399:, pp. 9–14: "... no one in antiquity has thrown mud at Philip II's lineage; not even Demosthenes accused him of not being a full blooded Makedon. This silence on Philip II's suggests that he was a Makedon from both his parents. Moreover, a second argument may be used to cast out the view that Sirras was an Illyrian. At the marriage of Philip II to Kleopatra, Attalus remarked that now legitimate Kings ("γνησιοι, ου νοθοι) will be born, as Alexander was half Epirote from his mother's (Olympias) side. The derogatory shot at Alexander would have been also a great insult to Philip II, if his mother's father was an Illyrian. At the same time, a shadow would have been cast upon Philip II's legitimacy to occupy the Argead throne. However, there was no such intention in Attalos' remark, and it was only aimed at Alexander. Moreover, if Alexander's paternal grandmother was an Illyrian (or at least half-Illyrian on her father's side), Alexander could have easily answered back that even his father was not pure Makedon (if Philip II's maternal grandfather, Sirras, was an Illyrian, as maintained by some), but in the scuffle Alexander only ridiculed only his father's unsteadiness. Thus, a moral to be drawn form the Attalos incident, is that Philip II's mother, Eurydike, was not Illyrian ... In any case, Leonnatos' relation to Eurydike, which must be traced through her father, does strengthen the argument that Sirras was of royal blood, and perhaps his marriage to Arrhabaios' daughter is to be recognized as an endogamy. This would make Sirras a member of Arrhabaios' family (a cousin?) and a Lynkestian. At the same time, this line of thought provides a sound explanation to the proposed joint rule of Sirras and Arrhabaios I. Furthermore, since Eurydike identified herself, quite proudly, it appears, as Ευριδίκα Σίρρα, it can be said that Sirras must have been a Lynkestian (Makedon), rather than an Illyrian cheiftain who once invaded Makedon, as lately argued by K. Mortensen. The Argead (Makedones) would have been offended if their queen or πολιητiς sported their enemy's name in such a fashion. Thus, this and other arguments herein lead to the conclusion that Sirras must have been a Lynkestian."
447:, p. 48: "If not the same Arrhabaeus then probably his successor of the same name, and Sirras was probably Arrhabaeus’ Illyrian ally." p. 64: "Eurydice was a granddaughter of Arrhabaeus, from the ruling house of Lyncus, and a daughter of Sirras, a patronym confirmed in three inscriptions from Vergina (Andronikos 1984: 49–51; further bibliography in Mortensen 1992: 165; Carney 2000: 269 n10). At least two other sources call Eurydice Illyrian, which ought to indicate that Eurydice’s father Sirras was an Illyrian and not another Lyncestian, as some believe. This follows Carney 2000: 41, who cites the sources and earlier bibliography on the debate; add Kapetanopoulos 1994 and Worthington 2008: 178 to those favouring Sirras’ Lyncestian origin, and see the summary of Greenwalt 2010: 286. Given the parallel of the Sirras–Arrhabaeus alliance against Archelaus soon after the Illyrian– Lyncestian alliance against Perdiccas II, an Illyrian origin for Sirras is here preferred."
357:, p. 12: "But Eurydice must be Macedonian. Some have felt that her father Sirrhas was a prince of Upper Macedonia in view of his association with the Lyncestid prince Arrhabaeus in the Aristotle passage. But there is no agreement as to the principality from which Sirrhas and his daughter hailed. Arguments have been made for both Elimeia and Orestis, but Lyncestis tends to be the most favoured one. Strabo does after all mention Sirrhas and Eurydice in the context of an excursus on Lyncestid genealogy. And if Sirrhas was Lyncestid, then he would have constituted an appropriately close associate for Arrhabaeus. The Lyncestids in turn had close associations with the Illyrians, and so the misrepresentation of a princess of this household as an Illyrian might have been particularly appropriate."
459:, p. 283: "Under Archelaus, hostilities are again attested with Lyncus, probably involving Illyrians. Aristotle (Politics 5.8.11) notes that at some time Archelaus was hard pressed by an alliance between Arrhabaeus and one Sirrhas, who may have been an Illyrian (although he is not so identified, but see below). Of some standing, Sirrhas may even have been the leader of the Illyrian force that turned against Perdiccas." p. 286: "Her father was named Sirrhas (perhaps the same Sirrhas mentioned in Aristotle.), who some scholars have argued was an Illyrian by birth (thus making Eurydice an out-and-out Illyrian herself) but others that he was from one or another of the Upper Macedonian cantons but with Illyrian ancestors."
435:, p. 108: "The Argead monarchs had a long and symbiotic relationship with the Illyrians, though perhaps they might not have characterised it in those terms. Certainly, the Argead family was closely tied to individual Illyrians (Philip’s grandfather Sirrhas and his wife Audata spring instantly to mind), and the Argead princes Philip II and Alexander III spent at least some of their youth at Illyrian courts, in the 380s and 70s when Philip saw Bardylis invade Epeiros and in 337/6 when Alexander sought refuge there from an angry father. Such so-journs would have allowed these young men to become well acquainted with Illyrian customs, habits and above all military strategies and techniques."
453:, p. 20: "Sirrhas may have been the leader of the Illyrian force that had come to aid Perdikkas in 423 but defected to Arrhabaios (Thuc. 4.125.1; for Sirrhas’ ethnicity see Appendix I); though perhaps the Illyrian chieftain at the time was Sirrhas’ father.5 The alliance with the Illyrians was strengthened by political marriage, with Sirrhas marrying a daughter of Arrhabaios; the offspring of this union was Eurydike, who later married Amyntas III and became the mother of Philip II and his brothers (Strabo 7.7.8 C326)."
441:, p. 193: "Perdikkas' Sohn Archelaos hatte — zu einem ungewissen Zeitpunkt — wieder Probleme mit einem lynkestischen Dynasten namens Arrhabaios, im Bund mit einem illyrischen Herrscher. In diesem Arrabaios wird entwe- der Perdikkas' alter Gegner, 'Perdiccas' nemesis , vermutet Oder dessen Sohn Jedenfalls wird in dem bei Aristot. Pol. 1311 B genannten Sirras der illyrische Herrscher und Vater von Eurydike, der spâteren Frau Amyntas' III. vermutet: ..."
471:, p. 112: "Undoubtedly the word Illyrian had a distinct political (hence to some extent also ethnic) meaning , when applied to the Illyrian kingdom of Sirrhas, or Bardylis I, at the end of the 5th or the beginning of the 4th century BC to the fall of Genthius in 168 BC, regardless of the unsolvable problem of how many dynasties alternately occupied the throne and what was the origin and the actual expanse of the kingdom of each of them."
393:, p. 245: "Her ethnicity is disputed, for her father Sirras may have been Illyrian (see the bibliography cited by Carney). However, this is unlikely in light of a comment that Attalus made at the wedding of Philip in 337, intended as a slur on Alexander's legitimacy, for his mother (Olympias) was from Epirus. Attalus presumably would not have wanted to draw attention to Philip's illegitimacy if his mother were non-Macedonian."
754:: "Eurydice, the mother of Philip II of Macedon, was the offspring of another daughter of Arrhabaeus whom he had married to a chieftain called Sirras (Strabo 7.326C). Sirras himself was most probably an Illyrian, and the marriage, made c. 430 BC, probably represents an earlier accommodation that Arrhabaeus had been obliged to make at that time with his Illyrian neighbours to offset the power of Perdiccas.
477:: "Eurydice, the mother of Philip II of Macedon, was the offspring of another daughter of Arrhabaeus whom he had married to a chieftain called Sirras (Strabo 7.326C). Sirras himself was most probably an Illyrian, and the marriage, made c. 430 BC, probably represents an earlier accommodation that Arrhabaeus had been obliged to make at that time with his Illyrian neighbours to offset the power of Perdiccas.
429:: "This chapter argues that Amyntas was polygamous and Gygaea was likely the second of the two wives. Amyntas’ marriage to Eurydice was a political alliance, related to the Illyrian invasion of Macedonia, but whether Eurydice herself was partly Illyrian remains disputed because of the uncertain ethnic identity of her mysterious father Sirras. This chapter considers it likely that her father was Illyrian."
381:, p. 221: "... Eurydice daughter of Sirrhas, a bride whom later sources dismiss as 'thrice-barbarian, an Illyrian' ... but her 'Illyrian' origin is inaccurate and probably originated as a slander. Her father's name, Sirrhas, is not even attested among Illyrians in any surviving evidence. She herself therefore was no Illyrian, and to judge from her father's name she was probably a Lyncestian."
465:, p. 156: "We hear that he was hard-pressed in a war against the Lyncestian Arrhibaeus (II?) and the Illyrian Sirras, and sought the help of the king of Elimiotis, to whom he wed his elder daughter" p. 161: "We do not really know why Eurydice, the daughter of the Illyrian (?) Sirrhas and the granddaughter of Arrhabaeus of Lyncus, was preferred as the mother of his successors."
291:
opponent who stands his ground they are not what they seemed; they have no regular order that would make them ashamed of deserting their positions when hard pressed; with them flight and attack are equally honourable, and afford no test of courage; their independent mode of fighting never leaving anyone who wants to run away without a fair excuse of doing so.
311:
the marriage of
Archelaus' eldest daughter with the king of Elimeia ensured a solid Upper Macedonian ally for Archelaus' war against Arrhabaeus and Sirras. Additionally, Archelaus made general ameliorations to the military and reinforced the borders of his kingdom, which apparently held the Illyrians momentarily at bay.
278:
avoided involvement in
Macedon's war with Arrhabaeus, but in 423 BC they joined an expedition which ended with a retreat by the Macedonians and a brilliantly contrived escape of the Spartans. After an initial success against Arrhabaeus, Perdiccas persuaded his allies to await the arrival of Illyrian
310:
In 413 Perdiccas's son
Archelaus obtained the throne of Macedon, and he evidently continued his father's conflict against the Lynkestians, probably involving Illyrians. The Macedonian king undertook a war against the Lynkestian Arrhabaeus and his ally Sirras. Seeking help from the king of Elimeia,
302:. Perdiccas was interested in peace with Lynkestis due to his recent defeat in the Lynkestian campaign, the Illyrian-Lynkestian collaboration, and his new enmity with Brasidas. On the other hand, Arrhabaeus was interested in peace with the Argeads to avert future invasions of his realm by Macedon.
290:
Thucydides reports
Brasidas saying that the Illyrians may terrify those with an active imagination, they are formidable in their outward bulk, their loud yelling is unbearable and the brandishing of their weapons in the air has a threatening appearance, but when it comes to real fighting with an
375:, p. 144: "Eurydice I (born 407 BCE) was a Greek queen from Macedon, wife of king Amyntas III of Macedon. She was the daughter of Sirras of Lyncestis and had four children: including Alexander II, Perdiccas III and Philip II; she was the paternal grandmother of Alexander the Great."
742:, p. 20: "The alliance with the Illyrians was strengthened by political marriage, with Sirrhas marrying a daughter of Arrhabaios; the offspring of this union was Eurydike, who later married Amyntas III and became the mother of Philip II and his brothers (Strabo 7.7.8 C326)."
267:. The marriage between Sirras and the daughter of the Lynkestian king Arrhabaeus in c. 430–420 BC is regarded to have been a political marriage to strengthen the Illyrian-Lynkestian alliance, in order to counterbalance the power of the Macedonian king
298:, however the campaign against the Illyrian-Lynkestian coalition was a disaster because of Macedonian incompetence, resulting in the end of Brasidas' alliance with Perdiccas. A pacification between Arrhabaeus and Perdiccas was started by
331:
and
Lynkestians, or to detach the Lynkestians from their historical alliance with the Illyrians, after Amyntas was defeated by Illyrians or an Illyrian-Lynkestian coalition in 393 BC. One of the sons from this marriage was the future
229:
The only evidence for Sirras' ethnicity in ancient literature is the description of his daughter
Eurydice's ethnicity, expressly described as "Illyrian", and through her maternal grand-father Arrhabaeus as "Lynkestian" from the
287:
stated that the fear inspired by their warlike character made both Greek armies think it best to retreat. The young
Spartans were clearly shaken by the fearsome appearance of the Illyrian forces.
283:
who came to support the
Macedonians in their advance into the remote regions of Lyncestis, was abandoned by the Macedonians but was able to extract his army of 4,000 from Illyrian encirclement.
363:, p. 351: Eurydike is often called Illyrian in the ancient sources but this is a likely slander as her father’s name, Sirras, is a Lynkestian name and not attested in Illyria."
415:, p. 156: "During the reign of Perdiccas' successor Archelaus, another conflict arose between the Argead king and Arrhabaeus and a certain Sirras (Aristotle
1170:
Howe, T. (2017). "Plain tales from the hills: Illyrian influences on Argead military development". In Müller, S.; Howe, Tim; Bowden, H.; Rollinger, R. (eds.).
100:
423–393 BC), having married his daughter Irra. He participated in an
Illyrian-Lynkestian coalition's defeat of the attempted invasion of Lynkestis by the
189:
notes that the "name does not appear elsewhere in Upper
Makedonia, nor does it repeat within the family", but others interpret the name as being
97:
237:
family. Modern scholars are divided on whether they are historically accurate or not, or whether they are mutually exclusive or not.
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mercenaries. Rather the Illyrians opted instead to join the army of Arrhabaeus as they were now allies. The Spartan general,
419:
5.1311b). Though Sirras is nowhere identified as such, it is certainly possible that he was an Illyrian ally of Arrhabaeus."
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369:, p. 134: "Sirrhas, guardian of Arrhabaios II, father of Eurydika, member of the Lynkestian royal family"
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in around 390 BC, probably in a Macedonian effort to establish an alliance with both the
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177:) and the ending in
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1089:Ancient Macedonia
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718:, pp. 24–26.
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746:
738:
734:
726:
722:
714:
710:
702:
698:
690:, p. 245;
686:, p. 121;
682:, p. 221;
678:, p. 144;
674:, p. 134;
670:, p. 351;
662:
658:
652:Whitehorne 2002
650:, p. 112;
634:, p. 193;
614:
610:
602:
598:
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586:
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574:
566:
555:
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498:
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483:
475:Whitehorne 2002
409:
405:
351:
347:
342:
323:, married King
317:
308:
249:
243:
208:
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187:Waldemar Heckel
155:
102:Macedonian king
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
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5:
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948:
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916:
904:
892:
880:
868:
862:, p. 55;
852:
844:Greenwalt 2011
832:
830:, p. 152.
817:
805:
792:
777:
768:
766:, pp. 283
764:Greenwalt 2011
756:
744:
732:
720:
708:
696:
666:, p. 12;
656:
648:Šašel Kos 2002
644:Greenwalt 2011
638:, p. 20;
608:
606:, p. 221.
596:
594:, p. 351.
584:
572:
570:, p. 284.
553:
541:
539:, p. 283.
537:Greenwalt 2011
526:
524:, p. 156.
511:
496:
494:, p. 193.
481:
479:
478:
472:
469:Šašel Kos 2002
466:
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457:Greenwalt 2011
454:
448:
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1527:9780300120790
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1499:. Routledge.
1498:
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1458:9780008284398
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1231:. Routledge.
1230:
1229:
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1213:on 2020-10-21
1209:
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1176:. Wiesbaden.
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1134:. Routledge.
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1028:
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1011:
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946:, p. 29.
945:
944:Palairet 2016
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
920:
914:, p. 117
913:
908:
901:
896:
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889:
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877:
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866:, p. 156
865:
861:
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814:
809:
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787:The Illyrians
785:John Wilkes.
781:
772:
765:
760:
753:
748:
741:
736:
729:
724:
717:
712:
706:, p. 20.
705:
700:
693:
689:
685:
681:
680:Lane Fox 2011
677:
676:Chrystal 2017
673:
669:
665:
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645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
612:
605:
604:Lane Fox 2011
600:
593:
588:
582:, p. 10.
581:
576:
569:
564:
562:
560:
558:
551:, p. 24.
550:
545:
538:
533:
531:
523:
518:
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509:, p. 48.
508:
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112:prince-regent
110:
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95:
91:
83:
82:Ancient Greek
79:
75:
66:
64:
63:Ancient Greek
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
41:c. 423–393 BC
40:
36:
31:
19:
1516:
1495:
1475:
1471:
1448:
1428:
1407:
1386:
1365:
1340:
1319:
1298:
1277:
1252:
1227:
1215:. Retrieved
1208:the original
1203:
1199:
1172:
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1088:
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1005:
985:
976:Bibliography
961:. Retrieved
951:
919:
907:
902:, p. 15
895:
883:
871:
864:Roisman 2011
855:
840:Roisman 2011
835:
828:Roisman 2011
808:
800:
799:Thucydides.
795:
786:
780:
775:Hammond 1966
771:
759:
747:
735:
723:
711:
699:
659:
640:Roisman 2011
632:Müller 2017b
611:
599:
587:
575:
544:
522:Roisman 2011
492:Müller 2017b
463:Roisman 2011
439:Müller 2017b
416:
406:
348:
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250:
228:
209:
178:
174:
166:
162:
158:
156:
145:, father of
132:
77:
73:
72:
1478:: 101–119.
1248:"Macedonia"
963:January 21,
940:Müller 2021
924:Carney 2019
888:Müller 2021
740:Heckel 2016
728:Heckel 2016
716:Carney 2019
704:Heckel 2016
668:Rowson 2022
636:Heckel 2016
624:Carney 2019
592:Rowson 2022
568:Heckel 2016
549:Carney 2019
451:Heckel 2016
423:Carney 2019
361:Rowson 2022
296:Chalcidians
232:Doric Greek
139:Amyntas III
126:during the
1540:Categories
1506:1134932154
1496:Cleopatras
1485:9531631549
1217:2015-06-01
912:Psoma 2011
813:Psoma 2011
684:Psoma 2011
664:Ogden 2023
385:Psoma 2011
355:Ogden 2023
340:References
285:Thucydides
261:Arrhabaeus
235:Bacchiadae
224:Macedonian
216:Lynkestian
191:Lynkestian
183:Macedonian
109:Lynkestian
94:Arrhabaeus
932:King 2017
876:King 2017
860:King 2017
848:King 2017
620:King 2017
616:King 2024
507:King 2017
445:King 2017
433:Howe 2017
413:King 2024
329:Illyrians
300:Athenians
274:At first
269:Perdiccas
201:Biography
105:Archelaus
90:Lynkestis
49:After 390
1193:"Sirras"
803:, 4.126.
417:Politics
321:Eurydice
281:Brasidas
263:against
212:Illyrian
137:married
135:Eurydice
116:Illyrian
195:Illyria
163:Sirrhas
124:Macedon
78:Sirrhas
54:Consort
1524:
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315:Family
276:Sparta
257:Athens
220:Grabos
206:Origin
159:Sirras
120:Sparta
114:or an
86:Σίρρας
74:Sirras
67:Σίρρας
33:Sirras
1211:(PDF)
1196:(PDF)
171:Greek
38:Reign
1522:ISBN
1501:ISBN
1480:ISBN
1453:ISBN
1434:ISBN
1413:ISBN
1392:ISBN
1371:ISBN
1346:ISBN
1325:ISBN
1304:ISBN
1283:ISBN
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1178:ISBN
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1136:ISBN
1115:ISBN
1094:ISBN
1073:ISBN
1052:ISBN
1031:ISBN
1010:ISBN
991:ISBN
965:2011
153:Name
122:and
46:Died
1204:XXV
214:or
179:-as
161:or
98:fl.
76:or
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