2014:), sparking significant reaction from many in Christian Spain and many Christians still living in Muslim Spain. The Muslims followed the same technique as Romans to capture slaves; seeking cities to ally with them. Soon after, Muslims were successful, taking 30,000 Christian captives from Spain. In the eighth century slavery lasted longer due to “frequent cross-border skirmishes, interspersed between periods of major campaigns.” By the tenth century, Byzantine Christians in the eastern Mediterranean were captured by Muslims. Many of the raids designed by Muslims were created for the fast capture of prisoners. Therefore, Muslims restricted control in order to keep captives from fleeing. The Iberian peninsula served as a base for further exports of slaves into other Muslim regions in Northern Africa.
2168:
laws protected slaves. The slave owners’ control was dependent on the notion that slaves would be harmful to their interests if they had more rights. It was also important to
Spanish slave-owners that their slaves adopt Spanish names and accept Christianity as their religion. Spanish slaves who converted to Christianity were often treated less harshly, and had better opportunities to gain freedom. As Christianity was the dominant faith in Spain, it was considered respectful for slaves to adopt this religion as their own and abandon their former religious beliefs. A willingness to comply with this conversion led to better treatment and a closer relationship between slaves and their owners. It also gave them a better chance of being accepted into Spanish society following their freedom.
1989:
145:
1981:
24:
1957:, challenged the idea that race was not the key to determine who was enslaved, but instead religion. Roman laws existed, subjugating slavery which included the sources of slaves, their conditions, and possibility of liberation. In addition, the "normal pattern" was to prohibit people from enslaving someone within their same religion. The Romans made large use of slave gangs for agriculture and other purposes.
2177:
1917:. This bill was based on the arguments given by the best Spanish theologists and jurists who were unanimous in the condemnation of such slavery as unjust; they declared it illegitimate and outlawed it from America—not just the slavery of Spaniards over Indians—but also the type of slavery practiced among the Indians themselves. The labor system of
2056:
their pool of slaves to
Muslims from Al-Andalus. Unlike the routine use of large slave gangs under the Romans, slavery in the medieval north mostly provided supplements to the workforce of free laborers and temporary labor for special projects. Male slaves also might be servants or agents, while female slaves often were domestics and concubines.
2207:(1678–1747) managed to transport slaves to the Caribbean, although, it is estimated, to a lesser extent than other captains and figures of the time dedicated to this activity. In 1710, the privateer was involved in a complaint by the priest Alonso García Ximénez, who accused him of freeing an African slave named Sebastián, who was transported to
2068:, and sometimes concubines, within the households of the growing urban centers of eastern Iberia. They were encouraged to convert, and were more frequently manumitted than in the western states. Aragon also supplied tens of thousands of slaves to these slave markets following their conquests of Muslim Majorca and Minorca.
2167:
The treatment of slaves in Spain was thought to be less harsh compared to other parts where slaves were held captive. Individual slaves could over the time rise to a certain stature that could allow them to become free. However, the treatment of slaves differed with each slave owner, even though some
2029:
slaves trafficked from
Northern or Eastern Europe. Male saqaliba could be given work in a number of tasks, such as offices in the kitchen, falconry, mint, textile workshops, the administration or the royal guard (in the case of harem guards, they were castrated), while female saqaliba were placed in
1944:
Generally, these slaves were used for services and employed in various ways such as employment "in domestics, artisans an assistance of all kinds". In the time frame of the Roman times to the Middle Ages, the percentage of the slave population was minimal. "Slaves probably made up less than 1 percent
2064:
largely taken in military campaigns by the
Italian states against the peoples of the eastern and southern shores of the Mediterranean, as well as north of the Black Sea. The imported slaves were non-Christian, or at least non-Catholic, and mostly females who would serve as domestics, referred to as
1857:
can be traced to the
Phoenician and Roman eras. In the 9th century the Muslim Moorish rulers and local Jewish merchants traded in Spanish and Eastern European Christian slaves. Spain began to trade slaves in the 15th century and this trade reached its peak in the 16th century. The history of Spanish
2059:
With the phasing out of
Christian slavery, the Christian kingdoms passed through a period where most slaves would come from military campaigns in the Muslim south. In the western kingdom of Castile, this remained the dominant pattern throughout the Middle Ages. The pool of slaves was only expanded
2055:
In the
Christian kingdoms of northern Iberia, slavery existed as well, originally as a continuation of Visigothic practices. Though enslavement of Christians was originally permitted, over the period from the 8th to the 11th centuries the Christian kingdoms gradually ceased this practice, limiting
2017:
At the time of the formation of Al-Andalus, Mozarabs and Jews were allowed to remain and retain their slaves if they paid a head tax for themselves and half-value for the slaves. However, non-Muslims were prohibited from holding Muslim slaves, and so if one of their slaves converted to Islam, they
2063:
In eastern Iberia, in Aragon with its coastal centers of
Barcelona and Valencia, slavery evolved in the later Middle Ages. Rather than acquire their slaves primarily by war in Iberia, they instead joined in a burgeoning common slave market of the Christian Western Mediterranean, with the slaves
1965:
The
Visigoths practiced slavery before they came to Iberia, and continued to practice it after arrival, using a system of slavery similar to that of the Romans, with some modifications. Their sources of slaves were similar to those of the Romans, as were their rules for treatment of slaves and
1966:
manumission. Until their conversion from Aryan
Christianity, the Visigoths had no hesitance to enslaving Catholic Christians. A notable difference in their usage is that unlike the Romans, who only used them in the military in support roles, the Visigoths used slaves as active fighting troops.
2158:
and imported into the Christian section of the Iberian peninsula. During the Expulsion of the Moriscos (Muslims who had been forced to convert to Christianity), thousands voluntarily gave themselves up in slavery rather than comply with the eviction order. Spain's Moorish slave population was
1878:. This led to the spread of Moorish, African, and Christian slavery in Spain. By the 16th century, 7.4 percent of the population in Seville, Spain were slaves. Many historians have concluded that Renaissance and early-modern Spain had the highest amount of African slaves in Europe.
1643:
2115:
system, which functioned between the years of 1543 and 1834. The Asiento allowed other countries to sell people into slavery to the Spanish. A population by the late 16th century was mostly composed of individuals of African descent.
2096:
gave the Portuguese the right to explore Africa. The Portuguese attempted to protect their findings from the Spanish, who were beginning to explore Africa contemporaneously. At that time, Spain was occupied by a Muslim power and the
2060:
in the second half of the 15th century when the Castilians and Portuguese began their nautical probes down the Atlantic coast of Africa, through which sub-Saharan African slaves were first introduced in larger numbers into Europe.
2075:
residents from owning Christian slaves. As an unintended consequence, this increased the Muslim slave-owners' resistance to assimilation, their faith being reinforced by exposure to slaves from countries where Islam was dominant.
2041:) were educated in accomplishments to please their master, and many became known and respected for their knowledge in a variety of subjects from music to medicine. A concubine who gave birth to a child attained the status of an
1889:
population was used for this labor but they died in large numbers as a result of war, diseases, exploitation and social disruptions. Meanwhile, the need for labor expanded, such as for the production of
1902:. African slaves did have certain advantages over native slaves as being resistant to European diseases and more familiarity with agricultural techniques. This preference led to the development of the
1945:
of the population in Spain." "Slavery was cross-cultural and multi-ethnic" and, in addition to that, slavery played an important role in the development of the economy for Spain and other countries.
1638:
2447:
Phillips, Jr., William D. The Middle Ages Series: Slavery in Medieval and Early Modern Iberia. Philadelphia, US: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013. ProQuest ebrary. Web. 29 August 2016.
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were required to sell the slave to a Muslim. Mozarabs were later, by the 9th and 10th centuries, permitted to purchase new non-Muslim slaves via the peninsula's established slave trade.
1913:
who gave a definite answer to this complicated and delicate matter. To that end, on November 25, 1542, the Emperor abolished the enslavement of natives by decree in his Leyes Nuevas
2126:, "African peoples have an ancient presence in the Iberian Peninsula. In fact, Spanish identity especially has been forged on the frontlines of African and European interaction."
1874:. During the 1470s, Spanish merchants began to trade large numbers of slaves. Slaves were auctioned at market at a cathedral, and subsequently were transported to cities all over
2211:
on one of Amaro's ships. The aforementioned Alonso García granted a power of attorney on July 18, 1715, to Teodoro Garcés de Salazar so that he could demand his return in
1941:
Prior to 1492, Spain consisted of several different nations: different categories of people were enslaved in each, and slavery was conducted under different regulations.
1764:
1628:
1159:
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This slave trade was carried out mainly by Spanish merchants as labor for sugar plantations and for domestic service in the American lands, especially in the
2568:
2368:
Garcia Anoveros, J.M. Carlos V y la abolicion de la exclavitud de los indios, Causas, evolucion y circunstancias. Revista de Indias, 2000, vol. LX, núm. 218
1513:
885:
622:
1933:. Eventually this system too was abolished due to abuses. By the 17th century, forced indigenous labor continued illegally and black slave labor legally.
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1249:
890:
1953:
The idea that slavery was based on race was and continues to be one of the biggest misconceptions about slavery in Spain. Phillips Jr. William D. in
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1921:
was also abolished in 1550. However these laws did not end the practice of slavery or forced labor immediately and a new system began to be used
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1898:
was concerned about the fate of the natives and argued in 1516 that white and black slaves should be imported to the Indies to replace the
1633:
1483:
964:
1710:
462:
912:
1683:
1503:
676:
1885:, the Spanish colonialists decided to use it for commercial production and mining because of the absence of trading networks. The
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365:
88:
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60:
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67:
1988:
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1227:
1601:
1478:
902:
671:
538:
107:
41:
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in the late 15th century. The slaves were exported from the Christian section of Spain, as well as Eastern Europe (
1732:
942:
927:
873:
558:
548:
543:
372:
228:
1448:
74:
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controlled much of the peninsula. They imported white Christian slaves from the 8th century until the end of the
1727:
1498:
304:
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1185:
765:
577:
223:
45:
1910:
1769:
1552:
413:
56:
1774:
1618:
1488:
1149:
917:
897:
457:
425:
144:
2047:, which meant that they could no longer be sold and were to be set free after the death of their master.
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1508:
1426:
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334:
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1421:
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in 1452 gave the right to enslave anyone who was not practicing the Christian religion, known as the
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1688:
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1207:
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770:
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265:
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34:
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954:
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81:
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299:
270:
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is the perhaps most well known in Al-Andalus. The slaves of the Caliph were often European
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1903:
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1705:
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1540:
1409:
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1180:
1110:
785:
565:
467:
351:
258:
2084:
After 1492, Spain was united and slavery was performed under the same rules in all Spain.
8:
2582:
Antumi Toasije (January 2009). "The Africanity of Spain: Identity and Problematization".
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203:
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consisted of 6,300 women. They were appreciated for their light skin. The concubines (
1894:. The problem of the justness of Indian slavery was a key issue for the Spanish Crown.
1535:
1381:
1356:
1346:
1311:
1306:
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1023:
842:
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827:
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450:
408:
403:
356:
324:
314:
251:
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often served as slaves in Christian Spain. These slaves were captured from Spain and
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418:
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1061:
996:
959:
792:
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587:
440:
329:
208:
2215:. Despite this fact, Amaro Pargo himself also owned slaves in his domestic service.
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progressively freed in the early 18th century as the institution went into decline.
2142:. About 550 of them were shipped to Spain as slaves, with about 40% dying en route.
2117:
2654:
Cohen, Rhaina; Penman, Maggie; Boyle, Tara; Vedantam, Shankar (November 20, 2017).
2593:
2472:. Medieval Iberian Peninsula / Medieval Iberian Peninsula. E.J. Brill. p. 66.
2456:
Trade and traders in Muslim Spain, Fourth Series, Cambridge University Press, 1996.
2301:"Slavery Timeline 1401-1500 - a Chronology of Slavery, Abolition, and Emancipation"
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1866:
in 1441. The first large group of African slaves, made up of 235 slaves, came with
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1316:
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1115:
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1071:
1018:
854:
822:
124:
2218:
2102:
2098:
2034:
1722:
1613:
1608:
1361:
1331:
1326:
1049:
1013:
812:
730:
435:
181:
2300:
1863:
2093:
1875:
1871:
1806:
1700:
592:
233:
191:
1980:
2772:
2597:
1922:
1744:
1673:
1120:
1103:
878:
708:
698:
482:
132:
2280:
2270:
2155:
2107:
1749:
1586:
1562:
1468:
1461:
1192:
720:
693:
656:
634:
521:
238:
218:
196:
186:
176:
171:
161:
1001:
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2204:
2181:
2005:
1899:
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three years later. In 1462, Portuguese slave traders began to operate in
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1579:
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735:
725:
683:
497:
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The Fall of the Caliphate of Córdoba: Berbers and Andalusis in Conflict
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1918:
1739:
1036:
740:
607:
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2656:"An American Secret: The Untold Story Of Native American Enslavement"
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2043:
1891:
1882:
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511:
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The harem could contain thousands of slave concubines; the harem of
666:
23:
2738:
The Middle Ages Series: Slavery in Medieval and Early Modern Iberia
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2026:
2010:
1914:
1574:
1132:
1076:
1028:
688:
533:
388:
294:
2712:
The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440–1870
2569:"How Did Early-Modern Slaves in Spain Disappear? The Antecedents"
2346:
The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 3, AD 1420-AD 1804
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2112:
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639:
319:
136:
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1259:
1081:
661:
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341:
309:
2755:"Los destellos humanistas de Amaro Pargo contra la esclavitud"
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2001:
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502:
477:
2344:
David Eltis; Keith Bradley; Paul Cartledge (25 July 2011).
1930:
383:
213:
2749:
2747:
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2221:
remained legal until abolished by royal decree in 1886.
2317:
Perry's Handbook, Sixth Edition, McGraw–Hill Co., 1984.
1992:
Iron restraints, 11th or 12th century, from Neu Niekohr
1858:
enslavement of Africans began with Portuguese captains
2744:
2538:
Vibrant Andalusia: The Spice of Life in Southern Spain
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2129:
2395:
2383:
2371:
2348:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 331–332–333.
2000:(also known as Muslim Spain or Islamic Iberia), the
1514:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
2246:
Slavery among Native Americans in the United States
2184:, who was one of the most famous privateers of the
48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1629:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
2740:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 11.
2320:
2581:
2050:
2188:, participated in the African slave trade in
2071:Christian states prohibited their Jewish and
1835:
1634:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
2702:
2416:Slavery in Medieval and Early Modern Iberia
2688:. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 1–22.
2633:. Madison Press Books. pp. 183, 190.
2087:
1842:
1828:
2736:Phillips, William D. Jr (November 2013).
2450:
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
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2505:. Harvard University Press. p. 72.
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2401:
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2101:felt threatened. Protecting the church,
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1979:
1969:
1936:
1639:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1504:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1484:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
2685:A People's History of the United States
2530:
2528:
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2715:. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
2708:
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2111:. The Spanish government created the
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2241:Slavery in the colonial United States
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1960:
1526:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1203:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
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2266:Indentured servitude in the Americas
1718:Slave marriages in the United States
1322:Human trafficking in the Middle East
46:adding citations to reliable sources
17:
2498:
2418:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
2236:Slavery in colonial Spanish America
2203:The Spanish privateer and merchant
2172:Slavery in colonial Spanish America
2130:Enslavement of indigenous Americans
1057:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
13:
1711:last survivors of American slavery
14:
2805:
2630:Columbus: For Gold, God and Glory
2422:
2407:
672:Field slaves in the United States
539:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
2021:The saqaliba slavery during the
1955:The History of Slavery in Iberia
549:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
544:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
373:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
143:
22:
2729:
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2620:
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1499:Committee of Experts on Slavery
1050:East, Southeast, and South Asia
33:needs additional citations for
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2293:
1198:Slave raiding in Easter Island
1:
2414:Phillips, William D. (2014).
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1948:
2794:Human rights abuses in Spain
2759:diariodeavisos.elespanol.com
1489:Temporary Slavery Commission
1150:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
7:
2224:
2051:Slavery in Christian Iberia
1984:The slave market of Cordoba
1881:After the discovery of the
1509:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
554:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
10:
2810:
2541:. Algora Pub. p. 35.
1973:
1694:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1531:Anti-Slavery International
1296:North Africa and West Asia
1790:Emancipation Proclamation
1462:Opposition and resistance
1220:Sex trafficking in Europe
1208:Blackbirding in Polynesia
771:Trans-Saharan slave trade
2598:10.1177/0021934706297563
2585:Journal of Black Studies
2138:took captive over 1,500
2123:Journal of Black Studies
1570:Compensated emancipation
781:Indian Ocean slave trade
2784:Social history of Spain
2088:Enslavement of Africans
1494:1926 Slavery Convention
1250:Germany in World War II
867:North and South America
389:Contract of manumission
2502:Atlas of the Year 1000
2193:
1993:
1985:
1896:Bartolomé de las Casas
975:British Virgin Islands
527:Circassian slave trade
493:Safavid imperial harem
488:Ottoman Imperial Harem
2709:Thomas, Hugh (1999).
2466:Scales, P.C. (1993).
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1991:
1983:
1976:Slavery in Al-Andalus
1970:Slavery in Al-Andalus
1937:Slavery prior to 1492
1214:Europe and North Asia
1174:Australia and Oceania
874:Pre-Columbian America
446:Slave raid of Suðuroy
378:Slavery in al-Andalus
300:Black Sea slave trade
229:21st-century jihadism
2627:Dyson, John (1991).
2261:Indentured servitude
2251:Contemporary slavery
2231:Atlantic slave trade
2186:Golden Age of Piracy
2146:Enslavement of Moors
2136:Christopher Columbus
2023:Caliphate of Cordoba
1904:Atlantic Slave Trade
1868:Lançarote de Freitas
1669:Indentured servitude
1597:Underground Railroad
1397:United Arab Emirates
786:Zanzibar slave trade
753:By country or region
566:Atlantic slave trade
468:Ma malakat aymanukum
352:Venetian slave trade
42:improve this article
2163:Treatment of slaves
1755:Slave Route Project
886:Americas indigenous
776:Red Sea slave trade
766:Contemporary Africa
629:Topics and practice
399:Crimean slave trade
394:Bukhara slave trade
347:Genoese slave trade
224:Contemporary Africa
204:Forced prostitution
2256:History of slavery
2194:
2134:In February 1495,
2080:Slavery after 1492
1994:
1986:
1961:Visigothic slavery
1536:Blockade of Africa
843:Somali slave trade
759:Sub-Saharan Africa
451:Turkish Abductions
409:Khivan slave trade
404:Khazar slave trade
357:Balkan slave trade
315:Prague slave trade
57:"Slavery in Spain"
2722:978-0-684-81063-8
2695:978-0-06-052837-9
2640:978-0-670-83725-0
2548:978-0-87586-541-6
2535:Ruiz, A. (2007).
2512:978-0-674-54187-0
2479:978-90-04-09868-8
2355:978-0-521-84068-2
2305:brycchancarey.com
2276:Human trafficking
1852:
1851:
1802:Freedmen's Bureau
1624:Third Servile War
1619:International law
1186:Human trafficking
948:Human trafficking
623:Thirteen colonies
441:Sack of Baltimore
209:Human trafficking
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1855:Slavery in Spain
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1814:Emancipation Day
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1614:Slave Trade Acts
305:Byzantine Empire
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2673:
2664:
2662:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2625:
2621:
2580:
2576:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2533:
2526:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2497:
2493:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2423:
2412:
2408:
2400:
2396:
2388:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2342:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2227:
2219:Slavery in Cuba
2174:
2165:
2148:
2132:
2103:Pope Nicholas V
2099:Catholic Church
2090:
2082:
2053:
2035:Abd al-Rahman I
1978:
1972:
1963:
1951:
1939:
1887:Native American
1860:Antão Gonçalves
1848:
1819:
1818:
1723:Slave narrative
1679:Fugitive slaves
1659:
1651:
1650:
1641:
1609:Slave rebellion
1464:
1454:
1453:
1412:
1402:
1401:
1224:United Kingdom
1160:Yankee princess
754:
746:
745:
473:Avret Pazarları
419:Avret Pazarları
288:Medieval Europe
254:
244:
243:
182:Forced marriage
157:
114:
103:
97:
94:
51:
49:
39:
27:
12:
11:
5:
2807:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2765:
2764:
2743:
2728:
2721:
2701:
2694:
2671:
2646:
2639:
2619:
2592:(3): 348–355.
2574:
2560:
2547:
2524:
2511:
2491:
2478:
2458:
2449:
2421:
2406:
2394:
2382:
2370:
2361:
2354:
2319:
2310:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2173:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2147:
2144:
2131:
2128:
2120:states in the
2118:Antumi Toasijé
2094:Pope Eugene IV
2089:
2086:
2081:
2078:
2052:
2049:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1950:
1947:
1938:
1935:
1876:Imperial Spain
1872:Seville, Spain
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1701:List of slaves
1698:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1572:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1419:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1245:Dutch Republic
1242:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1177:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1004:
994:
989:
988:
987:
982:
977:
972:
962:
957:
952:
951:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
895:
894:
893:
883:
882:
881:
870:
869:
863:
862:
857:
852:
847:
846:
845:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
789:
788:
778:
773:
768:
762:
761:
755:
752:
751:
748:
747:
744:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
717:
716:
712:
711:
706:
704:Child soldiers
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
680:
679:
669:
664:
659:
654:
653:
652:
647:
642:
631:
630:
626:
625:
620:
615:
613:Spanish Empire
610:
605:
600:
595:
593:Middle Passage
590:
585:
580:
575:
569:
568:
562:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
530:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
455:
454:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
423:
422:
421:
414:Ottoman Empire
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
375:
369:
368:
362:
361:
360:
359:
349:
344:
339:
338:
337:
332:
327:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
291:
290:
284:
283:
278:
273:
268:
262:
261:
255:
250:
249:
246:
245:
242:
241:
236:
234:Sexual slavery
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
200:
199:
194:
192:Child marriage
189:
179:
174:
169:
167:Child soldiers
164:
158:
153:
152:
149:
148:
140:
139:
129:
128:
116:
115:
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2806:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2739:
2732:
2724:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2705:
2697:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2675:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2642:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2623:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2578:
2570:
2564:
2550:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2531:
2529:
2514:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2495:
2481:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2462:
2453:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2417:
2410:
2404:, p. 14.
2403:
2402:Phillips 2014
2398:
2392:, p. 11.
2391:
2390:Phillips 2014
2386:
2380:, p. 23.
2379:
2378:Phillips 2014
2374:
2365:
2357:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2314:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2169:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2085:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1990:
1982:
1977:
1967:
1958:
1956:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1923:repartimiento
1920:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1745:Slave catcher
1743:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1674:Forced labour
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1645:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1519:Abolitionists
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1121:comfort women
1119:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1104:Chukri System
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1000:
999:
998:
995:
993:
992:Latin America
990:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
967:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
949:
946:
944:
943:interregional
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
928:prison labour
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
900:
899:
898:United States
896:
892:
889:
888:
887:
884:
880:
877:
876:
875:
872:
871:
868:
865:
864:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
844:
841:
840:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
787:
784:
783:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
763:
760:
757:
756:
750:
749:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
718:
714:
713:
710:
709:White slavery
707:
705:
702:
700:
699:Slave raiding
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
678:
675:
674:
673:
670:
668:
667:Corvée labour
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
636:
633:
632:
628:
627:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
567:
564:
563:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
483:Abbasid harem
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
460:
459:
456:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
427:
426:Barbary Coast
424:
420:
417:
416:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
379:
376:
374:
371:
370:
367:
364:
363:
358:
355:
354:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
322:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
292:
289:
286:
285:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
263:
260:
257:
256:
253:
248:
247:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
184:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
159:
156:
151:
150:
146:
142:
141:
138:
134:
133:Forced labour
131:
130:
126:
122:
121:
112:
109:
101:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59: –
58:
54:
53:Find sources:
47:
43:
37:
36:
31:This article
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
2758:
2737:
2731:
2711:
2704:
2684:
2680:Zinn, Howard
2674:
2663:. Retrieved
2659:
2649:
2629:
2622:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2563:
2552:. Retrieved
2537:
2516:. Retrieved
2501:
2494:
2483:. Retrieved
2468:
2461:
2452:
2415:
2409:
2397:
2385:
2373:
2364:
2345:
2313:
2304:
2295:
2281:Maria Flores
2271:Debt bondage
2217:
2202:
2195:
2180:The Spanish
2166:
2156:North Africa
2149:
2133:
2121:
2108:Dum Diversas
2106:
2091:
2083:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2042:
2032:
2020:
2016:
2009:
1995:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1943:
1940:
1926:
1908:
1880:
1864:Nuno Tristão
1854:
1853:
1750:Slave patrol
1587:Freedom suit
1563:Sierra Leone
1553:Colonization
1469:Abolitionism
1449:Baháʼí Faith
1422:Christianity
1372:Saudi Arabia
1284:
1228:Penal Labour
1193:Blackbirding
1099:Debt bondage
1087:penal system
913:Contemporary
903:Field slaves
891:U.S. Natives
850:South Africa
721:Galley slave
694:Slave market
684:House slaves
657:Blackbirding
635:Conscription
559:21st century
522:Umm al-walad
366:Muslim world
335:Emancipation
239:Wage slavery
219:Penal labour
197:Wife selling
187:Bride buying
172:Conscription
162:Child Labour
155:Contemporary
104:
95:
85:
78:
71:
64:
52:
40:Please help
35:verification
32:
15:
2205:Amaro Pargo
2182:Amaro Pargo
2030:the harem.
2006:Reconquista
1996:During the
1900:Amerindians
1765:court cases
1642: [
1592:Slave Power
1580:Manumission
1427:Catholicism
1302:Afghanistan
1043:Puerto Rico
955:The Bahamas
933:Slave codes
736:Shanghaiing
726:Impressment
618:Slave Coast
498:Qajar harem
458:Concubinage
431:slave trade
2773:Categories
2665:2021-05-25
2554:2021-04-20
2518:2021-04-20
2485:2021-04-20
2287:References
1998:Al-Andalus
1974:See also:
1949:Roman laws
1919:Encomienda
1780:J.Q. Adams
1770:Washington
1740:Slave name
1689:convention
1664:Common law
1037:Encomienda
833:Seychelles
818:Mauritania
741:Slave ship
608:Panyarring
603:New France
252:Historical
68:newspapers
2682:(2003) .
2614:145708809
2209:Venezuela
2198:Caribbean
2092:In 1442,
2044:umm walad
1911:Charles V
1892:sugarcane
1883:New World
1775:Jefferson
1432:Mormonism
1367:Palestine
1181:Australia
1111:Indonesia
1002:Lei Áurea
985:Code Noir
965:Caribbean
938:Treatment
677:Treatment
650:Devshirme
512:Odalisque
330:In Russia
271:Babylonia
259:Antiquity
2606:40282566
2225:See also
2066:ancillae
2027:saqaliba
2011:Saqaliba
1915:New Laws
1807:Iron bit
1797:40 acres
1760:breeding
1575:Freedman
1410:Religion
1270:Portugal
1155:Thailand
1145:Maldives
1140:Malaysia
1133:Kwalliso
1077:Booi Aha
1029:Restavek
1009:Colombia
980:Trinidad
970:Barbados
860:Zanzibar
808:Ethiopia
689:Saqaliba
583:Database
534:Saqaliba
295:Ancillae
125:a series
123:Part of
98:May 2013
2660:NPR.org
2213:Caracas
2140:Arawaks
2113:Asiento
2073:Mudéjar
2039:jawaris
1909:It was
1785:Lincoln
1658:Related
1558:Liberia
1444:Judaism
1382:Tunisia
1357:Morocco
1347:Lebanon
1312:Bahrain
1307:Algeria
1275:Romania
1240:Denmark
1233:Slavery
1167:Vietnam
838:Somalia
828:Nigeria
803:Comoros
731:Pirates
640:Ghilman
573:Bristol
463:history
436:pirates
325:History
214:Peonage
137:slavery
82:scholar
2719:
2692:
2637:
2612:
2604:
2545:
2509:
2476:
2352:
2200:area.
1706:owners
1342:Kuwait
1337:Jordan
1290:Sweden
1280:Russia
1265:Poland
1260:Norway
1082:Laogai
1067:Brunei
1062:Bhutan
1024:revolt
997:Brazil
960:Canada
923:partus
908:female
793:Angola
662:Coolie
645:Mamluk
598:Nantes
578:Brazil
507:Cariye
342:Thrall
310:Kholop
276:Greece
84:
77:
70:
63:
55:
2610:S2CID
2602:JSTOR
2152:Moors
2002:Moors
1733:songs
1728:films
1646:]
1602:songs
1439:Islam
1417:Bible
1392:Yemen
1387:Qatar
1377:Syria
1352:Libya
1317:Egypt
1285:Spain
1255:Malta
1128:Korea
1116:Japan
1094:India
1072:China
1019:Haiti
879:Aztec
855:Sudan
823:Niger
715:Naval
588:Dutch
517:Qiyan
503:Jarya
478:Harem
320:Serfs
266:Egypt
89:JSTOR
75:books
2717:ISBN
2690:ISBN
2635:ISBN
2543:ISBN
2507:ISBN
2474:ISBN
2350:ISBN
2150:The
1931:Peru
1927:mita
1925:and
1862:and
1684:laws
1546:U.S.
1541:U.K.
1479:U.S.
1474:U.K.
1362:Oman
1332:Iraq
1327:Iran
1014:Cuba
918:maps
813:Mali
798:Chad
384:Baqt
281:Rome
177:Debt
135:and
61:news
2594:doi
1929:in
44:by
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2746:^
2658:.
2608:.
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2588:.
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127:on
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