldn't be in my constituency."
11025:
10925:
9626:
6891:
6276:
5279:
3842:(AK). The category of Knight of the order had been created only on 24 May, and the Chancellor and Principal Knight of the Order, the
3502:
3292:
2831:
1921:, and a younger brother. Menzies was the first Australian prime minister to have two Australian-born parents: his father was born in
1690:
1271:
158:
7503:
Bell, Christopher (2014). "Winston Churchill, Pacific Security, and the Limits of British Power, 1921-1941". In Maurer, John (ed.).
5153:
2851:, campaigned against the referendum on civil liberties grounds, and it was narrowly defeated. Menzies sent Australian troops to the
10845:
9867:
8907:
8449:
7444:
3498:
3160:
2899:
2890:. The new party directed its preferences to the Liberals, with the Menzies government re-elected with an increased majority at the
2538:
2272:(UAP), which was the result of a merger during his tenure as a state parliamentarian of the Nationalists, Labor dissidents and the
1865:
675:
382:
153:
10920:
11040:
10975:
10960:
10800:
8422:
8083:
5252:
4077:
2887:
2867:
2183:
770:
6440:
2959:
productive capacity, boosting export markets, research and undertaking public works to provide power, water and communications.
10955:
10319:
9621:
6836:
1695:
10915:
6989:
6528:
10790:
10105:
10078:
8648:
8032:
7824:
7631:
7551:
6799:"Inkstand presented to Sir Robert Menzies in Commemoration of the Commonwealth Royal Tour 1954, National Museum of Australia"
6466:
6195:
5840:
5052:
4676:
4444:
3617:
Central Power in the Australian Commonwealth: An Examination of the Growth of Commonwealth Power in the Australian Federation
3151:), it did so under four different prime ministers, in part due to his successor's death, only 22 months after taking office.
2150:
1914:
1684:
1601:
5767:
10945:
10880:
10140:
9539:
8675:
8014:
5314:
3669:
for "exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services 1941–1944 and December 1949 – July 1950".
3397:
3116:
2691:
1945:, Scotland, and arrived in Melbourne in 1854. The following year he married Elizabeth Band, the daughter of a cobbler from
1790:
1580:
1447:
963:
7956:
2355:
promoting him as Lyons's natural successor; his critics accused Menzies of wanting to push Lyons out, a charge he denied.
10865:
9704:
9494:
9479:
8900:
8310:
7318:
6018:
4066:
3866:
3233:
3112:
2300:
2063:
1524:
574:
4840:"Before office - Robert Menzies (26 April 1939 – 29 August 1941; 19 December 1949 – 26 January 1966) and Pattie Menzies"
10860:
9257:
9191:
9097:
6561:
5998:
4663:
4566:
4044:
3982:
2413:
1753:
1259:
1231:
1084:
173:
52:
17:
7892:
10885:
10855:
10341:
9489:
9454:
7806:
7788:
7769:
7754:
7719:
7674:
7607:
7586:
7565:
7530:
7512:
7359:
6758:
6674:
6305:
5811:
5691:
5534:
4932:
4611:
3963:
3673:
3365:
3318:
2022:
1982:
1817:
6733:"In office – Robert Menzies (26 April 1939 – 29 August 1941; 19 December 1949 – 26 January 1966) and Pattie Menzies"
5745:
5109:
Christopher Waters, "Understanding and Misunderstanding Nazi Germany: Four Australian visitors to Germany in 1938,"
11010:
10795:
10071:
9559:
9449:
8600:
8341:
8263:
8073:
4416:
4285:
4019:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3467:
3148:
2895:
2891:
2859:
2839:
2781:
2748:
2546:
2526:
2265:
2245:
1861:
1844:
1757:
1471:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
735:
56:
5068:
2574:
10905:
10870:
9674:
9631:
9504:
9117:
8590:
7977:
7840:
7477:
6945:
4421:
4055:
3858:
3805:
3494:
3168:
2314:
Menzies had extended discussions with British experts on Germany in 1935, but could not make up his mind whether
1607:
1440:
1412:
1382:
31:
6086:
4454:
3568:
to write a biography, which appeared in two volumes, in 1993 and 1999. In 2019, Troy Bramston, a journalist for
3426:. Sir Robert and Dame Pattie Menzies's ashes are interred in the 'Prime Ministers Garden' within the grounds of
11005:
10970:
9544:
9499:
9474:
8317:
8057:
7888:
7696:
5630:
5087:
4668:
4570:
3788:
3696:
3245:
3241:
3179:
during his annual visits to Britain. At the end of 1966 Menzies took up a scholar-in-residence position at the
2383:
2241:
2237:
2055:
1661:
729:
10673:
7473:
6100:
3337:
on 15 May 1978. Tributes from across the world were sent to the Menzies family. Notably among those were from
10349:
9684:
9529:
8615:
8217:
8171:
8023:
7873:
6707:
6491:
5006:
4843:
3843:
3809:
3535:
3490:
3411:
3389:
3164:
2670:
2292:
2229:
2174:
1876:, emphasis on higher education, and national security policies, which saw Australia contribute troops to the
1813:
1286:
1097:
913:
778:
9694:
7966:
6585:
5660:
5634:
3055:
This was despite a discussion with radio 2UE's Stewart Lamb in 1955, in which Menzies was a defender of the
2529:
and suffered an eight-seat swing, losing the slender majority he had inherited from Lyons. The result was a
9181:
8166:
7912:
7332:
7027:
4321:
3847:
3579:
2866:
of political opponents. Shortly before the election, Menzies announced that a Soviet diplomat in Australia
1631:
6866:
6225:
3560:
Planning for an official biography of Menzies began soon after his death, but it was long delayed by Dame
2133:. He won a variety of prizes, exhibitions, and scholarships during his time as a student, graduating as a
9231:
8671:
8395:
8236:
8010:
7011:
http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/permanent-place-for-menzies-in-nations-heart-20120323-1vpob.html
6736:
5604:
3704:
3463:
3369:
3361:
3350:
2738:
collection as 'a summarised political philosophy'. Representing the blueprint of his liberal philosophy,
2106:
1778:
1773:
1035:
98:
72:
5860:
5566:
Australian Broadcasting Corporation documentary "Menzies and Churchill at War" (2008) by Film Australia.
10175:
10130:
9595:
9201:
9162:
8923:
8558:
8442:
8283:
8139:
4483:
4342:
3910:
3506:
3427:
3323:
3237:
2991:
provided that all Indigenous Australians should have the right to enrol and vote at federal elections.
2770:
2578:
2569:
Australian Prime Minister, Robert Menzies, with his British counterpart, Winston Churchill, London 1941
2284:
2249:
1805:
1786:
1575:
901:
888:
623:
163:
7859:
6387:
6343:
6321:
6254:
4658:
3353:: "All Australians will mourn his passing. Sir Robert leaves an enduring mark on Australian history."
9641:
6513:
6409:
5907:
5889:
4477:
4273:
3716:
3552:
3299:
3139:
on 25 January, before returning to Canberra where Menzies formally concluded his term on 26 January.
2586:
2118:
1789:, which he was responsible for establishing and defining in policy and political outreach. He is the
1679:
1050:
4073:
10738:
10728:
10543:
9689:
9433:
9423:
9328:
6413:
6344:"Henderson, Margery Heather - Biographical entry - The Robert Menzies Collection: A Living Library"
4297:
4225:
3756:
3748:
3740:
3574:
and a political historian, wrote the first biography of Menzies since Martin's two volumes, titled
3471:
3470:. However, it can also be noted that while retaining government on each occasion, Menzies lost the
3206:
3022:
2752:
2605:
2379:
1873:
1334:
1140:
7987:
3193:
that Menzies was "splendid and sharp right up until the end" also that "each morning he underwent
2817:
After his election victory, Menzies returned to the office of prime minister on 19 December 1949.
10775:
10733:
10723:
10708:
10653:
10598:
10548:
10528:
10523:
10488:
9605:
9554:
9549:
9428:
9418:
9333:
9313:
8622:
8469:
8091:
6966:
6895:
5715:
4449:
4001:
3877:
3816:
3744:
3692:
3433:
Some of Menzies's detractors also commemorated his passing in 1978, with a screenprinted poster,
2835:
2557:
Menzies sent the bulk of the army to help the British in the Middle East and Singapore, and told
2522:
2141:(LL.M.) in 1918. He did, however, fail Latin in his first year. One of his prize-winning essays,
1942:
1797:
1656:
1479:
1429:
1339:
1319:
1309:
1054:
7760:
Murfett, Malcolm (2010). "An Enduring Theme: "The Singapore Strategy"". In Brian Farrell (ed.).
6388:"Menzies, Kenneth Leckie - Biographical entry - The Robert Menzies Collection: A Living Library"
4944:
4882:
3804:
On 29 April 1964, Menzies was awarded the honorary degree of a Doctor of Letters (DLitt) by the
3075:(Menzies) "Well if I were not described as a racist I'd be the only public man who hasn't been."
2648:
failure of the Allied expedition to Greece, in which Australian troops played a prominent role.
1949:. Menzies was proud of his Scottish heritage, and preferred his surname to be pronounced in the
1777:(20 December 1894 – 15 May 1978) was an Australian politician and lawyer who served as the 12th
10703:
10693:
10663:
10648:
10623:
10613:
10603:
10593:
10583:
10558:
10553:
10538:
10533:
10518:
10508:
10493:
10483:
10428:
10418:
10398:
10383:
10094:
10026:
9699:
9408:
9398:
9388:
9378:
9363:
9343:
9338:
9323:
9318:
8537:
8510:
8290:
7505:
Churchill and the Strategic Dilemmas Before the World Wars Essays in Honor of Michael I. Handel
6776:
4293:
4179:
4040:
3736:
3720:
3517:
3303:
3295:
from 1979 to 1984), on 1 May 1955. A daughter, Roberta, named after Menzies, was born in 1956.
3288:
3180:
3066:(Lamb) "For these years of course in the past Sir Robert you have been described as a racist."
3056:
2980:
2597:
2269:
2068:
1853:
1837:
1829:
1782:
1349:
1344:
1329:
1324:
1314:
1304:
1204:
907:
522:
445:
7783:. Australian Biographical Monographs. Vol. 3. Redland Bay, Qld: Connor Court Publishing.
6798:
5042:
4603:
2445:
party leader over three other candidates. He was sworn in as prime minister eight days later.
10688:
10658:
10643:
10633:
10618:
10608:
10578:
10503:
10473:
10463:
10443:
10433:
10423:
10413:
10408:
10393:
10388:
10368:
9580:
9534:
9403:
9393:
9383:
9373:
9358:
4967:
3819:, Grand Cordon, First Class (other Australian prime ministers to be awarded this honour were
3688:
3684:
3329:
Menzies died from a heart attack while reading in his study at his Haverbrack Avenue home in
2650:
2609:
2199:. In 1920, Menzies was an advocate for the Amalgamated Society of Engineers which eventually
2157:. He wrote both prose and poetry for the magazine, and also contributed a song about "little
2102:
2035:
1848:
1707:
1570:
9836:
6921:
6322:"Menzies, Robert Ian - Biographical entry - The Robert Menzies Collection: A Living Library"
5176:"If you oppose Reclaim Australia, remember fascism wasn't always a freakshow | Jeff Sparrow"
3940:
2725:, delivered on 22 May 1942. In this landmark address, Menzies appealed to his support base:
2326:
In August 1938, while Attorney-General, Menzies spent several weeks on an official visit to
10785:
10780:
10713:
10638:
10628:
10568:
10468:
10458:
10448:
10438:
9679:
9353:
6862:
6284:
6068:
4239:
3794:
3680:
3596:
3451:
3302:, Menzies as prime minister engaged in an affair with Betty Fairfax, the first wife of Sir
2883:
2858:
Economic conditions deteriorated in the early 1950s and Labor was confident of winning the
2721:
2462:
2359:
2130:
1619:
1565:
1421:
1243:
1199:
1013:
877:
43:
6899:
6115:
5937:
5291:
2491:
8:
10698:
10563:
9664:
9348:
9297:
9292:
8191:
8149:
8107:
8100:
8039:
5832:
4470:
4329:
3896:
3880:
was created as an independent public policy think tank associated with the Liberal Party.
3870:
3862:
3732:
3708:
3229:
3197:
and being helped to face the day." In March 1977, Menzies accepted his knighthood of the
2596:
to the UK he took the opportunity to stop over to visit Australian troops serving in the
2514:
2479:
2418:
2408:
2319:
2280:
2261:
2233:
1930:
1637:
1189:
782:
603:
580:
553:
9994:
7817:
Swastika over the Acropolis: Re-interpreting the Nazi Invasion of Greece in World War II
7452:
3712:
3094:
the great bulk of the federal public service moved from the state capitals to Canberra.
9585:
9272:
9206:
7708:
7685:
7649:
7410:
7246:
6926:
5973:
5491:
5136:
4397:
4368:
4062:
3958:
3839:
3728:
3342:
3284:
3256:
3198:
2871:
2827:
2621:
2601:
2474:
2031:
1926:
1918:
1809:
1765:
1625:
1539:
1514:
853:
143:
64:
8640:
7544:
The Forgotten Menzies: The world picture of Australia's longest-serving prime minister
4596:
3516:
Several books have been filled with anecdotes about Menzies. While he was speaking in
10755:
10743:
10135:
9524:
9287:
9282:
9277:
9267:
8583:
7820:
7802:
7784:
7765:
7750:
7715:
7692:
7670:
7637:
7627:
7603:
7582:
7561:
7547:
7526:
7508:
7365:
7355:
6754:
6670:
6191:
5994:
5836:
5807:
5687:
5530:
5048:
4928:
4690:
4682:
4672:
4607:
4281:
4269:
3926:
3922:
3916:
3763:
3700:
3653:
3423:
3400:
3330:
3260:
2687:
2558:
2204:
1906:
1727:
873:
7982:
7433:"Sir Robert's coat of arms". The Sydney Morning Herald. 17 December 1965. p. 1.
6832:
4167:
3906:
In 2012, a life-sized bronze statue of Menzies was erected on the R.G. Menzies Walk.
3513:
becoming the norm by the mid-1960s, together with three weeks of paid annual leave.
10588:
10453:
9970:
9957:
9940:
9669:
9590:
9368:
9033:
9020:
9003:
8867:
8857:
8459:
8066:
7742:
7013:| Permanent Place for Menzies in nations heart, Canberra Times – Retrieved 20160308
6819:
6660:
5132:
4316:
4289:
3752:
3509:). Only two other prime ministers have ever chosen more than one governor-general.
3438:
3307:
3248:
in 1913. Soon after their marriage, the Menzies bought the house in Howard Street,
2633:
2617:
2296:
2273:
2134:
2110:
1993:
1956:
1739:
1613:
1534:
805:
758:
148:
6306:
http://menziesvirtualmuseum.org.au/the-1970s/menzies-reflects-australia-matures%7C
2093:
detailing Menzies's feat of topping the state school examinations at the age of 13
1836:
in September 1939, and spent four months in England to participate in meetings of
10718:
10573:
10498:
10373:
10363:
10295:
10205:
9902:
9413:
9262:
9157:
9132:
9072:
8965:
8807:
8256:
8006:
8000:
7973:
7960:
7948:
7854:
7812:
7749:, New Holland Publishers, pp. 174–205 (very good summary of his life and career)
6973:
6592:
6498:
5988:
5801:
5775:
5520:
5315:"Against Fascism and War: Pig Iron Bob and the Dalfram Dispute, Port Kembla 1938"
3977:
3945:
3774:
3666:
3662:
3381:
3135:
on 21 January. Menzies and Holt were pallbearers at Paltridge's state funeral in
3132:
2582:
2530:
2375:
2098:
2089:
2047:
1001:
6942:"Speech by Sir Robert Menzies in Winthrop Hall, University of Western Australia"
6619:
The poster is part of the Di Holloway collection at the Sydney Powerhouse Museum
6595:| NAA – Former Prime Ministers, Menzies after office – Retrieved 6 February 2016
5227:
3996:
2847:
Party. Chifley died a few months after the 1951 election. The new Labor leader,
2465:
was too harsh towards Germany, supported having the Free City of Danzig (modern
10513:
10290:
10270:
9977:
9952:
9930:
9920:
9914:
9226:
9173:
9122:
9102:
9040:
9015:
8993:
8983:
8977:
8862:
8817:
8351:
8132:
8117:
7953:
5657:"Before office – Arthur Fadden – Australia's PMs – Australia's Prime Ministers"
5525:
4277:
3969:
3828:
3780:
3570:
3561:
3489:
He was the only Australian prime minister to recommend the appointment of four
3368:
represented the Queen. Other dignitaries to attend included current and former
3346:
3280:
3268:
3222:
3210:
3189:
3012:
2996:
2629:
2613:
2339:
2146:
2138:
2072:
2059:
1950:
989:
929:
857:
696:
644:
615:
262:
7560:, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, Victoria, Ch. 7 'Robert Menzies'.
7405:
7292:
7192:
7141:
7051:
Neck Decoration for the Order of the Companion of Honour to Sir Robert Menzies
5806:. Melbourne: The Liberal Party of Australia (Victorian Division). p. 12.
3869:
in honour of the former prime minister. The division neighbours Menzies's old
2632:, former WWI Colonel and member of both the WWI and WWII War Cabinets. Writer
2260:
In August 1934, Menzies resigned from state parliament to contest the federal
10769:
10478:
10403:
10378:
10240:
10220:
10215:
10190:
10185:
10165:
10150:
10125:
9908:
9221:
9087:
9082:
9062:
8971:
8892:
8842:
8812:
8767:
8747:
8742:
8732:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8692:
8687:
8432:
8361:
8327:
8300:
8246:
8181:
8159:
8049:
7641:
6941:
5082:
4686:
4464:
3950:
3892:
3884:
3832:
3820:
3798:
3784:
3531:
3415:
3404:
3357:
3264:
3249:
3226:
3194:
3176:
3120:
3016:
2910:
2792:
Over the next few years, however, the anti-communist atmosphere of the early
2682:
2656:
2641:
2458:
2288:
2178:
1781:
from 1939 to 1941 and from 1949 to 1966. He held office as the leader of the
1702:
1544:
1509:
1281:
1113:
983:
817:
720:
708:
668:
406:
362:
350:
294:
267:
181:
7241:
5483:
4962:
4694:
4268:
to represent Menzies' middle name, while the gold seven-pointed star is the
2565:
1489:
10300:
10265:
10260:
10250:
10170:
10160:
10120:
10115:
10110:
10047:
10037:
9983:
9236:
9127:
9046:
8827:
8752:
8737:
8697:
8530:
8520:
8503:
8208:
7680:
7662:
7319:"All the people who have the Freedom of Swansea and what it actually means"
7120:
Breast badge for the Knight of the Order of Australia to Sir Robert Menzies
6665:
4334:
4257:
4051:
3565:
3548:
3393:
3338:
3172:
3045:
2699:
2637:
2534:
2327:
2315:
2158:
2051:
1905:
Robert Gordon Menzies was born on 20 December 1894 at his parents' home in
1821:
995:
565:
515:
503:
468:
127:
10063:
7621:
7383:
7369:
7269:
7218:
7169:
7118:
7095:
7072:
7049:
6492:
https://www.menziesrc.org/sir-robert-menzies/history-of-sir-robert-menzies
2809:
2034:" after the comic strip character. His middle name was given in honour of
10280:
10245:
10235:
10225:
10200:
10195:
10145:
9963:
9946:
9935:
9925:
9895:
9888:
9647:
9216:
9211:
9196:
9186:
9112:
9107:
9092:
9077:
9067:
9026:
9009:
8998:
8988:
8958:
8951:
8852:
8832:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8727:
8702:
8568:
8488:
8405:
8388:
8378:
8273:
7617:
6586:
http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/menzies/after-office.aspx
5509:
5091:. Vol. 17, no. 891. Western Australia. 15 July 1939. p. 17
4821:
4392:
4373:
4265:
3824:
3385:
3377:
3373:
3144:
2952:
2935:
2863:
2848:
2797:
2774:
2625:
2542:
2518:
2509:
2173:
During World War I, Menzies served his compulsory militia service in the
2166:
2083:
1785:(UAP) in his first term, and subsequently as the inaugural leader of the
438:
411:
374:
337:
332:
327:
213:
201:
186:
82:
6316:
6314:
3648:
3015:
opposed state aid before eventually supporting it with the ascension of
10285:
10275:
10255:
10230:
10155:
9241:
9137:
8847:
8837:
8757:
8415:
8229:
7931:
6691:"House of Representatives – Two party preferred results 1949 – present"
4434:
4409:
4014:
3527:
3520:, in 1954, a heckler shouted, "I wouldn't vote for you if you were the
2852:
2433:
2308:
2220:
2196:
2030:). This gave rise to his nickname "Ming", which was later expanded to "
1529:
1045:
282:
257:
7869:
7414:. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 17 December 1965. p. 3
2382:. In 1939, he resigned from the Cabinet in protest at postponement of
9600:
8822:
6311:
4355:
4149:
4140:
4117:
4025:
3808:. Menzies was also awarded with an Honorary Doctor of Science by the
3770:
3724:
3334:
3183:. He presented a series of lectures, published the following year as
3027:
2407:
It has been suggested that detail about general government policy be
2149:, the law school dean. In 1916, Menzies was elected president of the
2114:
1801:
1722:
1504:
234:
122:
7074:
Japanese Order of the Rising Sun, First Class, to Sir Robert Menzies
5123:
Andrews, E. M. (1967). "The Australian Government and Appeasement".
2918:
2466:
1929:. His grandparents on both sides had been drawn to Australia by the
10210:
6190:. Allen & Unwin / National Archives of Australia. p. 137.
4971:. No. 25, 739. Victoria, Australia. 8 February 1929. p. 7
4247:
4108:
3988:
3900:
3544:
3276:
3175:
as appointed by the Queen, which included an official residence at
2984:
2947:
2930:
2878:
2793:
2371:
1941:. His paternal grandfather, also named Robert Menzies, was born in
1938:
1934:
1922:
1869:
1857:
6622:
5923:
Liberalism and the Australian Federation Edited by John Nethercote
5547:
5545:
5543:
5514:
Air Disaster Canberra: the plane crash that destroyed a government
5280:"The 1938 Dalfram Pig-iron Dispute and Wharfies Leader, Ted Roach"
5154:"Nazism in Australia has a long history. Here's the short version"
3131:. Holt's swearing-in was delayed by the death of Defence Minister
2075:, and was later prominent in the Amalgamated Miners' Association.
1178:
10831:
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
8933:
7250:. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 2 June 1953. p. 5
7146:
6418:
4983:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4792:
4790:
4395:
has caricatured Menzies on stage and in the comedy satire series
4124:
4101:
3521:
2042:
1030:
849:
5936:
contact=Media Office, Information Department (30 October 2015).
3414:, where a private service was held for the Menzies family and a
2971:
2780:
The reconfigured Coalition faced its first national test in the
2681:
A joint UAP-Country Party conference chose Country Party leader
7600:
Diggers and Greeks The Australian Campaigns in Greece and Crete
5768:"The Forgotten People – Speech by Robert Menzies (22 May 1942)"
5540:
5415:
4893:
4625:
4623:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4465:
Sir Robert Menzies Building (Monash University, Clayton Campus)
4133:
3388:
and Gough Whitlam, did not attend the funeral), as well as the
3205:) from Queen Elizabeth in a wheelchair in the Long Room of the
2525:
created a couple of months earlier, led the Coalition into the
2343:
2283:, had given up the seat in order to prepare for appointment as
1067:
10826:
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Kooyong
7271:
Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal 1953 to Sir Robert Menzies
5831:. New Approaches to International History series. London, UK:
5202:
Robert Menzies, Declaration of War, broadcast 3 September 1939
4905:
4858:
4802:
4787:
4770:"The Robert Menzies Collection at the University of Melbourne"
4767:
4749:
4737:
4725:
4713:
4445:
R. G. Menzies Building, Australian National University Library
2898:, again with the help of preferences from what had become the
2058:
in 1902, followed by his father in 1911, while another uncle,
10836:
United Australia Party members of the Parliament of Australia
9866:
7623:
The Menzies era : the years that shaped modern Australia
6223:
5496:
4701:
4439:
4261:
4092:
4006:
3136:
2228:
In 1928, Menzies entered state parliament as a member of the
2162:
1266:
4620:
4546:
4534:
4515:
4503:
4459:
2573:
Just before the September 1940 election, on 13 August 1940,
10931:
Australian Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour
7729:— (May 1996). "Mr Menzies's anticommunism". History.
6892:"University Secretary's Department – Former Office-Bearers"
6441:"Menzies, Fairfax and that affair: Mungo MacCallum replies"
5044:
Nazi Dreamtime: Australian Enthusiasts for Hitler's Germany
3876:
In 1994, the year of the centenary of Menzies's birth, the
3163:(Hon. FRACP), elected him to Honorary Fellowships, and the
2830:
election, but Labor let the bill pass. It was subsequently
2011:
2002:
1968:
1946:
2195:
leading Victorian jurist and future High Court judge, Sir
10024:
6033:
5921:
Starr, Graeme (2001). "Menzies and Post-War Prosperity".
5405:
5403:
5401:
5388:
5386:
5384:
5382:
5380:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5069:"Let's stop this distortion of Australian Jewish history"
3861:
proclaimed at a redistribution on 14 September 1984, the
2769:
nucleus, decided to merge as one new non-Labor party—the
1971:
1965:
6169:
6167:
6083:"Fact Sheet – Abolition of the "White Australia" Policy"
6065:"Fact Sheet – Abolition of the "White Australia" Policy"
5742:"After office – William Morris Hughes – Australia's PMs"
4667:. Vol. 15. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
2521:. Menzies, then also holding the responsibility for the
8670:
7669:, (Melbourne: Oxford University Press) Chs. 13 and 18.
7667:
Mr Prime Minister. Australian Prime Ministers 1901–1972
6606:
6467:"Rumours of Menzies's philandering greatly exaggerated"
6142:"The way we were: quiet, maybe, but certainly not dull"
6015:"Australia's Prime Ministers, Robert Menzies, Timeline"
4002:
Grand Cordon First Class of the Order of the Rising Sun
3530:, who first knew him as a family friend of his father,
3263:
on 8 September 1993. Ian and Heather were both born in
3232:
in Melbourne. Pattie Leckie was the eldest daughter of
2975:
Menzies in 1963, towards the end of his reign in office
2291:, and Menzies won easily. He was immediately appointed
7741:
Martin, Allan (2000), "Sir Robert Gordon Menzies", in
7097:
Knight of the Order of Australia to Sir Robert Menzies
6753:, Brisbane, University of Queensland Press, pp.226-7.
6634:
5398:
5377:
5353:
5332:
5228:"AM Archive – Letter revealed Menzies' view of Hitler"
4567:"Tosspot to Bodgie: Seven Prime Ministerial nicknames"
3854:. Menzies's was the first appointment made after this.
3418:
was fired at the end of the ceremony. In July 1978, a
2145:, was published as a brochure with an introduction by
7876:, approximately 82.30 m. (588 boxes) + 99 fol. boxes.
7799:
The Liberal Party of Australia. A Documentary History
7539:, Macmillan, (a sharply critical psychological study)
7474:
Origins of Current Divisions Name – Current Divisions
7220:
George VI Coronation Medal 1937 to Sir Robert Menzies
6529:"Prince here tomorrow – Rush trip to Menzies funeral"
6501:| Menzies Research Centre – Retrieved 6 February 2016
6281:
University Secretary's Department University Calendar
6164:
6152:
6045:
5578:
5576:
5574:
5572:
5466:
5464:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5370:
5368:
4826:
Sir Robert Menzies, 1894–1978: A New, Informal Memoir
4414:
In 2016, Menzies was portrayed by Alan Dearth in the
2023:
2014:
2008:
2005:
1983:
1974:
5935:
5537:, Retrieved 17 April 2013 via boffinsbookshop.com.au
3891:
was officially opened by the then Governor-General,
2838:. But when the Senate rejected his banking bill, he
1832:(UAP) and sworn in as prime minister. He authorised
11001:
Fellows of the Australian Academy of the Humanities
7581:, George Allen and Unwin, Sydney, New South Wales.
7299:. No. P7. Australia. 1 August 1977. p. 11
6511:Bowers, Peter (16 May 1978). "Menzies dies at 83".
6308:
Menzies Research Center – Retrieved 7 February 2016
5829:
The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History
5803:
The Forgotten People and Other Studies in Democracy
5313:Donaldson, Mike; Southall, Nick (31 October 2022).
2922:
Menzies hosting a royal visit of Queen Elizabeth II
2628:for the duration, which was strongly backed by Sir
1999:
1996:
1962:
1959:
1909:. He was the fourth of five children born to Kate (
10996:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
10821:Members of the Australian House of Representatives
7707:
7684:
6555:"Guide to archives of Australia's prime ministers"
5886:"Josh Frydenberg, 2014 Sir Robert Menzies Lecture"
5880:
5878:
5569:
5476:
5453:
5365:
4595:
3287:at the time of their marriage, and serving as the
2979:In 1949, Parliament legislated to ensure that all
2287:. Kooyong was a safely conservative seat based on
1824:. In April 1939, following Lyons's death, Menzies
27:Prime Minister of Australia (1939–1941; 1949–1966)
8477:Minister in charge of the Commonwealth Scientific
7942:The Menzies Centre for Australian Studies, London
7498:. Canberra: Australian National University Press.
7171:George V Jubilee Medal 1935 to Sir Robert Menzies
6253:. Australian Government Solicitor. Archived from
6101:"What Menzies really thought of the Commonwealth"
5904:"Josh Frydenberg 2014 Sir Robert Menzies Lecture"
5562:
5560:
5374:Murfett, Malacom "An Enduring Theme" (2010) p. 18
5312:
4308:
3838:On 7 June 1976, he was appointed a Knight of the
3605:Speech is of Time: Selected Speeches and Writings
2894:. Menzies was re-elected almost as easily at the
2820:
2763:
2636:has rejected this theory, but history professors
2041:The Menzies family had moved to Jeparit, a small
10767:
7811:
7762:A Great Betrayal?The Fall of Singapore Revisited
7705:
7679:
7507:. London: Taylor & Francis. pp. 51–87.
6628:
6366:"Argus (Melbourne, VIC) - Australian Newspapers"
5551:
5503:
5421:
5003:"Australia's PMs, Robert Menzies, Before Office"
4989:
4911:
4899:
4869:
4808:
4796:
4755:
4743:
4731:
4719:
4707:
4629:
4552:
4540:
4528:
4509:
3895:. The walk runs alongside the northern shore of
3611:Afternoon Light: Some Memories of Men and Events
2751:, taking 49 of 74 seats and 58.2 percent of the
2366:, the result of an industrial conflict with the
7983:The Robert Menzies Collection: A Living Library
7602:. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press.
7542:Chavura, Stephen A. and Melleuish, Greg (2021)
6820:The Robert Menzies Collection: A Living Library
6408:
5875:
3964:Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour
3793:In 1963, Menzies was appointed a Knight of the
3631:(Canberra: National Library of Australia, 1993)
10851:People of the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
8922:
7199:. Victoria, Australia. 12 May 1937. p. 13
6769:
6521:
5601:"In office – Robert Menzies – Australia's PMs"
5557:
4659:"Menzies, Sir Robert Gordon (Bob) (1894–1978)"
4300:further represents Menzies' Scottish heritage.
3422:was held for Menzies in the United Kingdom at
2655:failure." Menzies sought to blame General Sir
2201:took its appeal to the High Court of Australia
1900:
10327:
10079:
10010:
9852:
8908:
8656:
7764:. London: Marshall Cavendish. pp. 1–19.
7354:. Adelaide: Rigby Limited. pp. 133–134.
7150:. Victoria, Australia. 6 May 1935. p. 10
6604:
6283:. The University of Melbourne. Archived from
5027:Peter Monteath, "The Kisch visit revisited."
4460:Robert Menzies College (Macquarie University)
4276:. The blue pile at the bottom with the white
4256:The red and white colours are taken from the
3322:Grave of Sir Robert and Dame Pattie Menzies,
3079:
2710:
2370:whose members had refused to load Australian
1917:; he had two elder brothers, an elder sister
1448:
593:15 September 1934 – 17 February 1966
458:22 September 1943 – 21 February 1945
314:23 September 1943 – 19 December 1949
11016:Australian military personnel of World War I
10941:People educated at Wesley College (Victoria)
10936:Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun
10891:Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science
7447:The Dalfram Dispute 1938 : Pig Iron Bob
6859:"The Right Honourable Robert Gordon Menzies"
5681:
5125:Australian Journal of Politics & History
4260:Full Dress Tartan, as is the Menzies heath (
3629:Dark and Hurrying Days: Menzies's 1941 Diary
3185:Central Power in the Australian Commonwealth
2804:
2437:Declaration of War Broadcast, September 1939
10350:Ministries of the Commonwealth of Australia
10093:
7714:. Vol. 2. Melbourne University Press.
7691:. Vol. 1. Melbourne University Press.
7297:Commonwealth Of Australia Gazette. Periodic
6751:Good company; Horseman, soldier, politician
5799:
5744:. Primeministers.naa.gov.au. Archived from
5659:. Primeministers.naa.gov.au. Archived from
5603:. Primeministers.naa.gov.au. Archived from
5595:
5593:
5591:
4820:
4440:Menzies School of Health Research Australia
3672:On 1 January 1951, he was appointed to the
2411:out and merged into the article titled
2389:
2210:
1808:from 1932 to 1934, and then transferred to
523:Deputy Leader of the United Australia Party
395:21 February 1945 – 20 January 1966
111:19 December 1949 – 26 January 1966
10951:Chancellors of the University of Melbourne
10334:
10320:
10086:
10072:
10017:
10003:
9859:
9845:
9535:Northern Territory (Country Liberal Party)
8915:
8901:
8663:
8649:
7954:The Liberal Party's Robert Menzies website
7801:, Drummond/Heinemann, Richmond, Victoria.
7654:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
7422:– via National Library of Australia.
7307:– via National Library of Australia.
7258:– via National Library of Australia.
7207:– via National Library of Australia.
7158:– via National Library of Australia.
7024:"Ku-Ring Gai Council - Retrieved 20161214"
6652:
6185:
5986:
5253:"Menzies Elected Deputy Leader of the UAP"
5099:– via National Library of Australia.
5040:
4979:– via National Library of Australia.
4951:. No. 27. 24 March 1921. p. 470.
4889:. No. 32. 24 April 1915. p. 739.
4593:
4166:
4161:Coat of arms of Sir Robert Gordon Menzies
3779:On 4 April 1960, a portrait of Menzies by
3384:(the two surviving Labor Prime Ministers,
3306:. That claim was subsequently disputed by
3088:
2452:
2374:being sold to an arms manufacturer in the
2368:Waterside Workers' Federation of Australia
1455:
1441:
81:
10981:Leaders of the Liberal Party of Australia
9869:Leaders of the Liberal Party of Australia
8623:Chancellor of the University of Melbourne
7496:Isolationism and Appeasement in Australia
6664:
6653:Simms, Marian; Wanna, John, eds. (2012).
6210:Alan Ramsey, "Your humble servant, Sir",
6139:
5993:. Sydney: Federation Press. p. 191.
3933:
2796:began to erode Labor's support. In 1947,
2787:
2386:and insufficient expenditure on defence.
1933:. His maternal grandparents were born in
30:For other people with the same name, see
10911:Australian recipients of British honours
10816:Australian ministers for Foreign Affairs
8559:Leader of the Liberal Party of Australia
8007:Newspaper clippings about Robert Menzies
6920:
5990:Liberalism and the Australian Federation
5588:
5495:. 15 August 1940. p. 2 – via
5448:The Government and the People: 1939–1941
5034:
4828:. Angus & Robertson. pp. 19–20.
3801:, was knighted during his term in 1902).
3647:
3457:
3317:
3161:Royal Australasian College of Physicians
3101:
3026:Parliament House Portrait of Menzies by
3021:
2970:
2946:
2929:
2917:
2909:
2808:
2564:
2432:
2219:
2082:
748:30 November 1929 – 31 July 1934
535:4 December 1935 – 20 March 1939
10966:Chief Commanders of the Legion of Merit
10896:Australian fellows of the Royal Society
9576:Australian Liberal Students' Federation
8423:Vice-President of the Executive Council
7778:
7759:
7493:
6986:"R. G. Menzies Walk 'National Capital'"
6390:. Menziescollection.esrc.unimelb.edu.au
6346:. Menziescollection.esrc.unimelb.edu.au
6324:. Menziescollection.esrc.unimelb.edu.au
6113:
5484:"Nation Mourns Victims of Air Disaster"
5409:
5392:
5359:
5347:
5277:
5211:
5173:
5122:
4768:Caitlin Stone and Jim Berryman (2013).
4589:
4587:
4496:
4490:St John's College, University of Sydney
4238:Collar and circlet of a Knight of the
4078:Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal
3462:Menzies was by far the longest serving
3441:from the Earthworks Poster Collective.
2888:Australian Labor Party (Anti-Communist)
2698:as UAP leader by former prime minister
795:2 June 1928 – 11 November 1929
493:18 April 1939 – 9 October 1941
226:26 April 1939 – 29 August 1941
14:
10768:
7728:
7616:
6886:
6884:
6640:
6510:
6224:Australian Academy of Science (2018).
6173:
6158:
6051:
6039:
5857:"Royal Commission – The Petrov Affair"
4656:
4564:
4435:Sir Robert Menzies Memorial Foundation
4296:in Edinburgh until his death. The red
4084:
3946:Chief Commander of the Legion of Merit
3921:The high-rise Menzies building on the
3767:Rt. Hon. R. G. Menzies, PC, CH, KC, MP
3283:(working at the Australian Embassy in
3221:On 27 September 1920, Menzies married
2461:, Menzies, who had long felt that the
11031:Australian people of Scottish descent
11021:Burials at Melbourne General Cemetery
10986:Leaders of the United Australia Party
10811:Leaders of the Opposition (Australia)
10315:
10067:
9998:
9840:
8896:
8644:
8369:Leader of the Opposition of Australia
6839:from the original on 22 February 2019
6772:"Robert Menzies: The art of politics"
6607:"Poster, 'Pig Iron Bob dead at last'"
5920:
5826:
5820:
5800:Menzies, Robert; Kemp, David (2011).
5795:
5793:
5198:
5196:
5169:
5167:
5148:
5146:
4883:"Military Forces of the Commonwealth"
4652:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4455:Menzies College (La Trobe University)
4428:
4359:, he was portrayed by Egyptian actor
3815:In 1973, Menzies was awarded Japan's
3641:
3637:(Miller's Point: Murdoch Books, 2011)
3398:Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom
3038:
2224:Menzies as Deputy Premier of Victoria
1260:Second term of government (1949–1966)
11036:Australian people of Cornish descent
8538:Leader of the United Australia Party
8511:Leader of the United Australia Party
8479:and Industrial Research Organisation
7597:
7502:
5582:
5470:
4584:
3873:in metropolitan Melbourne, Victoria.
3625:(Melbourne: Cassell Australia, 1970)
3613:(Melbourne: Cassell Australia, 1967)
3313:
2840:called a double dissolution election
2702:, who was 79 years old at the time.
2577:had been killed in an air crash—the
2552:
2393:
1232:First term of government (1939–1941)
446:Leader of the United Australia Party
11046:Australian political party founders
10991:20th-century Australian politicians
10806:Members of the Cabinet of Australia
9540:Queensland (Liberal National Party)
7870:Papers of Robert Menzies, 1905–1978
7523:Robert Menzies: The Art of Politics
7451:. Why Documentaries. Archived from
7384:"Clan Menzies > Menzies Tartans"
7349:
6881:
6535:. Melbourne. 17 May 1978. p. 1
6140:Henderson, Gerard (26 April 2011).
5700:
4925:Robert Menzies: the art of politics
4379:In the 2008 television documentary
4067:Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal
3867:Australian House of Representatives
3601:(Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1942)
3576:Robert Menzies: The Art of Politics
3240:who was elected the member for the
3006:In response to the decision by the
2934:Menzies with Minister for the Navy
2255:
2064:Australian House of Representatives
1856:'s support had also been eroded by
1834:Australia's entry into World War II
1277:1951 Communist Party ban referendum
688:19 May 1932 – 24 July 1934
636:19 May 1932 – 31 July 1934
24:
10876:Victoria (state) state politicians
7988:Robert Menzies Notebook Collection
7710:Robert Menzies: A Life - 1944–1978
7687:Robert Menzies: A Life – 1894–1943
7487:
6656:Julia 2010: The caretaker election
5790:
5193:
5164:
5143:
5137:10.1111/j.1467-8497.1967.tb00310.x
4664:Australian Dictionary of Biography
4635:
4045:King George V Silver Jubilee Medal
3983:Knight of the Order of the Thistle
3665:(Chief Commander) by US President
3586:
3444:
3271:at the age of 50. Heather married
3129:elected unopposed as his successor
2942:
2575:three members of Menzies's cabinet
2323:of the great men of the century".
25:
11057:
10901:Knights of the Order of Australia
10841:Australian people of World War II
8264:Minister for Defence Coordination
7834:
7537:Robert Menzies's Forgotten People
6188:The Life and Death of Harold Holt
6114:Quiggin, John (3 February 2019).
5319:The Commons Social Change Library
5083:"Mr. Menzies' "Departed Friends""
4949:Commonwealth of Australia Gazette
4887:Commonwealth of Australia Gazette
4565:Rhodes, Campbell (19 June 2017).
4469:The Australian federal electoral
3674:Order of the Companions of Honour
3474:at three separate elections – in
2905:
2295:and Minister for Industry in the
2215:
11026:Ministers of Railways (Victoria)
10926:Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports
10672:
10343:
9705:Citizens' Municipal Organisation
8879:
8878:
8601:Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother
7467:
7437:
7426:
7398:
7376:
7343:
7333:"Freedom of city for Sir Robert"
7325:
7311:
7285:
7262:
7234:
7211:
7185:
7162:
7134:
7111:
7088:
7065:
7042:
7016:
7004:
6978:
6959:
6934:
6914:
6851:
6825:
6813:
6791:
6763:
6743:
6725:
6712:
6701:
6683:
6646:
6598:
6579:
4139:
4123:
4107:
4091:
4072:
4061:
4050:
4039:
4024:
4020:Knight of the Order of Australia
4013:
4005:
3995:
3987:
3976:
3968:
3957:
3949:
3939:
3661:In 1950 Menzies was awarded the
3216:
3072:(Lamb) "I have read this, yes."
2966:
2398:
2246:Electoral district of Nunawading
2184:compulsory overseas conscription
2151:Student Representatives' Council
1992:
1990:) rather than as it is spelled (
1955:
1886:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
1733:
1721:
1488:
1428:
1139:
1102:
1083:
10846:People of the Malayan Emergency
8591:Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports
7978:National Film and Sound Archive
7478:Australian Electoral Commission
6946:University of Western Australia
6695:Australian Electoral Commission
6547:
6504:
6485:
6459:
6433:
6402:
6380:
6358:
6336:
6299:
6269:
6239:
6217:
6204:
6179:
6133:
6116:"The deplorable word (updated)"
6107:
6093:
6075:
6057:
6007:
5980:
5966:
5955:
5929:
5914:
5896:
5849:
5760:
5734:
5675:
5649:
5619:
5440:
5427:
5306:
5271:
5245:
5220:
5205:
5116:
5103:
5075:
5061:
5041:David Bird (15 February 2014).
5021:
4995:
4955:
4937:
4917:
4875:
4832:
4814:
4761:
4056:King George VI Coronation Medal
3915:Sir Robert Menzies Reserve, in
3859:Australian Electoral Commission
3806:University of Western Australia
3787:. This portrait is held by the
3169:Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports
2252:from May 1932 until July 1934.
2189:
1864:also received support from the
1173:
938:
32:Robert Menzies (disambiguation)
11041:World War II political leaders
10976:Defence ministers of Australia
10961:Solicitors-general of Victoria
10801:Attorneys-general of Australia
8318:Minister for Trade and Customs
8058:Victorian Legislative Assembly
8040:Member for East Yarra Province
7889:National Archives of Australia
7546:, Melbourne University Press.
6967:National Archives of Australia
6720:A Concise History of Australia
6609:. Powerhouse Museum, Australia
5631:National Archives of Australia
5174:Sparrow, Jeff (22 July 2015).
4669:Australian National University
4571:Museum of Australian Democracy
4558:
4309:Actors who have played Menzies
3850:, became the first appointee,
3789:Art Gallery of New South Wales
3599:and Other Studies in Democracy
3246:Victorian Legislative Assembly
3242:Electoral district of Benambra
2821:Cold War and national security
2764:Formation of the Liberal Party
2705:
2620:and former WWI Prime Minister
2414:Menzies government (1939–1941)
2242:Victorian Legislative Assembly
2238:Nationalist Party of Australia
2143:The Rule of Law During the War
2117:in 1910, where he enrolled in
2056:Victorian Legislative Assembly
1791:longest-serving prime minister
1662:Centre for Independent Studies
730:Victorian Legislative Assembly
13:
1:
10956:Attorneys-general of Victoria
8218:Attorney-General of Australia
8172:Solicitor-General of Victoria
8024:Victorian Legislative Council
7990:, The University of Melbourne
7874:National Library of Australia
6930:. 9 April 1963. p. 3155.
6708:Governor-General of Australia
5774:. 22 May 1942. Archived from
5111:Australian Historical Studies
5029:Journal of Australian Studies
4602:. Allen & Unwin. p.
4232:(With the Help of God I Have)
3810:University of New South Wales
3536:Minister for External Affairs
3390:Governor General of Australia
3293:Department of Foreign Affairs
3165:Australian Academy of Science
3097:
2384:the national insurance scheme
2299:. In 1937 he was appointed a
2293:Attorney-General of Australia
2230:Victorian Legislative Council
2155:Melbourne University Magazine
2129:In 1913, Menzies entered the
2124:
2113:. He and his family moved to
2062:, was elected to the federal
1895:
1814:Attorney-General of Australia
1287:Royal Commission on Espionage
779:Victorian Legislative Council
10791:Prime ministers of Australia
9525:Australian Capital Territory
8672:Prime ministers of Australia
8450:Minister for Foreign Affairs
8167:Attorney-General of Victoria
7913:National Museum of Australia
7860:Resources in other libraries
7577:Hazlehurst, Cameron (1979),
7572:Menzies and Churchill at War
7293:"Government Gazette Notices"
6822:; retrieved 18 October 2013.
6770:Michael Sexton (June 2019).
5686:. NSW, Australia: PR Books.
5627:"John Curtin: before office"
5552:Stockings & Hancock 2013
5435:Menzies and Churchill at War
5047:. Anthem Press. p. 47.
4945:"Australian Military Forces"
4594:Hazlehurst, Cameron (1979).
4382:Menzies and Churchill at War
3909:Sir Robert Menzies Park, in
3580:National Museum of Australia
3370:Prime Ministers of Australia
3008:Catholic Diocese of Goulburn
2882:anti-Communist members from
2694:in preference to Fadden. He
2351:of appeasement with Hitler.
2109:, a small private school in
2078:
676:Attorney-General of Victoria
7:
10946:Deputy premiers of Victoria
10921:20th-century King's Counsel
10881:Melbourne Law School alumni
9569:Party-related organisations
8396:Prime Minister of Australia
8237:Prime Minister of Australia
8011:20th Century Press Archives
7885:Australia's Prime Ministers
7815:; Hancock, Eleanor (2013).
7781:Robert Menzies: Man or Myth
7406:"PM's card bears his crest"
6749:Henry "Jo" Gullett (1992),
6226:"Sir Robert Gordon Menzies"
5684:Australia's Prime Ministers
4927:, Melbourne, Scribe, p.35.
4408:, Menzies was portrayed by
4320:, Menzies was portrayed by
3464:Prime Minister of Australia
3435:Pig Iron Bob / Dead at last
3351:Prime Minister of Australia
3115:interview with Menzies and
2663:
2380:country's war against China
2175:Melbourne University Rifles
1951:traditional Scottish manner
1901:Birth and family background
1874:post-war immigration scheme
1804:'s leading lawyers. He was
1796:Menzies studied law at the
1779:prime minister of Australia
1225:Prime Minister of Australia
1036:Grenville College, Ballarat
383:Leader of the Liberal Party
99:Prime Minister of Australia
10:
11062:
10866:Australian anti-communists
8925:Liberal Party of Australia
8140:Deputy Premier of Victoria
7937:The Menzies Virtual Museum
7747:Australian Prime Ministers
7339:. 9 April 1966. p. 3.
4484:Menzies Research Institute
4353:In the 1996 Egyptian film
4288:of Menzies' home state of
3911:Wahroonga, New South Wales
3865:for representation in the
3428:Melbourne General Cemetery
3324:Melbourne General Cemetery
3310:and Menzies's own family.
3080:Higher education expansion
2999:and rewards. In 1961, the
2989:Commonwealth Electoral Act
2983:ex-servicemen should have
2771:Liberal Party of Australia
2734:Menzies himself described
2587:Chief of the General Staff
2285:Chief Justice of Australia
2250:Deputy Premier of Victoria
1806:Deputy Premier of Victoria
1787:Liberal Party of Australia
889:Melbourne General Cemetery
624:Deputy Premier of Victoria
29:
10916:Australian King's Counsel
10861:People of the Vietnam War
10752:
10681:
10670:
10356:
10101:
10033:
9876:
9713:
9657:
9614:
9568:
9513:
9442:
9306:
9250:
9146:
9055:
8932:
8876:
8683:
8629:
8620:
8612:
8607:
8597:
8588:
8580:
8575:
8565:
8556:
8551:
8535:
8527:
8517:
8508:
8500:
8495:
8485:
8474:
8466:
8456:
8447:
8439:
8429:
8420:
8412:
8402:
8393:
8385:
8375:
8366:
8358:
8348:
8339:
8334:
8324:
8315:
8307:
8297:
8288:
8280:
8270:
8261:
8253:
8243:
8234:
8226:
8215:
8205:
8196:
8188:
8178:
8164:
8156:
8146:
8137:
8129:
8124:
8114:
8105:
8097:
8090:
8080:
8071:
8063:
8056:
8046:
8037:
8029:
8022:
7855:Resources in your library
7574:, Oxford University Press
7352:A Roll of Australian Arms
6835:. Australian Government.
6514:The Sydney Morning Herald
6414:"Sex, power and politics"
6146:The Sydney Morning Herald
5987:Nethercote, John (2001).
5942:Reserve Bank of Australia
5708:"Ministries and Cabinets"
4775:. University of Melbourne
4478:Wesley College, Melbourne
4274:Coat of Arms of Australia
4219:Desert and stones proper.
4033:
4018:1976, he was appointed a
4000:1973, he was appointed a
3981:1963, he was appointed a
3962:1951, he was appointed a
3944:1950, he was appointed a
3553:Australian Rules football
3157:Royal College of Surgeons
2805:Second prime ministership
2498:
2417:, which already exists. (
2266:upcoming general election
1849:Liberal–Country coalition
1750:Sir Robert Gordon Menzies
1680:Conservatism in Australia
1126:
1091:
1079:
1060:
1044:
1023:
976:
956:
948:
923:
894:
884:
863:
832:
827:
823:
811:
799:
788:
776:
764:
752:
741:
726:
714:
702:
692:
681:
674:
662:
650:
640:
629:
621:
609:
597:
586:
571:
559:
547:
539:
528:
521:
509:
497:
486:
474:
462:
451:
444:
432:
420:
399:
388:
380:
368:
356:
346:
318:
307:
300:
288:
276:
250:
240:
230:
219:
207:
195:
172:
136:
115:
104:
96:
92:
80:
41:
10886:Australian Presbyterians
10856:People of the Korean War
8496:Party political offices
7999:4 September 2015 at the
7972:17 February 2022 at the
7947:17 February 2022 at the
7591:Henderson, Anne. (2014)
5257:Robert Menzies Institute
5212:Menzies, Robert (1939).
4963:"Two New King's Counsel"
4406:The Dalfram Dispute 1938
4404:In the 2015 documentary
3899:in Australia's capital,
3623:The Measure of the Years
3472:two-party-preferred vote
3362:Scots' Church, Melbourne
3207:Melbourne Cricket Ground
2753:two-party-preferred vote
2692:Leader of the Opposition
2390:First prime ministership
2358:In 1938, as part of the
2211:Early career in politics
1812:, subsequently becoming
1470:This article is part of
1252:Liberal Party foundation
1148:This article is part of
1117:Recorded 25 October 1970
302:Leader of the Opposition
137:Governors‑General
11011:20th-century memoirists
10796:Treasurers of Australia
10095:Treasurers of Australia
9606:Menzies Research Centre
8150:Sir Wilfrid Kent Hughes
8092:Parliament of Australia
7959:9 November 2020 at the
7779:Prasser, Scott (2020).
7558:Liberalism in Australia
7242:"CORONATION MEDAL LIST"
6896:University of Melbourne
6497:6 February 2016 at the
6277:"Former Office-Bearers"
6247:"MENZIES Robert Gordon"
6214:, 2 October 1999, p. 47
5827:Crean, Jeffrey (2024).
5716:Parliament of Australia
5113:(2010) 41#3 pp: 369–384
5031:16#34 (1992) pp: 69–81.
4450:Menzies Research Centre
4340:In the 1988 miniseries
4327:In the 1987 miniseries
4314:In the 1984 miniseries
4280:is taken from both the
4155:
3878:Menzies Research Centre
3817:Order of the Rising Sun
3783:was the front cover of
3679:On 29 August 1952, the
3619:(London: Cassell, 1967)
3607:(London: Cassell, 1958)
3356:Menzies was accorded a
3089:Development of Canberra
2951:Menzies with Treasurer
2523:Department of Munitions
2453:Lead-up to World War II
1838:Churchill's war cabinet
1798:University of Melbourne
1793:in Australian history.
1657:Menzies Research Centre
1602:Women's National League
1481:Liberalism in Australia
1055:University of Melbourne
241:Governor‑General
10906:Knights of the Thistle
10871:Australian monarchists
10027:United Australia Party
9700:United Australia Party
8342:Minister for Munitions
8291:Treasurer of Australia
7932:The Menzies Foundation
7797:Starr, Graeme (1980),
7706:Martin, Allan (1999).
7521:Bramston, Troy (2019)
7494:Andrews, E.M. (1970).
6965:Honour awarded 1973 –
6777:Australian Book Review
6666:10.22459/J2010.02.2012
5938:"Inflation Calculator"
5712:parliamentary Handbook
5278:Mallory, Greg (1999).
4923:Troy Bramston (2019),
4657:Martin, Allan (2000).
4385:, he was portrayed by
4372:, he was portrayed by
4346:, he was portrayed by
4333:, he was portrayed by
4229:
4180:Lord Lyon King of Arms
3934:Orders and Decorations
3657:
3635:Letters to My Daughter
3558:
3518:Williamstown, Victoria
3412:Springvale Crematorium
3326:
3304:Warwick Oswald Fairfax
3181:University of Virginia
3123:
3077:
3057:White Australia policy
3031:
3028:Ivor Henry Thomas Hele
3001:Matrimonial Causes Act
2976:
2955:
2939:
2923:
2915:
2900:Democratic Labor Party
2886:defecting to form the
2832:ruled unconstitutional
2814:
2788:1949 election campaign
2732:
2598:North African Campaign
2570:
2438:
2362:, he was ridiculed as
2348:
2270:United Australia Party
2244:as the member for the
2225:
2137:(LL.B.) in 1916 and a
2094:
2069:Australian Labor Party
1866:Democratic Labor Party
1854:Australian Labor Party
1830:United Australia Party
1783:United Australia Party
1685:Liberal Party factions
1292:Entry into Vietnam War
1205:United Australia Party
1098:Robert Menzies's voice
11006:Australian memoirists
10971:Australian Freemasons
8584:Sir Winston Churchill
8199:Minister for Industry
8074:Member for Nunawading
7535:Brett, Judith (1992)
7350:Low, Charles (1971).
6212:Sydney Morning Herald
5682:Scott Brodie (1984).
4968:The Argus (Melbourne)
4250:Azure doubled Argent.
3652:The Menzies Spire at
3651:
3540:
3458:Legacy and assessment
3339:HM Queen Elizabeth II
3321:
3149:1972 Federal election
3110:
3061:
3025:
2974:
2950:
2933:
2921:
2913:
2862:. Menzies engaged in
2812:
2727:
2651:The Australian Worker
2608:to Greece. Professor
2579:Canberra air disaster
2568:
2436:
2336:
2279:The previous member,
2223:
2086:
2036:Charles George Gordon
1845:1949 federal election
1820:in the government of
1818:Minister for Industry
1728:Liberalism portal
1708:Politics of Australia
969:Kate Sampson (mother)
837:Robert Gordon Menzies
575:Australian Parliament
9680:National Labor Party
9675:Fusion Liberal Party
8003:– Menzies Collection
7965:Listen to Menzies's
7598:Hill, Maria (2010).
6863:University of Sydney
6833:"It's an Honour: CH"
6739:on 13 November 2013.
6629:Martin, Allan (1993)
6591:3 March 2016 at the
6089:on 13 December 2017.
6071:on 1 September 2006.
5519:9 April 2013 at the
5422:Martin, Allan (1993)
5294:on 23 September 2016
5009:on 28 September 2013
4990:Martin, Allan (1993)
4912:Martin, Allan (1993)
4900:Martin, Allan (1993)
4870:Martin, Allan (1993)
4846:on 28 September 2013
4809:Martin, Allan (1993)
4797:Martin, Allan (1993)
4756:Martin, Allan (1993)
4744:Martin, Allan (1993)
4732:Martin, Allan (1993)
4720:Martin, Allan (1993)
4708:Martin, Allan (1993)
4630:Martin, Allan (1993)
4553:Martin, Allan (1993)
4541:Martin, Allan (1993)
4529:Martin, Allan (1993)
4510:Martin, Allan (1993)
4497:Notes and references
4417:A Place to Call Home
4240:Order of the Thistle
3883:In 2009, during the
3795:Order of the Thistle
3681:University of Sydney
3597:The Forgotten People
3364:on 19 May, at which
3255:Kenneth was born in
3238:Commonwealth Liberal
3159:(Hon. FRCS) and the
3069:(Menzies) "Have I?"
2740:The Forgotten People
2736:The Forgotten People
2722:The Forgotten People
2581:—along with General
2547:Advisory War Council
2463:Treaty of Versailles
2161:" to an end-of-year
2131:Melbourne Law School
1860:scares. After 1955,
1740:Australia portal
1620:New Liberal Movement
1422:The Forgotten People
1244:Advisory War Council
1200:1938 Dalfram dispute
1031:Jeparit State School
1014:Catherine Anne Money
657:Position established
427:Position established
87:Menzies in the 1950s
44:The Right Honourable
9714:Leadership contests
9665:Protectionist Party
9632:Independent Liberal
8553:New political party
7895:on 12 November 2022
7570:Day, David. (1993)
7321:. 20 February 2019.
7142:"COMMONWEALTH LIST"
7030:on 21 December 2016
6972:20 May 2009 at the
6605:Powerhouse Museum.
6186:Frame, Tom (2005).
6042:, pp. 320–321.
5833:Bloomsbury Academic
5607:on 13 November 2013
5290:(2). Archived from
5071:. 30 November 2017.
4471:division of Menzies
4294:St Giles' Cathedral
4162:
4085:Freedom of the City
3897:Lake Burley Griffin
3871:division of Kooyong
3863:Division of Menzies
3230:Presbyterian Church
3050:Migration Act, 1966
2602:Battle of Gallipoli
2515:Neville Chamberlain
2480:Neville Chamberlain
2320:Melbourne Town Hall
2305:attempted exclusion
2262:Division of Kooyong
2236:, representing the
2234:East Yarra Province
2054:was elected to the
1931:Victorian gold rush
1638:Protectionist Party
1272:Communist Party ban
783:East Yarra Province
9586:Cormack Foundation
9207:Ashley Goldsworthy
9118:Michael Wooldridge
8633:Leonard Weickhardt
8616:Sir William Upjohn
8133:Sir Albert Dunstan
8125:Political offices
8108:Member for Kooyong
7967:declaration of war
7919:on 28 October 2011
7556:Cook, Ian (1999),
7411:The Canberra Times
7247:The Canberra Times
7193:"THE FEDERAL LIST"
6927:The London Gazette
6718:Stuart Macintyre.
5863:on 17 October 2011
5492:The Canberra Times
5214:Declaration of War
5160:. 16 January 2019.
4429:Eponyms of Menzies
4398:The Gillies Report
4160:
3887:celebrations, the
3840:Order of Australia
3781:Sir William Dargie
3658:
3642:Titles and honours
3343:Queen of Australia
3327:
3285:Jakarta, Indonesia
3199:Order of Australia
3124:
3039:Immigration policy
3032:
2977:
2956:
2940:
2924:
2916:
2872:Vyacheslav Molotov
2828:double dissolution
2815:
2622:David Lloyd George
2571:
2475:Singapore strategy
2439:
2340:Czechoslovak state
2307:from Australia of
2226:
2153:and editor of the
2095:
2032:Ming the Merciless
1925:and his mother in
1847:, Menzies led the
1810:Federal Parliament
1800:and became one of
1626:Liberal Federation
1413:1964 (Half-Senate)
1383:1953 (Half-Senate)
854:Colony of Victoria
697:Sir Stanley Argyle
645:Sir Stanley Argyle
481:Position abolished
159:Viscount De L'Isle
154:Viscount Dunrossil
144:Sir William McKell
48:Sir Robert Menzies
18:Sir Robert Menzies
10763:
10762:
10309:
10308:
10061:
10060:
9992:
9991:
9834:
9833:
9685:Nationalist Party
9560:Western Australia
8890:
8889:
8639:
8638:
8630:Succeeded by
8608:Academic offices
8598:Succeeded by
8566:Succeeded by
8518:Succeeded by
8486:Succeeded by
8457:Succeeded by
8430:Succeeded by
8403:Succeeded by
8376:Succeeded by
8349:Succeeded by
8325:Succeeded by
8298:Succeeded by
8271:Succeeded by
8244:Succeeded by
8206:Succeeded by
8179:Succeeded by
8147:Succeeded by
8115:Succeeded by
8081:Succeeded by
8050:Sir Clifden Eager
8047:Succeeded by
7841:Library resources
7826:9-789-004-254-572
7819:. Leiden: Brill.
7743:Grattan, Michelle
7633:978-0-7322-9612-4
7552:978-0-522-87768-7
6869:on 18 August 2010
6631:, pp. 22–23.
6473:. 6 November 2006
6447:. 3 November 2006
6197:978-1-74114-672-1
5974:"Indigenous Vote"
5842:978-1-350-23394-2
5778:on 19 August 2019
5722:on 8 October 2012
5663:on 19 August 2012
5054:978-1-78308-124-0
4992:, pp. 66–67.
4678:978-0-522-84459-7
4366:In the 2007 film
4306:
4305:
4282:Flag of Australia
4270:Commonwealth Star
3927:Monash University
3917:Malvern, Victoria
3889:R.G. Menzies Walk
3764:portrait painting
3654:Jeparit, Victoria
3522:Archangel Gabriel
3491:governors-general
3424:Westminster Abbey
3401:Alec Douglas-Home
3314:Death and funeral
3171:and Constable of
3119:, discussing the
3108:
3019:as Labor leader.
2985:the right to vote
2688:Fadden government
2559:Winston Churchill
2553:Strategic debates
2492:Hiranuma Kiichirō
2431:
2430:
2426:
2107:Grenville College
1907:Jeparit, Victoria
1882:Malayan Emergency
1747:
1746:
1581:Liberal Democrats
1465:
1464:
1194:
1166:
1165:
1130:
1129:
1107:
818:Sir Clifden Eager
721:Sir Albert Bussau
407:Sir Eric Harrison
363:Sir Arthur Fadden
351:Sir Arthur Fadden
295:Sir Arthur Fadden
268:Sir Arthur Fadden
182:Sir Arthur Fadden
16:(Redirected from
11053:
10756:Current ministry
10676:
10348:
10347:
10346:
10336:
10329:
10322:
10313:
10312:
10088:
10081:
10074:
10065:
10064:
10019:
10012:
10005:
9996:
9995:
9870:
9861:
9854:
9847:
9838:
9837:
9695:Australian Party
9670:Free Trade Party
9591:Norfolk Liberals
9517:
9150:
9034:Malcolm Turnbull
9021:Malcolm Turnbull
9004:Alexander Downer
8936:
8926:
8917:
8910:
8903:
8894:
8893:
8882:
8881:
8665:
8658:
8651:
8642:
8641:
8613:Preceded by
8581:Preceded by
8576:Honorary titles
8546:Party disbanded
8528:Preceded by
8501:Preceded by
8467:Preceded by
8460:Garfield Barwick
8440:Preceded by
8413:Preceded by
8386:Preceded by
8359:Preceded by
8308:Preceded by
8281:Preceded by
8254:Preceded by
8227:Preceded by
8189:Preceded by
8157:Preceded by
8130:Preceded by
8098:Preceded by
8067:Edmund Greenwood
8064:Preceded by
8030:Preceded by
8020:
8019:
7928:
7926:
7924:
7915:. Archived from
7909:"Robert Menzies"
7904:
7902:
7900:
7891:. Archived from
7881:"Robert Menzies"
7830:
7813:Stockings, Craig
7794:
7775:
7738:
7725:
7713:
7702:
7690:
7659:
7653:
7645:
7613:
7579:Menzies Observed
7518:
7499:
7481:
7471:
7465:
7464:
7462:
7460:
7441:
7435:
7434:
7430:
7424:
7423:
7421:
7419:
7402:
7396:
7395:
7393:
7391:
7380:
7374:
7373:
7347:
7341:
7340:
7329:
7323:
7322:
7315:
7309:
7308:
7306:
7304:
7289:
7283:
7282:
7281:
7279:
7266:
7260:
7259:
7257:
7255:
7238:
7232:
7231:
7230:
7228:
7215:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7204:
7189:
7183:
7182:
7181:
7179:
7166:
7160:
7159:
7157:
7155:
7138:
7132:
7131:
7130:
7128:
7115:
7109:
7108:
7107:
7105:
7092:
7086:
7085:
7084:
7082:
7069:
7063:
7062:
7061:
7059:
7046:
7040:
7039:
7037:
7035:
7026:. Archived from
7020:
7014:
7008:
7002:
7001:
6999:
6997:
6992:on 13 March 2016
6988:. Archived from
6982:
6976:
6963:
6957:
6956:
6954:
6952:
6938:
6932:
6931:
6918:
6912:
6911:
6909:
6907:
6898:. Archived from
6888:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6874:
6865:. Archived from
6855:
6849:
6848:
6846:
6844:
6829:
6823:
6817:
6811:
6810:
6808:
6806:
6795:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6784:
6767:
6761:
6747:
6741:
6740:
6735:. Archived from
6729:
6723:
6716:
6710:
6705:
6699:
6698:
6687:
6681:
6680:
6668:
6650:
6644:
6638:
6632:
6626:
6620:
6618:
6616:
6614:
6602:
6596:
6583:
6577:
6576:
6574:
6572:
6567:on 26 March 2022
6566:
6560:. Archived from
6559:
6551:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6540:
6525:
6519:
6518:
6508:
6502:
6489:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6478:
6463:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6452:
6437:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6426:
6406:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6395:
6384:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6373:
6362:
6356:
6355:
6353:
6351:
6340:
6334:
6333:
6331:
6329:
6318:
6309:
6303:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6292:
6287:on 28 March 2014
6273:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6262:
6243:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6232:
6221:
6215:
6208:
6202:
6201:
6183:
6177:
6171:
6162:
6156:
6150:
6149:
6137:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6126:
6111:
6105:
6104:
6097:
6091:
6090:
6085:. Archived from
6079:
6073:
6072:
6067:. Archived from
6061:
6055:
6049:
6043:
6037:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6017:. Archived from
6011:
6005:
6004:
5984:
5978:
5977:
5970:
5964:
5959:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5948:
5933:
5927:
5926:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5910:on 6 April 2017.
5906:. Archived from
5900:
5894:
5893:
5892:on 6 April 2017.
5888:. Archived from
5882:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5868:
5859:. Archived from
5853:
5847:
5846:
5824:
5818:
5817:
5797:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5783:
5764:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5753:
5738:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5718:. Archived from
5704:
5698:
5697:
5679:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5653:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5642:
5633:. Archived from
5623:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5597:
5586:
5580:
5567:
5564:
5555:
5549:
5538:
5529:. 1 April 2013,
5507:
5501:
5500:
5488:
5480:
5474:
5468:
5451:
5444:
5438:
5431:
5425:
5419:
5413:
5407:
5396:
5390:
5375:
5372:
5363:
5357:
5351:
5345:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5310:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5299:
5275:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5224:
5218:
5217:
5209:
5203:
5200:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5171:
5162:
5161:
5150:
5141:
5140:
5120:
5114:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5096:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5065:
5059:
5058:
5038:
5032:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5014:
5005:. Archived from
4999:
4993:
4987:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4941:
4935:
4921:
4915:
4909:
4903:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4879:
4873:
4867:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4842:. Archived from
4836:
4830:
4829:
4818:
4812:
4806:
4800:
4794:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4774:
4765:
4759:
4753:
4747:
4741:
4735:
4729:
4723:
4717:
4711:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4654:
4633:
4627:
4618:
4617:
4601:
4598:Menzies Observed
4591:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4562:
4556:
4550:
4544:
4538:
4532:
4526:
4513:
4507:
4317:The Last Bastion
4286:the coat of arms
4200:A Knight's helm.
4188:3 September 1965
4170:
4163:
4159:
4144:
4143:
4128:
4127:
4114:18 November 1948
4112:
4111:
4096:
4095:
4076:
4065:
4054:
4043:
4029:
4028:
4017:
4010:
4009:
3999:
3992:
3991:
3980:
3973:
3972:
3961:
3954:
3953:
3943:
3844:Governor-General
3697:British Columbia
3676:as a Member (CH)
3439:Chips Mackinolty
3420:memorial service
3372:Malcolm Fraser,
3308:Gerard Henderson
3109:
2713:Forgotten People
2671:Governor-General
2634:Gerard Henderson
2618:Lord Beaverbrook
2541:. Labor, led by
2422:
2402:
2401:
2394:
2301:Privy Counsellor
2297:Lyons government
2274:Australian Party
2256:Federal politics
2135:Bachelor of Laws
2111:Ballarat Central
2026:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1776:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1726:
1725:
1632:Liberal Movement
1596:
1560:
1492:
1482:
1467:
1466:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1432:
1186:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1152:
1151:
1143:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1109:
1108:
1087:
942:
940:
908:United Australia
870:
847:20 December 1894
846:
844:
828:Personal details
814:
806:George Swinburne
802:
793:
767:
759:Edmund Greenwood
755:
746:
732:
717:
705:
686:
665:
653:
634:
612:
600:
591:
577:
562:
550:
533:
512:
500:
491:
477:
465:
456:
435:
423:
393:
371:
359:
321:
312:
291:
279:
224:
210:
198:
149:Sir William Slim
109:
85:
75:
39:
38:
21:
11061:
11060:
11056:
11055:
11054:
11052:
11051:
11050:
10766:
10765:
10764:
10759:
10748:
10677:
10668:
10352:
10344:
10342:
10340:
10310:
10305:
10097:
10092:
10062:
10057:
10029:
10025:Leaders of the
10023:
9993:
9988:
9872:
9868:
9865:
9835:
9830:
9709:
9653:
9610:
9564:
9545:South Australia
9530:New South Wales
9516:State divisions
9515:
9509:
9443:Shadow cabinets
9438:
9302:
9246:
9158:Malcolm Ritchie
9148:
9142:
9133:Josh Frydenberg
9073:William McMahon
9051:
8966:William McMahon
8934:
8928:
8924:
8921:
8891:
8886:
8872:
8679:
8669:
8635:
8626:
8618:
8603:
8594:
8586:
8571:
8562:
8541:
8533:
8523:
8514:
8506:
8491:
8482:
8478:
8472:
8462:
8453:
8445:
8435:
8426:
8418:
8408:
8399:
8391:
8381:
8372:
8364:
8354:
8345:
8330:
8321:
8313:
8303:
8294:
8286:
8276:
8267:
8259:
8257:Geoffrey Street
8249:
8240:
8232:
8221:
8211:
8202:
8194:
8184:
8175:
8170:
8162:
8152:
8143:
8135:
8120:
8111:
8103:
8086:
8084:William Boyland
8077:
8069:
8052:
8043:
8035:
8001:Wayback Machine
7994:Charcoal Sketch
7974:Wayback Machine
7961:Wayback Machine
7949:Wayback Machine
7922:
7920:
7907:
7898:
7896:
7879:
7866:
7865:
7864:
7849:
7848:
7844:
7837:
7827:
7791:
7772:
7722:
7699:
7663:Hughes, Colin A
7647:
7646:
7634:
7626:. Sydney, NSW.
7610:
7515:
7490:
7488:Further reading
7485:
7484:
7472:
7468:
7458:
7456:
7443:
7442:
7438:
7432:
7431:
7427:
7417:
7415:
7404:
7403:
7399:
7389:
7387:
7382:
7381:
7377:
7362:
7348:
7344:
7331:
7330:
7326:
7317:
7316:
7312:
7302:
7300:
7291:
7290:
7286:
7277:
7275:
7268:
7267:
7263:
7253:
7251:
7240:
7239:
7235:
7226:
7224:
7217:
7216:
7212:
7202:
7200:
7191:
7190:
7186:
7177:
7175:
7168:
7167:
7163:
7153:
7151:
7140:
7139:
7135:
7126:
7124:
7117:
7116:
7112:
7103:
7101:
7094:
7093:
7089:
7080:
7078:
7071:
7070:
7066:
7057:
7055:
7048:
7047:
7043:
7033:
7031:
7022:
7021:
7017:
7009:
7005:
6995:
6993:
6984:
6983:
6979:
6974:Wayback Machine
6964:
6960:
6950:
6948:
6940:
6939:
6935:
6919:
6915:
6905:
6903:
6902:on 3 March 2016
6890:
6889:
6882:
6872:
6870:
6857:
6856:
6852:
6842:
6840:
6831:
6830:
6826:
6818:
6814:
6804:
6802:
6797:
6796:
6792:
6782:
6780:
6768:
6764:
6748:
6744:
6731:
6730:
6726:
6717:
6713:
6706:
6702:
6689:
6688:
6684:
6677:
6651:
6647:
6639:
6635:
6627:
6623:
6612:
6610:
6603:
6599:
6593:Wayback Machine
6584:
6580:
6570:
6568:
6564:
6557:
6553:
6552:
6548:
6538:
6536:
6527:
6526:
6522:
6509:
6505:
6499:Wayback Machine
6490:
6486:
6476:
6474:
6465:
6464:
6460:
6450:
6448:
6439:
6438:
6434:
6424:
6422:
6412:(6 July 2002).
6410:Mungo MacCallum
6407:
6403:
6393:
6391:
6386:
6385:
6381:
6371:
6369:
6364:
6363:
6359:
6349:
6347:
6342:
6341:
6337:
6327:
6325:
6320:
6319:
6312:
6304:
6300:
6290:
6288:
6275:
6274:
6270:
6260:
6258:
6245:
6244:
6240:
6230:
6228:
6222:
6218:
6209:
6205:
6198:
6184:
6180:
6172:
6165:
6157:
6153:
6138:
6134:
6124:
6122:
6112:
6108:
6099:
6098:
6094:
6081:
6080:
6076:
6063:
6062:
6058:
6050:
6046:
6038:
6034:
6024:
6022:
6021:on 3 March 2016
6013:
6012:
6008:
6001:
5985:
5981:
5972:
5971:
5967:
5960:
5956:
5946:
5944:
5934:
5930:
5919:
5915:
5902:
5901:
5897:
5884:
5883:
5876:
5866:
5864:
5855:
5854:
5850:
5843:
5825:
5821:
5814:
5798:
5791:
5781:
5779:
5766:
5765:
5761:
5751:
5749:
5748:on 26 June 2012
5740:
5739:
5735:
5725:
5723:
5706:
5705:
5701:
5694:
5680:
5676:
5666:
5664:
5655:
5654:
5650:
5640:
5638:
5637:on 13 July 2017
5625:
5624:
5620:
5610:
5608:
5599:
5598:
5589:
5581:
5570:
5565:
5558:
5550:
5541:
5521:Wayback Machine
5508:
5504:
5486:
5482:
5481:
5477:
5469:
5454:
5445:
5441:
5432:
5428:
5420:
5416:
5408:
5399:
5391:
5378:
5373:
5366:
5358:
5354:
5346:
5333:
5323:
5321:
5311:
5307:
5297:
5295:
5276:
5272:
5262:
5260:
5251:
5250:
5246:
5236:
5234:
5226:
5225:
5221:
5210:
5206:
5201:
5194:
5184:
5182:
5172:
5165:
5152:
5151:
5144:
5121:
5117:
5108:
5104:
5094:
5092:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5067:
5066:
5062:
5055:
5039:
5035:
5026:
5022:
5012:
5010:
5001:
5000:
4996:
4988:
4984:
4974:
4972:
4961:
4960:
4956:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4922:
4918:
4910:
4906:
4898:
4894:
4881:
4880:
4876:
4868:
4859:
4849:
4847:
4838:
4837:
4833:
4819:
4815:
4807:
4803:
4795:
4788:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4766:
4762:
4754:
4750:
4742:
4738:
4730:
4726:
4718:
4714:
4706:
4702:
4679:
4655:
4636:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4592:
4585:
4575:
4573:
4563:
4559:
4551:
4547:
4539:
4535:
4527:
4516:
4508:
4504:
4499:
4431:
4311:
4226:Scottish Gaelic
4178:Granted by the
4158:
4138:
4122:
4106:
4090:
4087:
4036:
4023:
4004:
3986:
3967:
3948:
3936:
3775:Archibald Prize
3667:Harry S. Truman
3663:Legion of Merit
3644:
3589:
3587:Published works
3460:
3447:
3445:Religious views
3407:also attended.
3382:William McMahon
3316:
3300:Mungo MacCallum
3273:Peter Henderson
3219:
3133:Shane Paltridge
3102:
3100:
3091:
3082:
3041:
2969:
2945:
2943:Economic policy
2914:Menzies in 1960
2908:
2868:Vladimir Petrov
2823:
2813:Menzies in 1952
2807:
2790:
2766:
2716:
2708:
2666:
2583:Brudenell White
2555:
2531:hung parliament
2501:
2455:
2427:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2376:Empire of Japan
2360:Dalfram dispute
2258:
2218:
2213:
2192:
2127:
2099:one-room school
2090:Melbourne Punch
2081:
2048:Phoenix Foundry
2024:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1958:
1954:
1903:
1898:
1872:, its expanded
1752:
1734:
1732:
1720:
1713:
1712:
1675:
1667:
1666:
1652:
1644:
1643:
1597:
1594:
1586:
1585:
1571:Country Liberal
1561:
1558:
1550:
1549:
1500:
1480:
1461:
1427:
1417:
1354:
1296:
1256:
1248:
1228:
1222:
1183:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1112:Menzies on the
1110:
1103:
1100:
1075:
1040:
1019:
1008:Peter Henderson
972:
944:
941: 1920)
936:
932:
919:
895:Political party
872:
868:
848:
842:
840:
839:
838:
812:
800:
794:
789:
771:William Boyland
765:
753:
747:
742:
733:
728:
715:
703:
687:
682:
663:
651:
635:
630:
610:
604:Sir John Latham
598:
592:
587:
578:
573:
560:
548:
534:
529:
510:
498:
492:
487:
475:
463:
457:
452:
433:
421:
416:
394:
389:
369:
357:
342:
319:
313:
308:
289:
277:
272:
225:
220:
208:
196:
191:
187:Sir John McEwen
168:
132:
110:
105:
88:
76:
51:
49:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11059:
11049:
11048:
11043:
11038:
11033:
11028:
11023:
11018:
11013:
11008:
11003:
10998:
10993:
10988:
10983:
10978:
10973:
10968:
10963:
10958:
10953:
10948:
10943:
10938:
10933:
10928:
10923:
10918:
10913:
10908:
10903:
10898:
10893:
10888:
10883:
10878:
10873:
10868:
10863:
10858:
10853:
10848:
10843:
10838:
10833:
10828:
10823:
10818:
10813:
10808:
10803:
10798:
10793:
10788:
10783:
10778:
10776:Robert Menzies
10761:
10760:
10753:
10750:
10749:
10747:
10746:
10741:
10736:
10731:
10726:
10721:
10716:
10711:
10706:
10701:
10696:
10691:
10685:
10683:
10679:
10678:
10671:
10669:
10667:
10666:
10661:
10656:
10651:
10646:
10641:
10636:
10631:
10626:
10621:
10616:
10611:
10606:
10601:
10596:
10591:
10586:
10581:
10576:
10571:
10566:
10561:
10556:
10551:
10546:
10541:
10536:
10531:
10526:
10521:
10516:
10511:
10506:
10501:
10496:
10491:
10486:
10481:
10476:
10471:
10466:
10461:
10456:
10451:
10446:
10441:
10436:
10431:
10426:
10421:
10416:
10411:
10406:
10401:
10396:
10391:
10386:
10381:
10376:
10371:
10366:
10360:
10358:
10354:
10353:
10339:
10338:
10331:
10324:
10316:
10307:
10306:
10304:
10303:
10298:
10293:
10288:
10283:
10278:
10273:
10268:
10263:
10258:
10253:
10248:
10243:
10238:
10233:
10228:
10223:
10218:
10213:
10208:
10203:
10198:
10193:
10188:
10183:
10178:
10173:
10168:
10163:
10158:
10153:
10148:
10143:
10138:
10133:
10128:
10123:
10118:
10113:
10108:
10102:
10099:
10098:
10091:
10090:
10083:
10076:
10068:
10059:
10058:
10056:
10055:
10050:
10045:
10040:
10034:
10031:
10030:
10022:
10021:
10014:
10007:
9999:
9990:
9989:
9987:
9986:
9981:
9974:
9967:
9960:
9955:
9950:
9943:
9938:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9911:
9906:
9899:
9892:
9885:
9877:
9874:
9873:
9864:
9863:
9856:
9849:
9841:
9832:
9831:
9829:
9828:
9823:
9818:
9813:
9808:
9803:
9798:
9793:
9788:
9783:
9778:
9773:
9768:
9763:
9758:
9753:
9748:
9743:
9738:
9733:
9728:
9723:
9717:
9715:
9711:
9710:
9708:
9707:
9702:
9697:
9692:
9687:
9682:
9677:
9672:
9667:
9661:
9659:
9655:
9654:
9652:
9651:
9645:
9639:
9637:National Right
9634:
9629:
9624:
9618:
9616:
9612:
9611:
9609:
9608:
9603:
9598:
9596:Young Liberals
9593:
9588:
9583:
9578:
9572:
9570:
9566:
9565:
9563:
9562:
9557:
9552:
9547:
9542:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9521:
9519:
9511:
9510:
9508:
9507:
9502:
9497:
9492:
9487:
9482:
9477:
9472:
9467:
9462:
9457:
9452:
9446:
9444:
9440:
9439:
9437:
9436:
9431:
9426:
9421:
9416:
9411:
9406:
9401:
9396:
9391:
9386:
9381:
9376:
9371:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9341:
9336:
9331:
9326:
9321:
9316:
9310:
9308:
9304:
9303:
9301:
9300:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9280:
9275:
9270:
9265:
9260:
9254:
9252:
9248:
9247:
9245:
9244:
9239:
9234:
9232:Richard Alston
9229:
9227:Alan Stockdale
9224:
9219:
9214:
9209:
9204:
9199:
9194:
9189:
9184:
9182:Robert Southey
9179:
9176:
9174:Philip McBride
9171:
9168:
9167:W. H. Anderson
9165:
9160:
9154:
9152:
9144:
9143:
9141:
9140:
9135:
9130:
9125:
9123:Peter Costello
9120:
9115:
9110:
9105:
9103:Andrew Peacock
9100:
9095:
9090:
9085:
9080:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9059:
9057:
9056:Deputy Leaders
9053:
9052:
9050:
9049:
9044:
9041:Scott Morrison
9037:
9030:
9023:
9018:
9016:Brendan Nelson
9013:
9006:
9001:
8996:
8994:Andrew Peacock
8991:
8986:
8984:Andrew Peacock
8981:
8978:Malcolm Fraser
8974:
8969:
8962:
8955:
8948:
8945:Robert Menzies
8940:
8938:
8930:
8929:
8920:
8919:
8912:
8905:
8897:
8888:
8887:
8877:
8874:
8873:
8871:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8810:
8805:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8684:
8681:
8680:
8668:
8667:
8660:
8653:
8645:
8637:
8636:
8631:
8628:
8619:
8614:
8610:
8609:
8605:
8604:
8599:
8596:
8587:
8582:
8578:
8577:
8573:
8572:
8567:
8564:
8555:
8549:
8548:
8543:
8534:
8529:
8525:
8524:
8519:
8516:
8507:
8502:
8498:
8497:
8493:
8492:
8487:
8484:
8473:
8470:Donald Cameron
8468:
8464:
8463:
8458:
8455:
8446:
8441:
8437:
8436:
8431:
8428:
8419:
8414:
8410:
8409:
8404:
8401:
8392:
8387:
8383:
8382:
8377:
8374:
8365:
8360:
8356:
8355:
8352:Philip McBride
8350:
8347:
8338:
8332:
8331:
8326:
8323:
8314:
8309:
8305:
8304:
8299:
8296:
8287:
8282:
8278:
8277:
8272:
8269:
8260:
8255:
8251:
8250:
8245:
8242:
8233:
8228:
8224:
8223:
8213:
8212:
8207:
8204:
8195:
8190:
8186:
8185:
8180:
8177:
8163:
8158:
8154:
8153:
8148:
8145:
8136:
8131:
8127:
8126:
8122:
8121:
8118:Andrew Peacock
8116:
8113:
8104:
8099:
8095:
8094:
8088:
8087:
8082:
8079:
8070:
8065:
8061:
8060:
8054:
8053:
8048:
8045:
8036:
8031:
8027:
8026:
8018:
8017:
8004:
7991:
7985:
7980:
7963:
7951:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7905:
7877:
7863:
7862:
7857:
7851:
7850:
7846:Robert Menzies
7839:
7838:
7836:
7835:External links
7833:
7832:
7831:
7825:
7809:
7795:
7789:
7776:
7770:
7757:
7739:
7726:
7720:
7703:
7697:
7677:
7660:
7632:
7614:
7608:
7595:
7593:Menzies at War
7589:
7575:
7568:
7554:
7540:
7533:
7519:
7513:
7500:
7489:
7486:
7483:
7482:
7466:
7455:on 11 May 2018
7436:
7425:
7397:
7386:. Clan Menzies
7375:
7360:
7342:
7324:
7310:
7284:
7261:
7233:
7210:
7184:
7161:
7133:
7110:
7087:
7064:
7041:
7015:
7003:
6977:
6958:
6933:
6913:
6880:
6850:
6824:
6812:
6790:
6762:
6742:
6724:
6711:
6700:
6682:
6675:
6645:
6643:, p. 325.
6633:
6621:
6597:
6578:
6546:
6520:
6503:
6484:
6458:
6432:
6401:
6379:
6357:
6335:
6310:
6298:
6268:
6251:Legal Opinions
6238:
6216:
6203:
6196:
6178:
6176:, p. 350.
6163:
6161:, p. 246.
6151:
6132:
6106:
6092:
6074:
6056:
6054:, p. 351.
6044:
6032:
6006:
6000:978-1862874022
5999:
5979:
5965:
5954:
5928:
5913:
5895:
5874:
5848:
5841:
5819:
5812:
5789:
5759:
5733:
5699:
5692:
5674:
5648:
5618:
5587:
5568:
5556:
5554:, p. 558.
5539:
5526:NewSouth Books
5502:
5475:
5452:
5446:Paul Hasluck,
5439:
5437:(1993) pp 9–26
5426:
5424:, p. 285.
5414:
5412:, p. 179.
5397:
5395:, p. 178.
5376:
5364:
5362:, p. 171.
5352:
5350:, p. 172.
5331:
5305:
5270:
5244:
5232:www.abc.net.au
5219:
5204:
5192:
5163:
5142:
5115:
5102:
5074:
5060:
5053:
5033:
5020:
4994:
4982:
4954:
4936:
4916:
4904:
4902:, p. 275.
4892:
4874:
4857:
4831:
4813:
4801:
4786:
4760:
4748:
4736:
4724:
4712:
4700:
4677:
4634:
4619:
4612:
4583:
4557:
4545:
4533:
4514:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4488:Menzies Wing (
4486:
4481:
4476:Menzies Wing (
4474:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4412:
4402:
4390:
4377:
4364:
4351:
4343:True Believers
4338:
4325:
4310:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4278:Southern Cross
4254:
4251:
4245:
4244:Other elements
4242:
4236:
4233:
4230:Vil God I Haif
4223:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4176:
4171:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4136:
4120:
4104:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4070:
4059:
4048:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4011:
3993:
3974:
3955:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3919:
3913:
3907:
3904:
3881:
3874:
3855:
3836:
3829:Malcolm Fraser
3813:
3802:
3791:
3777:
3760:
3677:
3670:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3632:
3626:
3620:
3614:
3608:
3602:
3593:
3588:
3585:
3571:The Australian
3562:Pattie Menzies
3459:
3456:
3446:
3443:
3437:, designed by
3366:Prince Charles
3347:Malcolm Fraser
3315:
3312:
3281:public servant
3269:East Melbourne
3236:, a Deakinite
3218:
3215:
3211:Centenary Test
3190:The Australian
3099:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3081:
3078:
3040:
3037:
3013:Arthur Calwell
2997:tax incentives
2968:
2965:
2944:
2941:
2907:
2906:Foreign policy
2904:
2822:
2819:
2806:
2803:
2789:
2786:
2765:
2762:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2665:
2662:
2630:Maurice Hankey
2614:Viscount Astor
2554:
2551:
2500:
2497:
2454:
2451:
2429:
2428:
2406:
2404:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2257:
2254:
2217:
2216:State politics
2214:
2212:
2209:
2205:King's Counsel
2191:
2188:
2147:Harrison Moore
2139:Master of Laws
2126:
2123:
2119:Wesley College
2080:
2077:
2073:William Spence
2060:Sydney Sampson
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1862:his government
1828:leader of the
1745:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1730:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1682:
1676:
1674:Related topics
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1485:
1484:
1476:
1475:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1425:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1239:Entry into WW2
1221:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1182:
1181:
1179:State politics
1176:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1158:Robert Menzies
1150:a series about
1144:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1111:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1051:Wesley College
1048:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
990:Sydney Sampson
987:
980:
978:
974:
973:
971:
970:
967:
960:
958:
954:
953:
950:
946:
945:
934:
928:
927:
925:
921:
920:
918:
917:
911:
905:
898:
896:
892:
891:
886:
882:
881:
871:(aged 83)
865:
861:
860:
858:British Empire
836:
834:
830:
829:
825:
824:
821:
820:
815:
809:
808:
803:
797:
796:
786:
785:
777:Member of the
774:
773:
768:
762:
761:
756:
750:
749:
739:
738:
727:Member of the
724:
723:
718:
712:
711:
706:
700:
699:
694:
690:
689:
679:
678:
672:
671:
666:
660:
659:
654:
648:
647:
642:
638:
637:
627:
626:
619:
618:
616:Andrew Peacock
613:
607:
606:
601:
595:
594:
584:
583:
572:Member of the
569:
568:
563:
557:
556:
551:
545:
544:
541:
537:
536:
526:
525:
519:
518:
513:
507:
506:
501:
495:
494:
484:
483:
478:
472:
471:
466:
460:
459:
449:
448:
442:
441:
436:
430:
429:
424:
418:
417:
415:
414:
409:
403:
401:
397:
396:
386:
385:
378:
377:
372:
366:
365:
360:
354:
353:
348:
344:
343:
341:
340:
335:
330:
324:
322:
320:Prime Minister
316:
315:
305:
304:
298:
297:
292:
286:
285:
283:Sir Earle Page
280:
274:
273:
271:
270:
265:
263:Archie Cameron
260:
258:Sir Earle Page
254:
252:
248:
247:
242:
238:
237:
232:
228:
227:
217:
216:
211:
205:
204:
199:
193:
192:
190:
189:
184:
178:
176:
170:
169:
167:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
140:
138:
134:
133:
131:
130:
125:
119:
117:
113:
112:
102:
101:
94:
93:
90:
89:
86:
78:
77:
50:
47:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11058:
11047:
11044:
11042:
11039:
11037:
11034:
11032:
11029:
11027:
11024:
11022:
11019:
11017:
11014:
11012:
11009:
11007:
11004:
11002:
10999:
10997:
10994:
10992:
10989:
10987:
10984:
10982:
10979:
10977:
10974:
10972:
10969:
10967:
10964:
10962:
10959:
10957:
10954:
10952:
10949:
10947:
10944:
10942:
10939:
10937:
10934:
10932:
10929:
10927:
10924:
10922:
10919:
10917:
10914:
10912:
10909:
10907:
10904:
10902:
10899:
10897:
10894:
10892:
10889:
10887:
10884:
10882:
10879:
10877:
10874:
10872:
10869:
10867:
10864:
10862:
10859:
10857:
10854:
10852:
10849:
10847:
10844:
10842:
10839:
10837:
10834:
10832:
10829:
10827:
10824:
10822:
10819:
10817:
10814:
10812:
10809:
10807:
10804:
10802:
10799:
10797:
10794:
10792:
10789:
10787:
10784:
10782:
10779:
10777:
10774:
10773:
10771:
10758:
10757:
10751:
10745:
10742:
10740:
10737:
10735:
10732:
10730:
10727:
10725:
10722:
10720:
10717:
10715:
10712:
10710:
10707:
10705:
10702:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10692:
10690:
10687:
10686:
10684:
10680:
10675:
10665:
10662:
10660:
10657:
10655:
10652:
10650:
10647:
10645:
10642:
10640:
10637:
10635:
10632:
10630:
10627:
10625:
10622:
10620:
10617:
10615:
10612:
10610:
10607:
10605:
10602:
10600:
10597:
10595:
10592:
10590:
10587:
10585:
10582:
10580:
10577:
10575:
10572:
10570:
10567:
10565:
10562:
10560:
10557:
10555:
10552:
10550:
10547:
10545:
10542:
10540:
10537:
10535:
10532:
10530:
10527:
10525:
10522:
10520:
10517:
10515:
10512:
10510:
10507:
10505:
10502:
10500:
10497:
10495:
10492:
10490:
10487:
10485:
10482:
10480:
10477:
10475:
10472:
10470:
10467:
10465:
10462:
10460:
10457:
10455:
10452:
10450:
10447:
10445:
10442:
10440:
10437:
10435:
10432:
10430:
10427:
10425:
10422:
10420:
10417:
10415:
10412:
10410:
10407:
10405:
10402:
10400:
10397:
10395:
10392:
10390:
10387:
10385:
10382:
10380:
10377:
10375:
10372:
10370:
10367:
10365:
10362:
10361:
10359:
10355:
10351:
10337:
10332:
10330:
10325:
10323:
10318:
10317:
10314:
10302:
10299:
10297:
10294:
10292:
10289:
10287:
10284:
10282:
10279:
10277:
10274:
10272:
10269:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10254:
10252:
10249:
10247:
10244:
10242:
10239:
10237:
10234:
10232:
10229:
10227:
10224:
10222:
10219:
10217:
10214:
10212:
10209:
10207:
10204:
10202:
10199:
10197:
10194:
10192:
10189:
10187:
10184:
10182:
10179:
10177:
10174:
10172:
10169:
10167:
10164:
10162:
10159:
10157:
10154:
10152:
10149:
10147:
10144:
10142:
10139:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10124:
10122:
10119:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10107:
10104:
10103:
10100:
10096:
10089:
10084:
10082:
10077:
10075:
10070:
10069:
10066:
10054:
10051:
10049:
10046:
10044:
10041:
10039:
10036:
10035:
10032:
10028:
10020:
10015:
10013:
10008:
10006:
10001:
10000:
9997:
9985:
9982:
9980:
9979:
9975:
9973:
9972:
9968:
9966:
9965:
9961:
9959:
9956:
9954:
9951:
9949:
9948:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9916:
9912:
9910:
9907:
9905:
9904:
9900:
9898:
9897:
9893:
9891:
9890:
9886:
9884:
9883:
9879:
9878:
9875:
9871:
9862:
9857:
9855:
9850:
9848:
9843:
9842:
9839:
9827:
9824:
9822:
9819:
9817:
9814:
9812:
9809:
9807:
9804:
9802:
9799:
9797:
9794:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9744:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9729:
9727:
9724:
9722:
9719:
9718:
9716:
9712:
9706:
9703:
9701:
9698:
9696:
9693:
9691:
9690:Liberal Union
9688:
9686:
9683:
9681:
9678:
9676:
9673:
9671:
9668:
9666:
9663:
9662:
9660:
9656:
9649:
9646:
9643:
9640:
9638:
9635:
9633:
9630:
9628:
9625:
9623:
9620:
9619:
9617:
9613:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
9577:
9574:
9573:
9571:
9567:
9561:
9558:
9556:
9553:
9551:
9548:
9546:
9543:
9541:
9538:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9522:
9520:
9518:
9512:
9506:
9503:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9488:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9468:
9466:
9463:
9461:
9458:
9456:
9453:
9451:
9448:
9447:
9445:
9441:
9435:
9432:
9430:
9427:
9425:
9422:
9420:
9417:
9415:
9412:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9387:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9377:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9337:
9335:
9332:
9330:
9327:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9311:
9309:
9305:
9299:
9296:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9279:
9276:
9274:
9271:
9269:
9266:
9264:
9261:
9259:
9256:
9255:
9253:
9249:
9243:
9240:
9238:
9235:
9233:
9230:
9228:
9225:
9223:
9222:Chris McDiven
9220:
9218:
9215:
9213:
9210:
9208:
9205:
9203:
9200:
9198:
9195:
9193:
9190:
9188:
9185:
9183:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9169:
9166:
9164:
9163:Richard Casey
9161:
9159:
9156:
9155:
9153:
9151:
9145:
9139:
9136:
9134:
9131:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9088:Phillip Lynch
9086:
9084:
9083:Billy Snedden
9081:
9079:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9063:Eric Harrison
9061:
9060:
9058:
9054:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9042:
9038:
9036:
9035:
9031:
9029:
9028:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9011:
9007:
9005:
9002:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8979:
8975:
8973:
8972:Billy Snedden
8970:
8968:
8967:
8963:
8961:
8960:
8956:
8954:
8953:
8949:
8947:
8946:
8942:
8941:
8939:
8937:
8931:
8927:
8918:
8913:
8911:
8906:
8904:
8899:
8898:
8895:
8885:
8875:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8685:
8682:
8677:
8673:
8666:
8661:
8659:
8654:
8652:
8647:
8646:
8643:
8634:
8625:
8624:
8617:
8611:
8606:
8602:
8593:
8592:
8585:
8579:
8574:
8570:
8561:
8560:
8554:
8550:
8547:
8544:
8540:
8539:
8532:
8526:
8522:
8513:
8512:
8505:
8499:
8494:
8490:
8481:
8480:
8471:
8465:
8461:
8452:
8451:
8444:
8443:Richard Casey
8438:
8434:
8433:Eric Harrison
8425:
8424:
8417:
8411:
8407:
8398:
8397:
8390:
8384:
8380:
8371:
8370:
8363:
8362:Arthur Fadden
8357:
8353:
8344:
8343:
8337:
8333:
8329:
8328:George McLeay
8320:
8319:
8312:
8306:
8302:
8301:Percy Spender
8293:
8292:
8285:
8284:Richard Casey
8279:
8275:
8266:
8265:
8258:
8252:
8248:
8247:Arthur Fadden
8239:
8238:
8231:
8225:
8220:
8219:
8214:
8210:
8201:
8200:
8193:
8187:
8183:
8182:Albert Bussau
8174:
8173:
8168:
8161:
8160:Ian MacFarlan
8155:
8151:
8142:
8141:
8134:
8128:
8123:
8119:
8110:
8109:
8102:
8096:
8093:
8089:
8085:
8076:
8075:
8068:
8062:
8059:
8055:
8051:
8042:
8041:
8034:
8033:James Merritt
8028:
8025:
8021:
8016:
8012:
8008:
8005:
8002:
7998:
7995:
7992:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7975:
7971:
7968:
7964:
7962:
7958:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7946:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7918:
7914:
7910:
7906:
7894:
7890:
7886:
7882:
7878:
7875:
7871:
7868:
7867:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7828:
7822:
7818:
7814:
7810:
7808:
7807:0-85859-223-1
7804:
7800:
7796:
7792:
7790:9781925826906
7786:
7782:
7777:
7773:
7771:9789814435468
7767:
7763:
7758:
7756:
7755:1-86436-756-3
7752:
7748:
7744:
7740:
7736:
7732:
7727:
7723:
7721:9780522848649
7717:
7712:
7711:
7704:
7700:
7694:
7689:
7688:
7682:
7681:Martin, Allan
7678:
7676:
7675:0-19-550471-2
7672:
7668:
7664:
7661:
7657:
7651:
7643:
7639:
7635:
7629:
7625:
7624:
7619:
7615:
7611:
7609:9781742230146
7605:
7601:
7596:
7594:
7590:
7588:
7587:0-86861-320-7
7584:
7580:
7576:
7573:
7569:
7567:
7566:0-19-553702-5
7563:
7559:
7555:
7553:
7549:
7545:
7541:
7538:
7534:
7532:
7531:9781925713671
7528:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7514:9781135294984
7510:
7506:
7501:
7497:
7492:
7491:
7479:
7475:
7470:
7454:
7450:
7448:
7440:
7429:
7413:
7412:
7407:
7401:
7385:
7379:
7371:
7367:
7363:
7361:0-85179-149-2
7357:
7353:
7346:
7338:
7334:
7328:
7320:
7314:
7298:
7294:
7288:
7273:
7272:
7265:
7249:
7248:
7243:
7237:
7222:
7221:
7214:
7198:
7194:
7188:
7173:
7172:
7165:
7149:
7148:
7143:
7137:
7122:
7121:
7114:
7099:
7098:
7091:
7076:
7075:
7068:
7053:
7052:
7045:
7029:
7025:
7019:
7012:
7007:
6991:
6987:
6981:
6975:
6971:
6968:
6962:
6947:
6943:
6937:
6929:
6928:
6923:
6917:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6887:
6885:
6868:
6864:
6860:
6854:
6838:
6834:
6828:
6821:
6816:
6800:
6794:
6779:
6778:
6773:
6766:
6760:
6759:0-7022-2443-X
6756:
6752:
6746:
6738:
6734:
6728:
6721:
6715:
6709:
6704:
6696:
6692:
6686:
6678:
6676:9781921862632
6672:
6667:
6662:
6659:. ANU Press.
6658:
6657:
6649:
6642:
6637:
6630:
6625:
6608:
6601:
6594:
6590:
6587:
6582:
6563:
6556:
6550:
6534:
6530:
6524:
6516:
6515:
6507:
6500:
6496:
6493:
6488:
6472:
6468:
6462:
6446:
6442:
6436:
6421:
6420:
6415:
6411:
6405:
6389:
6383:
6367:
6361:
6345:
6339:
6323:
6317:
6315:
6307:
6302:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6272:
6257:on 8 May 2014
6256:
6252:
6248:
6242:
6227:
6220:
6213:
6207:
6199:
6193:
6189:
6182:
6175:
6170:
6168:
6160:
6155:
6147:
6143:
6136:
6121:
6117:
6110:
6102:
6096:
6088:
6084:
6078:
6070:
6066:
6060:
6053:
6048:
6041:
6036:
6020:
6016:
6010:
6002:
5996:
5992:
5991:
5983:
5975:
5969:
5963:
5958:
5943:
5939:
5932:
5924:
5917:
5909:
5905:
5899:
5891:
5887:
5881:
5879:
5862:
5858:
5852:
5844:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5823:
5815:
5813:9780646555171
5809:
5805:
5804:
5796:
5794:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5763:
5747:
5743:
5737:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5703:
5695:
5693:0-86777-006-6
5689:
5685:
5678:
5662:
5658:
5652:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5622:
5606:
5602:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5585:, p. 56.
5584:
5579:
5577:
5575:
5573:
5563:
5561:
5553:
5548:
5546:
5544:
5536:
5535:9781742233574
5532:
5528:
5527:
5522:
5518:
5515:
5511:
5506:
5498:
5494:
5493:
5485:
5479:
5473:, p. 73.
5472:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5449:
5443:
5436:
5430:
5423:
5418:
5411:
5406:
5404:
5402:
5394:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5371:
5369:
5361:
5356:
5349:
5344:
5342:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5320:
5316:
5309:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5274:
5258:
5254:
5248:
5233:
5229:
5223:
5215:
5208:
5199:
5197:
5181:
5177:
5170:
5168:
5159:
5155:
5149:
5147:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5119:
5112:
5106:
5090:
5089:
5084:
5078:
5070:
5064:
5056:
5050:
5046:
5045:
5037:
5030:
5024:
5008:
5004:
4998:
4991:
4986:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4958:
4950:
4946:
4940:
4934:
4933:9781925713671
4930:
4926:
4920:
4914:, p. 30.
4913:
4908:
4901:
4896:
4888:
4884:
4878:
4872:, p. 29.
4871:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4845:
4841:
4835:
4827:
4823:
4817:
4811:, p. 24.
4810:
4805:
4799:, p. 20.
4798:
4793:
4791:
4771:
4764:
4758:, p. 19.
4757:
4752:
4746:, p. 18.
4745:
4740:
4734:, p. 15.
4733:
4728:
4722:, p. 12.
4721:
4716:
4710:, p. 11.
4709:
4704:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4631:
4626:
4624:
4615:
4613:9780868613208
4609:
4605:
4600:
4599:
4590:
4588:
4572:
4568:
4561:
4554:
4549:
4542:
4537:
4530:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4511:
4506:
4502:
4491:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4479:
4475:
4472:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4423:
4422:Home to Roost
4419:
4418:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4362:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4349:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4336:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4312:
4299:
4298:Scottish Lion
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4169:
4165:
4164:
4151:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4098:29 April 1941
4094:
4089:
4088:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4037:
4027:
4021:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3938:
3937:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3893:Quentin Bryce
3890:
3886:
3885:Australia Day
3882:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3857:In 1984, the
3856:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3833:Gough Whitlam
3830:
3826:
3822:
3821:Edmund Barton
3818:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3799:Edmund Barton
3796:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3785:Time magazine
3782:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3771:Sir Ivor Hele
3768:
3765:
3762:In 1954, the
3761:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3532:Henry Gullett
3529:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3495:Viscount Slim
3492:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3468:1943 election
3465:
3455:
3453:
3452:Norman Gilroy
3442:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3416:19-gun salute
3413:
3408:
3406:
3405:Harold Wilson
3402:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3358:state funeral
3354:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3320:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3298:According to
3296:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3223:Pattie Leckie
3217:Personal life
3214:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3195:physiotherapy
3192:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3177:Walmer Castle
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3122:
3121:Petrov Affair
3118:
3114:
3095:
3086:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3058:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3036:
3029:
3024:
3020:
3018:
3017:Gough Whitlam
3014:
3009:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2973:
2967:Social reform
2964:
2960:
2954:
2949:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2920:
2912:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2896:1958 election
2893:
2892:1955 election
2889:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2860:1954 election
2856:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2818:
2811:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2785:
2783:
2782:1946 election
2778:
2776:
2772:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2749:1943 election
2744:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2714:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2683:Arthur Fadden
2679:
2676:
2672:
2661:
2658:
2657:Thomas Blamey
2653:
2652:
2645:
2643:
2642:Joan Beaumont
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2527:1940 election
2524:
2520:
2517:'s policy of
2516:
2511:
2505:
2496:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2459:Danzig crisis
2450:
2446:
2444:
2435:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2396:
2395:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2222:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2187:
2185:
2180:
2179:Frank Menzies
2176:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2091:
2085:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2019:
1989:
1988:
1979:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1915:James Menzies
1913:Sampson) and
1912:
1908:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1731:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1703:Neoliberalism
1701:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1590:
1589:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1554:
1553:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1282:Petrov Affair
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1160:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1125:
1115:
1114:Petrov Affair
1099:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
981:
979:
975:
968:
965:
964:James Menzies
962:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
931:
930:Pattie Leckie
926:
922:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
899:
897:
893:
890:
887:
885:Resting place
883:
879:
875:
866:
862:
859:
855:
851:
835:
831:
826:
822:
819:
816:
810:
807:
804:
798:
792:
787:
784:
780:
775:
772:
769:
763:
760:
757:
751:
745:
740:
737:
731:
725:
722:
719:
713:
710:
709:Ian Macfarlan
707:
701:
698:
695:
691:
685:
680:
677:
673:
670:
669:Ian Macfarlan
667:
661:
658:
655:
649:
646:
643:
639:
633:
628:
625:
620:
617:
614:
608:
605:
602:
596:
590:
585:
582:
576:
570:
567:
564:
558:
555:
552:
546:
542:
538:
532:
527:
524:
520:
517:
514:
508:
505:
502:
496:
490:
485:
482:
479:
473:
470:
467:
461:
455:
450:
447:
443:
440:
437:
431:
428:
425:
419:
413:
410:
408:
405:
404:
402:
398:
392:
387:
384:
379:
376:
373:
367:
364:
361:
355:
352:
349:
345:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
325:
323:
317:
311:
306:
303:
299:
296:
293:
287:
284:
281:
275:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
255:
253:
249:
246:
243:
239:
236:
233:
229:
223:
218:
215:
212:
206:
203:
200:
194:
188:
185:
183:
180:
179:
177:
175:
171:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
141:
139:
135:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
118:
114:
108:
103:
100:
95:
91:
84:
79:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
10754:
10682:21st century
10357:20th century
10180:
10052:
10042:
9976:
9969:
9962:
9945:
9913:
9901:
9894:
9887:
9881:
9880:
9642:Ginger Group
9627:Centre Right
9237:Nick Greiner
9202:John Elliott
9192:A. J. Forbes
9128:Julie Bishop
9047:Peter Dutton
9039:
9032:
9025:
9008:
8976:
8964:
8957:
8950:
8944:
8943:
8787:
8762:
8621:
8589:
8557:
8552:
8545:
8536:
8531:Billy Hughes
8521:Billy Hughes
8509:
8504:Joseph Lyons
8475:
8448:
8421:
8394:
8367:
8340:
8335:
8316:
8289:
8262:
8235:
8216:
8209:Billy Hughes
8197:
8165:
8138:
8106:
8072:
8038:
7921:. Retrieved
7917:the original
7897:. Retrieved
7893:the original
7884:
7845:
7816:
7798:
7780:
7761:
7746:
7734:
7730:
7709:
7686:
7666:
7622:
7618:Howard, John
7599:
7592:
7578:
7571:
7557:
7543:
7536:
7522:
7504:
7495:
7469:
7457:. Retrieved
7453:the original
7446:
7439:
7428:
7418:11 September
7416:. Retrieved
7409:
7400:
7390:11 September
7388:. Retrieved
7378:
7351:
7345:
7336:
7327:
7313:
7301:. Retrieved
7296:
7287:
7276:, retrieved
7270:
7264:
7252:. Retrieved
7245:
7236:
7225:, retrieved
7219:
7213:
7201:. Retrieved
7196:
7187:
7176:, retrieved
7170:
7164:
7152:. Retrieved
7145:
7136:
7125:, retrieved
7119:
7113:
7102:, retrieved
7096:
7090:
7079:, retrieved
7073:
7067:
7056:, retrieved
7050:
7044:
7032:. Retrieved
7028:the original
7018:
7006:
6994:. Retrieved
6990:the original
6980:
6961:
6949:. Retrieved
6936:
6925:
6916:
6904:. Retrieved
6900:the original
6871:. Retrieved
6867:the original
6853:
6841:. Retrieved
6827:
6815:
6803:. Retrieved
6801:. Nma.gov.au
6793:
6783:21 September
6781:. Retrieved
6775:
6765:
6750:
6745:
6737:the original
6727:
6719:
6714:
6703:
6694:
6685:
6655:
6648:
6636:
6624:
6613:22 September
6611:. Retrieved
6600:
6581:
6569:. Retrieved
6562:the original
6549:
6537:. Retrieved
6532:
6523:
6517:. p. 1.
6512:
6506:
6487:
6475:. Retrieved
6470:
6461:
6449:. Retrieved
6444:
6435:
6423:. Retrieved
6417:
6404:
6392:. Retrieved
6382:
6370:. Retrieved
6368:. MyHeritage
6360:
6348:. Retrieved
6338:
6326:. Retrieved
6301:
6289:. Retrieved
6285:the original
6280:
6271:
6259:. Retrieved
6255:the original
6250:
6241:
6229:. Retrieved
6219:
6211:
6206:
6187:
6181:
6154:
6145:
6135:
6123:. Retrieved
6120:John Quiggin
6119:
6109:
6095:
6087:the original
6077:
6069:the original
6059:
6047:
6035:
6023:. Retrieved
6019:the original
6009:
5989:
5982:
5968:
5957:
5945:. Retrieved
5941:
5931:
5922:
5916:
5908:the original
5898:
5890:the original
5865:. Retrieved
5861:the original
5851:
5828:
5822:
5802:
5780:. Retrieved
5776:the original
5772:Liberals.net
5771:
5762:
5750:. Retrieved
5746:the original
5736:
5726:17 September
5724:. Retrieved
5720:the original
5711:
5702:
5683:
5677:
5665:. Retrieved
5661:the original
5651:
5639:. Retrieved
5635:the original
5621:
5609:. Retrieved
5605:the original
5524:
5510:Tink, Andrew
5505:
5490:
5478:
5447:
5442:
5434:
5429:
5417:
5410:Andrews 1970
5393:Andrews 1970
5360:Andrews 1970
5355:
5348:Andrews 1970
5322:. Retrieved
5318:
5308:
5298:21 September
5296:. Retrieved
5292:the original
5287:
5283:
5273:
5261:. Retrieved
5256:
5247:
5235:. Retrieved
5231:
5222:
5213:
5207:
5183:. Retrieved
5180:The Guardian
5179:
5157:
5131:(1): 34–46.
5128:
5124:
5118:
5110:
5105:
5093:. Retrieved
5086:
5077:
5063:
5043:
5036:
5028:
5023:
5013:26 September
5011:. Retrieved
5007:the original
4997:
4985:
4973:. Retrieved
4966:
4957:
4948:
4939:
4924:
4919:
4907:
4895:
4886:
4877:
4850:26 September
4848:. Retrieved
4844:the original
4834:
4825:
4816:
4804:
4777:. Retrieved
4763:
4751:
4739:
4727:
4715:
4703:
4662:
4632:, p. 7.
4597:
4574:. Retrieved
4560:
4555:, p. 2.
4548:
4543:, p. 1.
4536:
4531:, p. 4.
4512:, p. 5.
4505:
4415:
4405:
4396:
4387:Matthew King
4380:
4367:
4354:
4341:
4335:Noel Ferrier
4328:
4315:
4258:Clan Menzies
4145:
4129:
4113:
4097:
3888:
3851:
3766:
3645:
3634:
3628:
3622:
3616:
3610:
3604:
3595:
3575:
3569:
3566:A. W. Martin
3559:
3549:test cricket
3541:
3526:
3515:
3511:
3497:, and Lords
3488:
3461:
3448:
3434:
3432:
3409:
3394:Zelman Cowan
3355:
3328:
3297:
3254:
3220:
3188:
3184:
3173:Dover Castle
3153:
3141:
3125:
3117:Allan Fraser
3092:
3083:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3054:
3049:
3046:Alick Downer
3042:
3033:
3005:
3000:
2993:
2988:
2978:
2961:
2957:
2925:
2876:
2857:
2824:
2816:
2791:
2779:
2767:
2745:
2739:
2735:
2733:
2728:
2720:
2717:
2712:
2700:Billy Hughes
2696:was replaced
2680:
2667:
2649:
2646:
2638:Judith Brett
2606:6th Division
2593:
2591:
2572:
2556:
2535:Arthur Coles
2506:
2502:
2488:
2483:
2470:
2456:
2447:
2440:
2423:
2412:
2364:Pig Iron Bob
2363:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2337:
2332:
2328:Nazi Germany
2325:
2316:Adolf Hitler
2313:
2278:
2259:
2227:
2193:
2190:Legal career
2172:
2159:Billy Hughes
2154:
2142:
2128:
2096:
2088:
2040:
1943:Renfrewshire
1910:
1904:
1842:
1822:Joseph Lyons
1795:
1749:
1748:
1691:Centre Right
1519:
1420:
1356:
1355:
1298:
1297:
1258:
1257:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1187:
1156:
1010:(son-in-law)
869:(1978-05-15)
813:Succeeded by
790:
766:Succeeded by
743:
716:Succeeded by
683:
664:Succeeded by
656:
631:
611:Succeeded by
588:
566:Billy Hughes
561:Succeeded by
543:Joseph Lyons
530:
516:Billy Hughes
511:Succeeded by
504:Joseph Lyons
488:
480:
476:Succeeded by
469:Billy Hughes
453:
434:Succeeded by
426:
390:
370:Succeeded by
309:
290:Succeeded by
221:
209:Succeeded by
128:Elizabeth II
106:
36:
10786:1978 deaths
10781:1894 births
9648:Lyons Forum
9251:Governments
9217:Shane Stone
9212:Tony Staley
9197:John Valder
9187:John Atwill
9178:J. E. Pagan
9113:Peter Reith
9108:Fred Chaney
9093:John Howard
9078:John Gorton
9068:Harold Holt
9027:Tony Abbott
9010:John Howard
8999:John Hewson
8989:John Howard
8959:John Gorton
8952:Harold Holt
8569:Harold Holt
8489:John Gorton
8406:Harold Holt
8389:Ben Chifley
8379:Ben Chifley
8311:John Lawson
8274:John Curtin
8192:John Latham
8101:John Latham
7899:17 February
7737:(5): 47–56.
7034:14 December
6922:"No. 42964"
6641:Howard 2014
6394:21 February
6372:21 February
6350:21 February
6328:21 February
6174:Howard 2014
6159:Howard 2014
6052:Howard 2014
6040:Howard 2014
6025:10 February
5947:18 December
5433:David Day,
5324:10 November
5263:13 February
5237:10 December
5185:10 December
5095:10 December
4822:Percy Joske
4393:Max Gillies
4374:Bille Brown
4361:Hassan Kami
4348:John Bonney
4266:Clan Gordon
4216:Compartment
4130:6 June 1953
3825:John McEwen
3556:this pride.
3551:and was an
3386:Frank Forde
3378:John Gorton
3374:John McEwen
3234:John Leckie
3209:during the
3145:Harold Holt
2953:Harold Holt
2936:John Gorton
2864:red-baiting
2849:H. V. Evatt
2775:Ben Chifley
2757:was elected
2706:Interregnum
2675:Lord Gowrie
2626:War Cabinet
2543:John Curtin
2539:Alex Wilson
2519:Appeasement
2510:World War I
2457:During the
2443:was elected
2378:, for that
2281:John Latham
2167:Percy Joske
2103:Bakery Hill
2087:Article in
1890:Vietnam War
1826:was elected
1651:Think tanks
1515:Higinbotham
1192:(1934–1966)
1188:Member for
914:Nationalist
910:(1931–1945)
904:(from 1945)
880:, Australia
867:15 May 1978
801:Preceded by
754:Preceded by
704:Preceded by
652:Preceded by
599:Preceded by
554:John Latham
549:Preceded by
499:Preceded by
464:Preceded by
439:Harold Holt
422:Preceded by
412:Harold Holt
375:Ben Chifley
358:Preceded by
338:Ben Chifley
333:Frank Forde
328:John Curtin
278:Preceded by
245:Lord Gowrie
214:Harold Holt
202:Ben Chifley
197:Preceded by
10770:Categories
10734:Morrison 1
10724:Turnbull 1
10296:Frydenberg
9816:2015 (Sep)
9811:2015 (Feb)
9470:Peacock II
9429:Morrison 1
9419:Turnbull 1
9307:Ministries
9242:John Olsen
9170:Lyle Moore
9149:Presidents
9138:Sussan Ley
9098:Neil Brown
8627:1967–1972
8595:1966–1978
8563:1945–1966
8542:1943–1945
8515:1939–1941
8483:1961–1962
8454:1960–1961
8416:Enid Lyons
8400:1949–1966
8373:1943–1949
8295:1940–1941
8268:1939–1941
8241:1939–1941
8230:Earle Page
8222:1934–1938
8203:1934–1939
8176:1932–1934
8144:1932–1934
8112:1934–1966
8078:1929–1934
8044:1928–1929
7698:0522844421
7525:, Scribe.
6951:15 October
6906:15 October
6873:15 October
6843:15 October
6805:4 November
6231:24 January
5782:4 November
5752:17 October
5667:17 October
5611:17 October
5284:The Hummer
5088:The Mirror
4410:Bob Baines
4209:Supporters
4203:Escutcheon
3925:campus of
3852:ex officio
3757:California
3749:Birmingham
3741:Queensland
3534:, wartime
3528:Jo Gullett
3360:, held in
3098:Later life
2981:Aboriginal
2853:Korean War
2844:referendum
2836:High Court
2711:Menzies's
2424:(May 2024)
2309:Egon Kisch
2197:Owen Dixon
2125:University
1896:Early life
1888:, and the
1878:Korean War
1614:Free Trade
1299:Ministries
1174:Early life
1072:Politician
1061:Profession
1046:Alma mater
843:1894-12-20
736:Nunawading
164:Lord Casey
10704:Gillard 1
10649:Keating 1
10594:Whitlam 1
10529:Menzies 4
10519:Chifley 1
10484:Menzies 1
9650:(defunct)
9644:(defunct)
9622:Moderates
9601:Young LNP
9581:Coalition
9485:Howard II
9460:Peacock I
9314:Menzies 4
8336:New title
7650:cite book
7642:915942699
6539:12 August
5583:Hill 2010
5471:Bell 2014
4687:1833-7538
4420:episode "
4356:Nasser 56
4322:John Wood
4272:from the
4253:Symbolism
4150:Melbourne
4118:Edinburgh
3848:John Kerr
3745:Edinburgh
3725:Cambridge
3693:Melbourne
3503:De L'Isle
3499:Dunrossil
3396:. Former
3335:Melbourne
3289:Secretary
2610:David Day
2207:in 1929.
2115:Melbourne
2079:Childhood
1802:Melbourne
1696:Moderates
1595:(defunct)
1566:Democrats
1357:Elections
1080:Signature
1024:Education
986:(brother)
977:Relatives
916:(to 1931)
791:In office
744:In office
684:In office
632:In office
589:In office
531:In office
489:In office
454:In office
391:In office
310:In office
235:George VI
222:In office
123:George VI
107:In office
97:12th
10744:Albanese
10689:Howard 3
10659:Howard 1
10609:Fraser 1
10579:Gorton 1
10504:Curtin 1
10414:Hughes 1
10409:Fisher 3
10399:Fisher 2
10394:Deakin 3
10389:Fisher 1
10384:Deakin 2
10369:Deakin 1
10301:Chalmers
10291:Morrison
10271:Costello
10161:Theodore
9978:Morrison
9971:Turnbull
9958:Turnbull
9615:Factions
9555:Victoria
9550:Tasmania
9495:Turnbull
9465:Howard I
9394:Howard 1
9374:Fraser 1
9359:Gorton 1
9298:Morrison
9293:Turnbull
8884:Category
8868:Albanese
8863:Morrison
8858:Turnbull
7997:Archived
7970:Archived
7957:Archived
7945:Archived
7731:Quadrant
7683:(1993).
7665:(1976),
7620:(2014).
7480:web site
6970:Archived
6837:Archived
6589:Archived
6495:Archived
5517:Archived
5158:ABC News
4824:(1978).
4695:70677943
4290:Victoria
4248:Mantling
3901:Canberra
3773:won the
3737:Adelaide
3721:Tasmania
3705:Montreal
3545:shilling
3277:diplomat
3257:Hawthorn
2884:Victoria
2879:Cold War
2794:Cold War
2664:Downfall
2594:En route
2372:pig iron
2268:for the
1939:Cornwall
1935:Penzance
1927:Creswick
1923:Ballarat
1870:Canberra
1858:Cold War
1593:Parties
1559:(active)
1557:Parties
1535:Turnbull
1472:a series
1004:(cousin)
966:(father)
949:Children
878:Victoria
116:Monarchs
10629:Hawke 1
10589:McMahon
10459:Lyons 1
10454:Scullin
10439:Bruce 1
10266:Dawkins
10251:Keating
10221:Whitlam
10216:Snedden
10206:McMahon
10196:Chifley
10186:Spender
10181:Menzies
10166:Scullin
10136:Poynton
10116:Forrest
10053:Menzies
10043:Menzies
9931:Peacock
9921:Peacock
9909:Snedden
9903:McMahon
9882:Menzies
9658:History
9450:Snedden
9369:McMahon
9273:McMahon
9258:Menzies
8935:Leaders
8843:Gillard
8828:Keating
8813:Whitlam
8808:McMahon
8788:Menzies
8783:Chifley
8763:Menzies
8748:Scullin
8013:of the
8009:in the
7976:at the
7923:29 June
7337:The Age
7303:7 April
7278:7 April
7254:7 April
7227:7 April
7203:7 April
7197:The Age
7178:7 April
7154:7 April
7147:The Age
7127:7 April
7104:7 April
7081:7 April
7058:7 April
6996:8 March
6533:The Age
6477:17 June
6451:17 June
6425:17 June
6419:The Age
5867:22 June
5641:19 July
4330:Vietnam
4213:argent.
4185:Adopted
4102:Swansea
4080:, 1977.
4069:, 1953.
4058:, 1937.
4047:, 1935.
3923:Clayton
3729:Harvard
3689:Belfast
3685:Bristol
3331:Malvern
3291:of the
3261:Kooyong
3244:in the
2938:in 1961
2834:by the
2798:Chifley
2419:Discuss
2264:in the
2043:Wimmera
1843:At the
1608:Liberal
1576:Liberal
1520:Menzies
1335:Seventh
1207:spills
1190:Kooyong
1016:(niece)
1002:Douglas
998:(uncle)
992:(uncle)
957:Parents
943:
935:
902:Liberal
874:Malvern
850:Jeparit
693:Premier
641:Premier
581:Kooyong
231:Monarch
10719:Abbott
10714:Rudd 2
10699:Rudd 1
10574:McEwen
10564:Holt 1
10499:Fadden
10374:Watson
10364:Barton
10286:Hockey
10261:Willis
10246:Howard
10236:Hayden
10231:Cairns
10191:Fadden
10126:Fisher
10111:Watson
10106:Turner
10048:Hughes
9984:Dutton
9964:Abbott
9953:Nelson
9947:Howard
9941:Downer
9936:Hewson
9926:Howard
9915:Fraser
9896:Gorton
9505:Dutton
9500:Abbott
9490:Nelson
9480:Downer
9475:Hewson
9455:Fraser
9414:Abbott
9349:Holt 1
9288:Abbott
9283:Howard
9278:Fraser
9268:Gorton
8853:Abbott
8833:Howard
8818:Fraser
8803:Gorton
8798:McEwen
8773:Curtin
8768:Fadden
8738:Hughes
8733:Fisher
8723:Fisher
8718:Deakin
8713:Fisher
8708:Deakin
8698:Watson
8693:Deakin
8688:Barton
7843:about
7823:
7805:
7787:
7768:
7753:
7718:
7695:
7673:
7640:
7630:
7606:
7585:
7564:
7550:
7529:
7511:
7459:11 May
7370:246821
7368:
7358:
7274:, 1953
7223:, 1937
7174:, 1935
7123:, 1976
7100:, 1976
7077:, 1973
7054:, 1951
6757:
6673:
6471:Crikey
6445:Crikey
6194:
6125:25 May
5997:
5839:
5810:
5690:
5533:
5487:(scan)
5450:(1951)
5259:. 2022
5051:
4975:24 May
4931:
4779:2 June
4693:
4685:
4675:
4610:
4576:2 June
4369:Curtin
4235:Orders
4134:Oxford
4034:Medals
3717:Quebec
3701:McGill
3505:, and
3392:, Sir
3030:, 1955
2499:At war
2467:Gdańsk
2344:Poland
1919:Isabel
1884:, the
1880:, the
1640:(1887)
1634:(1973)
1628:(1923)
1622:(1976)
1616:(1887)
1610:(1909)
1604:(1904)
1510:Deakin
1499:People
1340:Eighth
1320:Fourth
1310:Second
1068:Lawyer
924:Spouse
540:Leader
400:Deputy
347:Deputy
251:Deputy
174:Deputy
10514:Forde
10281:Bowen
10256:Kerin
10241:Lynch
10226:Crean
10176:Casey
10171:Lyons
10151:Bruce
10131:Higgs
10038:Lyons
8823:Hawke
8778:Forde
8753:Lyons
8743:Bruce
8427:1951
8346:1940
8322:1940
8169:&
6571:3 May
6565:(PDF)
6558:(PDF)
6291:7 May
6261:7 May
5497:Trove
4773:(PDF)
4262:Rowan
4222:Motto
4191:Crest
4175:Notes
4022:(AK)
3985:(KT)
3966:(CH)
3753:Drury
3733:Leeds
3713:Laval
3709:Malta
3507:Casey
3137:Perth
3111:1970
2877:This
2484:Reich
2471:Reich
2409:split
2232:from
2163:revue
2027:-zeez
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1525:Smith
1505:Chipp
1350:Tenth
1345:Ninth
1330:Sixth
1325:Fifth
1315:Third
1305:First
1267:ANZUS
984:Frank
937:(
933:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
10479:Page
10404:Cook
10379:Reid
10276:Swan
10211:Bury
10201:Holt
10156:Page
10146:Cook
10141:Watt
10121:Lyne
9889:Holt
9826:2022
9821:2018
9806:2009
9801:2008
9796:2007
9791:1995
9786:1994
9781:1993
9776:1990
9771:1989
9766:1987
9761:1985
9756:1983
9751:1982
9746:1975
9741:1972
9736:1971
9731:1969
9726:1968
9721:1966
9263:Holt
8848:Rudd
8838:Rudd
8793:Holt
8758:Page
8728:Cook
8703:Reid
8676:list
7925:2010
7901:2022
7821:ISBN
7803:ISBN
7785:ISBN
7766:ISBN
7751:ISBN
7716:ISBN
7693:ISBN
7671:ISBN
7656:link
7638:OCLC
7628:ISBN
7604:ISBN
7583:ISBN
7562:ISBN
7548:ISBN
7527:ISBN
7509:ISBN
7461:2018
7449:DVD"
7420:2023
7392:2023
7366:OCLC
7356:ISBN
7305:2023
7280:2023
7256:2023
7229:2023
7205:2023
7180:2023
7156:2023
7129:2023
7106:2023
7083:2023
7060:2023
7036:2016
6998:2016
6953:2009
6908:2009
6875:2009
6845:2009
6807:2011
6785:2021
6755:ISBN
6671:ISBN
6615:2016
6573:2022
6541:2010
6479:2018
6453:2018
6427:2018
6396:2017
6374:2017
6352:2017
6330:2017
6293:2014
6263:2014
6233:2018
6192:ISBN
6127:2020
6027:2016
5995:ISBN
5949:2023
5869:2013
5837:ISBN
5808:ISBN
5784:2011
5754:2012
5728:2010
5688:ISBN
5669:2012
5643:2017
5613:2012
5531:ISBN
5326:2022
5300:2016
5265:2024
5239:2019
5187:2019
5097:2019
5049:ISBN
5015:2013
4977:2023
4929:ISBN
4852:2013
4781:2018
4691:OCLC
4683:ISSN
4673:ISBN
4608:ISBN
4578:2018
4284:and
4197:Helm
4156:Arms
4146:1966
3846:Sir
3831:and
3755:and
3484:1961
3482:and
3480:1954
3476:1940
3403:and
3380:and
3279:and
3275:, a
2640:and
2537:and
2052:Hugh
1987:-iss
1985:MING
1947:Fife
1816:and
1545:Wise
1540:West
1530:Syme
1408:1963
1403:1961
1398:1958
1393:1955
1388:1954
1378:1951
1373:1949
1368:1946
1363:1940
1216:1943
1211:1939
996:Hugh
864:Died
833:Born
781:for
734:for
622:1st
579:for
381:1st
8015:ZBW
6661:doi
5523:".
5133:doi
3769:by
3265:Kew
3250:Kew
3227:Kew
3225:at
3113:ABC
2855:.
2289:Kew
2071:MP
2025:MEN
1911:née
1774:FRS
1770:FAA
73:FRS
69:FAA
10772::
10559:10
9344:10
7911:.
7887:.
7883:.
7872:,
7745:,
7735:40
7733:.
7652:}}
7648:{{
7636:.
7476:,
7408:.
7364:.
7335:.
7295:.
7244:.
7195:.
7144:.
6944:.
6924:.
6894:.
6883:^
6861:.
6774:.
6693:.
6669:.
6531:.
6469:.
6443:.
6416:.
6313:^
6279:.
6249:.
6166:^
6144:.
6118:.
5940:.
5877:^
5835:.
5792:^
5770:.
5714:.
5710:.
5629:.
5590:^
5571:^
5559:^
5542:^
5489:.
5455:^
5400:^
5379:^
5367:^
5334:^
5317:.
5286:.
5282:.
5255:.
5230:.
5195:^
5178:.
5166:^
5156:.
5145:^
5129:13
5127:.
5085:.
4965:.
4947:.
4885:.
4860:^
4789:^
4689:.
4681:.
4671:.
4661:.
4637:^
4622:^
4606:.
4604:14
4586:^
4569:.
4517:^
4424:".
4228::
4148::
4132::
4116::
4100::
3835:).
3827:,
3823:,
3751:,
3747:,
3743:,
3739:,
3735:,
3731:,
3727:,
3723:,
3719:,
3715:,
3711:,
3707:,
3703:,
3699:,
3695:,
3691:,
3687:,
3501:,
3486:.
3478:,
3454:.
3430:.
3376:,
3349:,
3341:,
3333:,
3213:.
3203:AK
3059::
3052:.
2902:.
2777:.
2673:,
2616:,
2585:,
2549:.
2421:)
2276:.
2038:.
1937:,
1892:.
1766:QC
1762:CH
1758:AK
1754:KT
1687::
1474:on
1053:,
939:m.
876:,
856:,
852:,
65:QC
61:CH
57:AK
53:KT
10739:2
10729:2
10709:2
10694:4
10664:2
10654:2
10644:4
10639:3
10634:2
10624:4
10619:3
10614:2
10604:3
10599:2
10584:2
10569:2
10554:9
10549:8
10544:7
10539:6
10534:5
10524:2
10509:2
10494:3
10489:2
10474:4
10469:3
10464:2
10449:3
10444:2
10434:5
10429:4
10424:3
10419:2
10335:e
10328:t
10321:v
10087:e
10080:t
10073:v
10018:e
10011:t
10004:v
9860:e
9853:t
9846:v
9434:2
9424:2
9409:4
9404:3
9399:2
9389:4
9384:3
9379:2
9364:2
9354:2
9339:9
9334:8
9329:7
9324:6
9319:5
8916:e
8909:t
8902:v
8678:)
8674:(
8664:e
8657:t
8650:v
7927:.
7903:.
7829:.
7793:.
7774:.
7724:.
7701:.
7658:)
7644:.
7612:.
7517:.
7463:.
7445:"
7394:.
7372:.
7038:.
7000:.
6955:.
6910:.
6877:.
6847:.
6809:.
6787:.
6722:.
6697:.
6679:.
6663::
6617:.
6575:.
6543:.
6481:.
6455:.
6429:.
6398:.
6376:.
6354:.
6332:.
6295:.
6265:.
6235:.
6200:.
6148:.
6129:.
6103:.
6029:.
6003:.
5976:.
5951:.
5925:.
5871:.
5845:.
5816:.
5786:.
5756:.
5730:.
5696:.
5671:.
5645:.
5615:.
5512:"
5499:.
5328:.
5302:.
5288:3
5267:.
5241:.
5216:.
5189:.
5139:.
5135::
5057:.
5017:.
4854:.
4783:.
4697:.
4616:.
4580:.
4492:)
4480:)
4473:.
4401:.
4389:.
4376:.
4363:.
4350:.
4337:.
4324:.
4182:.
3929:.
3903:.
3812:.
3759:.
3493:(
3201:(
2018:/
2015:z
2012:i
2009:z
2006:n
2003:ɛ
2000:m
1997:ˈ
1994:/
1978:/
1975:s
1972:ɪ
1969:ŋ
1966:ɪ
1963:m
1960:ˈ
1957:/
1953:(
1456:e
1449:t
1442:v
952:4
845:)
841:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.