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required felling new forest and burning a new area every year. It was necessary to allow the former fields to regrow with forest for 10–30 years before repeating the cycle. As a result, the dwellings were often many kilometers from the fields. Furthermore, since the process was man-power intensive,
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which can be practiced in these areas. Slash-and-burn farmers typically plant a variety of crops, instead of a monoculture, and contribute to a higher biodiversity due to creating mosaic habitats. The general ecosystem is not harmed in traditional slash-and-burn, aside from a small temporary patch.
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This system of agriculture provides millions of people with food and income. It has been ecologically sustainable for thousands of years. Because the leached soil in many tropical regions, such as the Amazon, are nutritionally extremely poor, slash-and-burn is one of the only types of agriculture
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In slash-and-burn agriculture, forests are typically cut months before a dry season. The "slash" is permitted to dry and then burned in the following dry season. The resulting ash fertilizes the soil and the burned field is then planted at the beginning of the next rainy season with crops such as
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Slash-and-burn fields are typically used and owned by a family until the soil is exhausted. At this point the ownership rights are abandoned, the family clears a new field, and trees and shrubs are permitted to grow on the former field. After a few decades, another family or clan may then use the
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domesticated various plants and animals, permitting them to settle down and practice agriculture, which provided more nutrition per hectare than hunting and gathering. Some groups could easily plant their crops in open fields along river valleys, but others had forests covering their land. Thus,
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Historically, slash-and-burn cultivation has been practiced throughout much of the world. Fire was already used by hunter-gatherers before the invention of agriculture, and still is in present times. Clearings created by the fire were made for many reasons, such as to provide new growth for game
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decreases due to depletion of nutrients along with weed and pest invasion, causing the farmers to abandon the field and move to a new area. The time it takes for a swidden to recover depends on the location and can be as little as five years to more than twenty years, after which the plot can be
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farming approach required a large area. When forest was plentiful, the Finns were very prosperous. As population grew and restrictions were placed on the forest which could be burned, it became increasingly difficult. By 1710, during the conflict with Sweden, because of their suspect loyalties
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cultivation is most often practiced on the slopes of thickly-forested hills. Cultivators cut the treetops to allow sunlight to reach the land, burning the trees and grasses for fresh soil. Although it is believed that this helps fertilize the land, it can leave it vulnerable to
985:. A huge amount of land, or a low density of people, is required for slash-and-burn. When slash-and-burn is practiced in the same area too often, because the human population density has increased to an unsustainable level, the forest will eventually be destroyed.
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as soon as the ash had fully settled and sufficiently cooled. When the rain came, it packed the ash around the rye. The rye germinated and grew prolifically, with anywhere from 25 to 100 stalks (or straws), each with multiple grains.
1599:, permanent farming methods, or promoting a shift from farming to working in different, higher-paying industries altogether. Other organisations promote helping farmers achieve higher productivity by introducing new techniques.
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or felling them, allowing them to dry, setting fire to the dried forest and growing crops on the fertile ash-covered soil. The resulting ash was highly fertile, but only for a short period. The clearing was initially planted to
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A method of improving the yields in a type of traditional assarting cultivation used to grow common beans in
Central American called 'slash-and-cover', has been proposed, by additionally planting
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and was widespread in
Finland and Eastern Sweden during the Medieval period. It spread to western Sweden in the 16th century when Finnish settlers were encouraged to migrate there by King
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system in which farmers routinely move from one cultivable area to another. A rough estimate is that 250 million people worldwide use slash-and-burn. Slash-and-burn causes temporary
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819:. Ashes from the burnt trees help farmers by providing nutrients for the soil. In low density of human population this approach is very sustainable but the technique is not
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This type of agriculture is discouraged by many developmental or environmentalist organisations, with the main alternatives being promoted are switching to more
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Kettler, . S. (1996-08-01). "Fallow enrichment of a traditional slash/mulch system in southern Costa Rica: comparisons of biomass production and crop yield".
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1987:"The effect of traditional slash-and-burn agriculture on soil organic matter, nutrient content, and microbiota in tropical ecosystems of Papua New Guinea"
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Norwegian authorities considered expelling them from the border area, but did not do so because it was judged they were too poor to survive if evicted.
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Only two tools were required, the axe and the sickle. The axe cut the trees to start the cycle. When the rye had ripened, it was harvested with a
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Promoters of a project from the early 2000s claimed that slash-and-burn cultivation could be reduced if farmers grew black pepper crops between
883:. In such a system there is typically no market in farmland, so land is not bought or sold on the open market and land rights are traditional.
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Kukla, Jaroslav; Whitfeld, Timothy; Cajthaml, Tomáš; Baldrian, Petr; Veselá-Šimáčková, Hana; Novotný, Vojtěch; Frouz, Jan (2019).
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where slash-and-burn agriculture is demonstrated. Farm visitors can see how people farmed when slash-and-burn was the norm in the
858:. The extended family burned and cultivated their swidden plots, sowed one or more crops, and then proceeded on to the next plot.
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since
Neolithic times, slash-and-burn agriculture has been widely used to clear land to make it suitable for crops and livestock.
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Biederman, L. A. (31 December 2012). "Biochar and its effects on plant productivity and nutrient cycling: a meta-analysis".
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Clark J.G.D., 1952, Farming: Clearance and
Cultivation II Prehistoric Europe: The Economic Basis, pg.s 91–107, Cambridge.
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Slash-and-burn techniques were used in northeastern Sweden in agricultural systems. In Sweden, the practice is known as
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cultivation. The system involves clearing land, by fire or clear-felling, for economically important crops such as
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shrubs to act as a fallow crop after the soil is exhausted and one is ready to clear a new patch of forest.
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Not allowing the slashed vegetation to burn completely and ploughing the resultant charcoal into the soil (
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Vestal Fire: An
Environmental History, Told Through Fire, of Europe and Europe's Encounter with the World
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Some
American civilizations, like the Maya, have used slash-and-burn cultivation since ancient times.
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region of eastern
Finland beginning in the 15th century. Areas of the reserve are burnt each year.
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to help clear the dense forests. Later, when the Finns were persecuted by the local Swedes,
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rice, maize, cassava, or other staples. This work was once done using simple tools such as
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Large groups wandering in the woodlands was once a common form of society in
European
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in North
America. Reinforced by the use of fire in agriculture and hunting by
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extended families tended to work together and live in compact communities.
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Community
Involvement in and Management of Forest Fires in South East Asia
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1500+ MCQs with Explanatory Notes For Geography, Ecology & Environment
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is a farming method that involves the cutting and burning of plants in a
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2086:"Best Management Practices for Wood Ash as Agricultural Soil Amendment"
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1258: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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2222:"Sviðna, Svedjebruk and Slash & Burn cultivation | Northern Bush"
2010:
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is burned, resulting in a nutrient-rich layer of ash which makes the
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Medieval Scandinavia: from Conversion to Reformation, Circa 800–1500
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involved stripping a ring of bark completely around the trunk of
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also live off the slash and burn method due to the Amazon's poor
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1961:"Slash and Burn Agriculture – An Overview of Slash and Burn"
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in Sweden around 1930–32 (from the YouTube channel of the
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In the second and third year the field would be sown with
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2107:"Slash and Burn Agriculture | EcoLogic Development Fund"
1350:, it became an important part of pioneering in America.
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has introduced a policy to end the method in the state.
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This technique is most unsuitable for the production of
37:"Jhoom" redirects here. For the album by Ali Zafar, see
3838:
2402:(Technical report). Project FireFight South East Asia.
1477:, which could reach among the rocks and stumps where a
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animals and to promote certain kinds of edible plants.
1774:. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press.
3532:
1852:
3770:
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
1953:
1087:, maize, eggplant and cucumber. After considering
786:slashed and burned again, repeating the cycle. In
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1878:Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
1083:. Holes are made for the seeds of crops such as
1308:
781:. After about three to five years, the plot's
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1917:
1876:. In Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal (ed.).
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1756:Nesholen, Birger (1994). "Svedjebrukerne",
1606:) has been proposed as way to boost yields.
1539:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1415:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1331:, more specifically in the eastern part of
945:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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3847:
3525:
3511:
2456:
2442:
1327:farming was spread by refugees to eastern
1152:. In the Amazon, many peoples such as the
730:
716:
3896:Native American use of fire in ecosystems
2277:
2244:. Outdoors.fi. 2013-05-14. Archived from
1894:
1559:Learn how and when to remove this message
1435:Learn how and when to remove this message
1376:
1372:for the creation of farmland and pasture.
1274:Learn how and when to remove this message
965:Learn how and when to remove this message
906:
2147:
1352:
1335:, in the area bordering Sweden known as
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1176:in Finland, demonstrating the technique.
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865:
43:
4105:International Flame Research Foundation
2337:
2168:
2166:
1712:
1696:History of the forest in Central Europe
1058:refer to slash-and-burn agriculture as
14:
4227:
3806:Land use, land-use change and forestry
1895:Choudhury, Sanjoy (March–April 2010).
3842:
3506:
2437:
2409:from the original on 22 October 2018.
2392:
2312:
1963:. Geography.about.com. Archived from
1934:
1706:
1495:
773:, as well as temporarily eliminating
4198:
3755:Managed intensive rotational grazing
2163:
1537:adding citations to reliable sources
1504:
1413:adding citations to reliable sources
1380:
1256:adding citations to reliable sources
1227:
1105:
943:adding citations to reliable sources
910:
3381:
2181:
1949:from the original on 10 March 2017.
1935:Skegg, Martin (24 September 2011).
1715:"The Study of Shifting Cultivation"
24:
3631:Soil retrogression and degradation
2327:from the original on 4 March 2019.
1991:Land Degradation & Development
1924:. Disha Publications. p. 130.
1907:from the original on 4 March 2019.
1163:
25:
4311:
4265:Agriculture in the United Kingdom
4240:Environmental issues with forests
2730:Global Forest Information Service
2386:
1799:. University of Minnesota Press.
4208:
4197:
4187:
4186:
3786:Forest Landscape Integrity Index
3597:
3564:Deforestation and climate change
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3477:
3476:
3464:
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3394:
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1713:Conklin, H. C. (February 1961).
1691:2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires
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1636:
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699:
66:
3886:Control of fire by early humans
3801:Land surface effects on climate
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2331:
2313:Elkan, Daniel (21 April 2004).
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1243:needs additional citations for
1150:fire in agriculture and hunting
685:Agriculture and the environment
151:British Agricultural Revolution
30:For the military strategy, see
4290:Forestry in the United Kingdom
3706:Arid Lands Information Network
2033:
1978:
1928:
1911:
1888:
1865:
1846:
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1172:A recently burned area at the
870:Slash-and-burn agriculture in
131:Agriculture in the Middle Ages
48:Slash-and-burn agriculture in
13:
1:
2268:on the procedure. In: YouTube
1903:. Vol. 10, no. 59.
1882:Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
1481:would have been ineffective.
1219:
1094:s effects, the government of
993:
988:
823:for large human populations.
2463:
2064:Maya Cities and Sacred Caves
1855:"Slash and Burn Agriculture"
1836:"Slash-and-burn agriculture"
1821:
1815:East Norway and Its Frontier
1342:The practice also spread to
861:
807:Slash-and-burn is a type of
136:Arab Agricultural Revolution
7:
3735:Farmer-managed regeneration
2242:"Telkkämäki Nature Reserve"
1853:EcoLogic Development Fund.
1669:
1590:
1101:
794:, the practice is known as
10:
4316:
2841:Growth and yield modelling
2150:"The Assam Tribune Online"
1937:"TV highlights 27/09/2011"
1872:Md Shahidul Islam (2012).
1813:Stagg, Frank Noel (1956).
1629:
1615:trees, which they termed '
1301:slash-and-burn agriculture
1016:northeastern Indian states
833:
743:Slash-and-burn agriculture
96:Agriculture in Mesoamerica
36:
29:
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3745:Great Green Wall (Africa)
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3415:Earth sciences portal
3401:Climate change portal
3376:
3253:
3085:
2982:Great Green Wall (Africa)
2927:
2618:
2528:
2471:
2418:Telkkämäki Nature Reserve
2188:California Anthropologist
1762:Den Norske Turistforening
1686:2015 Southeast Asian haze
1681:2013 Southeast Asian haze
1676:2006 Southeast Asian haze
1202:Telkkämäki Nature Reserve
623:Universities and colleges
583:Universities and colleges
4110:The Combustion Institute
3868:
3750:Great Green Wall (China)
3621:Historic desertification
2987:Great Green Wall (China)
2560:Close to nature forestry
1840:Encyclopaedia Britannica
1174:Telkkämäki Heritage Farm
608:Agriculturist profession
427:Agricultural engineering
412:Agricultural cooperative
3796:Intact forest landscape
3569:Deforestation by region
3021:Million Tree Initiative
2424:Video of slash-and-burn
2414:Video of slash-and-burn
2148:TI Trade (2011-01-17).
1758:Østlandske Skogsområder
1339:("the Finnish woods").
1309:
874:, Finland, in the 1920s
578:Sustainable food system
573:Sustainable agriculture
464:Animal-free agriculture
432:Agricultural technology
4300:Agriculture in Finland
3952:Spontaneous combustion
3730:Ecological engineering
3443:Environment portal
2875:Sustainable management
2770:Trillion Tree Campaign
2393:Karki, Sameer (2002).
2093:athenaeum.libs.uga.edu
2066:, Cu bola Books (2006)
1918:Disha Experts (2018).
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1377:Description of process
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907:Benefits and drawbacks
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706:Agriculture portal
665:History of agriculture
650:Agriculture by country
645:Agricultural machinery
613:Agricultural machinery
531:Mechanised agriculture
101:Austronesian expansion
53:
4295:Agriculture in Russia
4260:Agriculture in Sweden
3811:List of global issues
3368:Wood process engineer
3072:Urban forest inequity
2315:"Fired with ambition"
1362:dry deciduous forests
1356:
1192:
1171:
1014:Tribal groups in the
1001:
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655:Agriculture companies
618:Government ministries
417:Agricultural supplies
254:Convertible husbandry
47:
27:Agricultural practice
4250:Tropical agriculture
3715:Conservation grazing
3031:Shifting cultivation
2972:Forest fragmentation
2942:Carbon sequestration
2812:Woodland Carbon Code
2777:Forest certification
2685:Even-aged management
2600:Sustainable forestry
2340:Agroforestry Systems
1817:. Allen & Unwin.
1722:Current Anthropology
1533:improve this section
1409:improve this section
1252:improve this article
1146:in the United States
939:improve this section
844:Neolithic Revolution
809:shifting cultivation
469:Cellular agriculture
422:Agricultural science
91:Neolithic Revolution
4270:Forestry in Finland
4235:Agriculture by type
3740:Flexible Mechanisms
3579:Mountaintop removal
2836:Formally designated
2680:Ecological thinning
2590:Plantation forestry
2498:Research institutes
2352:1996AgrSy..35..165K
2182:Owl, M. Y. (1976).
2045:The Free Dictionary
2003:2019LDeDe..30..166K
1880:(Second ed.).
1617:Inga alley cropping
881:usufructuary rights
350:Steam sterilization
4285:Forestry in Sweden
4280:Forestry in Russia
4275:Forestry in Norway
3626:Moisture recycling
3429:Ecology portal
2962:Forest degradation
2957:Ecosystem services
2565:Community forestry
2420:, Finland, in 2012
2360:10.1007/BF00122777
2292:10.1111/gcbb.12037
2152:. Assamtribune.com
1707:General literature
1701:Agricultural waste
1374:
1368:are threatened by
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1121:. You can help by
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259:Rotational grazing
141:Columbian exchange
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4255:Forest management
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4131:List of wildfires
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3816:Natural landscape
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3457:Plants portal
3243:green woodworking
1901:Geography and You
1662:Arunachal Pradesh
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1002:Deforestation in
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561:Rice-duck farming
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3997:Individual fires
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3348:Rubber tapper
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3276:Choker setter
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3133:
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3126:
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3115:Manufacturing
3113:
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2953:
2952:Deforestation
2950:
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2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2928:Environmental
2926:
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2837:
2834:
2830:
2829:reforestation
2827:
2825:
2824:afforestation
2822:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
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2649:
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2645:
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2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2633:Arboriculture
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2585:Permaforestry
2583:
2581:
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2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
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2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
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2440:
2439:
2436:
2429:
2428:Nordic Museum
2425:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2405:
2398:
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2391:
2390:
2377:
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2326:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2309:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2280:GCB Bioenergy
2274:
2267:
2262:
2248:on 2013-07-17
2247:
2243:
2237:
2223:
2217:
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2059:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1967:on 2013-12-05
1966:
1962:
1956:
1948:
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1943:
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1812:
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1806:0-8166-1739-2
1802:
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1781:
1780:0-295-97596-2
1777:
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1574:
1563:
1560:
1552:
1549:February 2021
1542:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1518:This section
1516:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1499:
1493:
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1476:
1471:
1468:
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1450:
1439:
1436:
1428:
1425:February 2021
1418:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1394:This section
1392:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1371:
1370:deforestation
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1278:
1275:
1267:
1264:February 2021
1257:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1241:This section
1239:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
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1196:
1191:
1187:
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1124:
1120:
1117:This section
1115:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1099:
1097:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1042:districts of
1041:
1037:
1033:
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1025:
1021:
1017:
1009:
1005:
1000:
986:
984:
979:
969:
966:
958:
948:
944:
940:
934:
933:
929:
924:This section
922:
918:
913:
912:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
884:
882:
873:
868:
859:
857:
852:
849:
845:
840:
831:
829:
824:
822:
818:
817:deforestation
814:
810:
805:
803:
799:
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793:
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780:
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768:
764:
760:
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697:
696:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
675:Meat industry
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
660:Biotechnology
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
642:
633:
632:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
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581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
567:
564:
562:
559:
558:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
541:Paludiculture
539:
537:
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532:
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520:
517:
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512:
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510:
507:
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480:
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455:
452:
450:
447:
443:
442:Biotechnology
440:
438:
435:
434:
433:
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428:
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420:
418:
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413:
410:
408:
405:
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360:
359:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
330:
326:
324:
323:Sharecropping
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
287:
284:
282:
279:
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139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
128:
126:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
111:Ancient Egypt
109:
108:
106:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
88:
86:
85:
79:
74:
73:
69:
65:
64:
61:
58:
57:
51:
46:
40:
39:Jhoom (album)
33:
19:
4167:
4143:Firefighting
4084:Fire worship
3927:Fire ecology
3820:
3760:Oasification
3583:
3462:
3448:
3434:
3420:
3406:
3392:
3385:
3363:Tree planter
3343:Resin tapper
3323:Truck driver
3318:River driver
3067:Tree hugging
3052:
3042:
3035:
3002:timber mafia
2992:High grading
2977:Ghost forest
2947:Clearcutting
2870:Silviculture
2846:Horticulture
2690:Fire ecology
2605:Urban forest
2580:Mycoforestry
2540:
2536:Agroforestry
2517:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2484:Forest areas
2482:
2475:
2395:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2320:The Guardian
2318:
2308:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2261:
2250:. Retrieved
2246:the original
2236:
2225:. Retrieved
2216:
2191:
2187:
2177:
2154:. Retrieved
2143:
2134:
2125:
2114:. Retrieved
2110:
2101:
2092:
2080:
2071:
2063:
2058:
2048:, retrieved
2044:
2035:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1969:. Retrieved
1965:the original
1955:
1942:The Guardian
1940:
1930:
1920:
1913:
1900:
1890:
1877:
1867:
1859:ecologic.org
1858:
1848:
1839:
1830:
1814:
1795:
1771:
1757:
1728:(1): 27–61.
1725:
1721:
1621:
1610:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1579:
1570:
1555:
1546:
1531:Please help
1519:
1483:
1472:
1446:
1431:
1422:
1407:Please help
1395:
1341:
1285:
1270:
1261:
1250:Please help
1245:verification
1242:
1200:
1179:
1158:soil quality
1140:
1127:
1123:adding to it
1118:
1088:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1013:
980:
976:
961:
955:January 2023
952:
937:Please help
925:
885:
877:
853:
846:, groups of
841:
837:
825:
813:agricultural
806:
801:
795:
783:productivity
779:pest species
771:soil fertile
758:
753:to create a
742:
741:
546:Permaculture
504:Horticulture
449:Agroforestry
407:Agribusiness
364:Hydroculture
340:Smallholding
334:
328:
121:Ancient Rome
4173:Fire making
4089:Terra preta
4063:Firefighter
3937:Flash point
3932:Fire piston
3822:Terra preta
3725:Ecoforestry
3649:Gobi Desert
3640:By region:
3387:WikiProject
3311:smokejumper
3291:Firefighter
3254:Occupations
3238:Woodworking
2819:Forestation
2750:restoration
2705:informatics
2570:Ecoforestry
2194:(2): 6–20.
2062:Jaime Awe,
2041:"Assarting"
1319:Gustav Vasa
1130:August 2021
1085:sticky rice
1072:upland rice
1048:Khagrachari
1040:Bangladeshi
842:During the
556:Polyculture
382:Hydroponics
372:Aquaculture
313:Paddy field
298:Monoculture
192:Agrivoltaic
166:Monoculture
87:Prehistory
60:Agriculture
4229:Categories
4214:Wiktionary
4153:Fire whirl
4051:Pyromanias
4009:By country
3961:Components
3917:Combustion
3828:Wilderness
3695:Mitigation
3669:Mauritania
3333:Lumberjack
3328:Log scaler
3211:engineered
3162:non-timber
3135:sawmilling
3087:Industries
3054:svedjebruk
2765:transition
2745:protection
2735:old-growth
2720:governance
2675:Dendrology
2625:management
2491:Ministries
2252:2013-06-22
2227:2020-10-12
2156:2013-06-22
2116:2018-01-10
2050:2020-10-12
1971:2013-06-22
1644:Santa Cruz
1624:leguminous
1583:svedjebruk
1573:Svedjebruk
1498:Svedjebruk
1449:Svedjebruk
1366:Madagascar
1344:New Sweden
1337:Finnskogen
1324:svedjebruk
1288:Svedjebruk
1222:Svedjebruk
1183:svedjebruk
1148:also used
1006:to obtain
994:South Asia
989:Regionally
983:cash crops
856:prehistory
788:Bangladesh
763:vegetation
636:Categories
551:Plantation
499:Free range
494:Feed ratio
387:Aeroponics
377:Aquaponics
244:Free-range
239:Fertilizer
52:, Thailand
50:Chiang Mai
4158:Blue lava
4148:Firestorm
4138:Backdraft
4126:Wildfires
4079:Cremation
3947:Pyrolysis
3554:Assarting
3281:Ecologist
3194:Tree farm
3095:Coppicing
3037:chitemene
2937:Acid rain
2885:allometry
2807:SmartWood
2755:secondary
2740:pathology
2715:inventory
2653:driftwood
2519:Arbor Day
2368:0167-4366
2200:0272-5452
2027:133993874
2019:1099-145X
1822:Citations
1750:132297474
1597:intensive
1520:does not
1396:does not
1305:Old Norse
1299:term for
1297:Norwegian
1052:Bandarban
1044:Rangamati
1028:Meghalaya
1004:Indonesia
926:does not
862:Technique
828:assarting
757:called a
670:Livestock
489:Farmhouse
271:Intensive
234:Extensive
4192:Category
3791:Forestry
3674:Mongolia
3482:Category
3296:handcrew
3266:Arborist
3261:Forester
3221:mahogany
3167:palm oil
3157:charcoal
3142:Products
3077:Wildfire
2890:breeding
2851:GM trees
2700:dynamics
2512:Journals
2505:Colleges
2465:Forestry
2404:Archived
2376:40357446
2325:Archived
2300:86216355
2208:12334855
1947:Archived
1905:Archived
1793:(1993).
1770:(1997).
1670:See also
1591:Research
1490:cabbages
1315:Novgorod
1102:Americas
1038:and the
1036:Nagaland
1008:palm oil
889:machetes
872:Maaninka
821:scalable
751:woodland
454:Agronomy
318:Ranching
4203:Commons
4072:Culture
4014:By year
4004:By type
3905:Science
3878:History
3710:Biochar
3654:Lebanon
3492:Outline
3306:lookout
3301:hotshot
3182:tanbark
3152:biomass
3147:biochar
3125:plywood
3110:Logging
3014:wilding
2663:log jam
2620:Ecology
2416:at the
2348:Bibcode
1999:Bibcode
1742:2739597
1664:, India
1648:Bolivia
1630:Gallery
1541:removed
1526:sources
1501:culture
1486:turnips
1417:removed
1402:sources
1293:Swedish
1195:Småland
1096:Mizoram
1081:erosion
1032:Mizoram
1020:Tripura
947:removed
932:sources
901:shovels
834:History
767:biomass
759:swidden
514:animals
437:Digital
400:Related
345:Terrace
329:Colonia
308:Organic
303:Orchard
293:Natural
276:animals
249:Grazing
229:Dryland
212:poultry
184:On land
161:Organic
78:History
4207:
4196:
4185:
4044:People
3973:Oxygen
3338:Ranger
3286:Feller
3271:Bucker
3177:rubber
3120:lumber
2930:topics
2917:volume
2912:height
2858:i-Tree
2695:Forest
2648:coarse
2643:Debris
2542:dehesa
2374:
2366:
2298:
2206:
2198:
2131:"Jhum"
2025:
2017:
1897:"Jhum"
1874:"Jhum"
1803:
1778:
1748:
1740:
1479:scythe
1475:sickle
1462:spruce
1358:Lemurs
1329:Norway
1056:Sylhet
747:forest
202:cattle
4119:Other
4056:Child
4030:Arson
4023:Crime
3988:Smoke
3983:Flame
3684:Yemen
3679:Sahel
3659:Libya
3644:China
3172:rayon
2907:girth
2902:crown
2863:urban
2760:stand
2668:slash
2658:large
2529:Types
2477:Index
2407:(PDF)
2400:(PDF)
2372:S2CID
2296:S2CID
2266:Video
2089:(PDF)
2023:S2CID
1746:S2CID
1738:JSTOR
1718:(PDF)
1456:like
1333:Solør
1310:sviða
1307:word
1291:is a
1206:Kaavi
1092:'
1068:jhoom
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