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paper during ageing." Some professional work has focused on the specific processes involved in the degradation of rosin-sized paper, in addition to work on developing permanent paper and sizing agents that will not eventually destroy the paper. An issue on the periphery to the preservation of paper and sizing, is washing, which is described by V. Daniels and J. Kosek as, "The removal of discolouration ... in water is principally effected by the dissolution of water-soluble material; this is usually done by immersing paper in water." In such a process, surface level items applied to the paper, such as size in early paper making processes as seen above, have the possibility of being removed from the paper, which might have some item specific interest in a special collections library. With later processes in paper making being more akin to "engine sizing," as H. Hardman and E. J. Cole describe it, "Engine sizing, which is part of the manufacturing process, has the ingredients added to the furnish or stock prior to sheet formation," the concern for the removal of size is less, and as such, most literature focuses on the more pressing issue of preserving acidic papers and similar issues.
252:
printing papers. Many books of the fifteenth century were printed upon paper that had not been sized, this extra treatment not being essential for a type impression. The sizing was accomplished by a worker holding a number of sheets by the aid of two wooden sticks, and dipping the paper into the warm gelatinous liquid. The sheets were then pressed to extract the superfluous gelatine. This crude method of sizing the paper was extremely wasteful as many sheets were torn and bruised beyond use. The sizing room of the early paper mills, was, for this reason, known as the 'slaughter-house'.
295:
1525:
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189:(water-repelling) ends. The sizing agent adheres to substrate fibers and forms a film, with the hydrophilic tail facing the fiber and the hydrophobic tail facing outwards, resulting in a smooth finish that tends to be water-repellent. Sizing improves the surface strength, printability, and water resistance of the paper or material to which it is applied. In the sizing solution,
238:
corroborates this by writing, "The
Chinese used starch as a size for paper as early as A.D. 768 and its use continued until the fourteenth century when animal glue was substituted." In the early modern paper mills in Europe, which produced paper for printing and other uses, the sizing agent of choice
325:
With sizing, the strengthâabrasion resistanceâof the yarn will improve and the hairiness of yarn will decrease. The degree of improvement of strength depends on adhesion force between fiber and size, size penetration, as well as encapsulation of yarn. Different types of water soluble polymers called
260:
size had come into use. Unfortunately, it produces a chemical action that hastens the decomposition of even the finest papers." In the field of library preservation it is known "that acid hydrolysis of cellulose and related carbo-hydrates is one of the key factors responsible for the degradation of
78:
manufacture to reduce the paper's tendency when dry to absorb liquid, with the goal of allowing inks and paints to remain on the surface of the paper and to dry there, rather than be absorbed into the paper. This provides a more consistent, economical, and precise printing, painting, and writing
251:
The drying completed, the old papermakers dipped their paper into an animal size that had been made from the parings of hides, which they procured from the parchment-makers. It was necessary to size that paper so that it would be impervious to ink, but sizing was more needed in writing than in
1685:
273:
in order to ensure adhesion of the thin gold layer to the substrate. Egg whites have often been used as sizing; the
Ancient Egyptians sometimes used blood. Other commonly used traditional materials for gold leaf sizing are
231:
While sizing is intended to make paper more suitable for printing, acidic sizing using rosin also makes printing paper less durable and poses a problem for preservation of printed documents.
247:: "Various substances have been used for sizing through the ages, from gypsum to animal gelatin." Hunter describes the process of sizing in these paper mills in the following:
145:(tub sizing). Internal sizing is applied to almost all papers and especially to all those that are machine made, while surface sizing is added for the highest grade
677:
64:
to increase the sharpness of a print, to change the glossiness of a print, or for other purposes depending on the type of paper and printing technique.
552:
Houssni El-Saied, Altaf H. Basta and Mona M. Abdou. "Permanence of Paper 1: Problems and
Permanency of Alum-Rosin Sized Paper Sheets from Wood Pulp."
702:
498:
1435:
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machine. On the weaving machine, the warp yarns are subjected to several types of actions i.e. cyclic strain, flexing, abrasion at various
407:: it is not intended to form a level surface for painting, it is used to simply fill pores and isolate the canvas from the actual ground.
426:
256:
With the advent of the mass production of paper, the type of size used for paper production also changed. As
Swartzburg writes, "By 1850
60:
in this context). It is used by painters and artists to prepare paper and textile surfaces for some art techniques. Sizing is used in
602:
33:
is a substance that is applied to, or incorporated into, other materialsâespecially papers and textilesâto act as a protective
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574:
V. Daniels and J. Kosek, . "Studies on the
Washing of Paper, Part 1: The Influence of Wetting on the Washing Rate."
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The sizing liquor is applied on warp yarn with a warp sizing machine. After the weaving process the fabric is
1349:
565:
Altaf H. Basta and others, "The Role of
Neutral Rosin-Alum Size in the Production of Permanent Paper," 67-80.
1979:
1000:
707:
460:
1296:
1217:
632:
Schutz, R.A. (12â16 September 1977). "Theoretical and
Practical Aspects of Sizing today and tomorrow".
539:
Altaf H. Basta and others, "The Role of
Neutral Rosin-Alum Size in the Production of Permanent Paper."
436:
495:
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963:
358:), the thickness of the yarn, and the type of weaving machinery will determine the sizing recipe.
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365:. Mutton tallow is an animal fat, used to improve abrasion resistance of yarns during weaving.
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Sizing with starch was introduced quite early in the history of papermaking. Dard Hunter in
130:, while hard sized papers have the highest water resistance, such as coated fine papers and
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may also be added to improve the opacity and whiteness of the paper or material surface.
68:
576:
Restaurator: International journal for the
Preservation of Library and Archival Material
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Restaurator: International
Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material
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Restaurator: International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material
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is added to reduce the abrasiveness of the warp yarns. The type of yarn material (e.g.
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surface. This is achieved by curbing the paper fibers' tendency to absorb liquids by
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are treated with various sizing agents to promote adhesion with the matrix material.
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was used for sizing the canvas for centuries, Size in art is not a replacement for
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always includes sizing: the canvas will "rot" if directly exposed to the paint.
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Sizing is a term used for any substance which is applied to a surface before
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system which requires acidic conditions and is still used in some mills.
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122:). Waterleaf has low water resistance and includes absorbent papers for
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to change the absorption and wear characteristics of those materials.
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History, Chemistry, and Long-Term Effects of Alum-Rosin Size in Paper
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83:. In addition, sizing affects abrasiveness, creasability, finish,
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A Brief Review of the History of Sizing and Resizing Practices
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There are three categories of papers with respect to sizing:
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517:. 2nd ed. (Metuchen, NJ: The Scarecrow Press, 1995), 131.
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diluted and heated in water (water gilding), and boiled
591:. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1960), 112.
126:. Slack sized paper is somewhat absorbent and includes
219:(ASA) in neutral pH conditions, and the more ancient
52:
Sizing is used for oil-based surface preparation for
652:
165:
Surface sizing solutions consist of mainly modified
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484:
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472:Robert Henderson Clapperton and William Henderson.
91:, and surface bond strength and decreases surface
678:The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques
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326:textile sizing agents/chemicals such as modified
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479:
476:. 3rd ed. (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1947), 120.
494:. (New York: William Edwin Rudge, 1930), 141.
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461:Sizing substrates and papers â survey results
427:Preservation (library and archival science)
169:and sometimes other hydrocolloids, such as
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141:sometimes also called engine sizing, and
681:(3rd ed.). New York: Viking Books.
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282:(oil gilding); modern materials include
207:Usual internal sizing chemicals used in
310:is essential to reduce breakage of the
2100:
631:
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515:Preserving Library Materials: A Manual
492:Papermaking through Eighteen Centuries
289:
236:Papermaking through Eighteen Centuries
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1534:
634:Third International Sizing Symposium
375:Sizing may be done by hand, or in a
16:Protective glaze for paper or fabric
342:are used to protect the yarn. Also
302:Textile warp sizing, also known as
173:, or surface sizing agents such as
13:
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14:
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361:Often, the sizing liquor contain
314:and thus production stops on the
160:
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1533:
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322:parts, and inter yarn friction.
243:, as Susan Swartzburg writes in
191:optical brightening agents (OBA)
675:Mayer, Ralph (September 1970).
594:
581:
226:
137:There are two types of sizing:
568:
559:
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383:Canvas sizing for oil painting
1:
1350:Environmental impact of paper
447:
245:Preserving Library Materials'
1980:Thomas Ferguson & Co Ltd
587:H. Hardman, and E. J. Cole.
556:, 19, no. 3 (1998): 155â171.
528:Preserving Library Materials
463:, alternativephotography.com
177:. Surface sizing agents are
7:
1579:
410:
10:
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1297:Surface chemistry of paper
800:(Zuo Bo/Tso Po/Tso TzÇ-yi)
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437:Surface chemistry of paper
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603:"A Treatise on Gold Size"
829:Friedrich Gottlob Keller
217:alkyl succinic anhydride
1345:Elemental chlorine free
1302:Units of paper quantity
578:, 25, no. 2 (2004): 81.
543:, 27, no. 2 (2006): 67.
336:carboxymethyl cellulose
181:molecules, having both
2020:Brigitta Scherzenfeldt
1325:Bleaching of wood pulp
299:
254:
132:liquid packaging board
74:Sizing is used during
2040:Margaretha Zetterberg
1726:Barber-Colman knotter
1244:Corrugated fiberboard
1001:Electrical insulation
854:Thomas Francis Carter
589:Paper-making Practice
513:Susan G. Swartzburg,
442:Textile manufacturing
399:glue, frequently the
297:
249:
47:textile manufacturing
21:Size (disambiguation)
2049:Employment practices
2010:Margaretha Reichardt
2000:Maria Elisabet Ăberg
1965:Micheline Beauchemin
1719:Tools and techniques
211:at the wet end are
41:. Sizing is used in
19:For other uses, see
2061:Kissing the shuttle
649:, pp. 252â253.
474:Modern Paper-making
290:Textile warp sizing
185:(water-loving) and
175:acrylic co-polymers
69:composite materials
1934:Warp-weighted loom
501:2013-10-29 at the
300:
213:alkyl ketene dimer
56:(sometimes called
2095:
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2087:Queen Street Mill
1985:Elisabeth Forsell
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864:Tsien Tsuen-hsuin
842:
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496:available on line
332:polyvinyl alcohol
284:polyvinyl acetate
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1970:Johanna Brunsson
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609:. Archived from
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139:internal sizing,
81:capillary action
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1894:Hattersley loom
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1380:Paper recycling
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422:Paper chemicals
417:Acid-free paper
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387:Preparation of
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298:Sizing the warp
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197:Internal sizing
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67:Fibers used in
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161:Surface sizing
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155:writing papers
143:surface sizing
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1746:Fingerweaving
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688:9780670136650
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490:Dard Hunter,
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366:
364:
363:mutton tallow
359:
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95:and fuzzing.
94:
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44:
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28:
22:
2030:Gunta Stölzl
2015:John Rylands
1995:Ethel Mairet
1929:Roberts loom
1879:Air-jet loom
1810:
1615:Double weave
1476:Papier-mùché
1471:Paper towels
1390:Soda pulping
1307:Wet strength
1108:Photographic
981:Cotton (rag)
954:Construction
676:
654:
642:
633:
627:
615:. Retrieved
611:the original
606:
596:
588:
583:
575:
570:
561:
553:
548:
540:
535:
527:
526:Swartzburg,
522:
514:
509:
491:
473:
468:
456:
393:oil painting
386:
374:
367:
360:
324:
303:
301:
268:
255:
250:
244:
235:
233:
230:
227:Preservation
206:
203:Wet strength
164:
142:
138:
136:
119:
116:strong sized
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
97:
85:printability
73:
66:
57:
51:
30:
26:
25:
2108:Papermaking
2005:Lilly Reich
1960:Otti Berger
1955:Anni Albers
1924:Rapier loom
1655:Plain weave
1595:Basketweave
1506:Paper money
1466:Lined paper
1385:Papermaking
1318:and process
1316:Manufacture
1292:Paper sizes
1021:Greaseproof
1006:GenkĆ yĆshi
859:Dard Hunter
791:Originators
759:Papermaking
338:(CMC), and
304:tape sizing
280:linseed oil
209:papermaking
187:hydrophobic
183:hydrophilic
179:amphiphilic
112:slack sized
62:photography
43:papermaking
2102:Categories
2056:More looms
1919:Power loom
1889:Dobby loom
1884:Dandy loom
1693:Components
1645:Pile weave
1635:Leno weave
1620:Even-weave
1443:Paper mill
1370:Organosolv
1249:Fiber crop
1239:China clay
1198:Waterproof
1098:Paperboard
976:Correction
969:Carbonless
817:Developers
659:Mayer 1970
647:Mayer 1970
448:References
372:(washed).
215:(AKD) and
201:See also:
120:hard sized
108:weak sized
104:water-leaf
89:smoothness
1975:Ada Dietz
1869:Types of
1625:Gabardine
1496:Notebooks
1481:Cardboard
1264:Wood pulp
1232:Materials
1208:Wood-free
1183:Wallpaper
1178:Tree-free
1118:Red rosin
1103:Parchment
1088:Onionskin
1083:Newsprint
944:Cartridge
939:Cardstock
934:Cardboard
884:Acid-free
401:hide glue
352:polyester
340:acrylates
308:warp yarn
128:newsprint
1838:Tapestry
1786:Pibiones
1700:Textiles
1605:Coverlet
1529:Category
1486:Clothing
1404:Industry
1340:Deinking
1330:Calender
1287:Grammage
1173:Transfer
1138:Security
1011:Glassine
914:Blotting
889:Air-laid
847:Scholars
617:19 April
499:Archived
411:See also
391:for the
171:gelatine
167:starches
124:blotting
93:porosity
2113:Weaving
1943:Weavers
1806:Shuttle
1600:Charvet
1581:Weaving
1539:Commons
1491:Tissues
1282:Density
1259:Papyrus
1218:Writing
1168:Tracing
1158:Thermal
1133:Scritta
1128:Rolling
1093:Origami
1056:Butcher
991:Display
959:Contact
924:Bristol
899:Asphalt
804:Damjing
798:Cai Lun
769:History
669:Sources
397:Aqueous
370:desized
334:(PVA),
316:weaving
271:gilding
265:Gilding
241:gelatin
114:), and
100:unsized
58:mordant
54:gilding
1950:Acesas
1853:Wicker
1848:Wattle
1843:Temple
1833:TÄniko
1811:Sizing
1771:Kasuri
1756:Heddle
1731:Beamer
1670:Swivel
1640:Oxford
1630:Lampas
1588:Weaves
1421:Europe
1416:Canada
1163:Tissue
1073:Manila
1046:Korean
1041:Ingres
1036:Inkjet
949:Coated
929:Carbon
904:Banana
685:
530:, 131.
405:ground
389:canvas
348:cotton
328:starch
153:, and
151:ledger
35:filler
27:Sizing
2075:Mills
1871:looms
1858:Resin
1828:Talim
1736:Braid
1675:Twill
1660:Satin
1650:Piqué
1610:Dobby
1431:Japan
1426:India
1193:Wasli
1188:Washi
1148:Stone
1078:Mummy
1068:Lokta
1051:Kraft
1031:India
1016:Graph
986:CrĂȘpe
909:Bible
894:Amate
877:Types
744:Paper
356:linen
306:, of
258:rosin
221:rosin
76:paper
39:glaze
1801:Shed
1791:Reed
1776:Loom
1761:Ikat
1710:Yarn
1665:Shot
1459:Uses
1448:List
1223:Xuan
1213:Wove
1143:Seed
1123:Rice
1063:Laid
1026:Hemp
964:Copy
919:Bond
683:ISBN
619:2013
432:Size
320:loom
312:yarn
239:was
147:bond
45:and
31:size
1203:Wax
1153:Tar
344:wax
106:),
37:or
29:or
2104::
996:DĂł
757:/
605:.
481:^
379:.
354:,
350:,
330:,
286:.
157:.
149:,
134:.
87:,
1573:e
1566:t
1559:v
736:e
729:t
722:v
691:.
636:.
621:.
118:(
110:(
102:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.