Sirenia - Knowledge

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manatees. Manatees are known to have an incredibly low metabolic rate and poor insulation, therefore, it is harder for them to thermoregulate in cold water conditions. They typically will migrate to warmer waters once water temperatures start to drop below 20 degrees Celsius. This can include naturally warmer waters or artificial warm water habitats produced by power plants/energy center outfalls. Manatee cold stress syndrome can occur when there is prolonged exposure to water temperatures below the 20 degrees Celsius threshold, which can ultimately result in frostbite-like skin lesions, anorexia, fat atrophy, lymphoid depletion, and secondary infections and diseases. According to the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission over the past three years, they have documented the highest number of cold-related deaths to date. This a common disease that is treated through the manatee rehabilitation facilities in the state of Florida like SeaWorld Orlando, Zoo Tampa at Lowry Park, Miami Seaquarium, and the Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens.

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which therefore enhances the risks of poaching and entanglement in fishing nets in coastal communities. Poaching of the manatees has been a significant issue since the 1970s, when it was initially reported that the hunting was taking its toll on the manatee population in Cuba. In 1975, it was reported that the manatees' population in Cuba was rare and declining at an alarming rate due to pollution and hunting. In 1996 ,manatees were placed under protection through Fishery Decree Law 164. This law provided penalties against those who manipulate, harm, or injure manatees. The hunting of manatees in Cuba in the 1990s may have been the result of economic hardship, with the manatees being seen as a source of protein. Although there have been efforts made to protect the population of manatees in Cuba, it has not proven to be effective as those working to protect the population had hoped. Many of these areas are seen as parks that exist only on paper, and they do not have a significant impact on conversation and protection.

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will succeed over slow-growing species. Oftentimes, these "pioneer" species can be high in nitrogen and low in fibre, making them a preferred diet for the dugongs. To ensure the abundance of favored seagrasses, dugongs exhibit sustained grazing pressure on seagrass patches up to a month or more. The grazing maximizes the presence of species preferred by the dugongs at the expense of less nutritious and less favored species. This grazing method also encourages rapid recovery of seagrass meadows- the dugongs graze in meandering, single trails that leave uncropped patches of seagrass. This ungrazed reserve with their surviving rhizomes are key to the expansion and restoration of seagrasses. Seagrasses respond to cropping by increasing nitrogen levels and decreasing lignin. Cultivation grazing allows dugongs to increase both nutritionally superior seagrasses, but the overall nutritional quality of the seagrasses. By maintaining the seagrasses in an immature state, dugongs ensure the highest level of nutrition.

855: 1019: 2541:, a biological structure that relies on muscular pressure and muscle contractions to manipulate and move food. The manatee uses its large upper perioral bristles to carry out a grasping motion: it performs a flare that tightens the muscular hydrostat while the large upper bristles get pushed out and the lower jaw drops and sweeps the vegetation in by closing. The primary bristles used for vegetation ingestion are the U2 and L1 fields. Dugongs and trichechids differ in how they use the U1 and U2 bristle fields during feeding. Dugongs use a medial-to-lateral motion for U2 bristles, while trichechids use a prehensile, lateral-to-medial grasping motion. These divergent feeding behaviors allow dugongs to exploit benthic foraging, including rhizome consumption, more effectively than trichechids. 2367: 2550:

derived from mean feeding-cycle lengths, were comparable to chewing rates reported in other studies. Manatees consumed plants with tubular stems and numerous branches more quickly than plants with flat blades. Food-handling time using perioral bristles differed depending on the species of plants consumed, as reflected in the mean feeding cycle length. Thus, Florida manatees adapt their feeding behavior depending on the characteristics of the plants they consume. They exhibit different food-handling strategies and efficiencies based on the plant species, with faster consumption observed for plants with tubular stems and numerous branches. This research provides valuable insights into the feeding ecology.

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necropsy is conducted and debris is found in the manatee's GI tract. Of the 40 Antillean manatees that were rescued, rehabilitated, and released by the Clearwater Marine Aquarium Manatee Reintroduction Program along the Central and South American coast, four were found to have plastic in their GI tract. Treatment was completed and the manatees were released. Later, three of the four were found dead, two as a direct result of plastic ingestion and the third with plastic pieces in its GI tract. Items found in the deceased manatees' GI tracts included condoms, plastic bags,

823: 8944: 2862:. In Florida, manatees are protected by the Florida Manatee Sanctuary Act of 1978, which implements actions such as the prohibition of watercraft or limits on their speeds where manatees exist. Marine mammal rehabilitation programs have been underway and regulated in the United States for more than 40 years. In 1973, injured and distressed manatees were rescued or aided in Florida. Eventually, the program was formalized into the Manatee Rescue, Rehabilitation, and Release Program managed by the US Fish and Wildlife Service. In 2012, the program became the 763: 2831:

discharges and retirement of power plants. Common treatment therapies for manatee cold stress syndrome can include warm clean water, antibiotics, rehydration, enemas and mineral oil for constipation and foreign debris, and most importantly nutritional supplementation. For some manatee patients experiencing frostbite-like lesions, long-term supplementation may be recommended for optimal recovery. Those most affected by cold stress syndrome are those recently weaned, which can be trickier to treat because of concerns surrounding hypothermia.

2638: 1866: 2389:. Manatees have an unlimited supply of teeth moving in from the back and shedding in the front; these are continuously formed by a dental capsule behind the tooth row. These teeth are constantly worn down by the abrasive vascular plants they forage, particularly aquatic grasses. Unlike those of manatees, the dugong's teeth do not continually grow back via horizontal tooth replacement. The dugong has two tusks which emerge in males during puberty, and sometime later in life for females after reaching the base of the 2619:

vegetables and fruits that are fed to manatees include romaine lettuce, carrots, and apples. In their natural habitat approximately half of the manatee's diet is marine or estuarine plants. When compared to the captive diet, aquatic plants have more dry matter and soluble neutral detergent fiber, and less digestible nutrients. Although more easily digestible nutrients may seem to represent a better diet, a manatee's gastrointestinal tract is adapted to the wild diet through microbial processes of fermentation.

906: 999: 179: 2358: 8319: 2302: 1918: 803: 314: 2677: 2093: 2075: 2007: 142: 8313: 2892: 2669:, and skin conditions. Hunting is the largest source of mortality in Amazonian manatees, and there are no management plans except in Colombia. Amazonian manatees, especially calves, are sometimes illegally sold as pets, but there are several institutions that care for and rescue these orphans, with the possibility of releasing them into the wild. The body parts of dugongs are used as medicinal remedies across the Indian Ocean. 1873: 2623:

require electrolytes via intravenous hydration or even tube feeding if they continuously reject the bottle. After six months, they will be introduced to solid foods like romaine and iceberg lettuce, pumpkin, and root vegetables. After a year and a half, the weaning process will begin and the juvenile manatees will be offered less and less milk during feeding times, slowly transitioning to a completely solid food diet.

2701:, Florida, and Australia can result in a decline in seagrass populations. Seagrass meadows are also highly susceptible to pollution, and are currently among the top threatened ecosystems on Earth. Reliable areas of warm water in Florida are generally the result of discharge from power plants, but newer plants with more efficient cooling systems may disrupt the pattern of warm water refuges, and an increased demand on 1911: 2000: 2218:, consisted of pig-like amphibious creatures who died out at the end of the Eocene. With the appearance of the Dugongidae at this time, sirenians had evolved the characteristics of the modern order, including an aquatic, streamlined body with flipper-like fore limbs and no hind limbs, and a powerful tail with horizontal caudal fins which uses an up-and-down motion to move them through the water. 2293: 2878: 2456:. Dugongs sift through the seafloor in search of seagrasses, using their sense of smell because their eyesight is poor. They ingest the whole plant, including the roots, although they will feed on just the leaves if this is not possible. Using its divided upper lip, the West Indian manatee is known to consume over 60 different freshwater and saltwater plants, such as 555:. They have a thin layer of blubber and consequently are sensitive to temperature fluctuations, which cause migrations when water temperatures dip too low. Sirenians are slow-moving, typically coasting at 8 kilometres per hour (5.0 miles per hour), but they can reach 24 kilometres per hour (15 miles per hour) in short bursts. They use their strong lips to pull out 2583:

are important in lekking. They have also been known to lunge at each other. The age when a female first gives birth is disputed, ranging anywhere from 6 to 17 years. The time between births is unclear, with estimates ranging from 2 to 7 years. In Sarasota, Florida, 53 females under observation produced at least 55 calves during a five-year period.

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Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission in southwest Florida in 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2013. A 2018 red tide bloom spread from Pasco County to Collier County off the west coast of Florida. As of January 2018, there were a total of 472 manatee deaths caused by this red tide, along with watercraft, cold stress, and other factors.

2412:, countering the buoyancy of their blubber and helping them remain suspended slightly below the water's surface. Manatees do not possess blubber per se, but rather have thick skin and consequently are sensitive to temperature changes. They often migrate to warmer waters whenever the water temperature dips below 20 °C (68 °F). The 2445: 2834:

Warming ocean temperatures can cause harmful algal blooms, which can choke out the light needed for growth of seagrass. Reduced seagrass beds means that more manatees end up congregating in smaller areas to feed, increasing competition for resources and the spread of pathogens. Exposure to brevetoxin

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Manatees in Cuba have faced poaching, entanglement and pollution. The area has some of the most extensive and best manatee habitat in the Caribbean, but the population has been unable to thrive there. Existing information about manatees in Cuba is limited; this makes it difficult to spread awareness,

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Manatee rehabilitation for diseases like cold stress syndrome is possible through the support of veterinary staff, zookeepers, researchers, and volunteers in the field. The number of manatees needing intervention is likely to rise as the number of warm water habitats decrease due to declining spring

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in individuals is still largely unknown, although many wild manatees are found to be positive for papillomavirus with no known negative health effects. Immunosuppressed individuals that test positive for papillomavirus can sometimes develop cutaneous lesions; however, cutaneous papillomatosis is not

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Rescue and rehabilitation efforts often involve orphaned infant manatees. In captivity, young manatees will be bottle-fed an amino acid-based milk formula that includes a protein source, oils, and a stabilizing agent. This concoction is supplemented with vitamins. During intake, young manatees might

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is around one year, and then they lactate for one to two years. West Indian manatees and African manatees can breed year-round, and a female will mate with multiple males. Amazonian manatees have a breeding season, usually mating when the river levels begin to rise, which varies from place to place.

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Dugongs are constrained in their feeding by their rudimentary dentition and limited nitrogen abundance in seagrasses. To counter this, they use a strategy called "cultivation grazing". This grazing can alter the composition of seagrass communities and favor species. Early and rapidly growing species

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Food handling was measured by observing the length of cyclic movements (feeding cycles) of the manatees' perioral bristles used to introduce food into their mouths. Mean feeding cycle lengths varied based on the manatees' body size and the species of plant being consumed. Rates of food introduction,

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Infectious diseases may also play an important role in morbidity and mortality. Although viruses have been identified only from Florida manatees, parasites and bacteria have been observed in at least three of the four sirenian species. The viruses that have been detected in Florida manatees include

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A study at the University of Miami in Florida assessed 439 manatee carcasses that were recovered and necropsied between 1978 and 1986. Of these, 63 (14.4%) had ingested debris; 4 of the animals died as a direct result of ingestion of plastic or other debris. Some of the debris that was found in the

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Perioral bristles are not only used to sense things, but can be used to grasp and manipulate food. Of the 6 distinct fields of bristles on upper and lower lips, the perioral fields have distinct length-to-diameter ratios, defining their boundaries. Macrovibrissae are used to detect food by its size

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Sirenians grow to between 2.5 and 4 metres (8.2 and 13.1 feet) in length and 1,500 kilograms (3,300 pounds) in weight. The recently extinct Steller's sea cow was the largest known sirenian to have lived, reaching lengths of 10 metres (33 feet) and weights of 5 to 10 tonnes (5.5 to 11.0 short tons).

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Marshall, Christopher D.; Maeda, Hiroshi; Iwata, Matsumitsu; Furuta, Masami; Asano, Shiro; Rosas, Fernando; Reep, Roger L. (28 February 2006). "Orofacial morphology and feeding behaviour of the dugong, Amazonian, West African and Antillean manatees (Mammalia: Sirenia): functional morphology of the

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Ambati, B. K.; Nozaki, M.; Singh, N.; Takeda, A.; Jani, P. D.; Suthar, T.; Albuquerque, R. J. C.; Richter, E.; Sakurai, E.; Newcomb, M. T.; Kleinman, M. E.; Caldwell, R. B.; Lin, Q.; Ogura, Y.; Orecchia, A.; Samuelson, D. A.; Agnew, D. W.; St Leger, J.; Green, W. R.; Mahasreshti, P. J.; Curiel, D.

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Manatees may be taken into captivity after being found stranded to facilitate their recovery, and there are many instances of manatees being successfully rehabilitated and released into the wild. As all extant sirenian species are rated as Vulnerable, these rehabilitation programs present a useful

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in their young. Dugongs generally gather in groups of less than a dozen individuals for one to two days. Since they congregate in turbid waters, little is known about their reproductive behavior. The males are often seen with scars, and the tusks on dugongs grow in first for males, suggesting they

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In Florida, agricultural runoff can negatively affect the manatee habitat, and during the rainy season, over 50 counties practice fertilizer bans to try to limit the pollutants that end up in waterways. Weather disasters and other natural occurrences are also sources of mortality. The West Indian

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that had accumulated in filter-feeding organisms attached to seagrass blades. Manatees can also inhale these brevotoxins from the surface of the water as they come up for air, leading to respiratory symptoms and even drowning. Manatee die-offs from exposure to red tide toxins were recorded by the

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Climate change is a growing concern for manatees, as changes in temperature can affect sea levels, pH, precipitation, salinity, and the circulation patterns of coastal ecosystems. Climate change is also predicted to make winter months even colder, leading to increased instances of cold stress in

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Extant sirenians grow to between 2.5 and 4 metres (8.2 and 13.1 ft) in length and can weigh up to 1,500 kilograms (3,300 lb). Steller's sea cow was the largest known sirenian to have lived, and could reach lengths of 9 metres (30 ft) and weight of 8 to 10 tonnes (8.8 to 11.0 short

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The meat, oil, bones, and skin of manatees have commercial value. In some countries, such as Nigeria and Cameroon, African manatees are sold to zoos, aquariums, and online as pets, sometimes being shipped internationally. Though hunting of them is illegal, lack of law enforcement in these areas

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Manatees tend to do well in a captive environment and have been known to thrive. However, it can be difficult to replicate the conditions of their natural environment to the extent necessary to maintain a manatee at its healthiest; the typical diet fed to captive manatee populations may contain

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Manatees have been negatively impacted by plastics and other debris that makes its way into the ocean and other waterways. Plastic and debris can result in manatee entanglement, ingestion, amputation or even death. When a manatee ingests plastic, it is often not known until after death, when a

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Environmental hazards induced by humans also puts sirenians at risk. Sirenians, especially the West Indian manatee, face high mortality from watercraft collision, and about half of all West Indian manatee deaths are caused by watercraft collisions. An increased use of hydroelectric power and

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While breathing, sirenians hold just their nostrils above the surface, sometimes standing on their tails to do so. They typically inhabit warm, shallow, coastal waters, or rivers. They are mainly herbivorous, but have been known to consume animals such as birds and jellyfish. Males typically

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Manatee captive-fed diets vary greatly from the manatee's diet in the wild. In captivity manatees are fed 70–80% leafy green vegetables, 10–20% dried forage, and 5% vegetables and fruits. Dried forage is foods such as hay and timothy grass, which are often used as horse and cattle feed. The

2024:), inhabits the coast and frequents freshwater springs, power plants, and canals in Florida to stay warm during the winter. Individuals may migrate north in the warm summer months, some up to 1,000 kilometers (about 621.37 mi) from their winter range. The Antillean subspecies ( 2705:, the animals' natural source of warm water, for human use decreases the number of warm water refuges. Congregating in the warm waters of industrial areas of Florida can expose manatees to pollutants and toxins at a time of year when their immune systems are already compromised. 6573:

Bailey1, James E.; Flanagan2, Carla; Meegan1, Jenny; Le-Bert1, Carolina; Johnson1, Shawn; Gomez1, Forrest; Lutmerding1, Betsy; Smith1, Cynthia; Jensen3, Eric; Silva2, Nuno; Silva2, Joana; Colitz4, Carmen; Latimer4, Federico G.; Nunes2, Antonieta; Silveira2, Miguel (2015-03-30).

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de Souza, Érica Martinha Silva; Freitas, Lucas; da Silva Ramos, Elisa Karen; Selleghin-Veiga, Giovanna; Rachid-Ribeiro, Michelle Carneiro; Silva, Felipe André; Marmontel, Miriam; dos Santos, Fabrício Rodrigues; Laudisoit, Anne; Verheyen, Erik; Domning, Daryl P. (2021-02-11).

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during a red tide event is also a source of mortality; manatees may be exposed to brevetoxin after a red tide has subsided, as it can accumulate on seagrasses. The act of eating vegetation also stirs up sediment, resulting in the ingestion of contaminants trapped in the mud.

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and microvibrissae to manipulate food. They can be used to break off leaves and undesirable parts while feeding. Sirenians use their elaborate facial musculature along with perioral bristles to acquire, manipulate, and ingest aquatic vegetation. The snout makes up a

2324:, whereas the tail fluke of manatee is paddle-shaped. The fluke is pumped up and down in long strokes to move the animal forward, or twisted to turn. The forelimbs are paddle-like flippers which aid in turning and slowing. Unlike manatees, the dugong lacks 2522:

when water levels begin to fall, and are thought to fast during this period. Their large fat reserves and low metabolic rates—only 36% of the usual placental mammal metabolic rate—allow them to survive for up to seven months with little or no food.

2823:, which are predicted to increase in the future. These storms can spread pollutants and may damage seagrass populations. African manatees can become stranded during the dry season when rivers and lakes become too small or dry up completely. 2476:. An adult manatee will commonly eat up to 10–15% of its body weight, or 50 kilograms (110 lb), per day, which requires the manatee to graze for several hours per day. By contrast, 10% of the diet of the African manatee is fish and 2328:

on its flippers, which are only 15% of a dugong's body length. Manatees generally glide at speeds of 8 kilometres per hour (5 mph), but can reach speeds of 24 kilometres per hour (15 mph) in short bursts. The body is

2035:) has been documented in all parts of the Amazon River Basin in South America. River channels that connect allow easy travel to other waterways where food may be plentiful. The Amazonian manatee lives only in freshwater. 4806:

Marshall, Christopher; Kubilis, Paul; Huth, Glenn; Edmonds, Virginia; Halin, Deborah; Reep, Roger (August 2000). "Food-Handling Ability and Feeding-Cycle Length of Manatees Feeding on Several Species of Aquatic Plants".

2349:. Sirenians typically make two- to three-minute dives, but manatees can hold their breath for up to 15 minutes while resting and dugongs up to six minutes. They may stand on their tails to hold their heads above water. 5718:

Attademo, Fernanda Loffler Niemeyer; Balensiefer, Deisi Cristiane; Freire, Augusto Carlos da Bôaviagem; de Sousa, Glaucia Pereira; da Cunha, Fábio Adonis Gouveia Carneiro; Luna, Fábia de Oliveira (December 2015).

4582:; Scott, Karen C.; Gerlach, Trevor; Sirois, Paul; Reuter, Mike; Crewz, David W.; Hill, Richard C. (2010). "Proximate Nutrient Analyses of Four Species of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Consumed by Florida Manatee ( 968: 2745:

animals' GI tracts included monofilament fishing line (the most common item found), plastic bags, string, twine, rope, fishhooks, wire, paper, cellophane, synthetic sponges, rubber bands and stockings.

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Rescue, rehabilitation and release of Florida manatees: Analysis of factors affecting survival. By: Adimey, N. M.; Rauschenberger, H.; Reid, J. P.; et al. P 18 BIENN C BIOL MA Published: December 2009

2049:), the closest living relative of Steller's sea cow, lives in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean in more than 40 different countries. They are coastal animals supported by wide protected sea grass meadows. 2802:

just as its sister species the West Indian manatee does. There is still a great deal to learn about the threat that infectious diseases pose to both wild and captive populations of manatees. The

709:. The Paenungulata, along with the Afrotheria, are one of the most well-supported mammalian clades in molecular phylogeny. Sirenia, Proboscidae, and Desmotylia are grouped together in the clade 6372:

Kirkpatrick, Barbara; Kohler, Kate; Byrne, Margaret; Fleming, Lora E.; Scheller, Karen; Reich, Andrew; Hitchcock, Gary; Kirkpatrick, Gary; Ullmann, Steven; Hoagland, Porter (September 2014).

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or marine algae when their supply of seagrasses is low. In other dugong populations in western and eastern Australia, there is evidence that dugongs actively seek out large invertebrates.

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Alvarez-Alemán, Anmari; García Alfonso, Eddy; Forneiro Martin-Vianna, Yanet; Hernández Gonzalez, Zaimiuri; Escalona Domenech, Raisa; Hurtado, Andrés; Powell, James; Jacoby, Charles A;

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Benoit, Julien; Adnet, Sylvain; El Mabrouk, Essid; Khayati, Hayet; Ben Haj Ali, Mustapha; Marivaux, Laurent; Merzeraud, Gilles; Merigeaud, Samuel; Vianey-Liaud, Monique (2013-01-16).

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interpretation of their environment. Manatees are the only known organism with uniformly vascularized corneas. This may be the result of irritation from or protection against their

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means to support these species. However, the vulnerability of these animals also means that the taking of manatees from the wild for commercial purposes is a conservation issue.

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The warm shallow waters of the equator have been the center of Sirenian habitation. The northernmost living population, the Florida subspecies of the West Indian manatee (

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tons). A dugong's brain weighs a maximum of 300 grams (11 ounces), about 0.1% of the animal's body weight. The bodies of sirenians are sparsely covered in short hair (

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and the paraphyletic Halitheriinae. The tusks of modern-day dugongs may have originally been used for digging, but they are now used for social interaction. The genus

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Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A. "Marine mammal captivity in the northeastern Caribbean, with notes on the rehabilitation of stranded whales, dolphins and manatees."

5416: 2060:, and even to Japan. Steller's sea cow was reported to have congregated in shallow, sandy areas along coastline and mouths of rivers and creeks to feed on kelp. 2052:

Steller's sea cow was discovered in 1741 around islands in the Bering Sea and was specialized for cold subarctic temperatures. It ranged from Alaska through the

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from fisheries, and they can be seen as pests that interfere with local fishermen and damage their nets. African manatees have also been known to venture into

4413: 2042:) lives in murky isolated inland mangroves and coastal flats in West Africa. It is found in waters above 18 °C, and its range spans Senegal to Angola. 4009: 7969: 7934: 5605: 5079:

Larkin, Iskande L.V.; Fowler, Vivienne F.; Reep, Roger L. (2007-08-06). "Digesta passage rates in the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris)".

3571:"Distribution and Habitat Use of Antillean Manatees (<I>Trichechus manatus manatus</I>) in the Drowned Cayes Area of Belize, Central America" 3475: 3449: 3423: 3311: 2665:. Some residents of West African countries, such as Mali and Chad, believe that the oil of the African manatee can cure ailments such as ear infections, 6777: 3136: 599:

The meat, oil, bones, and skins are commercially valuable. Mortality is often caused by direct hunting by humans or other human-induced causes, such as

9241: 8130: 6698:"Evidence of a dietary shift by the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) in the Indian River Lagoon inferred from stomach content analyses" 6325:

Bossart, Gregory D.; Ewing, Ruth Y.; Lowe, Mark; Sweat, Mark; Decker, Susan J.; Walsh, Catherine J.; Ghim, Shin-je; Jenson, A.Bennett (February 2002).

6013:"Development of a quantitative PCR assay for measurement of trichechid herpesvirus 1 load in the Florida manatee ( Trichechus manatus latirostris )" 6164:

Reisfeld, L; Ikuta, Cy; Ippolito, L; Silvatti, B; Ferreira Neto, Js; Catão-Dias, Jl; Rosas, Fcw; D'Affonsêca Neto, Ja; da Silva, Vmf (2018-03-05).

3526: 393: 2225:, apparently arose from early dugongids in the late Eocene or early Oligocene. In 1994, the family was expanded to include not only the subfamily 9107: 7904: 6593: 2653:. All four are vulnerable to extinction from habitat loss and other negative impacts related to human population growth and coastal development. 2206:. This is the oldest sirenian fossil to be found in Africa and supports molecular data suggesting that sirenians may have originated in Africa. 2863: 5972:

Bossart, Gregory D.; Ewing, Ruth Y.; Lowe, Mark; Sweat, Mark; Decker, Susan J.; Walsh, Catherine J.; Ghim, Shin-je; Jenson, A.Bennett (2002).

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The evolution of sirenians is characterized by the appearance of several traits that are found in all sirenians. The nostrils are large and

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Harshaw, T. Lauren. Evaluation of the Nutrition of Florida Manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris). University of Florida. August 2012.

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T.; Kwan, D.; Marsh, H.; Ikeda, S.; Leiper, L. J.; Collinson, J. M.; Bogdanovich, S.; Khurana, T. S.; Shibuya, M.; Baldwin, M. E. (2006).

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Hardy, Stacie K.; Deutsch, Charles J.; Cross, Tiffanie A.; de Wit, Martine; Hostetler, Jeffrey A. (2019-11-21). Hyrenbach, David (ed.).

5661:"2018 Manatee Mortalities." Facts About Horseshoe Crabs, myfwc.com/research/manatee/rescue-mortality-response/mortality-statistics/2018/ 2420:, these extend the entire length of the vertebral column, helping the animals control their buoyancy and reducing tipping in the water. 7976: 3540: 2795:

has been associated with mortality in dugongs since at least 1981. Although not well studied, the Senegal manatee is known to host the

4354: 4333: 2385:, continuously replacing their teeth from the back of the jaw. Adults lack incisors, canines, and premolars, and instead have 8 to 10 854: 8510: 8350: 2716:

and destroy the crops during the rainy season, and these confrontations with locals may lead to intentional killing of the manatees.

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Attademo, Fernanda Loffler Niemeyer; Oliveira, Radan Elvis Matias de; De Sousa, Gláucia Pereira; Luna, Fábia Oliveira (2020-11-22).

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consequent damming of rivers increase waterway traffic, which can lead to vessel collisions, and manatees may become entrapped in

2028:) occurs in the Caribbean, South America, and Central America and frequent drowned cays, mangroves, lagoons, and sea grass beds. 9120: 5447:"Occurrence of the Endangered Antillean manatee Trichechus manatus manatus in a marine protected area, Isla de la Juventud, Cuba" 3083: 1018: 2850:). In addition to this, the four species are further protected by various specialty organizations. The dugong is listed in the 9138: 6889: 6871: 6842: 4952: 4544: 4281: 4245: 4212: 4067: 3993: 3911: 3295: 473:

that inhabit swamps, rivers, estuaries, marine wetlands, and coastal marine waters. The extant Sirenia comprise two distinct

9125: 3079: 2866:, with permitting and oversight by the USFWS. From 1973 through 2014, this program rescued 1,619 manatees and released 526. 6111:"BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM DUGONGS ( DUGONG DUGON ) SUB-MITTED FOR POSTMORTEM EXAMINATION IN QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA, 2000–2011" 6062:"Molecular characterization of novel mucosotropic papillomaviruses from a Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris)" 5926: 4156: 6442:"Potential impacts of climate change on warmwater megafauna: the Florida manatee example (Trichechus manatus latirostris)" 5445:

Alvarez-Alemán, Anmari; Angulo-Valdés, Jorge A.; Alfonso, Eddy García; Powell, James A.; Taylor, Cynthia R. (April 2017).

3610:"Estimating occupancy and detection probability of the Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis), in Central Amazon, Brazil" 9236: 4297:

Domning, Daryl; Vivian Buffrenil (1991). "Hydrostasis in the Sirenia: Quantitative Data and Functional Interpretations".

3830:"Cranial Remain from Tunisia Provides New Clues for the Origin and Evolution of Sirenia (Mammalia, Afrotheria) in Africa" 2257:). The African manatee and the West Indian manatee are more closely related to each other than to the Amazonian manatee. 5337: 4086:; Delean, S.; Gales, N. J.; Holley, D. K.; Lawler, I. R.; Marsh, H.; Preen, A. R. (2004). "Diving behaviour of dugongs, 2851: 593: 5424: 7398: 6928: 2761:

has reportedly led to mortality in captive Florida manatees and illness in Amazonian manatees while bacteria such as

2366: 2199: 2117: 6832: 6214: 9198: 7590: 5135: 4836:"Impacts of dugong foraging on seagrass habitats: observational and experimental evidence for cultivation grazing" 2728:

that releases toxins into the water, kills many marine species. In 1982, many manatees were sickened by consuming

1984: 9164: 6060:

Zahin, Maryam; Ghim, Shin-je; Khanal, Sujita; Bossart, Gregory D.; Jenson, Alfred B.; Joh, Joongho (2015-12-01).

4452: 2855: 493:, namely the Amazonian manatee, West Indian manatee, and West African manatee) with a total of four species. The 6230: 3797: 3780: 3099: 8943: 6270:"First record of a 'fish' blood fluke (Digenea: Aporocotylidae) from a marine mammal: Cardicola dhangali n. sp" 4876: 2843: 1895: 5613: 5336:

Reeves, Randall R.; Leatherwood, Stephen; Jefferson, Thomas A.; Curry, Barbara E.; Henningsen, Thomas (1996).

4199: 3927: 3479: 3453: 3427: 3337:

Vélez-Juarbe, Jorge; Domning, Daryl P. (2015). "Fossil Sirenia of the West Atlantic and Caribbean region. XI.

3315: 3109: 9146: 8343: 6812: 3384:

Vélez-Juarbe, Jorge; Domning, Daryl P. (2014). "Fossil Sirenia of the West Atlantic and Caribbean region. X.

3167: 2950: 5877:"Case report on helminth parasites of a necropsied Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) in Belize" 5636: 3184: 2839: 2578:; despite their longevity, females give birth only a few times during their lives and invest considerable 585: 9133: 9029: 9006: 8248: 7583: 2632: 268: 2645:

The three extant manatee species (family Trichechidae) and the dugong (family Dugongidae) are rated as

2572: 1471: 9034: 5775: 5119: 3703:

Steller's sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas) of Late Pleistocene age from Amchitka, Aleutian Islands, Alaska

9203: 8318: 8013: 6374:"Human responses to Florida red tides: Policy awareness and adherence to local fertilizer ordinances" 3813:

Finding of sirenian remains in the Lutetian (Middle Eocene) of Santa Brígida (Amer, La Selva, Girona)

2859: 384: 17: 5486:

Rezek, Ryan J.; Furman, Bradley T.; Jung, Robin P.; Hall, Margaret O.; Bell, Susan S. (2019-10-29).

5370: 178: 8336: 8277: 5314: 5183: 4674: 2101: 5275: 938: 5973: 5876: 4034: 2787: 2694: 42: 6755: 5229: 5064: 4944: 4938: 4735:

Best, Robin C. (1983). "Apparent Dry-Season Fasting in Amazonian manatees (Mammalia: Sirenia)".

4133: 2487:, dugongs target high-nitrogen grasses to maximize nutrient intake, and, although predominantly 9231: 9190: 8959: 6546: 4273: 2846:, and the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ( 2803: 2121: 2069: 698: 6696:

Allen, Aarin Conrad; Beck, Cathy A.; Sattelberger, Danielle C.; Kiszka, Jeremy J. (May 2022).

6505:

Runge, Michael C.; Langtimm, Catherine A.; Martin, Julien; Fonnesbeck, Christopher J. (2015).

6011:

Ferrante, Jason A.; Cortés-Hinojosa, Galaxia; Archer, Linda L.; Wellehan, James F. X. (2017).

4886: 4057: 3899: 3119: 9185: 7391: 6921: 6587: 6109:

Nielsen, Kristen A.; Owen, Helen C.; Mills, Paul C.; Flint, Mark; Gibson, Justine S. (2013).

3937: 3548: 3285: 2806:

between the presence of certain potential pathogens, including those listed above, and their

2769: 9177: 9112: 4902:

Koelsch, J. K. (2001). "Reproduction in Female Manatees Observed in Sarasota Bay, Florida".

4265: 4056:

Feldhamer, G. A.; Drickamer, L. C.; Vessey, S. H.; Merritt, J. F.; Krajewski, Carey (2015).

9055: 6709: 6620: 6453: 6385: 6281: 5732: 5684: 5499: 4981: 4911: 4847: 4744: 4483: 4306: 4099: 3841: 3737: 3621: 3350: 3265:

Simpson, G. G. (1945). "The principles of classification and a classification of mammals".

3027: 2654: 2172: 1531: 616: 486: 337: 158: 6110: 5377:"Status and conservation of manatees in Cuba: historical observations and recent insights" 4237: 1962: 822: 8: 7536: 7321:(Rats, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives) 7300:(Pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales, dolphins and relatives) 6165: 3649: 2155:. They inhabited rivers, estuaries, and nearshore marine waters. Sirenians, unlike other 2133: 1833: 1559: 600: 564: 357: 321: 150: 6713: 6624: 6457: 6389: 6285: 5736: 5688: 5503: 4985: 4915: 4851: 4835: 4748: 4487: 4310: 4103: 3845: 3741: 3625: 3354: 3031: 2400:, a condition in which the ribs and other long bones are solid and contain little or no 762: 9226: 7657: 7606: 7565: 6733: 6651: 6608: 6487: 6302: 6269: 6250: 6146: 5954: 5904: 5857: 5587: 5528: 4997: 4923: 4760: 4717: 4623: 4607: 4504: 4471: 4444: 4394: 4318: 4003: 3872: 3829: 3761: 3520: 3405: 3366: 3247: 3159: 3056: 3015: 2995: 2897: 2646: 2538: 2417: 2282: 1718: 521: 345: 233: 173: 8312: 5137:

Manatee Rescue, Rehabilitation, and Release Efforts as a Tool for Species Conservation

5017:"Strandings of Antillean manatees, Trichechus manatus manatus, in northeastern Brazil" 4414:"Tactile Hairs on the Postcranial Body in Florida Manatees: A Mammalian Lateral Line?" 3673: 3504:

Population genetics and conservation of the Florida manatee: past, present, and future

9172: 9042: 8997: 8059: 7527: 7289: 6885: 6867: 6848: 6838: 6824: 6737: 6725: 6656: 6638: 6528: 6491: 6479: 6474: 6419: 6411: 6373: 6354: 6346: 6307: 6242: 6234: 6195: 6187: 6138: 6130: 6091: 6083: 6042: 6034: 5993: 5946: 5908: 5896: 5849: 5841: 5797: 5756: 5748: 5720: 5700: 5696: 5579: 5560:"Manatees as Sentinels of Marine Ecosystem Health: Are They the 2000-pound Canaries?" 5533: 5515: 5468: 5398: 5291: 5160: 5096: 4948: 4865: 4651: 4615: 4540: 4509: 4436: 4359: 4277: 4266: 4241: 4208: 4063: 3989: 3907: 3877: 3859: 3753: 3707: 3590: 3508: 3291: 3239: 3219: 3106:

Sirenian International - Manatee & Dugong Research, Education, & Conservation

3061: 3043: 2987: 2681: 2342: 1925: 1573: 885: 706: 694: 664: 648: 325: 166: 6397: 6150: 5958: 5861: 5744: 5591: 5252: 5206: 4448: 3765: 3409: 3370: 3251: 3163: 2637: 2518:

Populations of Amazonian manatees become restricted to lakes during the July–August

8172: 7384: 7376: 7310: 7051: 6988: 6914: 6717: 6646: 6628: 6518: 6469: 6461: 6401: 6393: 6338: 6297: 6289: 6254: 6226: 6177: 6122: 6073: 6024: 5985: 5938: 5888: 5831: 5787: 5740: 5692: 5571: 5523: 5507: 5458: 5388: 5372: 5309: 5270: 5224: 5204: 5178: 5088: 5031: 4989: 4919: 4855: 4816: 4788: 4752: 4709: 4669: 4627: 4599: 4579: 4532: 4499: 4491: 4428: 4386: 4349: 4314: 4107: 3867: 3849: 3792: 3745: 3629: 3582: 3397: 3358: 3231: 3151: 3051: 3035: 2811:

always correlated with a papillomavirus infection, and further study is warranted.

2807: 2754: 2567:

Despite being mostly solitary, sirenians congregate in groups while females are in

2215: 2057: 474: 419: 366: 6609:"Cold-related Florida manatee mortality in relation to air and water temperatures" 6215:"Mycobacteriosis in Two Captive Florida Manatees (Trichechus Manatus Latirostris)" 5672: 5015:

Parente; Leite, Cristiano; Einhardt Vergara-Parente, Jociery; Lima, R. P. (2004).

3287:

The Rise of Placental Mammals: Origin and Relationships of the Major Extant Clades

3205: 9047: 8208: 8199: 7881: 7545: 7203: 7104: 7072: 6861: 6633: 6293: 4230: 4083: 3854: 3401: 3362: 3103: 2758: 2702: 2586:

Manatees can reach sexual maturity as early as two to five years of age. Manatee

2152: 1940: 1880: 1566: 964: 934: 918: 901: 652: 529: 463: 329: 154: 9151: 6697: 5892: 5487: 4165: 4111: 3634: 3609: 2741:

polyester, unknown plastic debris, and ice cream and sanitary product wrappers.

998: 9011: 8837: 8758: 8501: 8181: 8123: 8075: 7249: 7195: 7096: 7080: 6721: 6441: 5836: 5819: 5559: 5511: 4820: 4536: 3220:"The Chromosomes of Afrotheria and Their Bearing on Mammalian Genome Evolution" 3039: 2883: 2724: 2334: 2325: 2261: 2211: 2168: 2113: 1664: 1523: 714: 544: 494: 302: 35: 31: 6465: 6166:"Cutaneous mycobacteriosis in a captive Amazonian manatee Trichechus inunguis" 6126: 5942: 5792: 5575: 5463: 5446: 4792: 3608:

de Souza, Diogo Alexandre; Gonçalves, André Luis Sousa (July–September 2021).

2452:

Sirenians are referred to as "sea cows" because their diet consists mainly of

2189:, which dates back to 40 million years ago, and the first known sirenian, the 501:(terrestrial sirenians) families are extinct. Sirenians are classified in the 9220: 8847: 8807: 8704: 8694: 8471: 8457: 8093: 7955: 7925: 7240: 7112: 6828: 6729: 6642: 6532: 6483: 6415: 6350: 6238: 6191: 6134: 6087: 6038: 6029: 6012: 5950: 5845: 5801: 5752: 5704: 5583: 5519: 5472: 5402: 5300: 5261: 5215: 5169: 4869: 4660: 4062:(4th ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 402–418. 3900:"Diversity, Evolution, and Adaptations to Sirenians and Other Marine Mammals" 3863: 3711: 3594: 3570: 3569:

LaCommare, Katherine S.; Self-Sullivan, Caryn; Brault, Solange (2008-01-01).

3512: 3047: 2991: 2915: 2905: 2792: 2781: 2750: 2650: 2579: 2571:. These groups usually include one female with multiple males. Sirenians are 2492: 2469: 2461: 2393:. The number of growth layer groups in a tusk indicates the age of a dugong. 2346: 2207: 2156: 2140: 1850: 1761: 1421: 1373: 1221: 1173: 994: 981: 928: 905: 895: 579: 498: 375: 296: 99: 6852: 6326: 3586: 3012: 2357: 2330: 540: 8982: 8827: 8817: 8797: 8774: 8684: 8674: 8574: 8556: 8547: 8535: 8447: 8399: 8222: 8148: 8082: 8006: 7941: 7793: 7723: 7684: 7500: 7353:(Lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes (including humans) and relatives) 7257: 7187: 7088: 7043: 6660: 6423: 6358: 6342: 6327:"Viral Papillomatosis in Florida Manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris)" 6311: 6246: 6199: 6142: 6095: 6046: 5997: 5989: 5974:"Viral Papillomatosis in Florida Manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris)" 5900: 5760: 5537: 5100: 4619: 4513: 4440: 4363: 3881: 3757: 3243: 3065: 2738: 2713: 2600: 2484: 2473: 2409: 2397: 2382: 2246: 2242: 2226: 2222: 2125: 2109: 1865: 1591: 1583: 1542: 1515: 1205: 1189: 1157: 951: 850: 802: 798: 742: 686: 674: 505: 290: 243: 57: 5853: 5721:"Debris ingestion by the Antillean Manatee ( Trichechus manatus manatus )" 5393: 5376: 4377:

Scheffer, Victor B. (November 1972). "The Weight of the Steller Sea Cow".

3155: 1917: 9094: 9021: 8991: 8884: 8714: 8654: 8644: 8586: 8487: 8437: 8237: 8116: 8109: 8049: 8036: 7987: 7911: 7897: 7837: 7813: 7743: 7636: 7297: 7219: 7137: 6677:

Caldwell, Melba C.; Caldwell, David K.; B. C. Townsend, Jr (2015-03-30).

6078: 6061: 4355:

10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(20000501)259:1<41::AID-AR5>3.0.CO;2-Q

3932: 3096: 2775: 2508: 2444: 2401: 2386: 2301: 2185: 1797: 1789: 1635: 1627: 1389: 1351: 1335: 1259: 844: 775: 718: 710: 690: 678: 641: 620: 612: 608: 525: 467: 253: 74: 6523: 6506: 5927:"Ascaridoid nematodes of sirenians—a new species in the Senegal manatee" 5488:"Long-term performance of seagrass restoration projects in Florida, USA" 5444: 5014: 4611: 4603: 4495: 3728:

Domning, D. P. (2001). "The Earliest Known Fully Quadrupedal Sirenian".

2310:

The paddle-shaped fluke of a manatee (left) vs. that of a dugong (right)

8874: 8785: 8734: 8634: 8618: 8524: 8390: 8215: 8102: 8020: 7996: 7867: 7823: 7803: 7783: 7753: 7674: 7642: 7455: 7445: 7326: 7179: 7022: 6979: 6963: 6906: 5818:

Elliott, Heather; Thomas, Annette; Ladds, P.W.; Heinsohn, G.E. (1981).

5143:. Sirenian Conservation: Issues and Strategies in Developing Countries. 5036: 5001: 4860: 4764: 4721: 4398: 2999: 2975: 2729: 2666: 2519: 2512: 2500: 2390: 2337:

in the water. Like those of cetaceans, the hind limbs are internal and

2317: 2148: 2105: 2082: 1910: 1839: 1750: 1742: 1734: 1726: 1710: 1552: 1125: 1100: 1082: 1014: 818: 732: 717:, and Hyracoidea were previously thought to be grouped together as the 702: 682: 667: 572: 568: 478: 313: 285: 119: 84: 5092: 4573: 4571: 4432: 3235: 2676: 2092: 2074: 9099: 9068: 8924: 8894: 8857: 8767: 8744: 8480: 7962: 7860: 7853: 7575: 7334: 7281: 7158: 7150: 7030: 6996: 6678: 6575: 6406: 6182: 6010: 5205:

Deutsch, C.J.; Self-Sullivan, C. & Mignucci-Giannoni, A. (2008).

4268:

Life on Earth: An Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution

4201:

Dugong: status reports and action plans for countries and territories

3749: 3701: 3502: 2816: 2698: 2587: 2504: 2496: 2488: 2465: 2457: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2338: 2194: 2190: 2176: 2164: 2078: 1779: 1771: 1481: 1405: 1319: 1275: 1243: 190: 124: 68: 8953: 5158: 4993: 4756: 4713: 4390: 3904:

Return to the Sea: The Life and Evolutionary Times of Marine Mammals

2480:. Manatees have been known to eat small amounts of fish from nets. 2428:), except that it becomes denser on the muzzle, which may allow for 2202:

was found in Tunisia, dating back to approximately the same time as

2006: 1955: 141: 9086: 9073: 8976: 8914: 8563: 8378: 8254: 7624: 7439: 7433: 7427: 7273: 7129: 6957: 6268:

Hutson, Kate Suzanne; Vaughan, David Brendan; Blair, David (2019).

5120:

https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/UF/E0/04/45/49/00001/HARSHAW_L.pdf

4568: 2796: 2719: 2662: 2453: 2252: 2144: 2129: 2053: 1617: 1609: 1601: 1297: 556: 509: 210: 114: 109: 94: 89: 79: 61: 8328: 6816: 2686:

Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources

1872: 8603: 8596: 8427: 8287: 8068: 7694: 7518: 7350: 7059: 6969: 6901: 6834:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

5717: 5640: 4968:

Best, R. C. (1982). "Seasonal Breeding in the Amazonian Manatee,

2910: 2820: 2709: 2477: 2321: 2160: 1653: 1645: 604: 552: 548: 490: 129: 104: 6837:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 92–93. 6213:

Sato, T.; Shibuya, H.; Ohba, S.; Nojiri, T.; Shirai, W. (2003).

5558:

Bonde, RobertK.; Aguirre, A.Alonso; Powell, James (2004-05-13).

5417:"Antillean Manatee Conservation in Cuba | Sea to Shore Alliance" 3016:"The evolutionary history of manatees told by their mitogenomes" 8864: 8384: 8372: 8283: 7630: 7618: 7482: 7473: 7421: 7342: 7318: 7166: 7013: 6951: 6938: 6572: 5342:, in Peru: Distribution, Exploitation, and Conservation Status" 5335: 4558: 4556: 4055: 2763: 2568: 2405: 2171:

the first and oldest sirenian remains have been found in a new

1970: 1110: 589: 517: 482: 470: 333: 220: 200: 162: 6676: 6274:

International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife

5776:"Infectious and Non-Infectious Diseases in Manatees in Brazil" 2511:, Australia, are omnivorous, feeding on invertebrates such as 2198:, lived 50 million years ago. An ancient sirenian fossil of a 1999: 434: 9060: 7706: 7211: 6504: 6371: 6163: 4207:. International Union for Conservation of Nature. p. 7. 2847: 2180: 2086: 758: 752: 671: 513: 502: 30:

This article is about the taxonomic order. For the band, see

5773: 4577: 4553: 3827: 3568: 6695: 6231:

10.1638/1042-7260(2003)034[0184:MITCFM]2.0.CO;2

3798:

10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[1037:WOAAPC]2.0.CO;2

2413: 2292: 2124:(an opening on the top of the skull), there is a drop-like 713:. On the basis of morphological similarities, Tethytheria, 446: 440: 425: 5817: 4805: 4696:

Powell, James (1978). "Evidence for carnivory in manatee (

4334:"Diaphragm structure and function in the Florida manatee ( 3815:. Treballs del Museu de Geologia de Barcelona, 22: 19-24 . 2657:, extinct since 1768, was hunted to extinction by humans. 2448:

Dugongs sift through the seafloor in search of seagrasses.

7265: 4082: 2954: 2877: 2697:. The urbanization of the coastline of areas such as the 5634: 4777: 4472:"Corneal avascularity is due to soluble VEGF receptor-1" 2641:

West Indian manatees in a conservation project in Brazil

6813:"Bibliography and Index of the Sirenia and Desmostylia" 6606: 4529:

Mammals of Africa: Introductory Chapters and Afrotheria

4468: 4296: 3951: 3906:. Berkeley, CA: University of California. p. 127. 2183:). One of the earliest aquatic sirenians discovered is 1081:

A cladogram showing the position of the Sirenia within

6507:"Status and threats analysis for the Florida manatee ( 6059: 5875:

Lucot, Morgan; Tellez, Marisa; Viveros, Diana (2020).

5159:

Marmontel, M.; de Souza, D. & Kendall, S. (2016).

4331: 6324: 6212: 6108: 5971: 5881:

Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports

5250: 701:

in 1945 on the basis of anatomical evidence, such as

437: 422: 8920: 8910: 8900: 8890: 8880: 8870: 8853: 8843: 8833: 8823: 8813: 8803: 8793: 8755: 8740: 8730: 8720: 8710: 8700: 8690: 8680: 8670: 8660: 8650: 8640: 8630: 8592: 8582: 8544: 8498: 8468: 8453: 8443: 8433: 8423: 8145: 8046: 8002: 7922: 7878: 7834: 7819: 7809: 7799: 7789: 7779: 7769: 7759: 7749: 7739: 7729: 7719: 7690: 7680: 7670: 7406: 3781:"Whale Origins as a Poster Child for Macroevolution" 2873: 2615:

insufficient quantities of the nutrients they need.

2260:

Dugongidae comprises the subfamilies Dugonginae and

431: 5485: 4232:

Sealife: A Complete Guide to the Marine Environment

3383: 3336: 3217: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 2927: 2791:have been cultured from dead dugongs in Australia. 721:, but this has been invalidated by molecular data. 428: 7292:(Horses, zebras, donkeys, rhinoceroses and tapirs) 6267: 5874: 5557: 4229: 4092:Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 3267:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 3134: 2507:. Some populations of dugongs, such as the one in 7655: 6551:Florida Fish And Wildlife Conservation Commission 5671:Beck, Cathy A.; Barros, Nélio B. (October 1991). 4411: 3607: 2375:A manatee skull (left) vs. a dugong skull (right) 1991: 1947: 1902: 1857: 559:, consuming 10–15% of their body weight per day. 9218: 6860:Berta, A.; Sumich, J. L.; Kovacs, K. M. (2015). 6754:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from 5078: 4649: 4412:Reep, R.L.; Marshall, C.D.; Stoll, M.L. (2002). 4154: 4021: 4019: 4008:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 1808:Extant order Sirenia – two genera, four species 6987: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4197: 3778: 3137:"Afrotherian mammals: a review of current data" 2864:Manatee Rescue & Rehabilitation Partnership 2531: 2320:of a dugong is notched and similar to those of 6017:Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 5315:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T10303A43792683.en 5184:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T22102A43793736.en 4675:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22104A81904980.en 4263: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3723: 3721: 3284:Rose, Kenneth D.; Archibald, J. David (2005). 3135:Tabuce, R.; Asher, R. J.; Lehmann, T. (2008). 2976:"Evolution of Manatees: A Speculative History" 547:through the water and heavy bones that act as 8344: 7591: 7392: 6922: 5673:"The impact of debris on the Florida manatee" 5276:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T6909A43792211.en 4049: 4016: 3674:"Dugong dugon - Society for Marine Mammalogy" 3450:"Classification of the family Protosirenidae" 3283: 2221:The last of the sirenian families to appear, 41:"Seacow" redirects here. For other uses, see 6810: 4634: 4148: 4118: 3893: 3891: 3650:"West African manatee | mammal | Britannica" 3525:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3476:"Classification of the family Prorastomidae" 6592:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5820:"A Fatal Case of Salmonellosis in a Dugong" 5289: 5230:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T22103A9356917.en 5154: 5152: 5150: 4897: 4895: 4259: 4257: 4227: 3998:. Archived from the original on 2013-05-11. 3963: 3779:Thewissen, J. G. M.; Bajpai, Sunil (2001). 3718: 3424:"Classification of the family Trichechidae" 2626: 2404:. They have among the densest bones in the 520:50 million years ago (mya). The Dugongidae 443: 8351: 8337: 7598: 7584: 7399: 7385: 6929: 6915: 5670: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5194: 4578:Siegal-Willott, Jessica L.; Harr, Kendal; 4332:Rommel, Sentiel; John E. Reynolds (2000). 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 312: 140: 9242:Taxa named by Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger 7516: 7471: 6650: 6632: 6522: 6473: 6405: 6301: 6181: 6077: 6028: 5835: 5791: 5527: 5462: 5392: 5313: 5274: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5228: 5182: 5035: 5024:Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals 4937:Best, Robin (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.). 4859: 4673: 4503: 4353: 4059:Mammalogy: Adaptation, Diversity, Ecology 3888: 3871: 3853: 3811:Fuentes-Buxó, R., Fuentes-Buxó, A. 2016. 3796: 3633: 3312:"Classification of the family Dugongidae" 3055: 2416:of sirenians are unlobed; along with the 2268:probably originated in the Indo-Pacific. 7260:(Hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives) 6936: 6823: 5147: 4892: 4376: 4254: 4198:Marsh, H.; Eros, C.; Hugues, J. (2002). 3614:Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation 3290:. Johns Hopkins University. p. 99. 3277: 3130: 3128: 2933: 2675: 2636: 2594: 2443: 2091: 2073: 584: 6439: 5191: 4901: 4221: 4182: 3727: 3264: 3084:Integrated Taxonomic Information System 2973: 2096:Anatomical changes of sirenian lineages 14: 9219: 7605: 6884:, 5th Ed., Brooks Cole, 30 July 2008. 6672: 6670: 5924: 5237: 5133: 5066:CRC handbook of marine mammal medicine 4695: 4689: 4228:Waller, Geoffrey; Dando, Marc (1996). 3823: 3821: 2838:All sirenians are protected by the US 2553: 697:. This clade was first established by 8958: 8957: 8332: 7579: 7380: 6910: 6859: 6568: 6566: 6435: 6433: 5920: 5918: 5813: 5811: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5251:Marsh, H. & Sobtzick, S. (2015). 5129: 5127: 5114: 5112: 5110: 4882: 4562: 3976: 3957: 3897: 3695: 3693: 3201: 3125: 3115: 6863:Marine Mammals: Evolutionary Biology 6702:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 6331:Experimental and Molecular Pathology 6219:Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 6115:Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 5978:Experimental and Molecular Pathology 4967: 4943:. New York: Facts on File. pp. 4936: 4734: 4592:Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 4236:. Smithsonian Institution. pp. 3500: 2944: 2942: 2609: 2175:, in Santa Brígida, Amer (La Selva, 663:Sirenians are classified within the 551:to counteract the buoyancy of their 27:Order of aquatic herbivorous mammals 8358: 6667: 5301:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 5262:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 5216:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 5170:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 4661:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 4405: 3818: 2951:"The giant cow that swam the ocean" 2815:manatee and dugong face risks from 2651:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2526: 1091: 1085:on the basis of molecular evidence 24: 6804: 6563: 6430: 5915: 5808: 5544: 5359: 5124: 5107: 4924:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2001.tb01274.x 4319:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1991.tb00111.x 3699: 3690: 3390:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3343:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3218:Svartman, M.; Stanyon, R. (2012). 2948: 2852:Convention on Biological Diversity 2381:Much like elephants, manatees are 25: 9253: 6895: 4833: 2939: 658: 8942: 8317: 8311: 6866:(3rd ed.). Academic Press. 6792: 6770: 6744: 6689: 6440:Edwards, Holly H. (2013-10-02). 6378:Science of the Total Environment 5063:Bossart, Gregory D. "Manatees." 2890: 2876: 2544: 2491:, dugongs will occasionally eat 2365: 2356: 2300: 2291: 2139:Sirenians first appeared in the 2005: 1998: 1961: 1954: 1916: 1909: 1871: 1864: 1017: 997: 967: 937: 904: 853: 821: 801: 761: 619:was driven to extinction due to 418: 177: 72: 6600: 6539: 6498: 6398:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.083 6365: 6318: 6261: 6206: 6157: 6102: 6053: 6004: 5965: 5868: 5767: 5745:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.040 5711: 5664: 5655: 5628: 5598: 5479: 5438: 5409: 5329: 5283: 5072: 5057: 5044: 5008: 4961: 4930: 4827: 4799: 4771: 4728: 4586:) Compared to Romaine Lettuce ( 4520: 4462: 4370: 4325: 4290: 4076: 3920: 3805: 3772: 3666: 3642: 3601: 3562: 3533: 3494: 3468: 3442: 3416: 3377: 3330: 3304: 3258: 3224:Cytogenetic and Genome Research 3211: 2856:Convention on Migratory Species 2562: 2081:showing the estimated times of 6509:Trichechus manatus latirostris 5635:US Fish and Wildlife Service. 4840:Marine Ecology Progress Series 4588:Lactuca sativa var. longifolia 4584:Trichechus manatus latirostris 4348:(1). Wiley-Liss, Inc.: 41–51. 4336:Trichechus manatus latirostris 4164:, sirenian.org, archived from 3090: 3072: 3006: 2967: 2844:Endangered Species Act of 1973 2345:is angled downwards to aid in 2276: 2271: 640:, are also referred to by the 565:mate with more than one female 13: 1: 6170:Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 4779:muscular-vibrissal complex". 4421:Brain, Behavior and Evolution 3478:. Fossilworks. Archived from 3452:. Fossilworks. Archived from 3426:. Fossilworks. Archived from 3314:. Fossilworks. Archived from 2921: 1806: 524:from the Trichechidae in the 6634:10.1371/journal.pone.0225048 6294:10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.06.009 5824:Journal of Wildlife Diseases 5697:10.1016/0025-326x(91)90406-i 5612:. Wildscreen. Archived from 5069:. CRC Press, 2001. 989–1010. 5052:Caribbean Journal of Science 3855:10.1371/journal.pone.0054307 3402:10.1080/02724634.2013.815192 3363:10.1080/02724634.2014.885034 2840:Marine Mammal Protection Act 2532:Important anatomy in feeding 2128:(a bony ring that holds the 2063: 631: 7: 6778:"The 2016 Florida Statutes" 6066:Journal of General Virology 5893:10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100446 5780:Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 4940:The Encyclopedia of Mammals 4112:10.1016/j.jembe.2003.12.010 3700:(U.S.), Geological Survey. 3635:10.1016/j.pecon.2021.03.009 2869: 2722:, a harmful algae bloom of 2708:Sirenians can be caught as 2633:Manatee conservation status 626: 454:), commonly referred to as 149:Clockwise from upper left: 10: 9258: 9237:Ypresian first appearances 7329:(Rabbits, hares and pikas) 7284:(Dogs, cats and relatives) 7190:(Tenrecs and golden moles) 6722:10.1016/j.ecss.2022.107788 5837:10.7589/0090-3558-17.2.203 5512:10.1038/s41598-019-51856-9 5381:Bulletin of Marine Science 4650:Keith Diagne, L. (2016) . 4537:10.5040/9781472926913.0013 3040:10.1038/s41598-021-82390-2 2974:Domning, Daryl P. (1982). 2630: 2598: 2408:kingdom. These may act as 2280: 2067: 2038:The West African manatee ( 594:Philippine National Museum 40: 29: 8966: 8940: 8784: 8754: 8626: 8617: 8573: 8543: 8534: 8497: 8467: 8419: 8408: 8367: 8308: 8265: 8236: 8198: 8171: 8156: 8144: 8092: 8058: 8045: 8034: 7986: 7921: 7877: 7833: 7715: 7704: 7666: 7651: 7613: 7562: 7499: 7454: 7416: 7309: 7248: 7239: 7178: 7149: 7128: 7115:(Kangaroos and relatives) 7071: 7042: 7021: 7012: 6978: 6946: 6475:10.1007/s10584-013-0921-2 6466:10.1007/s10584-013-0921-2 6127:10.1638/1042-7260-44.1.35 5943:10.1017/S0022149X00007902 5925:Sprent, J. F. A. (1983). 5793:10.22456/1679-9216.107571 5725:Marine Pollution Bulletin 5677:Marine Pollution Bulletin 5637:"Red Tide Current Status" 5576:10.1007/s10393-004-0095-5 5464:10.1017/S0030605315001143 4793:10.1017/S0952836902003205 3501:Knudsen., Bonde, Robert. 3339:Callistosiren boriquensis 2860:Coral Triangle Initiative 1012: 992: 985: 962: 955: 932: 922: 899: 889: 848: 816: 796: 789: 779: 756: 746: 736: 351: 344: 320: 311: 281: 276: 174:Scientific classification 172: 148: 139: 52: 7107:(Bilbies and bandicoots) 6030:10.1177/1040638717707554 5931:Journal of Helminthology 4821:10.1093/jmammal/81.3.649 3979:"Chapter 57: Dugongidae" 3898:Berta, Annalise (2012). 2800:Heterocheilus tunicatus, 2627:Threats and conservation 2601:Manatee § Captivity 2436:freshwater environment. 2214:, the earliest sirenian 539:Sirenians have a large, 6999:(Platypus and echidnas) 6831:; Reeder, D.M. (eds.). 5608:Trichechus senegalensis 5054:34.3–4 (1998): 191–203. 4834:A, Preen (1995-08-10). 4654:Trichechus senegalensis 4527:"Dugong dugon Dugong". 4264:Eldredge, Neal (2002). 3988:. Vol. 1B. CSIRO. 3678:marinemammalscience.org 3587:10.1578/am.34.1.2008.35 3080:"Sirenia Illiger, 1811" 2980:Journal of Paleontology 2753:1 (TrHV-1) and manatee 2439: 2031:The Amazonian manatee ( 571:to mate. Sirenians are 497:(Eocene sirenians) and 43:Seacow (disambiguation) 7230:(Dugongs and manatees) 7169:(Anteaters and sloths) 6343:10.1006/exmp.2001.2407 5990:10.1006/exmp.2001.2407 4972:(Mammalia: Sirenia)". 4155:Self-Sullivan, Caryn, 3977:Marsh, Helene (1987). 2689: 2642: 2449: 2122:supratemporal fenestra 2097: 2089: 2070:Evolution of sirenians 2022:T. manatus latirostris 699:George Gaylord Simpson 596: 592:skeleton displayed at 9186:Paleobiology Database 7537:West Indian manatee ( 7099:(Quolls and dunnarts) 5421:Sea to Shore Alliance 5394:10.5343/bms.2016.1132 5338:"Amazonian Manatees, 5308:: e.T10303A43792683. 5177:: e.T22102A43793736. 4904:Marine Mammal Science 4668:: e.T22104A97168578. 4342:The Anatomical Record 4299:Marine Mammal Science 4272:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 3938:Paleobiology Database 3386:Priscosiren atlantica 3156:10.1515/MAMM.2008.004 2680:Rehabilitation of an 2679: 2640: 2595:Manatees in captivity 2447: 2132:), and the bones are 2095: 2077: 613:watercraft collisions 588: 516:, and evolved in the 6079:10.1099/jgv.0.000293 5290:Domning, D. (2016). 5269:: e.T6909A43792211. 5223:: e.T22103A9356917. 4809:Journal of Mammalogy 4702:Journal of Mammalogy 4379:Journal of Mammalogy 4158:Evolution of Sirenia 3341:, gen. et sp. nov". 2757:(TmPV) 1 through 4. 2173:paleontological site 647:, deriving from the 489:) and Trichechidae ( 485:and the now extinct 34:. For the poet, see 7528:Amazonian manatee ( 6714:2022ECSS..26807788A 6625:2019PLoSO..1425048H 6524:10.3133/ofr20151083 6458:2013ClCh..121..727E 6390:2014ScTEn.493..898K 6286:2019IJPPW..10...23H 5737:2015MarPB.101..284A 5689:1991MarPB..22..508B 5643:on 11 December 2018 5504:2019NatSR...915514R 5163:Trichechus inunguis 4986:1982Biotr..14...76B 4970:Trichechus inunguis 4916:2001MMamS..17..331K 4852:1995MEPS..124..201P 4749:1983Biotr..15...61B 4604:10.1638/2009-0118.1 4496:10.1038/nature05249 4488:2006Natur.443..993A 4458:on 11 January 2012. 4311:1991MMamS...7..331D 4171:on 31 December 2006 4136:on January 12, 2010 4130:National Geographic 4104:2004JEMBE.304..203L 4084:Chilvers, B. Louise 4037:on January 14, 2010 4031:National Geographic 3846:2013PLoSO...854307B 3742:2001Natur.413..625D 3626:2021PEcoC..19..354D 3541:"Amazonian Manatee" 3482:on 12 December 2021 3456:on 12 December 2021 3430:on 12 December 2021 3355:2015JVPal..35E5034V 3318:on 12 December 2021 3097:What are sirenians? 3032:2021NatSR..11.3564D 2554:Cultivation Grazing 2136:(dense and bulky). 2134:pachyosteosclerotic 1834:West Indian manatee 1809: 601:habitat destruction 543:body which reduces 151:West Indian manatee 7658:Paenungulatomorpha 7607:Paenungulatomorpha 7083:(Monito del monte) 6811:Daryl P. Domning. 5606:"African manatee ( 5492:Scientific Reports 5294:Hydrodamalis gigas 5209:Trichechus manatus 5134:Adimey, N (2012). 5037:10.5597/lajam00050 4861:10.3354/meps124201 4781:Journal of Zoology 4698:Trichechus manatus 3986:Fauna of Australia 3654:www.britannica.com 3102:2012-07-20 at the 3020:Scientific Reports 2898:Marine life portal 2695:navigational locks 2690: 2643: 2539:muscular hydrostat 2450: 2396:Sirenians exhibit 2283:Aquatic locomotion 2098: 2090: 2026:T. manatus manatus 1807: 636:Sirenia, commonly 597: 567:and may gather in 466:of fully aquatic, 234:Paenungulatomorpha 9214: 9213: 9173:Open Tree of Life 8960:Taxon identifiers 8951: 8950: 8938: 8937: 8934: 8933: 8613: 8612: 8326: 8325: 8306: 8305: 8302: 8301: 8298: 8297: 8232: 8231: 8140: 8139: 8060:Paleoparadoxiidae 8030: 8029: 7970:Postschizotherium 7935:Hengduanshanhyrax 7573: 7572: 7558: 7557: 7546:African manatee ( 7510: 7495: 7494: 7465: 7411:species by family 7374: 7373: 7370: 7369: 7366: 7365: 7362: 7361: 7354: 7346: 7338: 7330: 7322: 7301: 7293: 7285: 7277: 7269: 7261: 7231: 7223: 7215: 7207: 7199: 7198:(Elephant shrews) 7191: 7170: 7162: 7143: 7124: 7123: 7116: 7108: 7100: 7092: 7091:(Marsupial moles) 7089:Notoryctemorphia 7084: 7063: 7055: 7052:Paucituberculata 7036: 7008: 7007: 7000: 6890:978-0-495-55531-5 6873:978-0-12-397002-2 6844:978-0-8018-8221-0 6780:. Online Sunshine 6758:on 5 January 2017 6547:"Manatee Habitat" 6072:(12): 3545–3553. 5340:Tricheus inunguis 5093:10.1002/zoo.20150 4954:978-0-87196-871-5 4580:Hayek, Lee-Ann C. 4546:978-1-4729-2691-3 4482:(7114): 993–997. 4433:10.1159/000064161 4283:978-1-57607-286-8 4247:978-1-56098-633-1 4214:978-92-807-2130-0 4069:978-1-4214-1588-8 3995:978-0-644-06056-1 3936:. Gateway to the 3913:978-0-520-27057-2 3791:(12): 1037–1049. 3736:(6856): 625–627. 3545:EDGE of Existence 3297:978-0-8018-8022-3 3236:10.1159/000341387 2808:effect on disease 2682:Amazonian manatee 2655:Steller's sea cow 2610:Diet in captivity 2085:between sirenian 2013: 2012: 1988: 1944: 1926:Amazonian manatee 1899: 1854: 1089: 1088: 1075: 1074: 1066: 1065: 1057: 1056: 1048: 1047: 1039: 1038: 1030: 1029: 886:Afroinsectiphilia 875: 874: 866: 865: 834: 833: 707:fetal development 695:Afroinsectiphilia 617:Steller's sea cow 487:Steller's sea cow 410: 409: 403: 397: 388: 379: 370: 361: 340:circled (yellow) 338:Steller's sea cow 272: 167:Amazonian manatee 159:Steller's sea cow 16:(Redirected from 9249: 9207: 9206: 9194: 9193: 9181: 9180: 9168: 9167: 9155: 9154: 9152:NHMSYS0000377213 9142: 9141: 9129: 9128: 9116: 9115: 9103: 9102: 9090: 9089: 9077: 9076: 9064: 9063: 9051: 9050: 9038: 9037: 9025: 9024: 9015: 9014: 9002: 9001: 9000: 8987: 8986: 8985: 8955: 8954: 8946: 8922: 8912: 8902: 8892: 8882: 8872: 8855: 8845: 8835: 8825: 8815: 8805: 8795: 8757: 8742: 8732: 8722: 8712: 8702: 8692: 8682: 8672: 8662: 8652: 8642: 8632: 8624: 8623: 8594: 8584: 8546: 8541: 8540: 8500: 8470: 8455: 8445: 8435: 8425: 8417: 8416: 8353: 8346: 8339: 8330: 8329: 8321: 8316: 8315: 8173:Arsinoitheriidae 8154: 8153: 8147: 8131:Ounalashkastylus 8056: 8055: 8048: 8043: 8042: 8004: 7924: 7880: 7836: 7821: 7811: 7801: 7791: 7781: 7771: 7761: 7751: 7741: 7731: 7721: 7713: 7712: 7692: 7682: 7672: 7664: 7663: 7653: 7652: 7600: 7593: 7586: 7577: 7576: 7514: 7513: 7509: 7508: 7504: 7469: 7468: 7464: 7463: 7459: 7401: 7394: 7387: 7378: 7377: 7352: 7344: 7336: 7328: 7320: 7311:Euarchontoglires 7299: 7291: 7283: 7275: 7267: 7259: 7246: 7245: 7229: 7221: 7213: 7205: 7197: 7189: 7168: 7160: 7147: 7146: 7142: 7141: 7133: 7114: 7106: 7105:Peramelemorphia 7098: 7090: 7082: 7061: 7060:Didelphimorphia 7054:(Shrew opossums) 7053: 7040: 7039: 7035: 7034: 7026: 7019: 7018: 6998: 6989:Australosphenida 6985: 6984: 6931: 6924: 6917: 6908: 6907: 6902:Save The Manatee 6877: 6856: 6820: 6815:. Archived from 6799: 6796: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6774: 6768: 6767: 6765: 6763: 6752:"Marine Mammals" 6748: 6742: 6741: 6693: 6687: 6686: 6674: 6665: 6664: 6654: 6636: 6619:(11): e0225048. 6604: 6598: 6597: 6591: 6583: 6570: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6557: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6526: 6515:Open-File Report 6502: 6496: 6495: 6477: 6437: 6428: 6427: 6409: 6369: 6363: 6362: 6322: 6316: 6315: 6305: 6265: 6259: 6258: 6210: 6204: 6203: 6185: 6183:10.3354/dao03196 6161: 6155: 6154: 6106: 6100: 6099: 6081: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6032: 6008: 6002: 6001: 5969: 5963: 5962: 5922: 5913: 5912: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5839: 5815: 5806: 5805: 5795: 5771: 5765: 5764: 5715: 5709: 5708: 5668: 5662: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5639:. Archived from 5632: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5555: 5542: 5541: 5531: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5466: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5432: 5423:. Archived from 5413: 5407: 5406: 5396: 5373:Frazer, Thomas K 5368: 5357: 5356: 5346: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5317: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5248: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5202: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5156: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5131: 5122: 5116: 5105: 5104: 5076: 5070: 5061: 5055: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5021: 5012: 5006: 5005: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4899: 4890: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4863: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4677: 4647: 4632: 4631: 4575: 4566: 4560: 4551: 4550: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4507: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4451:. Archived from 4418: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4357: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4271: 4261: 4252: 4251: 4235: 4225: 4219: 4218: 4206: 4195: 4180: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4170: 4163: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4132:. Archived from 4122: 4116: 4115: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4033:. Archived from 4023: 4014: 4013: 4007: 3999: 3983: 3974: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3895: 3886: 3885: 3875: 3857: 3825: 3816: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3750:10.1038/35098072 3725: 3716: 3715: 3697: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3684: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3660: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3556: 3547:. Archived from 3537: 3531: 3530: 3524: 3516: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3230:(2–4): 144–153. 3215: 3209: 3199: 3182: 3181: 3179: 3178: 3172: 3166:. Archived from 3141: 3132: 3123: 3113: 3107: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3059: 3010: 3004: 3003: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2961: 2946: 2937: 2931: 2900: 2895: 2894: 2893: 2886: 2881: 2880: 2842:of 1972, the US 2755:papillomaviruses 2703:artesian springs 2527:Feeding behavior 2369: 2360: 2304: 2295: 2116:is missing, the 2058:Aleutian Islands 2009: 2002: 1995: 1983: 1965: 1958: 1951: 1939: 1920: 1913: 1906: 1894: 1875: 1868: 1861: 1849: 1810: 1636:P. magdalenensis 1592:A. langewieschei 1092:Sirenia families 1021: 1001: 988: 987: 971: 958: 957: 941: 925: 924: 908: 892: 891: 857: 825: 805: 792: 791: 782: 781: 765: 749: 748: 739: 738: 729: 728: 724: 723: 508:, alongside the 453: 452: 449: 448: 445: 442: 439: 436: 433: 430: 427: 424: 401: 400:Trichechiformes 392: 383: 374: 365: 356: 316: 267: 182: 181: 144: 134: 71: 56:Temporal range: 50: 49: 21: 9257: 9256: 9252: 9251: 9250: 9248: 9247: 9246: 9217: 9216: 9215: 9210: 9202: 9197: 9189: 9184: 9176: 9171: 9163: 9158: 9150: 9145: 9137: 9132: 9124: 9119: 9111: 9106: 9098: 9093: 9085: 9080: 9072: 9067: 9059: 9054: 9046: 9041: 9033: 9028: 9020: 9018: 9010: 9005: 8996: 8995: 8990: 8981: 8980: 8975: 8962: 8952: 8947: 8930: 8780: 8750: 8609: 8569: 8530: 8493: 8463: 8413: 8404: 8363: 8357: 8327: 8322: 8310: 8294: 8261: 8228: 8209:Crivadiatherium 8200:Palaeoamasiidae 8194: 8167: 8136: 8088: 8039: 8026: 7982: 7917: 7882:Titanohyracidae 7873: 7829: 7709: 7700: 7660: 7647: 7609: 7604: 7574: 7569: 7554: 7548:T. senegalensis 7506: 7505: 7503: 7491: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7450: 7412: 7405: 7375: 7358: 7305: 7290:Perissodactyla 7235: 7174: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7120: 7097:Dasyuromorphia 7081:Microbiotheria 7073:Australidelphia 7067: 7028: 7027: 7025: 7004: 6974: 6942: 6935: 6898: 6880:Garrison, Tom. 6874: 6845: 6807: 6805:Further reading 6802: 6797: 6793: 6783: 6781: 6776: 6775: 6771: 6761: 6759: 6750: 6749: 6745: 6694: 6690: 6679:"IAAAM Archive" 6675: 6668: 6605: 6601: 6585: 6584: 6571: 6564: 6555: 6553: 6545: 6544: 6540: 6503: 6499: 6446:Climatic Change 6438: 6431: 6370: 6366: 6323: 6319: 6266: 6262: 6211: 6207: 6162: 6158: 6107: 6103: 6058: 6054: 6009: 6005: 5970: 5966: 5923: 5916: 5873: 5869: 5816: 5809: 5772: 5768: 5716: 5712: 5683:(10): 508–510. 5669: 5665: 5660: 5656: 5646: 5644: 5633: 5629: 5619: 5617: 5604: 5603: 5599: 5556: 5545: 5484: 5480: 5443: 5439: 5430: 5428: 5415: 5414: 5410: 5369: 5360: 5344: 5334: 5330: 5320: 5318: 5288: 5284: 5249: 5238: 5203: 5192: 5157: 5148: 5140: 5132: 5125: 5117: 5108: 5077: 5073: 5062: 5058: 5049: 5045: 5019: 5013: 5009: 4994:10.2307/2387764 4966: 4962: 4955: 4935: 4931: 4900: 4893: 4881: 4877: 4832: 4828: 4804: 4800: 4776: 4772: 4757:10.2307/2388000 4733: 4729: 4714:10.2307/1379938 4694: 4690: 4680: 4678: 4648: 4635: 4576: 4569: 4561: 4554: 4547: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4467: 4463: 4455: 4416: 4410: 4406: 4391:10.2307/1379236 4375: 4371: 4330: 4326: 4295: 4291: 4284: 4262: 4255: 4248: 4226: 4222: 4215: 4204: 4196: 4183: 4174: 4172: 4168: 4161: 4153: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4081: 4077: 4070: 4054: 4050: 4040: 4038: 4025: 4024: 4017: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3981: 3975: 3964: 3956: 3952: 3942: 3940: 3926: 3925: 3921: 3914: 3896: 3889: 3826: 3819: 3810: 3806: 3777: 3773: 3726: 3719: 3698: 3691: 3682: 3680: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3658: 3656: 3648: 3647: 3643: 3606: 3602: 3575:Aquatic Mammals 3567: 3563: 3554: 3552: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3518: 3517: 3499: 3495: 3485: 3483: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3459: 3457: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3433: 3431: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3382: 3378: 3335: 3331: 3321: 3319: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3298: 3282: 3278: 3263: 3259: 3216: 3212: 3200: 3185: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3139: 3133: 3126: 3114: 3110: 3104:Wayback Machine 3095: 3091: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3011: 3007: 2972: 2968: 2959: 2957: 2947: 2940: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2896: 2891: 2889: 2882: 2875: 2872: 2759:Mycobacteriosis 2635: 2629: 2612: 2603: 2597: 2565: 2556: 2547: 2534: 2529: 2442: 2379: 2378: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2371: 2370: 2362: 2361: 2314: 2313: 2312: 2311: 2307: 2306: 2305: 2297: 2296: 2285: 2279: 2274: 2163:, lived in the 2151:throughout the 2072: 2066: 2040:T. senegalensis 1892:T. senegalensis 1881:African manatee 1819:Scientific name 1805: 1758: 1661: 1567:T. senegalensis 1539: 1507:D. takasatensis 1472:M. subapenninum 1429:M. albifontanum 1094: 1076: 1067: 1058: 1049: 1040: 1031: 965:Chrysochloridae 935:Macroscelididae 919:Afroinsectivora 902:Orycteropodidae 876: 867: 835: 661: 653:Greek mythology 634: 629: 530:early Oligocene 421: 417: 406: 307: 266: 176: 155:African manatee 135: 133: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 66: 65: 54: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9255: 9245: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9212: 9211: 9209: 9208: 9195: 9182: 9169: 9156: 9143: 9130: 9117: 9104: 9091: 9078: 9065: 9052: 9039: 9026: 9016: 9003: 8988: 8972: 8970: 8964: 8963: 8949: 8948: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8935: 8932: 8931: 8929: 8928: 8918: 8908: 8898: 8888: 8878: 8868: 8861: 8851: 8841: 8838:Culebratherium 8831: 8821: 8811: 8801: 8790: 8788: 8782: 8781: 8779: 8778: 8771: 8763: 8761: 8759:Hydrodamalinae 8752: 8751: 8749: 8748: 8738: 8728: 8718: 8708: 8698: 8688: 8678: 8668: 8658: 8648: 8638: 8627: 8621: 8615: 8614: 8611: 8610: 8608: 8607: 8600: 8590: 8579: 8577: 8571: 8570: 8568: 8567: 8560: 8552: 8550: 8538: 8532: 8531: 8529: 8528: 8521: 8514: 8506: 8504: 8502:Protosirenidae 8495: 8494: 8492: 8491: 8484: 8476: 8474: 8465: 8464: 8462: 8461: 8451: 8441: 8431: 8420: 8414: 8409: 8406: 8405: 8403: 8402: 8393: 8387: 8381: 8375: 8368: 8365: 8364: 8356: 8355: 8348: 8341: 8333: 8324: 8323: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8303: 8300: 8299: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8292: 8291: 8290: 8280: 8271: 8269: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8259: 8258: 8257: 8251: 8242: 8240: 8234: 8233: 8230: 8229: 8227: 8226: 8219: 8212: 8204: 8202: 8196: 8195: 8193: 8192: 8185: 8182:Arsinoitherium 8177: 8175: 8169: 8168: 8166: 8165: 8157: 8151: 8142: 8141: 8138: 8137: 8135: 8134: 8127: 8124:Kronokotherium 8120: 8113: 8106: 8098: 8096: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8086: 8079: 8076:Paleoparadoxia 8072: 8064: 8062: 8053: 8040: 8035: 8032: 8031: 8028: 8027: 8025: 8024: 8017: 8010: 8000: 7992: 7990: 7984: 7983: 7981: 7980: 7973: 7966: 7959: 7952: 7945: 7938: 7930: 7928: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7915: 7908: 7901: 7894: 7886: 7884: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7871: 7864: 7857: 7850: 7842: 7840: 7831: 7830: 7828: 7827: 7817: 7807: 7797: 7787: 7777: 7767: 7757: 7747: 7737: 7727: 7716: 7710: 7705: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7698: 7688: 7678: 7667: 7661: 7656: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7645: 7639: 7633: 7627: 7621: 7614: 7611: 7610: 7603: 7602: 7595: 7588: 7580: 7571: 7570: 7563: 7560: 7559: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7552: 7543: 7534: 7524: 7522: 7511: 7497: 7496: 7493: 7492: 7490: 7489: 7479: 7477: 7466: 7452: 7451: 7449: 7448: 7442: 7436: 7430: 7424: 7417: 7414: 7413: 7404: 7403: 7396: 7389: 7381: 7372: 7371: 7368: 7367: 7364: 7363: 7360: 7359: 7357: 7356: 7348: 7340: 7332: 7324: 7315: 7313: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7303: 7295: 7287: 7279: 7271: 7263: 7254: 7252: 7250:Laurasiatheria 7243: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7233: 7225: 7217: 7209: 7204:Tubulidentata 7201: 7196:Macroscelidea 7193: 7184: 7182: 7176: 7175: 7173: 7172: 7164: 7155: 7153: 7144: 7126: 7125: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7118: 7113:Diprotodontia 7110: 7102: 7094: 7086: 7077: 7075: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7065: 7057: 7048: 7046: 7037: 7016: 7010: 7009: 7006: 7005: 7003: 7002: 6993: 6991: 6982: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6972: 6966: 6960: 6954: 6947: 6944: 6943: 6934: 6933: 6926: 6919: 6911: 6905: 6904: 6897: 6896:External links 6894: 6893: 6892: 6878: 6872: 6857: 6843: 6821: 6819:on 2013-11-03. 6806: 6803: 6801: 6800: 6791: 6769: 6743: 6688: 6666: 6599: 6562: 6538: 6497: 6452:(4): 727–738. 6429: 6364: 6317: 6260: 6225:(2): 184–188. 6205: 6176:(3): 231–236. 6156: 6101: 6052: 6023:(4): 476–482. 6003: 5964: 5914: 5867: 5830:(2): 203–208. 5807: 5766: 5731:(1): 284–287. 5710: 5663: 5654: 5627: 5597: 5543: 5478: 5457:(2): 324–331. 5437: 5408: 5387:(2): 313–327. 5358: 5328: 5282: 5236: 5190: 5146: 5123: 5106: 5087:(6): 503–515. 5071: 5056: 5043: 5007: 4960: 4953: 4929: 4910:(2): 331–342. 4891: 4875: 4826: 4798: 4770: 4727: 4688: 4633: 4598:(4): 594–602. 4567: 4565:, pp. 438–444. 4552: 4545: 4519: 4461: 4427:(3): 141–154. 4404: 4385:(4): 912–914. 4369: 4324: 4305:(4): 331–368. 4289: 4282: 4253: 4246: 4220: 4213: 4181: 4147: 4117: 4075: 4068: 4048: 4015: 3994: 3962: 3950: 3928:"Trichechinae" 3919: 3912: 3887: 3817: 3804: 3771: 3717: 3689: 3665: 3641: 3620:(3): 354–361. 3600: 3561: 3532: 3493: 3467: 3441: 3415: 3376: 3349:(1): e885034. 3329: 3303: 3296: 3276: 3257: 3210: 3183: 3124: 3108: 3089: 3071: 3005: 2986:(3): 599–619. 2966: 2949:Walker, Matt. 2938: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2919: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2887: 2884:Mammals portal 2871: 2868: 2725:Karenia brevis 2628: 2625: 2611: 2608: 2596: 2593: 2564: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2546: 2543: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2483:As opposed to 2441: 2438: 2374: 2373: 2364: 2363: 2355: 2354: 2353: 2352: 2351: 2347:bottom-feeding 2309: 2308: 2299: 2298: 2290: 2289: 2288: 2287: 2286: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2262:Hydrodamalinae 2212:Protosirenidae 2169:Western Europe 2157:marine mammals 2114:sagittal crest 2106:upper-jaw bone 2068:Main article: 2065: 2062: 2011: 2010: 2003: 1996: 1989: 1978: 1973: 1967: 1966: 1959: 1952: 1945: 1934: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1914: 1907: 1900: 1889: 1883: 1877: 1876: 1869: 1862: 1855: 1844: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1804: 1803: 1802: 1801: 1785: 1784: 1783: 1766: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1754: 1746: 1738: 1730: 1722: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1701:L. sickenbergi 1688: 1687: 1686: 1669: 1665:Protosirenidae 1660: 1659: 1658: 1657: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1613: 1597: 1596: 1595: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1570: 1563: 1547: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1527: 1511: 1510: 1509: 1503: 1497: 1491: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1467: 1461: 1455: 1449: 1443: 1441:M. crataegense 1437: 1431: 1417: 1416: 1415: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1385: 1384: 1383: 1381:P. tarkanyense 1369: 1368: 1367: 1361: 1347: 1346: 1345: 1331: 1330: 1329: 1315: 1314: 1313: 1307: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1285: 1271: 1270: 1269: 1255: 1254: 1253: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1231: 1217: 1216: 1215: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1181:C. boriquensis 1169: 1168: 1167: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1105: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1078: 1077: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1064: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1004: 1003: 991: 986: 984: 978: 977: 974: 973: 961: 956: 954: 948: 947: 944: 943: 931: 923: 921: 915: 914: 911: 910: 898: 890: 888: 882: 881: 878: 877: 873: 872: 869: 868: 864: 863: 860: 859: 847: 841: 840: 837: 836: 832: 831: 828: 827: 815: 812: 811: 808: 807: 795: 790: 788: 780: 778: 772: 771: 768: 767: 755: 747: 745: 737: 735: 727: 715:Perissodactyla 660: 659:Classification 657: 633: 630: 628: 625: 495:Protosirenidae 408: 407: 405: 404: 398: 389: 380: 371: 362: 352: 349: 348: 342: 341: 318: 317: 309: 308: 306: 305: 303:Protosirenidae 299: 293: 288: 282: 279: 278: 274: 273: 261: 257: 256: 251: 247: 246: 241: 237: 236: 231: 224: 223: 218: 214: 213: 208: 204: 203: 198: 194: 193: 188: 184: 183: 170: 169: 146: 145: 137: 136: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 55: 36:Hedvig Sirenia 32:Sirenia (band) 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9254: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9232:Mammal orders 9230: 9228: 9225: 9224: 9222: 9205: 9200: 9196: 9192: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9174: 9170: 9166: 9161: 9157: 9153: 9148: 9144: 9140: 9135: 9131: 9127: 9122: 9118: 9114: 9109: 9105: 9101: 9096: 9092: 9088: 9083: 9079: 9075: 9070: 9066: 9062: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9044: 9040: 9036: 9031: 9027: 9023: 9017: 9013: 9008: 9004: 8999: 8993: 8989: 8984: 8978: 8974: 8973: 8971: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8956: 8945: 8927: 8926: 8919: 8917: 8916: 8909: 8907: 8906: 8899: 8897: 8896: 8889: 8887: 8886: 8879: 8877: 8876: 8869: 8867: 8866: 8862: 8860: 8859: 8852: 8850: 8849: 8848:Dioplotherium 8842: 8840: 8839: 8832: 8830: 8829: 8822: 8820: 8819: 8812: 8810: 8809: 8808:Callistosiren 8802: 8800: 8799: 8792: 8791: 8789: 8787: 8783: 8777: 8776: 8772: 8770: 8769: 8765: 8764: 8762: 8760: 8753: 8747: 8746: 8739: 8737: 8736: 8729: 8727: 8726: 8719: 8717: 8716: 8709: 8707: 8706: 8705:Paralitherium 8699: 8697: 8696: 8695:Metaxytherium 8689: 8687: 8686: 8679: 8677: 8676: 8669: 8667: 8666: 8659: 8657: 8656: 8649: 8647: 8646: 8639: 8637: 8636: 8629: 8628: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8616: 8606: 8605: 8601: 8599: 8598: 8591: 8589: 8588: 8581: 8580: 8578: 8576: 8572: 8566: 8565: 8561: 8559: 8558: 8554: 8553: 8551: 8549: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8533: 8527: 8526: 8522: 8520: 8519: 8515: 8513: 8512: 8508: 8507: 8505: 8503: 8496: 8490: 8489: 8485: 8483: 8482: 8478: 8477: 8475: 8473: 8472:Prorastomidae 8466: 8460: 8459: 8458:Sobrarbesiren 8452: 8450: 8449: 8442: 8440: 8439: 8432: 8430: 8429: 8422: 8421: 8418: 8415: 8412: 8407: 8401: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8388: 8386: 8382: 8380: 8376: 8374: 8370: 8369: 8366: 8361: 8354: 8349: 8347: 8342: 8340: 8335: 8334: 8331: 8320: 8314: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8279: 8275: 8274: 8273: 8272: 8270: 8268: 8264: 8256: 8252: 8250: 8246: 8245: 8244: 8243: 8241: 8239: 8235: 8225: 8224: 8220: 8218: 8217: 8213: 8211: 8210: 8206: 8205: 8203: 8201: 8197: 8191: 8190: 8186: 8184: 8183: 8179: 8178: 8176: 8174: 8170: 8164: 8163: 8159: 8158: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8143: 8133: 8132: 8128: 8126: 8125: 8121: 8119: 8118: 8114: 8112: 8111: 8107: 8105: 8104: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8095: 8094:Desmostylidae 8091: 8085: 8084: 8080: 8078: 8077: 8073: 8071: 8070: 8066: 8065: 8063: 8061: 8057: 8054: 8051: 8044: 8041: 8038: 8033: 8023: 8022: 8018: 8016: 8015: 8011: 8009: 8008: 8001: 7999: 7998: 7994: 7993: 7991: 7989: 7985: 7979: 7978: 7974: 7972: 7971: 7967: 7965: 7964: 7960: 7958: 7957: 7956:Parapliohyrax 7953: 7951: 7950: 7946: 7944: 7943: 7939: 7937: 7936: 7932: 7931: 7929: 7927: 7926:Pliohyracidae 7920: 7914: 7913: 7909: 7907: 7906: 7905:Rupestrohyrax 7902: 7900: 7899: 7895: 7893: 7892: 7888: 7887: 7885: 7883: 7876: 7870: 7869: 7865: 7863: 7862: 7858: 7856: 7855: 7851: 7849: 7848: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7839: 7832: 7826: 7825: 7818: 7816: 7815: 7808: 7806: 7805: 7798: 7796: 7795: 7788: 7786: 7785: 7778: 7776: 7775: 7768: 7766: 7765: 7758: 7756: 7755: 7748: 7746: 7745: 7738: 7736: 7735: 7728: 7726: 7725: 7718: 7717: 7714: 7711: 7708: 7703: 7697: 7696: 7689: 7687: 7686: 7679: 7677: 7676: 7669: 7668: 7665: 7662: 7659: 7654: 7650: 7644: 7640: 7638: 7634: 7632: 7628: 7626: 7622: 7620: 7616: 7615: 7612: 7608: 7601: 7596: 7594: 7589: 7587: 7582: 7581: 7578: 7568: 7567: 7561: 7551: 7549: 7544: 7542: 7540: 7535: 7533: 7531: 7526: 7525: 7523: 7521: 7520: 7515: 7512: 7502: 7498: 7488: 7486: 7481: 7480: 7478: 7476: 7475: 7470: 7467: 7457: 7453: 7447: 7443: 7441: 7437: 7435: 7431: 7429: 7425: 7423: 7419: 7418: 7415: 7410: 7402: 7397: 7395: 7390: 7388: 7383: 7382: 7379: 7355: 7349: 7347: 7341: 7339: 7333: 7331: 7325: 7323: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7312: 7308: 7302: 7298:Artiodactyla 7296: 7294: 7288: 7286: 7280: 7278: 7272: 7270: 7264: 7262: 7258:Eulipotyphla 7256: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7241:Boreoeutheria 7238: 7232: 7226: 7224: 7218: 7216: 7210: 7208: 7202: 7200: 7194: 7192: 7188:Afrosoricida 7186: 7185: 7183: 7181: 7177: 7171: 7165: 7163: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7152: 7148: 7145: 7139: 7131: 7127: 7117: 7111: 7109: 7103: 7101: 7095: 7093: 7087: 7085: 7079: 7078: 7076: 7074: 7070: 7064: 7058: 7056: 7050: 7049: 7047: 7045: 7041: 7038: 7032: 7024: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7011: 7001: 6995: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6977: 6971: 6967: 6965: 6961: 6959: 6955: 6953: 6949: 6948: 6945: 6940: 6932: 6927: 6925: 6920: 6918: 6913: 6912: 6909: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6869: 6865: 6864: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6840: 6836: 6835: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6809: 6808: 6795: 6779: 6773: 6757: 6753: 6747: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6692: 6684: 6680: 6673: 6671: 6662: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6603: 6595: 6589: 6581: 6577: 6569: 6567: 6552: 6548: 6542: 6534: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6510: 6501: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6436: 6434: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6368: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6321: 6313: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6264: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6209: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6160: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6105: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6056: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6007: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5968: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5921: 5919: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5871: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5814: 5812: 5803: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5770: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5714: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5667: 5658: 5642: 5638: 5631: 5616:on 2011-11-30 5615: 5611: 5609: 5601: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5539: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5482: 5474: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5441: 5427:on 2018-07-23 5426: 5422: 5418: 5412: 5404: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5354: 5350: 5343: 5341: 5332: 5316: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5302: 5297: 5295: 5286: 5277: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5263: 5258: 5256: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5231: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5217: 5212: 5210: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5185: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5171: 5166: 5164: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5139: 5138: 5130: 5128: 5121: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5075: 5068: 5067: 5060: 5053: 5047: 5038: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5018: 5011: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4964: 4956: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4941: 4933: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4898: 4896: 4888: 4884: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4802: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4774: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4731: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4692: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4662: 4657: 4655: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4574: 4572: 4564: 4559: 4557: 4548: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4523: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4465: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4415: 4408: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4373: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4337: 4328: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4293: 4285: 4279: 4275: 4270: 4269: 4260: 4258: 4249: 4243: 4239: 4234: 4233: 4224: 4216: 4210: 4203: 4202: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4167: 4160: 4159: 4151: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4071: 4065: 4061: 4060: 4052: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4022: 4020: 4011: 4005: 3997: 3991: 3987: 3980: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3959: 3954: 3939: 3935: 3934: 3929: 3923: 3915: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3894: 3892: 3883: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3840:(1): e54307. 3839: 3835: 3831: 3824: 3822: 3814: 3808: 3799: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3775: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3722: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3704: 3696: 3694: 3679: 3675: 3669: 3655: 3651: 3645: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3604: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3565: 3551:on 2022-02-07 3550: 3546: 3542: 3536: 3528: 3522: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3505: 3497: 3481: 3477: 3471: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3429: 3425: 3419: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3333: 3317: 3313: 3307: 3299: 3293: 3289: 3288: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3214: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3173:on 2021-02-24 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3138: 3131: 3129: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3105: 3101: 3098: 3093: 3085: 3081: 3075: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3009: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2970: 2956: 2952: 2945: 2943: 2935: 2934:Shoshani 2005 2930: 2926: 2917: 2916:Marine mammal 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2906:Dwarf manatee 2904: 2903: 2899: 2888: 2885: 2879: 2874: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2812: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2798: 2794: 2793:Salmonellosis 2790: 2789: 2784: 2783: 2782:Streptococcus 2778: 2777: 2773: 2771: 2766: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2746: 2742: 2740: 2734: 2731: 2727: 2726: 2721: 2717: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2639: 2634: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2607: 2602: 2592: 2589: 2584: 2581: 2580:parental care 2577: 2575: 2570: 2560: 2551: 2545:Food Handling 2542: 2540: 2524: 2521: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2493:invertebrates 2490: 2486: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2470:manatee grass 2467: 2463: 2462:water lettuce 2459: 2455: 2446: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2383:polyphyodonts 2368: 2359: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2303: 2294: 2284: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2256: 2255: 2250: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2208:Prorastomidae 2205: 2201: 2200:petrosal bone 2197: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2141:fossil record 2137: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2108:contacts the 2107: 2103: 2094: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2047:Dugong dugong 2043: 2041: 2036: 2034: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2017: 2008: 2004: 2001: 1997: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1908: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1867: 1863: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1800: 1799: 1798:P. sirenoides 1794: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1781: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1768: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1762:Prorastomidae 1753: 1752: 1747: 1745: 1744: 1743:P. sattaensis 1739: 1737: 1736: 1731: 1729: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1720: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1702: 1697: 1696: 1695: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1684: 1679: 1678: 1677: 1676: 1671: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1656: 1655: 1650: 1649: 1648: 1647: 1642: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1624: 1620: 1619: 1614: 1612: 1611: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1603: 1598: 1594: 1593: 1588: 1587: 1586: 1585: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1569: 1568: 1564: 1562: 1561: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1534: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1525: 1520: 1519: 1518: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1485: 1484: 1483: 1478: 1474: 1473: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1454: 1453:M. krahuletzi 1450: 1448: 1447:M. floridanum 1444: 1442: 1438: 1436: 1435:M. arctodites 1432: 1430: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1423: 1422:Metaxytherium 1418: 1414: 1413:S. hungaricus 1410: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1374:Paralitherium 1370: 1366: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1337: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1268: 1267:K. cylindrica 1264: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1247: 1246: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1235:D. manigualti 1232: 1230: 1226: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1222:Dioplotherium 1218: 1214: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1174:Callistosiren 1170: 1166: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1159: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1145: 1144: 1143: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1106: 1104: 1102: 1097: 1084: 1080: 1079: 1071: 1070: 1062: 1061: 1053: 1052: 1044: 1043: 1035: 1034: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1002: 1000: 996: 995:Potamogalidae 990: 989: 983: 982:Tenrecomorpha 980: 979: 976: 975: 972: 970: 966: 960: 959: 953: 950: 949: 946: 945: 942: 940: 936: 930: 929:Macroscelidea 927: 926: 920: 917: 916: 913: 912: 909: 907: 903: 897: 896:Tubulidentata 894: 893: 887: 884: 883: 880: 879: 871: 870: 862: 861: 858: 856: 852: 846: 843: 842: 839: 838: 830: 829: 826: 824: 820: 814: 813: 810: 809: 806: 804: 800: 794: 793: 787: 784: 783: 777: 774: 773: 770: 769: 766: 764: 760: 754: 751: 750: 744: 741: 740: 734: 731: 730: 726: 725: 722: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 681:(elephants), 680: 676: 673: 669: 666: 656: 654: 650: 646: 643: 639: 624: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 595: 591: 587: 583: 581: 580:parental care 578:, displaying 577: 575: 570: 566: 560: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 537: 533: 532:(30–35 mya). 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 504: 500: 499:Prorastomidae 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 469: 465: 461: 457: 451: 415: 399: 395: 391:Sireniformes 390: 386: 381: 377: 372: 368: 363: 359: 354: 353: 350: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 310: 304: 300: 298: 297:Prorastomidae 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 283: 280: 275: 270: 265: 262: 259: 258: 255: 252: 249: 248: 245: 242: 239: 238: 235: 232: 229: 226: 225: 222: 219: 216: 215: 212: 209: 206: 205: 202: 199: 196: 195: 192: 189: 186: 185: 180: 175: 171: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 147: 143: 138: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 70: 63: 59: 51: 48: 44: 37: 33: 19: 8967: 8923: 8913: 8903: 8893: 8883: 8873: 8863: 8856: 8846: 8836: 8828:Corystosiren 8826: 8818:Crenatosiren 8816: 8806: 8798:Bharatisiren 8796: 8775:Hydrodamalis 8773: 8766: 8743: 8733: 8723: 8713: 8703: 8693: 8685:Kaupitherium 8683: 8675:Lentiarenium 8673: 8663: 8653: 8643: 8633: 8602: 8595: 8585: 8575:Trichechinae 8562: 8557:Anomotherium 8555: 8548:Miosireninae 8536:Trichechidae 8523: 8516: 8509: 8486: 8479: 8456: 8448:Prototherium 8446: 8436: 8426: 8410: 8400:Paenungulata 8395: 8389:Superorder: 8359: 8266: 8223:Palaeoamasia 8221: 8214: 8207: 8187: 8180: 8160: 8149:Embrithopoda 8129: 8122: 8115: 8108: 8101: 8083:Neoparadoxia 8081: 8074: 8067: 8019: 8012: 8007:Gigantohyrax 8005: 7995: 7975: 7968: 7961: 7954: 7947: 7942:Kvabebihyrax 7940: 7933: 7910: 7903: 7896: 7889: 7866: 7859: 7852: 7845: 7822: 7812: 7802: 7794:Saghatherium 7792: 7782: 7772: 7762: 7752: 7742: 7732: 7724:Dimaitherium 7722: 7693: 7685:Hadrogeneios 7683: 7673: 7641:Superorder: 7635:Infraclass: 7564: 7547: 7538: 7529: 7517: 7501:Trichechidae 7484: 7472: 7408: 7337:(Treeshrews) 7227: 7220:Proboscidea 7161:(Armadillos) 7044:Ameridelphia 6997:Monotremata 6882:Oceanography 6881: 6862: 6833: 6829:Wilson, D.E. 6825:Shoshani, J. 6817:the original 6794: 6782:. Retrieved 6772: 6760:. Retrieved 6756:the original 6746: 6705: 6701: 6691: 6682: 6616: 6612: 6602: 6588:cite journal 6579: 6576:"IAAAM 2012" 6554:. Retrieved 6550: 6541: 6514: 6508: 6500: 6449: 6445: 6381: 6377: 6367: 6337:(1): 37–48. 6334: 6330: 6320: 6277: 6273: 6263: 6222: 6218: 6208: 6173: 6169: 6159: 6121:(1): 35–41. 6118: 6114: 6104: 6069: 6065: 6055: 6020: 6016: 6006: 5984:(1): 37–48. 5981: 5977: 5967: 5937:(1): 69–76. 5934: 5930: 5884: 5880: 5870: 5827: 5823: 5783: 5779: 5769: 5728: 5724: 5713: 5680: 5676: 5666: 5657: 5645:. Retrieved 5641:the original 5630: 5618:. Retrieved 5614:the original 5607: 5600: 5567: 5563: 5498:(1): 15514. 5495: 5491: 5481: 5454: 5450: 5440: 5429:. Retrieved 5425:the original 5420: 5411: 5384: 5380: 5352: 5349:Interciencia 5348: 5339: 5331: 5319:. Retrieved 5305: 5299: 5293: 5285: 5266: 5260: 5255:Dugong dugon 5254: 5220: 5214: 5208: 5174: 5168: 5162: 5136: 5084: 5080: 5074: 5065: 5059: 5051: 5046: 5030:(1): 69–75. 5027: 5023: 5010: 4980:(1): 76–78. 4977: 4973: 4969: 4963: 4939: 4932: 4907: 4903: 4878: 4843: 4839: 4829: 4812: 4808: 4801: 4784: 4780: 4773: 4743:(1): 61–64. 4740: 4736: 4730: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4691: 4679:. Retrieved 4665: 4659: 4653: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4528: 4522: 4479: 4475: 4464: 4453:the original 4424: 4420: 4407: 4382: 4378: 4372: 4345: 4341: 4335: 4327: 4302: 4298: 4292: 4267: 4231: 4223: 4200: 4173:, retrieved 4166:the original 4157: 4150: 4138:. Retrieved 4134:the original 4129: 4120: 4095: 4091: 4088:Dugong dugon 4087: 4078: 4058: 4051: 4039:. Retrieved 4035:the original 4030: 3985: 3953: 3941:. Retrieved 3931: 3922: 3903: 3837: 3833: 3807: 3788: 3784: 3774: 3733: 3729: 3702: 3681:. Retrieved 3677: 3668: 3657:. Retrieved 3653: 3644: 3617: 3613: 3603: 3581:(1): 35–43. 3578: 3574: 3564: 3553:. Retrieved 3549:the original 3544: 3535: 3503: 3496: 3484:. Retrieved 3480:the original 3470: 3458:. Retrieved 3454:the original 3444: 3432:. Retrieved 3428:the original 3418: 3393: 3389: 3388:, sp. nov". 3385: 3379: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3320:. Retrieved 3316:the original 3306: 3286: 3279: 3270: 3266: 3260: 3227: 3223: 3213: 3175:. Retrieved 3168:the original 3147: 3143: 3111: 3092: 3074: 3023: 3019: 3008: 2983: 2979: 2969: 2958:. Retrieved 2929: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2813: 2804:relationship 2799: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2747: 2743: 2739:Raschel knit 2735: 2723: 2718: 2714:rice paddies 2707: 2691: 2684:calf by the 2671: 2659: 2644: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2604: 2585: 2573: 2566: 2563:Reproduction 2557: 2548: 2535: 2517: 2485:bulk feeding 2482: 2474:turtle grass 2451: 2422: 2398:pachyostosis 2395: 2380: 2315: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2248:Anomotherium 2247: 2243:Miosireninae 2241:), but also 2238: 2234: 2230: 2227:Trichechinae 2223:Trichechidae 2220: 2203: 2193: 2184: 2145:Early Eocene 2138: 2126:ectotympanic 2110:frontal bone 2099: 2051: 2046: 2045:The dugong ( 2044: 2039: 2037: 2032: 2030: 2025: 2021: 2019: 2016:Distribution 2015: 2014: 1992: 1980: 1975: 1948: 1936: 1930: 1903: 1891: 1885: 1858: 1846: 1838: 1825:Distribution 1796: 1788: 1778: 1770: 1759: 1749: 1741: 1733: 1725: 1717: 1709: 1699: 1691: 1681: 1673: 1662: 1652: 1644: 1634: 1626: 1616: 1608: 1600: 1590: 1584:Anomotherium 1582: 1572: 1565: 1558: 1551: 1543:Trichechidae 1540: 1530: 1522: 1516:Hydrodamalis 1514: 1506: 1501:D. reinharti 1500: 1494: 1488: 1480: 1470: 1464: 1458: 1452: 1446: 1440: 1434: 1428: 1420: 1412: 1404: 1397:P. atlantica 1396: 1388: 1380: 1372: 1364: 1358: 1350: 1342: 1334: 1326: 1318: 1310: 1305:R. capgrandi 1304: 1296: 1288: 1282: 1274: 1266: 1258: 1250: 1242: 1234: 1228: 1220: 1212: 1206:Corystosiren 1204: 1196: 1190:Crenatosiren 1188: 1180: 1172: 1164: 1158:Bharatisiren 1156: 1149:I. javanense 1148: 1140: 1133:A. pannonica 1132: 1124: 1116: 1109: 1098: 1096:† = Extinct 1095: 1013: 993: 963: 952:Afrosoricida 933: 900: 851:Elephantidae 849: 817: 799:Trichechidae 797: 785: 757: 743:Paenungulata 705:and similar 687:Embrithopoda 677:, alongside 675:Paenungulata 662: 644: 637: 635: 609:fishing gear 605:entanglement 598: 573: 561: 538: 534: 506:Paenungulata 459: 455: 413: 411: 355:Halobioidea 291:Trichechidae 263: 244:Paenungulata 240:Grandorder: 227: 67:55.8–0 58:Early Eocene 47: 9095:iNaturalist 8992:Wikispecies 8885:Kutchisiren 8725:Prohalicore 8715:Priscosiren 8655:Halitherium 8645:Caribosiren 8587:Potamosiren 8488:Prorastomus 8438:Eotheroides 8249:Proboscidea 8238:Proboscidea 8189:Namatherium 8162:Stylolophus 8117:Desmostylus 8110:Cornwallius 8050:Desmostylia 8037:Tethytheria 8014:Heterohyrax 7997:Dendrohyrax 7988:Procaviidae 7912:Titanohyrax 7898:Antilohyrax 7847:Brachyhyrax 7838:Geniohyidae 7814:Selenohyrax 7774:Regubahyrax 7744:Megalohyrax 7637:Placentalia 7530:T. inunguis 7444:Superorder 7438:Infraclass 7343:Dermoptera 7335:Scandentia 7327:Lagomorpha 7276:(Pangolins) 7266:Chiroptera 7222:(Elephants) 7212:Hyracoidea 7206:(Aardvarks) 6968:(unranked) 6384:: 898–909. 5081:Zoo Biology 4846:: 201–213. 3933:Fossilworks 3026:(1): 3564. 2788:Clostridium 2776:Pseudomonas 2770:Pasteurella 2751:herpesvirus 2749:trichechid 2730:brevetoxins 2513:polychaetes 2509:Moreton Bay 2501:sea squirts 2489:herbivorous 2402:bone marrow 2387:cheek teeth 2277:Adaptations 2272:Description 2231:Potamosiren 2204:Prorastomus 2186:Prorastomus 2149:diversified 2033:T. inunguis 1937:T. inunguis 1933:(manatees) 1888:(manatees) 1843:(manatees) 1813:Common name 1790:Prorastomus 1780:P. portelli 1654:R. limbatus 1628:Potamosiren 1574:T. inunguis 1465:M. serresii 1390:Priscosiren 1365:H. schinzii 1352:Halitherium 1336:Caribosiren 1327:X. yucateca 1289:N. sanchezi 1260:Kutchisiren 1229:D. allisoni 1213:C. varguezi 845:Proboscidea 776:Tethytheria 759:Procaviidae 719:Altungulata 711:Tethytheria 691:Desmostylia 685:(hyraxes), 679:Proboscidea 642:common name 621:overhunting 526:late Eocene 468:herbivorous 385:van Beneden 382:Sirenoidea 364:Herbivorae 332:in orange, 322:West Indian 254:Tethytheria 9221:Categories 8875:Italosiren 8786:Dugonginae 8735:Stegosiren 8635:Anisosiren 8619:Dugongidae 8604:Trichechus 8525:Protosiren 8391:Afrotheria 8216:Hypsamasia 8103:Behemotops 7949:Meroehyrax 7868:Pachyhyrax 7824:Thyrohyrax 7804:Seggeurius 7784:Rukwalorax 7754:Microhyrax 7707:Hyracoidea 7675:Abdounodus 7643:Afrotheria 7539:T. manatus 7519:Trichechus 7507:(Manatees) 7474:Dugonginae 7456:Dugongidae 7446:Afrotheria 7282:Carnivora 7274:Pholidota 7180:Afrotheria 7159:Cingulata 7140:inclusive) 7062:(Opossums) 7033:inclusive) 7023:Metatheria 6980:Yinotheria 6964:Vertebrata 6962:Subphylum 6784:26 January 6762:26 January 6708:: 107788. 6556:2023-08-07 5887:: 100446. 5647:12 January 5620:24 January 5431:2018-07-22 4974:Biotropica 4883:Berta 2005 4815:(3): 649. 4787:(3): 245. 4737:Biotropica 4708:(2): 442. 4563:Berta 2005 4140:16 January 4098:(2): 203. 4041:16 January 3958:Berta 2005 3785:BioScience 3683:2022-07-25 3659:2024-02-21 3555:2022-07-25 3396:(4): 951. 3206:pp. 89–100 3202:Berta 2005 3177:2017-01-02 3116:Berta 2005 2960:2020-10-29 2922:References 2858:, and the 2817:hurricanes 2667:rheumatism 2647:Vulnerable 2631:See also: 2599:See also: 2576:-selectors 2520:dry season 2391:premaxilla 2333:to reduce 2318:tail fluke 2281:See also: 2239:Trichechus 2120:fills the 2083:divergence 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sodhae 1244:Domningia 1197:C. olseni 1165:B. indica 1142:Indosiren 638:sirenians 632:Etymology 623:in 1768. 576:-selected 510:elephants 462:, are an 460:sirenians 402:Hay, 1923 336:in blue, 326:Amazonian 277:Families 197:Kingdom: 191:Eukaryota 18:Sirenians 9139:11600001 9019:BioLib: 8977:Wikidata 8915:Rytiodus 8564:Miosiren 8385:Mammalia 8379:Chordata 8377:Phylum: 8373:Animalia 8360:Sirenian 8288:manatees 8021:Procavia 7977:Prohyrax 7631:Mammalia 7625:Chordata 7623:Phylum: 7619:Animalia 7566:Category 7485:D. dugon 7483:Dugong ( 7440:Eutheria 7434:Mammalia 7428:Chordata 7422:Animalia 7420:Kingdom 7228:Sirenia 7130:Eutheria 6958:Chordata 6952:Animalia 6950:Kingdom 6853:62265494 6827:(2005). 6661:31751355 6613:PLOS ONE 6511:), 2012" 6424:25003583 6359:11784121 6312:31334029 6247:12885137 6200:29516862 6151:36939237 6143:23505701 6096:26395390 6047:28467282 5998:11784121 5959:86097133 5901:32862905 5862:44490155 5761:26431561 5592:20044389 5538:31664068 5375:(2017). 5101:19360597 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