Shtokavian - Knowledge

544: 1302:, the shared innovations originate from a "Trans-Carpathian" homeland, and by the 4th and 6th century, "the major dialect divisions of Slavic were already established". Dialectologists and Slavists maintain that when the separation of Western South Slavic speeches happened, they separated into five divergent groups, more specifically two, one Slovene and a second Serbo-Croatian with four divergent groups - Kajkavian, Chakavian, Western Shtokavian and Eastern Shtokavian. The latter group can be additionally divided into a first (Kajkavian, Chakavian, Western Shtokavian) and second (Eastern Shtokavian, Torlakian). As noted by 4875:. Their structures are grammatically and phonologically almost identical, but have differences in vocabulary and semantics: "Lexical differences between the ethnic variants are extremely limited, even when compared with those between closely related Slavic languages (such as standard Czech and Slovak, Bulgarian and Macedonian), and grammatical differences are even less pronounced. More importantly, complete understanding between the ethnic variants of the standard language makes translation and second language teaching impossible." See 2893:, where the Kosovo-Resava dialect becomes more dominant. It has been recorded several exclaves with Torlakian speeches inside Kosovo-Resava dialect area. One is the most prominent and preserved, like village Dublje near Svilajnac, where the majority of settlers came from Torlakian speaking village Veliki Izvor near Zajecar. Few centuries ago, before settlers from Kosovo and Metohija brought Kosovo-Resava speeches to Eastern Serbia (to Bor and Negotin area), Torlakian speech had been overwhelmingly represented in this region. 4233:'we wish', a "hyper-Ijekavism") in Croatia in 1399. Partial attestation can be found in earlier texts (for instance, Ikavian pronunciation is found in a few Bosnian documents from the latter half of the 13th century), but philologists generally accept the aforementioned dates. In the second half of the 20th century, many vernaculars with unsubstituted yat are found. The intrusion of the vernacular into Church Slavic grew in time, to be finally replaced by the vernacular idiom. This process took place for Croats, Serbs and 329: 531: 4081: 2692: 3655: 3001: 1310:". According to isoglosses, and presumed end of existence of the common Southwestern Slavic language around the 8th-9th century, the formation of the Proto-Western Shtokavian and Proto-Eastern Shtokavian linguistic and territorial unit would be around the 9th-10th century (Proto-Western Shtokavian closer to Proto-Chakavian, while Proto-Eastern Shtokavian shared an old isogloss with Bulgarian). According to 4835:– but eventually lost, mainly due to historical and political reasons. By the 1650s it was fairly obvious that Shtokavian would become the dialectal basis for the Croatian standard, but this process was finally completed in the 1850s, when Neo-Shtokavian Ijekavian, based mainly on Ragusan (Dubrovnik), Dalmatian, Bosnian, and Slavonian literary heritage became the national standard language. 2385:" or "retraction", length of the old syllables was preserved, but their quality changed. Stress (intensity) on the inner syllables moved to the preceding syllable, but they kept the high pitch. That process produced the "rising" accents characteristic for Neo-Shtokavian, and yielded the modern four-tone system. Stress on the initial syllables remained the same in quality and pitch. 1374:. From the 12th century, both dialects started separating further from Chakavian and Kajkavian idioms. According to research of historical linguistics, Old-Shtokavian was well established by the mid-15th century. In this period it was still mixed with Church Slavonic to varying degrees. However, the ultimate development of Western Shtokavian and Eastern Shtokavian was not 1386:(since the 16th century). Initially two separate proto-idioms started to resemble each other so greatly that, according to Brozović (1975), " we can no longer speak of an independent Western Shtokavian, but only about the better or weaker preservation of former West Shtokavian features in some dialects of the unique Shtokavian group of dialects". 2364:- Shtakavian; "Eastern Shtokavian" including Eastern Herzegovinian-Krajina, Šumadija-Vojvodina, Kosovo-Resava, Zeta-Raška dialect). The isogloss developed between 7th and 8/9th century, and the former relates those dialects with Chakavian and Kajkavian, while the latter relates those dialects with Bulgarian. 4830:

Croatian has had a long tradition of Shtokavian vernacular literacy and literature. It took almost four and half centuries for Shtokavian to prevail as the dialectal basis for the Croatian standard. In other periods, Chakavian and Kajkavian dialects, as well as hybrid Chakavian–Kajkavian–Shtokavian

4826:

However, it must be stressed that standard variants, irrespectively of their mutual differences, have been stylised in such manners that parts of the Neo-Shtokavian dialect have been retained—for instance, declension—but other features were purposely omitted or altered—for instance, the phoneme "h"

4604:

However, contemporary native speakers, after process of national crystallization and identification had been completed, can be roughly identified as predominant speakers of various Shtokavian subdialects. Because standard languages propagated through media have strongly influenced and altered the

4600:

The dispute was primarily concerned with who can, philologically, be labelled as "Slovene", "Croat" and "Serb" with the aim of expanding one's national territory and influence. Born in the climate of romanticism and national awakening, these polemical battles led to increased tensions between the

4564:

During the first half of the 19th century, protagonists of nascent Slavic philology were, as far as South Slavic dialects were concerned, embroiled in frequently bitter polemic about "ethnic affiliation" of native speakers of various dialects. This, from contemporary point of view, rather bizarre

4237:

independently and without mutual interference until the mid-19th century. Historical linguistics, textual analysis and dialectology have dispelled myths about allegedly "unspoilt" vernacular speech of rural areas: for instance, it is established that Bosniaks have retained phoneme "h" in numerous

4245:

The Ekavian pronunciation, sometimes called Eastern, is spoken primarily in Serbia, and in small parts of Croatia. The Ikavian pronunciation, sometimes called Western, is spoken in western and central Bosnia, western Herzegovina, some of Slavonia and the major part of Dalmatia in Croatia. The

1389:

As can be seen from the image on the right, originally the Shtokavian dialect covered a significantly smaller area than it covers today, meaning that the Shtokavian speech has spread for the last five centuries, overwhelmingly at the expense of Chakavian and Kajkavian idioms. The modern areal

4850:

Also, the contemporary situation is unstable with regard to the accentuation, because phoneticians have observed that the 4-accents speech has, in all likelihood, shown to be increasingly unstable, which resulted in proposals that a 3-accents norm be prescribed. This is particularly true for

4846:

Bosnian is only currently beginning to take shape. The Bosniak idiom can be seen as a transition between Serbian Ijekavian and Croatian varieties, with some specific traits. After the collapse of Yugoslavia, Bosniaks affirmed their wish to stylize their own standard language, based on the

4535:

The Ikavian pronunciation is the only one that is not part of any standard variety of Serbo-Croatian today, though it was a variant used for a significant literary output between the 15th and 18th centuries. This has led to a reduction in its use and an increase in the use of Ijekavian in

4842:

was present in the 18th century, it was Vuk Karadžić who, between 1818 and 1851, made a radical break with the past and established Serbian Neo-Shtokavian folklore idiom as the basis of standard Serbian (until then, educated Serbs had been using Serbian Slavic, Russian Slavic and hybrid

4210:

Historically, the yat reflexes had been inscribed in Church Slavic texts before the significant development of Shtokavian dialect, reflecting the beginnings of the formative period of the vernacular. In early documents it is predominantly Church Slavic of the Serbian or Croatian

3520:(spoken in northeastern Šumadija, Lower Great Morava Valley and Banat) is sometimes classified as a subdialect of the Kosovo-Resava dialect but is also considered to be a separate dialect as it the represents mixed speech of Šumadija–Vojvodina and Kosovo–Resava dialects. 4540:

today use both Ikavian and Ijekavian words in everyday speech, without a clearly predictable pattern (usually more emotionally charged or intimate words are Ikavian and more academic, political, generally standardised words Ijekavian, but it is not a straight out rule).

2373:

The Shtokavian dialect is divided into Old-Shtokavian and Neo-Shtokavian subdialects. The primary distinction is the accentuation system: although there are variations, "old" dialects preserve the older accent system, which consists of two types of falling

1516:

a decade or two before 1400. In the next two centuries Shtokavian vernacular texts had been written mainly in Dubrovnik, other Adriatic cities and islands influenced by Dubrovnik, as well as in Bosnia, by Bosnian Franciscans and Bosnian Muslim vernacular

4565:

obsession was motivated primarily by political and national interests that prompted philologists-turned-ideologues to express their views on the subject. The most prominent contenders in the squabble, with conflicting agenda, were the Czech philologist

6289:

Wechselbeziehungen zwischen slawischen Sprachen, Literaturen und Kulturen in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart : Akten der Tagung aus Anlaß des 25jährigen Bestehens des Instituts für Slawistik an der Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 25. – 27. Mai

1354:

saw the majority of Chakavian dialects as derived from the same accentological core as Western Shtokavian. Western Shtokavian was principally characterized by a three-accent system, whereas Eastern Shtokavian was mostly marked by a two-accent system.

2388:

Most speakers of Shtokavian, native or taught, from Serbia and Croatia do not distinguish between short rising and short falling tones. They also pronounce most unstressed long vowels as short, with some exceptions, such as genitive plural endings.

1555:. Some of these isoglosses are not exclusive and have also been shared by neighboring dialects, and some of them have mostly but not completely spread over the whole Shtokavian area. The differences between Shtokavian and the unrelated, neighboring 4866:

The Croatian, Serbian, and Bosnian standard variants, although all based on the East Herzegovinian subdialect of Neo-Shtokavian and mutually intelligible, do differ slightly, as is the case with other pluricentric languages (English, Spanish,

1484:, in southern Bosnia or Herzegovina. Experts' opinions are divided with regard to the extent these texts, especially the Kulin ban parchment, contain contemporary Shtokavian vernacular. Numerous legal and commercial documents from pre-Ottoman 4246:

Ijekavian pronunciation, sometimes called Southern, is spoken in central Croatia, most of Slavonia, southern Dalmatia, most of Bosnia, Herzegovina, Montenegro, as well as some parts of western Serbia. The following are some generic examples:

3725:, in earlier centuries, this subdialect was the independent subdialect of Western Shtokavian dialect. The Dubrovnik dialect has mixed Jekavian and Ikavian pronunciations or mixed Shtokavian and Chakavian vocabulary. Some vocabulary from 4843:

Russian–Serbian language). Although he wrote in Serbian Ijekavian accent, the majority of Serbs have adopted Ekavian accent, which is dominant in Serbia. Serbs in Croatia and Bosnia, as well as Montenegrins, use the Ijekavian accent.

2766:-constructions, and adjectives are compared exclusively with prefixes. The accent in the dialect group is a stress accent, and it falls on any syllable in the word. The old semi-vowel has been retained throughout. The vocalic 1563:

dialects are mostly clear-cut, whereas the differences with the related Serbo-Croatian dialects of Chakavian and Kajkavian are much more fluid, and the mutual influence of various subdialects plays a more prominent role.

2378:) accents, one long and one short, and unstressed syllables, which can be long and short. Both long and short unstressed syllables could precede the stressed syllables. Stress placement is free and mobile in paradigms. 3795:. It is predominately Ekavian (Ikavian forms are of morphophonological origin). In some parts of Vojvodina the old declension is preserved. Most Vojvodina dialects and some dialects in Šumadija have an open 7045: 1453:

is the most spoken Serbo-Croatian dialect today, and why its name is only descriptive of its area of origin. These migrations also played a pivotal role in the spread of Neo-Shtokavian innovations.

517:. The primary subdivisions of Shtokavian are based on three principles: one is different accents whether the subdialect is Old-Shtokavian or Neo-Shtokavian, second is the way the old Slavic phoneme 3065:, Eastern Bosnian dialect has Jekavian pronunciations in the vast majority of local forms and it is spoken by the majority of Bosniaks living in that area, which includes the bigger Bosnian cities 5736: 7050: 6388:. Kenneth E. Naylor memorial lecture series in South Slavic linguistics ; vol. 1. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University, Dept. of Slavic and East European Languages and Literatures. 5874:. Kenneth E. Naylor memorial lecture series in South Slavic linguistics ; vol. 2. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University, Dept. of Slavic and East European Languages and Literatures. 1306:, "the Shtokavian dialect, on the other hand, was from the earliest times very non-unique, with the Western Shtokavian dialects leaning towards Kajkavian, and the Eastern Shtokavian to 7178: 6963: 855: 7193: 7055: 7198: 2943:). The Slavonian dialect has mixed Ikavian and Ekavian pronunciations. Ikavian accent is predominant in the Posavina, Baranja, Bačka, and in the Slavonian subdialect enclave of 2731:. There is disagreement among linguists whether these dialects belong to the Shtokavian area, because there are many other morphological characteristics apart from rendering of 4505:

is pronounced as a single syllable, , by many Ijekavian speakers, especially in Croatia. However, in Zeta dialect and most of East Herzegovina dialect, it is pronounced as two

2309:

As can be seen from the list, many of these isoglosses are missing from particular Shtokavian idioms, just as many of them are shared with neighboring non-Shtokavian dialects.

5953:

Bunčić, Daniel (2008), "Die (Re-)Nationalisierung der serbokroatischen Standards" [The (Re-)Nationalisation of Serbo-Croatian Standards], in Kempgen, Sebastian (ed.),

7229: 792: 722: 1346:, while medieval Serbs spoke two dialects, old East Shtokavian and Torlakian. Many linguists noted a close connection between Chakavian and Western Shtokavian, for example 7004: 2951:. There are enclaves of one accent in the territory of the other, as well as mixed Ekavian–Ikavian and Jekavian–Ikavian areas. In some villages in Hungary, the original 1402:. Migratory waves were particularly strong in the 16th–18th century, bringing about large-scale linguistic and ethnic changes in the Central South Slavic area (see also 692: 4882:

In 2017, numerous prominent writers, scientists, journalists, activists and other public figures from Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Serbia signed the

7173: 4876: 7040: 6999: 6287:

Pohl, Hans-Dieter (1996), "Serbokroatisch – Rückblick und Ausblick" [Serbo-Croatian – Looking backward and forward], in Ohnheiser, Ingeborg (ed.),

1269: 1470: 7183: 1474: 5777: 5843: 3807:, Bavanište) are as close to the standard as a vernacular can be. The dialect presents a base for the Ekavian variant of the Serbian standard language. 7188: 1382:. It was the result of migrations (particularly of Neoshtokavian-Eastern Shtokavian speakers), political-cultural border change and also caused by the 5728: 5515:

P. Ivić, Putevi razvoja srpskohrvatskog vokalizma, Voprosy jazykoznanija VII/1 (1958), revised in Iz istorije srpskohrvatske dijalektologije, Niš 1991

6900: 6700:

Kristophson, Jürgen (2000). "Vom Widersinn der Dialektologie: Gedanken zum Štokavischen" [Dialectological Nonsense: Thoughts on Shtokavian].

1390:

distribution of these three dialects as well as their internal stratification (Shtokavian and Chakavian in particular) is primarily a result of the

8403: 3829:. It encompasses by far the largest area and the number of speakers of all Shtokavian dialects. It is the dialectal basis of the standard literary 2858: 6681: 6535: 7344: 5790: 2293: 6873: 6344: 7339: 6607: 6433: 3294:'sing'). This feature is also present in most vernaculars of East Herzegovinian, and actually almost all Serbian and Croatian vernaculars. 1262: 4509:, , which is the Croatian official standard too, but seldom actually practiced. This distinction can be clearly heard in first verses of 4124:) has changed over time, coming to be pronounced differently in different areas. These different reflexes define three "pronunciations" ( 6132: 3803:. However the vernaculars of western Serbia, and in past to them connected vernaculars of (old) Belgrade and southwestern Banat (Borča, 7557: 5908:

Sprache und Politik : Sprachpolitik und Sprachnationalismus in der Republik Indien und dem sozialistischen Jugoslawien (1945–1991)

2030:

differentiation between two short (in addition to two or three long) accents, rising and falling, though not in all Shtokavian speakers

1567:

The main bundle of isoglosses separates Slovenian and Kajkavian on the one hand from Shtokavian and Chakavian on the other. These are:

6292:, Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft, Slavica aenipontana ; vol. 4 (in German), Innsbruck: Non Lieu, pp. 205–219, 2652:

As result of this process, the following set of rules emerged, which are still in effect in all standard variants of Serbo-Croatian:

2743:, typical for Bulgarian), which would place them into a "transitional" group between Shtokavian and Eastern South Slavic languages ( 7773: 4820: 1283: 2671:

In practice, influx of foreign words and formation of compound words have loosened these rules, especially in spoken idioms (e.g.

5912:

Language and Policy: Language Policy and Linguistic Nationalism in the Republic of India and the Socialist Yugoslavia (1945–1991)

1255: 6857:[The influence of migrations on the Neoštokavian Ijekavian subdialects in the Neretva region and in lower Herzegovina]. 4938: 8398: 6778:[Serbo-Croatian (Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, Serbian): from the study of a language to the identity of languages]. 6405: 4601:

aforementioned nations, especially because the Shtokavian dialect cannot be split along ethnic lines in an unequivocal manner.

6893: 6843: 6579: 6362: 6334: 6316: 6278: 6256: 6096: 6064: 6004: 5896: 5687: 5636: 6775: 6408:[Post-Yugoslav Official Languages Regulations – Sociolinguistic Arguments Against Consistency of Serbo-Croatian?]. 6500:

Slavistische Linguistik 2002: Referate des XXVIII. Konstanzer Slavistischen Arbeitstreffens, Bochum 10.-12. September 2002

5463: 8493: 6406:"Postjugoslavische Amtssprachenregelungen - Soziolinguistische Argumente gegen die Einheitlichkeit des Serbokroatischen?" 5438: 2233:

in the plural of most monosyllabic masculine nouns, with many exceptions (e.g. in the area between Neretva and Dubrovnik)

311: 8258: 7396: 4883: 1508:

are mainly Shtokavian, with elements of Church Slavic. The first major comprehensive vernacular Shtokavian text is the

6203:

Hrvatska dijalektologija 1 – Hrvatski dijalekti i govori štokavskog narječja i hrvatski govori torlačkog narječja

8276: 6507: 6210: 5919: 5525: 3702: 3101: 3048: 17: 7108: 3746: 3684: 3030: 2350:- Schakavian; "Western Shtokavian" including Slavonian, Eastern Bosnian and transitory Western ikavian dialect) and 1409:

By far the most numerous, mobile and expansionist migrations were those of Ijekavian-Shtokavian speakers of eastern

702: 204: 196: 8488: 7216: 6886: 994: 781: 711: 5993:

Das Serbokroatische zwischen Linguistik und Politik: mit einer Bibliographie zum postjugoslavischen Sprachenstreit

1461:

Proto-Shtokavian, or Church Slavic with elements of nascent Shtokavian, were recorded in legal documents like the

7631: 7574: 6631: 5759: 4628:

Generally, the Neo-Shtokavian dialect is divided as follows with regard to the ethnicity of its native speakers:

2401: 1054: 301: 3217:

Some vernaculars have a very open /ɛ/ or /æ/ as their reflex of ь/ъ, very rare in other Shtokavian vernaculars (

7550: 5833: 5150: 4908: 4872: 3680: 3026: 1637:

Other characteristics distinguishing Kajkavian from Shtokavian, beside the demonstrative/interrogatory pronoun

1358:

Western Shtokavian covered the major part of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slavonia and part of Southern

7014: 3760: 3759:. It is spoken by Serbs across most of Vojvodina (excluding easternmost parts around Vršac), northern part of 3517: 3338: 2955:

is preserved. Local variants can widely differ in the degree of Neo-Shtokavian influences. In two villages in

2248:

in genitive and accusative singular of masculine and neuter gender if pronominal-adjectival declension (e.g.,

696: 209: 7094: 3816: 1450: 673: 246: 179: 4813: 1238: 527:

isogloss (Schakavian or Shtakavian). Modern dialectology generally recognises seven Shtokavian subdialects.

455: 164: 8393: 7523: 7492: 7237: 6776:"Le serbo-croate (bosniaque, croate, monténégrin, serbe): de l'étude d'une langue à l'identité des langues" 5999:]. Lincom Studies in Slavic Linguistics ; vol 34 (in German). Munich: Lincom Europa. p. 451. 4903: 3997: 1509: 1003: 800: 730: 547:

Serbo-Croatian dialects prior to the 16th-century migrations, distinguishing Western and Eastern Shtokavian

7242: 6185:. Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics. Vol. 30. Editions Rodopi B.V., Brill. pp. 215–235. 5997:

Serbo-Croatian Between Linguistics and Politics: With a Bibliography of the Post-Yugoslav Language Dispute

4536:

traditionally Ikavian areas since the standardization. For example, most people in formerly fully Ikavian

4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3246: 3234: 2502: 2484: 2466: 2448: 2430: 805: 735: 223: 8388: 8016: 7583: 7477: 7439: 6161:. Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics. Vol. 2. Editions Rodopi B.V., Brill. pp. 177–192. 4621:

Slavonian dialect (fluctuating "yat": mainly Ikavian accent, also Ijekavian and Ekavian): vastly Croatian

3676: 3186:

from Serbia and Montenegro. Together with the dominant Jekavian pronunciation, mixed pronunciations like

3022: 2866: 2834: 1792:

Characteristics distinguishing Chakavian from Shtokavian, beside the demonstrative/interrogatory pronoun

989: 332:

Area where Shtokavian standard languages are spoken by the majority or plurality of inhabitants (in 2005)

2189:

so-called "new iotation" of dentals and labials, with many exceptions, especially in Slavonia and Bosnia

8423: 7861: 6973: 6311:, Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo: Cambridge University Press, 5655: 626: 7429: 6836:

Ivo Lendić: književnik, novinar, proganik; Četvrti neretvanski književni, znanstveni i kulturni susret

6491: 5491: 8180: 7543: 7516: 7386: 7308: 7009: 5806: 2710: 1141: 1102: 707: 408: 7035: 3149: 687: 543: 8220: 7351: 4514: 3665: 3011: 2303: 2236: 2089: 2000: 1741: 1548: 1375: 287: 8281: 8198: 8126: 7917: 7874: 7590: 7482: 7376: 7298: 7075: 6855:"Utjecaj migracija na novoštokavske ijekavske govore u Neretvanskoj krajini i Donjoj Hercegovini" 6559: 5914:]. Beiträge zur Südasienforschung ; vol. 192 (in German). Würzburg: Ergon. p. 200. 4868: 4605:

situation in the 19th century, the following attribution must be treated with necessary caution.

4182: 4173: 4158: 4139: 3669: 3534: 3015: 1225: 1136: 947: 640: 420: 400: 93: 7356: 5651: 4510: 1149: 8118: 8051: 8046: 8011: 7970: 7741: 7497: 7329: 7145: 6634:[Pluricentric languages, Ausbau languages, Abstand languages and the Serbo-Croatians]. 5621:

Eine Analyse der Metaphern in der kroatischen Linguistikfachzeitschrift Jezik von 1991 bis 1997

4918: 4608:

The distribution of Old-Shtokavian speakers along ethnic lines in present times is as follows:

3448: 3384: 1383: 1319: 982: 554: 502: 108: 98: 68: 6663: 6597: 6525: 3609:) used to speak this dialect. Exclusively Ikavian accent, Bosnian and Herzegovinian forms use 2154: 8311: 8265: 8190: 8168: 8083: 8072: 7880: 7852: 7831: 7642: 7597: 6956: 6946: 6078: 4913: 4839: 3544: 3459:(Clisura Dunării) in Romania, in places where Romanian Serbs live (left bank of the Danube). 3270: 3183: 1403: 758: 432: 6668: 6602: 6530: 6127: 4965::506) "The core of the modern literary languages and the major dialect area, is Shtokavian ( 1857: 8327: 7821: 7791: 7750: 7670: 7334: 7303: 7155: 7089: 6936: 6487: 6074: 4887: 4871:

and Portuguese, among others), but not to a degree which would justify considering them as

4805: 3842: 3716: 2752: 1766: 1497: 1462: 1379: 1159: 668: 601: 451: 159: 113: 6502:. Slavistishe Beiträge ; vol. 434 (in German). Munich: Otto Sagner. pp. 97–148. 6401: 5988: 4847:

Neo-Shtokavian dialect, but reflecting their characteristics—from phonetics to semantics.

1947: 1867: 1342:, medieval Croats spoke an old West Shtokavian dialect, which, some believe, stemmed from 8: 8428: 8337: 8136: 8103: 8004: 7994: 7963: 7763: 7650: 7613: 7602: 7417: 6951: 6811: 6673: 4594: 2748: 2114: 1972: 1560: 1220: 1154: 1023: 975: 923: 753: 6750: 5937: 2178: 1927: 1351: 1183: 7999: 7936: 7911: 7758: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7679: 7434: 7422: 7412: 7391: 7208: 7150: 7140: 6186: 6174: 6162: 6150: 5709: 5346: 5321: 5305: 5048: 4886:, which states that in Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro a common 4570: 3791:

and in predominantly ethnically Serbian villages in eastern Croatia around the town of

3726: 3352: 3261:, and are not Zeta–Raška specific . There is a loss of the /v/ sound apparent, seen in 3082: 2803: 2744: 2656:

Falling accents may only occur word-initially (otherwise it would have been retracted).

2438: 1556: 1299: 1287: 1062: 1008: 955: 942: 936: 774: 8413: 6236: 4590: 4566: 3456: 2059: 2023: 2017: 1804: 1524: 1303: 279: 8448: 8438: 8299: 8215: 8153: 8056: 8038: 8021: 7978: 7952: 7898: 7893: 7816: 7781: 7700: 7623: 7381: 7135: 7021: 6931: 6839: 6803: 6795: 6762: 6709: 6659: 6651: 6643: 6593: 6585: 6575: 6521: 6513: 6503: 6417: 6389: 6358: 6330: 6312: 6293: 6274: 6252: 6206: 6183:

Dutch Contributions to the Thirteenth International Congress of Slavists. Linguistics

6110: 6102: 6092: 6060: 6018: 6010: 6000: 5977: 5958: 5925: 5915: 5892: 5875: 5769: 5713: 5701: 5693: 5683: 5642: 5632: 5146: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4816: 4801: 4582: 4545: 4195: 4068: 4052: 3867: 3830: 3730: 2902: 2799: 2714: 2330: 2261:

for the neuter gender in nominative plural of pronominal-adjectival declension (e.g.

1847: 1418: 1018: 883: 654: 596: 443: 149: 7800: 7100: 6567: 4638:

Eastern Herzegovinian (Ijekavian accent): Serbian, Montenegrin, Croatian and Bosniak

4586: 4238:

words (unlike Serbs and Croats), due to elementary religious education based on the

3171: 679: 307: 8433: 8369: 8173: 7887: 7838: 7826: 7811: 7690: 7685: 7566: 7487: 7313: 7081: 6941: 6926: 6787: 6632:"Plurizentrische Sprachen, Ausbausprachen, Abstandsprachen und die Serbokroatistik" 6473: 5810: 5675: 4809: 4797: 4221:'it was') is found in a document from Serbia dated 1289; the first Ikavian reflex ( 3883: 3838: 3834: 3756: 3734: 3630: 3540: 3372: 3085:, etc.). Together with basic Jekavian pronunciation, mixed pronunciations exist in 2760: 2068: 1989: 1540: 1446: 1209: 1193: 1164: 876: 869: 646: 612: 607: 591: 447: 439: 425: 346: 188: 154: 144: 103: 7027: 2931:, in Croatia and Vojvodina, as well as in northern Bosnia. It is divided into two 660: 8453: 8251: 8210: 8203: 7957: 7947: 7922: 7905: 7695: 7663: 7618: 7608: 6381: 6248: 6223:[A contribution to the treatise of the beginnings of Croatian dialects]. 6118: 6056: 6026: 5140: 4891: 4578: 4117: 3376: 1982: 1485: 1413:, who have spread into most of Western Serbia, many areas of eastern and western 1391: 1188: 919: 184: 85: 7462: 6761:]. Biblioteka Obrisi moderne (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Golden marketing. 6457: 6042: 5631:]. Studien zur Slavistik ; 41 (in German). Hamburg: Kovač. p. 21. 3269:. The loss of distinction between /ʎ/ and /l/ in some vernaculars is based on a 3257:. However these sounds are known also to many in East Herzegovina like those in 8468: 8443: 8236: 8158: 8148: 8091: 7869: 7806: 7709: 7467: 7444: 7067: 6991: 6918: 6909: 6386:

Linguistic emblems and emblematic languages: on language as flag in the Balkans

5802: 5732: 5672:

Lexical layers of identity: words, meaning, and culture in the Slavic languages

4890:

is used, consisting of several standard varieties, similar to the situation in

4863:

on the standard language has been waxing, not waning, in the past 50–70 years.

4574: 4537: 3404: 3174:

in Serbia, and by descendants of Montenegrin settlers in the single village of

2924: 2510: 2375: 1395: 888: 574: 435: 6815: 6677: 6266: 5705: 5646: 4559: 4198:, pronunciation is always Jekavian: when yat is short then it is (written as 3578: 328: 8482: 8418: 8408: 8108: 7984: 7729: 7655: 7130: 6807: 6799: 6713: 6655: 6647: 6589: 6421: 6304: 6297: 6114: 6022: 5981: 5969: 5962: 5838: 5773: 5764: 4969:

o 'what'), which covers the rest of the area where Serbo-Croatian is spoken."

3348: 2110: 1610: 530: 6791: 6766: 6517: 6393: 6122: 6030: 5929: 5879: 3380: 3203: 1347: 523:

has changed (Ikavian, Ijekavian or Ekavian), and third is presence of Young

8026: 7472: 7222: 4121: 3895: 3436: 3360: 3191: 2786:

by preferring the latter, postalveolar variants. Some subdialects preserve

2720: 2492: 2474: 2456: 2326: 2033:

preservation of unaccented length, but not consistently across all speeches

1536: 1430: 1335: 1067: 787: 717: 524: 428: 6878: 5679: 4080: 3420: 3206:

in southern Montenegro. Mrkojevići are also characterised by retention of

2886: 2612:

Retraction from long to short syllable → short rising + unstressed length

2239:

of dative, locative and instrumental plural of nouns, with many exceptions

263: 8355: 8342: 6198: 6091:, Rotulus Universitas (in Serbo-Croatian), Zagreb: Durieux, p. 430, 5667: 3570: 3424: 2932: 2312:

There exist three main criteria for the division of Shtokavian dialects:

1613: 1410: 8096: 6874:

Map of Serbo-Croatian dialects according to Brabec, Hraste, and Živković

6325:

Pešikan, Mitar (2007), "III. Akcenat i druga pitanja pravilnog govora",

6190: 6178: 6166: 6154: 5955:

Deutsche Beiträge zum 14. Internationalen Slavistenkongress, Ohrid, 2008

5325: 5309: 4618:

Zeta-Raška dialect (Ijekavian accent): Montenegrin, Bosniak and Serbian.

4040: 3935: 3875: 3772: 3368: 2790:

at the end of words (where otherwise it has developed into a short o) –

2646:

Retraction from long to long syllable → long rising + unstressed length

2203:

in genitive plural of masculine and feminine nouns, with many exceptions

458:. Its name comes from the form for the interrogative pronoun for "what" 8292: 8271: 6623: 6551: 3989: 3977: 3961: 3853: 3764: 3412: 3167: 3097: 2878: 2756: 2316:

Accentuation ("Old-Shtokavian" and "Neo-Shtokavian"; see section below)

1544: 1371: 960: 514: 498: 72: 5171: 3804: 3784: 3396: 3392: 2890: 2691: 8317: 8143: 8131: 7266: 7165: 7122: 6734: 6720: 6478: 5957:, Welt der Slaven (in German), Munich: Otto Sagner, pp. 89–102, 5136: 4044: 4007:

sound that is sometimes not only left out or replaced by more common

3993: 3985: 3949: 3931: 3903: 3638: 3501: 3428: 3416: 3408: 3159: 3108: 2948: 2862: 2854: 2838: 2518:

The following table shows the examples of Neo-Shtokavian retraction:

1725: 1535:

Shtokavian is characterized by a number of characteristic historical

1519: 1513: 1505: 1343: 1327: 1311: 1307: 1086: 834: 768: 746: 475: 471: 272: 256: 238: 6834:[Ikavian and Ijekavian speeches in the wider Neretva area]. 5889:

Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian - A Grammar with Sociolinguistic Commentary

5729:"Post-Yugoslav 'Common Language' Declaration Challenges Nationalism" 4819:

are all based on the Neo-Shtokavian dialect as it was formalized in

3953: 3654: 3086: 3000: 2830: 8362: 8286: 8244: 7535: 4506: 4234: 4060: 3981: 3965: 3945: 3927: 3911: 3863: 3788: 3634: 3586: 3566: 3388: 3364: 3066: 2956: 2944: 2916: 2882: 2846: 2826: 2818: 2724: 2382: 2333: 1827: 1501: 1489: 1469:

and Dubrovnik in Croatia, dated 1189, and in liturgical texts like

1442: 1434: 1359: 1315: 1295: 1291: 319: 6106: 6014: 5697: 5092: 5090: 3957: 3780: 3776: 3626: 3590: 3574: 3505: 3452: 3078: 2920: 2683:), but they are maintained in standard language and dictionaries. 2132:; the exception is the verbal adjective in the Slavonian southwest 1323: 8349: 8305: 7271: 7261: 3969: 3915: 3879: 3792: 3768: 3602: 3594: 3562: 3432: 3347:, is spoken by Serbs, mostly in western and northeastern Kosovo ( 3258: 3163: 2987:. Both forms are usual in Kajkavian but very rare in Shtokavian. 2874: 2822: 2728: 2280:, which is however missing in some areas (e.g., around Dubrovnik) 1716: 1710: 1704: 1683: 1399: 1363: 1331: 1204: 856:

Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian

839: 829: 510: 506: 315: 64: 6831: 6046: 6035: 4635:

Dalmatian-Bosnian dialect (Ikavian accent): Croatian and Bosniak

4624:

Eastern Bosnian dialect (Ijekavian accent): Bosniak and Croatian

4242:, where this phoneme is the carrier of specific semantic value. 4194:, depending on whether the vowel was long or short. In standard 3321:), like in other seaside vernaculars. Elsewhere, more common is 1350:

saw Chakavian as an arhaic peripheral zone of Shtokavian, while

6854: 6738: 6723:(1967). "Uticaj turskog jezika na fonetiku štokavskih govora". 6441: 6220: 5351:"On the relative chronology of Slavic consonantal developments" 5350: 5142:

The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics

5087: 4064: 3973: 3923: 3907: 3891: 3871: 3859: 3582: 3554: 3400: 3179: 3107:(Jekavian–ikavian). In the central area of the subdialect, the 3090: 3074: 2928: 2842: 2277: 1780: 1552: 1493: 1466: 1422: 1414: 1367: 1339: 494: 76: 60: 6461: 5872:

In honor of diversity: the linguistic resources of the Balkans

5159: 5052: 3944:

east Ijekavian variant groups; East Bosnia, East Herzegovina (

3356: 3182:. The majority of its speakers are Serbs and Montenegrins and 2850: 5310:"On the relative chronology of Slavic accentual developments" 4832: 4239: 4048: 4003:

Its south-eastern form is characterised by the total lack of

3941: 3919: 3887: 3606: 3598: 3593:, and also in central Bosnia where Croats and Bosniaks (e.g. 3444: 3440: 3175: 3070: 2912: 2870: 2322:

reflex ("Ikavian", "Ijekavian", "Ekavian"; see section below)

2075: 364: 6832:"Ikavski i ijekavski govori na širemu neretvanskom području" 6739:"Čakavsko-šćakavski odnosi u zapadnobosanskoj govornoj zoni" 4227:'witnesses') in Bosnia in 1331; and first Ijekavian reflex ( 3466:

is predominantly Ekavian accent even on the end of datives (

2667:

Unstressed length may only appear after a stressed syllable.

1530: 27:

Prestige dialect of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language

4560:

Ethnic affiliation of native speakers of Shtokavian dialect

3899: 3613:

in verb participle, whereas those in Dalmatia and Lika use

3558: 1438: 1426: 373: 370: 5114: 4877:

Differences between standard Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian

3077:, and by most of Croats and Serbs that live in that area ( 2158:"cherry"; some exceptions in Slavonia, Hungary and Romania 2047:(with the exception of central Bosnia where a diphthongal 1370:, easternmost Bosnia and Herzegovina and greater parts of 534:

Distribution of Shtokavian subdialects before 20th century

355: 349: 318:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

7253: 4112: 4085: 2319: 2283:

special constructs reflecting old dual for numerals 2–4 (

2210:

in locative singular of masculine and neuter nouns (e.g.

2012:

General characteristics of Shtokavian are the following:

1671: 1650: 519: 388: 4855:, where, contrary to all expectations, the influence of 3629:

was proposed as the base for the Danubian branch of the

1744:

dative, locative and instrumental plural has the ending

5948:. Berlin-New York: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 347–380. 5834:"What Language Do People Speak in the Balkans, Anyway?" 5102: 5008: 4556:

to Ekavian and Ijekavian pronunciations, respectively.

2659:

Rising accents may occur anywhere except word-finally.

2595:

Retraction from short to short syllable → short rising

2392:

The following notation is used for Shtokavian accents:

1456: 7309:

Serbian Cyrillic alphabet (or Vuk's Cyrillic alphabet)

6574:(in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Disput. pp. 83–108. 5286: 5274: 5075: 5020: 3214:

as in the previously mentioned villages in Podravina.

2662:

thus, monosyllabic words may only have falling accent.

2186:); exceptions in Slavonian and Eastern Bosnian dialect 6357:(in Croatian). Rijeka: Filozofski fakultet u Rijeci. 5674:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 166. 5625:

Analysis of Metaphors in Croatian Linguistic Journal

5400: 4996: 4838:

Serbian was much faster in standardisation. Although

4051:

have some special Croatian features, influenced from

2719:

The transitional dialects stretch southwest from the

2629:

Retraction from short to long syllable → long rising

2254:), with exceptions on the area of Dubrovnik and Livno 385: 376: 361: 4831:

interdialects "contended" for the Croatian national

4632:Šumadija-Vojvodina dialect (Ekavian accent): Serbian 4484: 4470: 4451: 4437: 4418: 4404: 4385: 4371: 4352: 4338: 4319: 4305: 4286: 4272: 4125: 4030: 4024: 3906:, and is the basis of the Croatian standard. City: ( 3487: 2359: 2345: 2297: 2284: 2268: 2262: 2249: 2243: 2217: 2211: 1731:

genitive plural of masculine nouns has the morpheme

1593: 1587: 485: 479: 465: 459: 391: 367: 352: 46: 40: 38: 6699: 6462:"O naglasku u staroštokavskom slavonskom dijalektu" 6205:, Zagreb: Golden marketing – Tehnička knjiga, 5976:, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1571:

long falling accent of newer origin (neocircumflex)

1378:(like in the case of Chakavian and Kajkavian), but 382: 358: 6773: 6400: 3288:All verbs in infinitive finish with "t" (example: 7036:Zeta–Raška (or Zeta–South Sandžak or Zeta–Lovćen) 6494:[Pro and con: "Serbo-Croatian" nowadays] 3956:), Bosnian Krajina, western Serbia and Podrinje ( 3862:western Ijekavian variant micro groups in region 3289: 3285:) because many vernaculars have changed lj to j. 3280: 3274: 8480: 6629: 4202:), and when yat is long then it is (written as 2039:as the reflex of Common Slavic back nasal vowel 6498:. In Krause, Marion; Sappok, Christian (eds.). 6442:"Zapadna štokavština u djelu Aleksandra Belića" 5043: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5035: 4615:Kosovo-Resava (Ekavian accent) dialect: Serbian 4612:Timok-Prizren (Ekavian accent) dialect: Serbian 4215:(variant). The first undoubted Ekavian reflex ( 3233:). Other phonetic features include sounds like 470:in Eastern Shtokavian). This is in contrast to 6329:(IV ed.), Beogradska knjiga, p. 65, 6303: 6245:Comparative and historical grammar of Croatian 6241:Poredbenopovijesna gramatika hrvatskoga jezika 6179:"Early dialectal diversity in South Slavic II" 4962: 3585:in Italy. The minority speakers of it include 3455:). This dialect can be also found in parts of 2302:) or "Orientalisms", i.e. words borrowed from 2086:, with the exception of the Zeta-Raška dialect 1633:) in the instrumental singular of a-declension 538: 7551: 6894: 6759:Voice of the Nation: Language, Nation, Croats 6221:"Prilog raspravi o genezi hrvatskih narječja" 6155:"Early dialectal diversity in South Slavic I" 5131: 5129: 4491: 4477: 4458: 4444: 4425: 4411: 4392: 4378: 4359: 4345: 4326: 4312: 4293: 4279: 4228: 4222: 4216: 3589:in western Bosnia, mostly around the city of 3127: 1800:preservation of polytonic three-accent system 1263: 5942:Serbo-Croatian as Pluricentric Language, u: 5378: 5376: 5032: 3114:exists in some words instead of the archaic 2704: 1290:and Serbo-Croatian dialects migrated across 6908: 6053:History of Croatian Accentuation. Phonetics 3683:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3029:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2967:, has been retained in place of the modern 2947:, whereas Ekavian accent is predominant in 1811:< Common Slavic *mъlinъ; cf. Shtokavian 7558: 7544: 6901: 6887: 6572:Jezični varijeteti i nacionalni identiteti 5237: 5235: 5126: 5055:[Early development of Kajkavian]. 3523: 2755:: declension has all but disappeared, the 2699: 2027:as the demonstrative/interrogative pronoun 2007: 1270: 1256: 6477: 6235: 6173: 6149: 5886: 5869: 5382: 5373: 5345: 5304: 5292: 5280: 5120: 5108: 5026: 5014: 5002: 4990: 4827:was reinstated in the standard language. 3703:Learn how and when to remove this message 3190:(Jekavian–Ekavian) around Novi Pazar and 3158:, it is spoken in eastern Montenegro, in 3049:Learn how and when to remove this message 1754:in the first-person plural present (e.g. 1531:Relationship towards neighboring dialects 6562:[Polycentric Standard Language] 6492:"Pro und kontra: "Serbokroatisch" heute" 6380: 6048:Povijest hrvatske akcentuacije. Fonetika 5987: 5936: 5831: 5801: 5546: 5145:. Cornell University Press. p. 47. 5047: 4168:in Ijekavian or Jekavian pronunciation ( 4079: 3810: 3198:(Ikavian–Jekavian) around Podgorica and 2751:). The Timok-Prizren group falls to the 2690: 2381:In the process known as "Neo-Shtokavian 2003:dative, locative and instrumental plural 1894:) either in free positions or in groups 1728:/č/ and /ć/ to some form of middle value 542: 529: 327: 7238:Svrljig–Zaplanje (or Western Torlakian) 6852: 6838:(in Serbo-Croatian). pp. 191–205. 6829: 6749: 6456: 6439: 6324: 6218: 6041: 5968: 5726: 5618: 5486: 5484: 5419:Kašić, Zorka (1995). "Govor Konavala". 5406: 5394: 5232: 5177: 5096: 4978: 4909:Language secessionism in Serbo-Croatian 4015:but is replaced as well by less common 3755:, is one of the bases for the standard 2778:), and some dialects don't distinguish 312:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 8481: 8399:Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony 7076:Younger Ikavian (or Bosnian–Dalmatian) 6557: 6486: 6342: 6073: 5974:The Cambridge encyclopedia of language 5952: 5946:. Differing Norms in Different Nations 5606: 5570: 5165: 5081: 4056: 3508:dialects, Ikavian forms can be found ( 2578:No retraction from the first syllable 2561:No retraction from the first syllable 1785:future tense formation in the form of 1523:literature – the first example being " 1334:line) and on the littoral between the 7539: 6882: 6265: 6197: 5891:. The University of Wisconsin Press. 5846:from the original on 11 February 2019 5666: 5418: 5268: 5255: 5242: 5226: 5213: 5201: 5189: 5135: 4181: 4172: 4157: 4138: 3980:) and minority Croatian Serbs. City: 3740: 3202:(Ekavian–Jekavian) in the village of 2971:. In some villages in the Podravina, 1366:. Eastern Shtokavian was dominant in 419: 7565: 7243:Timok–Lužnica (or Eastern Torlakian) 6733: 6286: 5905: 5594: 5582: 5558: 5481: 4791: 4492: 4459: 4426: 4393: 4360: 4327: 4294: 4229: 3681:adding citations to reliable sources 3648: 3577:around Subotica in Serbia and south 3528: 3027:adding citations to reliable sources 2994: 1874:the appearance of extremely palatal 1457:Earliest texts of Shtokavian dialect 165:Pluricentric Standard Serbo-Croatian 6755:Govor nacije: jezik, nacija, Hrvati 6346:Neocirkumfleks u čakavskom narječju 6159:South Slavic and Balkan Linguistics 4162:), it has conflated into the vowel 3553:. The majority of its speakers are 2109:, with the exception of Slavonian, 1574:development of the consonant group 24: 7397:Declaration on the Common Language 6861:(in Serbo-Croatian) (15): 283–304. 6687:from the original on 4 August 2012 6613:from the original on 4 August 2012 6541:from the original on 4 August 2012 6373: 5832:Nosovitz, Dan (11 February 2019). 5780:from the original on 10 April 2017 5757: 5739:from the original on 27 April 2017 4884:Declaration on the Common Language 4478: 4445: 4412: 4379: 4346: 4313: 4280: 4217: 4088:pronunciations in Serbo-Croatian: 2990: 2975:is preserved instead of the usual 1665:< Common Slavic *pьsъ); closed 1527:" or "Croatian song", dated 1589. 1465:, regulating the commerce between 25: 8505: 6867: 6745:(in Serbo-Croatian) (5): 137–144. 3856:– spoken south Ijekavian variant. 3279:is a hypercorrection (instead of 3132:, instead of the standard modern 2686: 1394:resulting from the spread of the 7022:Slavonian (or Eastern Slavonian) 6964:Comparison of literary languages 6560:"Policentrični standardni jezik" 6138:from the original on 1 June 2012 4186:), it has come to be pronounced 4084:Present-day spread of the three 3653: 3332: 2999: 1807:in word-initial syllables (e.g. 1433:, continental parts of northern 345: 6859:Hrvatski dijalektološki zbornik 6743:Hrvatski dijalektološki zbornik 5825: 5795: 5760:"Is Serbo-Croatian a Language?" 5751: 5727:Milekić, Sven (30 March 2017). 5720: 5660: 5612: 5600: 5588: 5576: 5564: 5552: 5540: 5526:"IETF language subtag registry" 5518: 5509: 5456: 5431: 5412: 5388: 5339: 5298: 5261: 5248: 5219: 5207: 5195: 5183: 4075: 2889:ending up with the area around 2368: 1765:in the formation of adjectival 1055:Transitional Bulgarian dialects 454:standards. It is a part of the 8259:Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin 5180:, p. 56–57, 645–649, 651. 4984: 4972: 4956: 4931: 3096:(Ekavian–Jekavian) and around 1954:word-initial consonant groups 456:South Slavic dialect continuum 438:language and the basis of its 412: 47: 13: 1: 6466:Croatica et Slavica Iadertina 6446:Croatica et Slavica Iadertina 6351:Neocircumflex in the Čakavian 6247:] (in Croatian). Zagreb: 6055:] (in Croatian). Zagreb: 5940:(1992). Michael Clyne (ed.). 5421:Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 5314:Wiener Slavistisches Jahrbuch 4924: 4888:polycentric standard language 4585:, the Croat of Slovak origin 4147:has conflated into the vowel 3817:Eastern Herzegovinian dialect 3143: 2257:special form with the ending 2051:is also recorded as a reflex) 1996:in the second-person singular 1478: 8394:Slavic second palatalization 7524:Northern Macedonian dialects 7522:also considered part of the 7511:also considered part of the 7493:Vatican Croatian Prayer Book 6702:Zeitschrift für Balkanologie 6636:Zeitschrift für Balkanologie 5807:"Time to Make Four Into One" 4904:Abstand and ausbau languages 3644: 3375:and in Župa, in the part of 2959:, Siče and Magića Male, the 2939:) and northern (Podravian / 2896: 1941:before consonants (c.f. Čk. 1510:Vatican Croatian Prayer Book 1417:, large swathes of Croatia ( 1050:Serbian–Bulgarian–Macedonian 7: 8389:Slavic first palatalization 6774:Thomas, Paul-Louis (2003). 5870:Alexander, Ronelle (2000). 5053:"Rani razvitak kajkavštine" 4963:Sussex & Cubberly (2006 4897: 4814:pluricentric Serbo-Croatian 4548:have assigned the variants 4511:national anthems of Croatia 3492:) in the negative of biti ( 3415:) and northeastern Serbia ( 2072:< Common Slavic *vъnukъ) 1787:bom/bum došel, došla, došlo 1688:, as opposed to Shtokavian 539:Early history of Shtokavian 509:, and the southern part of 464:(Western Shtokavian; it is 404: 41: 10: 8510: 8494:Dialects of Serbo-Croatian 5862: 4153:in Ikavian pronunciation ( 4134:In Ekavian pronunciation ( 3814: 3747:Šumadija–Vojvodina dialect 3744: 3714: 3538: 3532: 3336: 3147: 2915:who live in some parts of 2900: 2708: 2695:Map of Shtokavian dialects 1661:< Common Slavic *dьnь, 1645:used in Shtokavian), are: 1449:etc.). This is the reason 8462: 8379: 8326: 8235: 8189: 8181:Slavic dialects of Greece 8117: 8082: 8071: 8037: 7935: 7860: 7851: 7790: 7772: 7749: 7740: 7641: 7573: 7506: 7455: 7405: 7387:Vienna Literary Agreement 7369: 7322: 7291: 7284: 7251: 7207: 7164: 7121: 7066: 6990: 6981: 6972: 6917: 6853:Vidović, Domagoj (2009). 6830:Vidović, Domagoj (2009). 6307:; Cubberly, Paul (2006), 4740: 4664: 4553: 4549: 2735:(also, some dialects use 2705:Prizren–Timok (Torlakian) 2529: 2526: 2523: 1578:(as opposed to consonant 1103:Slavic dialects of Greece 298: 286: 270: 254: 236: 231: 173: 135: 82: 56: 39: 37: 32: 6327:Srpski jezički priručnik 6085:Language and Nationalism 5758:J., T. (10 April 2017). 2810:has become the syllable 2192:general loss of phoneme 2142:with numerous exceptions 2043:as well as the syllabic 1678:retention of word-final 1286:who later spoke various 1239:Banat Bulgarian alphabet 493:Shtokavian is spoken in 294:53-AAA-gi (-gia to -gii) 8489:Serbo-Croatian language 7046:Bjelopavlići–Vasojevići 6792:10.3406/slave.2002.6801 6780:Revue des études slaves 6630:—— (2009). 6570:; Silić, Josip (eds.). 6558:—— (2009). 6440:Hrnjica, Samra (2018). 5887:—— (2006). 5496:Hrvatski jezični portal 5468:Hrvatski jezični portal 5443:Hrvatski jezični portal 5168:, p. 46–48, 56–62. 5099:, p. 226–227, 235. 4943:Hrvatski jezični portal 4894:, English, or Spanish. 4110:The Proto-Slavic vowel 3535:Younger Ikavian dialect 3524:Neo-Shtokavian dialects 3518:Smederevo–Vršac dialect 3339:Smederevo–Vršac dialect 3290: 3281: 3275: 2935:: southern (Posavian / 2817:Torlakian is spoken in 2700:Old-Shtokavian dialects 2242:preservation of ending 2008:General characteristics 1717: 1711: 1705: 1684: 1437:, some places north of 1314:in the area of today's 409:Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic 292:53-AAA-ga to -gf & 7498:Yugoslav Sign Language 7430:Montenegrin literature 7146:Southeastern Chakavian 6343:Zubčić, Sanja (2017). 5944:Pluricentric Languages 5619:Zanelli, Aldo (2018). 4919:Mutual intelligibility 4485: 4471: 4452: 4438: 4419: 4405: 4386: 4372: 4353: 4339: 4320: 4306: 4287: 4273: 4223: 4126: 4107: 4039:). Local forms in the 4031: 4025: 3488: 3128: 2696: 2360: 2346: 2298: 2286:dva, tri, četiri stola 2285: 2269: 2263: 2250: 2244: 2218: 2212: 2196:, with many exceptions 1625:inflectional morpheme 1594: 1588: 1586:before a vowel (e.g., 1320:Bosnia and Herzegovina 555:South Slavic languages 548: 535: 503:Bosnia and Herzegovina 490:also meaning "what"). 486: 480: 466: 460: 333: 300:This article contains 69:Bosnia and Herzegovina 8312:Taimyr Pidgin Russian 7517:Prizren–Timok dialect 7095:Eastern Herzegovinian 6566:. In Badurina, Lada; 6468:(in Serbo-Croatian). 6448:(in Serbo-Croatian). 6219:Lukežić, Iva (1996). 5906:Blum, Daniel (2002). 5680:10.1017/9781108685795 5063:(1): 80–81, 84–85, 92 4914:Pluricentric language 4840:vernacular literature 4174:[ijěːkaʋskiː] 4083: 3823:Eastern Herzegovinian 3811:Eastern Herzegovinian 3545:Slavomolisano dialect 3166:, around the city of 2711:Prizren–Timok dialect 2694: 2115:Vlah oasis-Burgenland 1724:dephonemicization of 1475:Mihanović's fragments 1451:Eastern Herzegovinian 1404:Great Serb Migrations 1040:Transitional dialects 674:Eastern Herzegovinian 546: 533: 421:[ʃtǒːkaʋskiː] 331: 180:Eastern Herzegovinian 7304:Montenegrin alphabet 7299:Gaj's Latin alphabet 7217:Prizren–South Morava 7156:Southwestern Istrian 6309:The Slavic Languages 6080:Jezik i nacionalizam 5805:(30 November 2017). 4773:Eastern Herzgovinian 4589:, and the Croatians 4183:[jěːkaʋskiː] 4067:are influenced from 3902:), around of region 3717:Dubrovnik subdialect 3677:improve this section 3633:of Bunjevac Croats ( 3482:), in comparatives ( 3023:improve this section 2753:Balkan language area 1904:depalatalization of 1669:appearing also as a 1543:changes, changes in 1463:charter of Ban Kulin 1284:early medieval Slavs 1098:Bulgarian–Macedonian 910:Eastern South Slavic 782:Prizren–South Morava 712:Prizren–South Morava 564:Western South Slavic 401:Serbo-Croatian Latin 217:Prizren–South Morava 114:Western South Slavic 8338:Pan-Slavic language 8137:Burgenland Croatian 8017:Marcho-Magdeburgian 7614:Old Church Slavonic 7478:Serbian manuscripts 7418:Croatian literature 6952:Burgenland Croatian 6729:(in Serbo-Croatian) 6175:Kortlandt, Frederik 6151:Kortlandt, Frederik 5347:Kortlandt, Frederik 5306:Kortlandt, Frederik 4873:different languages 4159:[ǐːkaʋskiː] 4140:[ěːkaʋskiː] 4059:, whereas forms in 4043:enclave and around 3581:of Hungary, and in 3439:) with one part of 2806:); in others, this 2770:has been retained ( 2078:resulting from the 1582:) from former soft 1155:Macedonian Cyrillic 1024:Standard Macedonian 8424:Illič-Svityč's law 8404:Monophthongization 7912:Camaldolese Slovak 7725:Canadian Ukrainian 7591:Up to Proto-Slavic 7584:Proto-Balto-Slavic 7435:Serbian literature 7413:Bosnian literature 7392:Novi Sad Agreement 7194:Turopolje–Posavina 7179:Križevci–Podravina 7151:Southern Chakavian 7141:Northern Chakavian 7109:Šumadija–Vojvodina 7056:Sjenica–Novi Pazar 6919:Literary languages 6402:Gröschel, Bernhard 6036:Inhaltsverzeichnis 5989:Gröschel, Bernhard 5528:. IANA. 2021-08-06 4861:Kajkavian dialects 4744:Šumadija-Vojvodina 4546:IETF language tags 4517:—they're sung as " 4434:to grow gray hairs 4108: 4057:western subdialect 4035:imperfect of verb 3741:Šumadija–Vojvodina 3737:are also present. 3353:Kosovska Mitrovica 3156:Đekavian-Ijekavian 3150:Zeta–Raška dialect 3063:Jekavian-Šćakavian 2911:, it is spoken by 2697: 1828:palatal consonants 1300:Frederik Kortlandt 1150:Bulgarian Cyrillic 1082:Croatian–Slovenian 703:Šumadija–Vojvodina 587:Standard languages 549: 536: 334: 205:Zeta–South Sandžak 197:Šumadija–Vojvodina 8476: 8475: 8469:extinct languages 8300:Solombala English 8231: 8230: 8154:Prekmurje Slovene 8067: 8066: 7847: 7846: 7701:Doukhobor Russian 7624:Glagolitic script 7533: 7532: 7382:Illyrian movement 7377:Illyrian language 7365: 7364: 7280: 7279: 7136:Central Chakavian 7117: 7116: 7051:Ozrinići–Broćanac 6845:978-953-6223-18-3 6751:Škiljan, Dubravko 6581:978-953-260-054-4 6364:978-953-7975-50-0 6336:978-86-7590-169-3 6318:978-0-521-22315-7 6280:978-953-7611-06-4 6273:, SDK Prosvjeta, 6258:978-953-150-840-7 6098:978-953-188-311-5 6066:978-953-150-971-8 6006:978-3-929075-79-3 5938:Brozović, Dalibor 5898:978-0-299-21194-3 5689:978-953-313-086-6 5638:978-3-8300-9773-0 5629:from 1991 to 1997 4817:standard language 4792:Standard language 4789: 4788: 4758:Dalmatian-Bosnian 4522:na-ša do-mo-vi-no 4499: 4498: 4130:) of Shtokavian: 3723:Western Ijekavian 3713: 3712: 3705: 3529:Bosnian–Dalmatian 3059: 3058: 3051: 2979:, for example in 2963:, as in the verb 2909:Archaic Šćakavian 2903:Slavonian dialect 2857:, in the part of 2715:Torlakian dialect 2650: 2649: 2516: 2515: 2331:palatal consonant 2140:⟨đ⟩ 2054:initial group of 1280: 1279: 1245: 1244: 1110: 1109: 1031: 1030: 1019:Spoken Macedonian 901: 900: 884:Prekmurje Slovene 326: 325: 308:rendering support 304:phonetic symbols. 18:Slavonian dialect 16:(Redirected from 8501: 8370:Slavonic-Serbian 8221:Cieszyn Silesian 8092:Carpathian Rusyn 8080: 8079: 7858: 7857: 7747: 7746: 7632:Modern languages 7567:Slavic languages 7560: 7553: 7546: 7537: 7536: 7515:dialect (as the 7488:Slavonic-Serbian 7357:Relative clauses 7314:Yugoslav Braille 7289: 7288: 7232: 7225: 7103: 7084: 7030: 6988: 6987: 6979: 6978: 6903: 6896: 6889: 6880: 6879: 6862: 6849: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6786:(2–3): 311–325. 6770: 6746: 6730: 6717: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6686: 6671: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6612: 6605: 6565: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6540: 6533: 6497: 6488:Kordić, Snježana 6483: 6481: 6479:10.15291/csi.414 6453: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6416:(1–2): 135–196. 6397: 6382:Friedman, Victor 6368: 6356: 6339: 6321: 6300: 6283: 6271:Srpski dijalekti 6262: 6237:Matasović, Ranko 6232: 6215: 6194: 6170: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6137: 6130: 6090: 6075:Kordić, Snježana 6070: 6034: 5984: 5965: 5949: 5933: 5902: 5883: 5856: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5811:The New European 5799: 5793: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5724: 5718: 5717: 5664: 5658: 5650: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5574: 5568: 5562: 5556: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5522: 5516: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5488: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5435: 5429: 5428: 5416: 5410: 5404: 5398: 5392: 5386: 5380: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5302: 5296: 5290: 5284: 5278: 5272: 5265: 5259: 5252: 5246: 5239: 5230: 5223: 5217: 5211: 5205: 5199: 5193: 5187: 5181: 5175: 5169: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5133: 5124: 5123:, p. 65–66. 5118: 5112: 5106: 5100: 5094: 5085: 5084:, p. 63–64. 5079: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5045: 5030: 5024: 5018: 5012: 5006: 5000: 4994: 4988: 4982: 4976: 4970: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4935: 4812:variants of the 4642: 4641: 4555: 4551: 4532:" respectively. 4495: 4488: 4481: 4474: 4462: 4455: 4448: 4441: 4429: 4422: 4415: 4408: 4396: 4389: 4382: 4375: 4363: 4356: 4349: 4342: 4330: 4323: 4316: 4309: 4297: 4290: 4283: 4276: 4249: 4248: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4185: 4176: 4161: 4142: 4129: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 3884:East Herzegovina 3757:Serbian language 3708: 3701: 3697: 3694: 3688: 3657: 3649: 3631:Bunjevac dialect 3625:. Local form of 3541:Bunjevac dialect 3491: 3474:), in pronouns ( 3462:Substitution of 3457:Banatska Klisura 3355:and also around 3293: 3284: 3278: 3248: 3236: 3131: 3118:and more common 3054: 3047: 3043: 3040: 3034: 3003: 2995: 2907:Also called the 2521: 2520: 2504: 2486: 2468: 2450: 2432: 2414:unstressed short 2395: 2394: 2363: 2349: 2301: 2292:many so-called " 2288: 2276:preservation of 2272: 2266: 2253: 2247: 2221: 2215: 2141: 1990:conditional mood 1803:vocalization of 1720: 1714: 1708: 1687: 1649:a reflex of old 1597: 1591: 1483: 1480: 1384:Ottoman invasion 1352:Dalibor Brozović 1272: 1265: 1258: 1210:Bosnian Cyrillic 1142:Serbian Cyrillic 1123: 1122: 1044: 1043: 914: 913: 858: 801:Svrljig–Zaplanje 731:Svrljig–Zaplanje 613:Slavonic-Serbian 568: 567: 551: 550: 489: 483: 469: 463: 423: 418: 414: 398: 397: 394: 393: 390: 387: 384: 379: 378: 375: 372: 369: 366: 363: 360: 357: 354: 351: 282: 266: 259: 250: 249: 241: 220:Svrljig–Zaplanje 88: 52: 51: 50: 49: 44: 30: 29: 21: 8509: 8508: 8504: 8503: 8502: 8500: 8499: 8498: 8479: 8478: 8477: 8472: 8458: 8381: 8375: 8329: 8322: 8252:Bohemian Romani 8237:Mixed languages 8227: 8204:Pannonian Rusyn 8185: 8127:Banat Bulgarian 8113: 8075: 8063: 8033: 7931: 7923:Pannonian Rusyn 7843: 7786: 7768: 7736: 7696:Alaskan Russian 7671:Old Novgorodian 7664:Old East Slavic 7637: 7619:Cyrillic script 7609:Church Slavonic 7569: 7564: 7534: 7529: 7528: 7502: 7451: 7401: 7361: 7318: 7276: 7247: 7230:Janjevo–Letnica 7228: 7221: 7203: 7199:Zagor–Međimurje 7160: 7113: 7099: 7080: 7062: 7026: 7015:Smederevo–Vršac 7000:Eastern Bosnian 6968: 6957:Molise Croatian 6913: 6907: 6870: 6865: 6846: 6820: 6818: 6728: 6690: 6688: 6684: 6667: 6616: 6614: 6610: 6601: 6582: 6568:Pranjković, Ivo 6563: 6544: 6542: 6538: 6529: 6510: 6495: 6426: 6424: 6376: 6374:Further reading 6371: 6365: 6354: 6337: 6319: 6281: 6259: 6249:Matica hrvatska 6231:(1–2): 223–236. 6227:(in Croatian). 6213: 6141: 6139: 6135: 6126: 6099: 6088: 6067: 6057:Matica hrvatska 6007: 5922: 5899: 5865: 5860: 5859: 5849: 5847: 5830: 5826: 5816: 5814: 5803:Trudgill, Peter 5800: 5796: 5783: 5781: 5756: 5752: 5742: 5740: 5725: 5721: 5690: 5665: 5661: 5639: 5617: 5613: 5605: 5601: 5593: 5589: 5581: 5577: 5569: 5565: 5557: 5553: 5545: 5541: 5531: 5529: 5524: 5523: 5519: 5514: 5510: 5500: 5498: 5490: 5489: 5482: 5472: 5470: 5462: 5461: 5457: 5447: 5445: 5437: 5436: 5432: 5417: 5413: 5405: 5401: 5393: 5389: 5383:Alexander (2006 5381: 5374: 5364: 5362: 5344: 5340: 5330: 5328: 5303: 5299: 5291: 5287: 5279: 5275: 5266: 5262: 5253: 5249: 5240: 5233: 5224: 5220: 5212: 5208: 5200: 5196: 5188: 5184: 5176: 5172: 5164: 5160: 5153: 5134: 5127: 5119: 5115: 5107: 5103: 5095: 5088: 5080: 5076: 5066: 5064: 5059:(in Croatian). 5046: 5033: 5025: 5021: 5013: 5009: 5001: 4997: 4991:Alexander (2000 4989: 4985: 4977: 4973: 4961: 4957: 4947: 4945: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4927: 4900: 4794: 4741:Neo-Shtokavian 4726:Eastern Bosnian 4665:Old-Shtokavian 4591:Vatroslav Jagić 4579:Franz Miklosich 4573:, the Slovenes 4567:Josef Dobrovský 4562: 4453:siditi (síditi) 4446:sedeti (sédeti) 4420:siditi (sìditi) 4413:sedeti (sèdeti) 4106: 4102: 4100: 4096: 4094: 4093: Ijekavian 4090: 4078: 3819: 3813: 3753:Younger Ekavian 3749: 3743: 3719: 3709: 3698: 3692: 3689: 3674: 3658: 3647: 3573:, and of north 3551:Western Ikavian 3547: 3537: 3531: 3526: 3341: 3335: 3152: 3146: 3055: 3044: 3038: 3035: 3020: 3004: 2993: 2991:Eastern Bosnian 2905: 2899: 2835:Southern Serbia 2833:especially, in 2759:has yielded to 2717: 2709:Main articles: 2707: 2702: 2689: 2427:unstressed long 2371: 2304:Ottoman Turkish 2139: 2010: 1641:(as opposed to 1629:(as opposed to 1533: 1525:Chirvat-türkisi 1500:, and southern 1481: 1459: 1445:, southeastern 1304:Ranko Matasović 1298:. According to 1276: 1247: 1246: 1230: 1214: 1198: 1146: 1120: 1112: 1111: 1072: 1041: 1033: 1032: 1015: 1014: 999: 965: 920:Church Slavonic 911: 903: 902: 895: 894: 854: 844: 812: 811: 797: 793:Janjevo–Letnica 765: 764: 742: 741: 727: 723:Janjevo–Letnica 697:Smederevo–Vršac 684: 665: 651: 641:Younger Ikavian 616: 610: 565: 541: 416: 381: 348: 344: 306:Without proper 293: 278: 262: 255: 245: 244: 237: 210:Smederevo–Vršac 193:Eastern Bosnian 185:Younger Ikavian 169: 138: 131: 89: 86:Language family 84: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8507: 8497: 8496: 8491: 8474: 8473: 8463: 8460: 8459: 8457: 8456: 8451: 8449:Van Wijk's law 8446: 8444:Ruki sound law 8441: 8439:Pedersen's law 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8385: 8383: 8377: 8376: 8374: 8373: 8366: 8359: 8352: 8347: 8346: 8345: 8334: 8332: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8320: 8315: 8308: 8303: 8296: 8289: 8284: 8282:Romano-Serbian 8279: 8274: 8269: 8262: 8255: 8247: 8241: 8239: 8233: 8232: 8229: 8228: 8226: 8225: 8224: 8223: 8213: 8208: 8207: 8206: 8199:Eastern Slovak 8195: 8193: 8187: 8186: 8184: 8183: 8178: 8177: 8176: 8171: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8140: 8139: 8129: 8123: 8121: 8115: 8114: 8112: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8100: 8099: 8088: 8086: 8077: 8073:Microlanguages 8069: 8068: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8061: 8060: 8059: 8049: 8043: 8041: 8035: 8034: 8032: 8031: 8030: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8009: 8008: 8007: 8002: 7992: 7991: 7990: 7989: 7988: 7976: 7975: 7974: 7967: 7960: 7955: 7944:East Lechitic 7941: 7939: 7933: 7932: 7930: 7929: 7928: 7927: 7926: 7925: 7918:Eastern Slovak 7915: 7903: 7902: 7901: 7899:White Croatian 7896: 7891: 7884: 7877: 7875:Biblical Czech 7866: 7864: 7855: 7849: 7848: 7845: 7844: 7842: 7841: 7836: 7835: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7807:Serbo-Croatian 7804: 7796: 7794: 7788: 7787: 7785: 7784: 7778: 7776: 7770: 7769: 7767: 7766: 7761: 7755: 7753: 7744: 7738: 7737: 7735: 7734: 7733: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7712: 7707: 7706: 7705: 7704: 7703: 7698: 7683: 7676: 7675: 7674: 7660: 7659: 7658: 7647: 7645: 7639: 7638: 7636: 7635: 7628: 7627: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7606: 7594: 7587: 7579: 7577: 7571: 7570: 7563: 7562: 7555: 7548: 7540: 7531: 7530: 7527: 7526: 7520: 7508: 7507: 7504: 7503: 7501: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7483:Romano-Serbian 7480: 7475: 7470: 7468:Codex Marianus 7465: 7459: 7457: 7456:Related topics 7453: 7452: 7450: 7449: 7448: 7447: 7442: 7432: 7427: 7426: 7425: 7415: 7409: 7407: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7373: 7371: 7367: 7366: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7348: 7347: 7342: 7332: 7326: 7324: 7320: 7319: 7317: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7295: 7293: 7286: 7282: 7281: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7258: 7256: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7234: 7233: 7226: 7213: 7211: 7205: 7204: 7202: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7170: 7168: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7127: 7125: 7119: 7118: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7111: 7106: 7105: 7104: 7092: 7087: 7086: 7085: 7072: 7070: 7068:Neo-Shtokavian 7064: 7063: 7061: 7060: 7059: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7033: 7032: 7031: 7019: 7018: 7017: 7012: 7002: 6996: 6994: 6992:Old-Shtokavian 6985: 6976: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6966: 6961: 6960: 6959: 6954: 6947:Microlanguages 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6923: 6921: 6915: 6914: 6910:Serbo-Croatian 6906: 6905: 6898: 6891: 6883: 6877: 6876: 6869: 6868:External links 6866: 6864: 6863: 6850: 6844: 6827: 6771: 6747: 6731: 6718: 6708:(2): 178–186. 6697: 6642:(2): 210–215. 6627: 6580: 6555: 6508: 6484: 6472:(4): 115–147. 6454: 6437: 6398: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6369: 6363: 6340: 6335: 6322: 6317: 6305:Sussex, Roland 6301: 6284: 6279: 6263: 6257: 6233: 6216: 6211: 6195: 6171: 6147: 6097: 6071: 6065: 6039: 6005: 5985: 5970:Crystal, David 5966: 5950: 5934: 5920: 5903: 5897: 5884: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5858: 5857: 5824: 5794: 5750: 5733:Balkan Insight 5719: 5688: 5659: 5637: 5611: 5599: 5587: 5575: 5563: 5551: 5547:Brozović (1992 5539: 5517: 5508: 5480: 5455: 5430: 5411: 5399: 5387: 5372: 5338: 5297: 5293:Kortlandt 1982 5285: 5281:Kortlandt 1982 5273: 5260: 5247: 5231: 5218: 5206: 5194: 5182: 5170: 5158: 5151: 5125: 5121:Matasović 2008 5113: 5109:Matasović 2008 5101: 5086: 5074: 5049:Lončarić, Mijo 5031: 5027:Matasović 2008 5019: 5017:, p. 215. 5015:Kortlandt 2003 5007: 5003:Kortlandt 1982 4995: 4983: 4971: 4955: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4899: 4896: 4821:SFR Yugoslavia 4793: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4709: 4708: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4662: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4626: 4625: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4595:Ante Starčević 4587:Bogoslav Šulek 4575:Jernej Kopitar 4561: 4558: 4538:Split, Croatia 4497: 4496: 4489: 4482: 4475: 4468: 4464: 4463: 4456: 4449: 4442: 4435: 4431: 4430: 4423: 4416: 4409: 4402: 4398: 4397: 4390: 4383: 4376: 4369: 4365: 4364: 4357: 4350: 4343: 4336: 4332: 4331: 4324: 4317: 4310: 4303: 4299: 4298: 4291: 4284: 4277: 4270: 4266: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4208: 4207: 4166: 4151: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4072: 4001: 3939: 3857: 3848:Micro groups: 3815:Main article: 3812: 3809: 3761:western Serbia 3751:Also known as 3745:Main article: 3742: 3739: 3721:Also known as 3715:Main article: 3711: 3710: 3661: 3659: 3652: 3646: 3643: 3533:Main article: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3334: 3331: 3154:Also known as 3148:Main article: 3145: 3142: 3057: 3056: 3007: 3005: 2998: 2992: 2989: 2898: 2895: 2867:Eastern Serbia 2859:Toplica Valley 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2688: 2687:Classification 2685: 2669: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2663: 2657: 2648: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2631: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2597: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2580: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2563: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2546: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2514: 2513: 2511:Inverted breve 2508: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2495: 2490: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2477: 2472: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2459: 2454: 2451: 2446: 2442: 2441: 2436: 2433: 2428: 2424: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2399: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2365: 2323: 2317: 2307: 2306: 2290: 2281: 2274: 2255: 2240: 2234: 2223: 2204: 2197: 2190: 2187: 2159: 2143: 2133: 2118: 2100: 2087: 2082:merger yields 2073: 2060:weak semivowel 2052: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2004: 1997: 1987: 1952: 1932: 1912: 1902: 1890:(< earlier 1882:(< earlier 1872: 1822:as opposed to 1816: 1801: 1790: 1789: 1783: 1778: 1759: 1748: 1739: 1729: 1722: 1693: 1676: 1635: 1634: 1623: 1599: 1572: 1532: 1529: 1458: 1455: 1396:Ottoman Empire 1278: 1277: 1275: 1274: 1267: 1260: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1243: 1242: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1229: 1228: 1226:Early Cyrillic 1223: 1217: 1215: 1213: 1212: 1207: 1201: 1199: 1197: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1180: 1178: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1145: 1144: 1139: 1133: 1131: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1071: 1070: 1065: 1059: 1057: 1052: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1006: 1000: 998: 997: 992: 985: 981: 979: 969: 968: 967: 966: 964: 963: 958: 952: 950: 945: 940: 930: 929: 928: 927: 912: 909: 908: 905: 904: 899: 898: 897: 896: 893: 892: 886: 879: 875: 873: 863: 862: 861: 860: 848: 847: 846: 845: 843: 842: 837: 832: 826: 824: 816: 815: 814: 813: 810: 809: 803: 798: 796: 795: 790: 784: 777: 773: 771: 766: 763: 762: 756: 749: 745: 743: 740: 739: 733: 728: 726: 725: 720: 714: 705: 700: 690: 685: 683: 682: 676: 671: 666: 664: 663: 657: 652: 650: 649: 643: 636: 632: 630: 620: 619: 618: 617: 606: 604: 599: 594: 589: 581: 580: 579: 578: 575:Serbo-Croatian 566: 563: 562: 559: 558: 540: 537: 436:Serbo-Croatian 324: 323: 310:, you may see 296: 295: 290: 284: 283: 276: 268: 267: 260: 252: 251: 242: 234: 233: 232:Language codes 229: 228: 227: 226: 221: 218: 215: 212: 207: 202: 199: 194: 191: 182: 175: 171: 170: 168: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 141: 139: 137:Standard forms 136: 133: 132: 130: 129: 128: 127: 126: 125: 124: 123: 122: 121: 92: 90: 83: 80: 79: 58: 57:Native to 54: 53: 35: 34: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8506: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8486: 8484: 8470: 8466: 8461: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8434:Meillet's law 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8386: 8384: 8378: 8372: 8371: 8367: 8365: 8364: 8360: 8358: 8357: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8344: 8341: 8340: 8339: 8336: 8335: 8333: 8331: 8325: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8313: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8301: 8297: 8295: 8294: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8267: 8263: 8261: 8260: 8256: 8254: 8253: 8250:20th century 8248: 8246: 8243: 8242: 8240: 8238: 8234: 8222: 8219: 8218: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8205: 8202: 8201: 8200: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8192: 8188: 8182: 8179: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8169:Slavomolisano 8167: 8166: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8138: 8135: 8134: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8124: 8122: 8120: 8116: 8110: 8109:West Polesian 8107: 8105: 8102: 8098: 8095: 8094: 8093: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8085: 8081: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8058: 8055: 8054: 8053: 8052:Lower Sorbian 8050: 8048: 8047:Upper Sorbian 8045: 8044: 8042: 8040: 8036: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8014: 8013: 8012:West Lechitic 8010: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7997: 7996: 7993: 7987: 7986: 7982: 7981: 7980: 7977: 7973: 7972: 7971:Middle Polish 7968: 7966: 7965: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7950: 7949: 7946: 7945: 7943: 7942: 7940: 7938: 7934: 7924: 7921: 7920: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7913: 7909: 7908: 7907: 7904: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7889: 7885: 7883: 7882: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7872: 7871: 7868: 7867: 7865: 7863: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7850: 7840: 7837: 7833: 7832:Slavomolisano 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7809: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7802: 7801:Alpine Slavic 7798: 7797: 7795: 7793: 7789: 7783: 7780: 7779: 7777: 7775: 7771: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7756: 7754: 7752: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7739: 7731: 7730:Simple speech 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7717: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7693: 7692: 7689: 7688: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7681: 7677: 7673: 7672: 7668: 7667: 7666: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7656:Simple speech 7654: 7653: 7652: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7644: 7640: 7634: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7611: 7610: 7607: 7604: 7600: 7599: 7595: 7593: 7592: 7588: 7586: 7585: 7581: 7580: 7578: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7561: 7556: 7554: 7549: 7547: 7542: 7541: 7538: 7525: 7521: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7509: 7505: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7454: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7437: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7410: 7408: 7404: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7374: 7372: 7368: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7337: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7321: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7296: 7294: 7290: 7287: 7283: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7255: 7250: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7231: 7227: 7224: 7220: 7219: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7210: 7206: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7163: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7124: 7120: 7110: 7107: 7102: 7098: 7097: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7083: 7079: 7078: 7077: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7065: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7038: 7037: 7034: 7029: 7025: 7024: 7023: 7020: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7010:Prizren–Timok 7008: 7007: 7006: 7005:Kosovo–Resava 7003: 7001: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6993: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6971: 6965: 6962: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6916: 6911: 6904: 6899: 6897: 6892: 6890: 6885: 6884: 6881: 6875: 6872: 6871: 6860: 6856: 6851: 6847: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6828: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6782:(in French). 6781: 6777: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6726: 6722: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6704:(in German). 6703: 6698: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6670: 6669:CROSBI 436361 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6638:(in German). 6637: 6633: 6628: 6625: 6609: 6604: 6603:CROSBI 426269 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6561: 6556: 6553: 6537: 6532: 6531:CROSBI 430499 6527: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6509:3-87690-885-X 6505: 6501: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6458:Kapović, Mate 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6438: 6435: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6412:(in German). 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6378: 6366: 6360: 6352: 6348: 6347: 6341: 6338: 6332: 6328: 6323: 6320: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6285: 6282: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6217: 6214: 6212:953-212-168-4 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6134: 6129: 6128:CROSBI 475567 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6094: 6086: 6082: 6081: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6049: 6044: 6043:Kapović, Mate 6040: 6037: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5921:3-89913-253-X 5917: 5913: 5909: 5904: 5900: 5894: 5890: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5868: 5867: 5845: 5841: 5840: 5839:Atlas Obscura 5835: 5828: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5798: 5792: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5766: 5765:The Economist 5761: 5754: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5723: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5663: 5657: 5653: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5615: 5608: 5603: 5596: 5591: 5584: 5579: 5572: 5567: 5560: 5555: 5548: 5543: 5527: 5521: 5512: 5497: 5493: 5487: 5485: 5469: 5465: 5459: 5444: 5440: 5434: 5426: 5422: 5415: 5409:, p. 42. 5408: 5403: 5396: 5395:Pešikan (2007 5391: 5384: 5379: 5377: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5342: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5301: 5294: 5289: 5282: 5277: 5270: 5264: 5257: 5251: 5244: 5238: 5236: 5228: 5222: 5215: 5210: 5203: 5198: 5191: 5186: 5179: 5174: 5167: 5162: 5154: 5148: 5144: 5143: 5138: 5132: 5130: 5122: 5117: 5111:, p. 35. 5110: 5105: 5098: 5093: 5091: 5083: 5078: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5029:, p. 66. 5028: 5023: 5016: 5011: 5004: 4999: 4992: 4987: 4980: 4979:Crystal (1998 4975: 4968: 4964: 4959: 4944: 4940: 4934: 4930: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4901: 4895: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4880: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4864: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4844: 4841: 4836: 4834: 4828: 4824: 4822: 4818: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4796:The standard 4784: 4781: 4778: 4775: 4772: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682:Kosovo-Resava 4681: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668:Timok-Prizren 4667: 4663: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4629: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4609: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4571:Pavel Šafárik 4569:, the Slovak 4568: 4557: 4547: 4542: 4539: 4533: 4531: 4530:maj-ska zo-ro 4529: 4523: 4521: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4494: 4490: 4487: 4483: 4480: 4476: 4473: 4469: 4466: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4454: 4450: 4447: 4443: 4440: 4436: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4421: 4417: 4414: 4410: 4407: 4403: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4388: 4384: 4381: 4377: 4374: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4355: 4351: 4348: 4344: 4341: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4322: 4318: 4315: 4311: 4308: 4304: 4301: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4289: 4285: 4282: 4278: 4275: 4271: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4247: 4243: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4225: 4219: 4214: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4165: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4132: 4131: 4128: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4114: 4105: Ikavian 4099: Ekavian 4087: 4082: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4027: 4002: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3851: 3850: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3827:Neo-Ijekavian 3824: 3818: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3748: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3718: 3707: 3704: 3696: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3662:This section 3660: 3656: 3651: 3650: 3642: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3546: 3542: 3536: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3385:Morava Valley 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3349:Kosovo Valley 3346: 3345:Older Ekavian 3340: 3333:Kosovo–Resava 3330: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3292: 3286: 3283: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3244: 3240: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3151: 3141: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3053: 3050: 3042: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3008:This section 3006: 3002: 2997: 2996: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2904: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2716: 2712: 2693: 2684: 2682: 2681:poljoprȉvreda 2678: 2674: 2666: 2661: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2654: 2653: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2533: 2522: 2519: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2483: 2481:short falling 2480: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2447: 2444: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2386: 2384: 2379: 2377: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2332: 2329:(600–750 AD) 2328: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2314: 2313: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2246: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2214: 2209: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2181: 2180: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2144: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2014: 2013: 2002: 1998: 1995: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1979: 1975: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1859: 1854: 1850: 1849: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1797: 1795: 1788: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1713: 1707: 1702: 1698: 1695:word-initial 1694: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1611:Common Slavic 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1537:sound changes 1528: 1526: 1522: 1521: 1515: 1512:, written in 1511: 1507: 1504:, especially 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1273: 1268: 1266: 1261: 1259: 1254: 1253: 1251: 1250: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1216: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1200: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1171: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1116: 1115: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1045: 1037: 1036: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1001: 996: 993: 991: 987: 986: 984: 980: 978: 977: 973: 972: 971: 970: 962: 959: 957: 954: 953: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 938: 934: 933: 932: 931: 925: 921: 918: 917: 916: 915: 907: 906: 890: 887: 885: 881: 880: 878: 874: 872: 871: 867: 866: 865: 864: 859: 857: 852: 851: 850: 849: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 827: 825: 823: 820: 819: 818: 817: 807: 806:Timok–Lužnica 804: 802: 799: 794: 791: 789: 786: 785: 783: 779: 778: 776: 772: 770: 767: 760: 757: 755: 751: 750: 748: 744: 737: 736:Timok–Lužnica 734: 732: 729: 724: 721: 719: 716: 715: 713: 709: 708:Prizren–Timok 706: 704: 701: 698: 694: 693:Kosovo–Resava 691: 689: 686: 681: 678: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 662: 659: 658: 656: 653: 648: 645: 644: 642: 638: 637: 635: 631: 629: 628: 624: 623: 622: 621: 614: 609: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 584: 583: 582: 577: 576: 572: 571: 570: 569: 561: 560: 556: 553: 552: 545: 532: 528: 526: 522: 521: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 491: 488: 482: 477: 473: 468: 462: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 434: 430: 427: 422: 410: 406: 402: 396: 342: 338: 330: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 303: 297: 291: 289: 285: 281: 277: 275: 274: 269: 265: 261: 258: 253: 248: 243: 240: 235: 230: 225: 224:Timok–Lužnica 222: 219: 216: 214:Kosovo–Resava 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 200: 198: 195: 192: 190: 186: 183: 181: 178: 177: 176: 172: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 142: 140: 134: 120: 117: 116: 115: 112: 111: 110: 107: 106: 105: 102: 101: 100: 97: 96: 95: 94:Indo-European 91: 87: 81: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 59: 55: 43: 36: 31: 19: 8464: 8454:Winter's law 8414:Havlík's law 8368: 8361: 8354: 8310: 8298: 8291: 8266:Mednyj Aleut 8264: 8257: 8249: 8163: 8119:South Slavic 8076:and dialects 7983: 7969: 7962: 7910: 7886: 7881:Czechoslovak 7879: 7862:Czech-Slovak 7799: 7774:Transitional 7742:South Slavic 7678: 7669: 7662: 7630: 7598:Proto-Slavic 7596: 7589: 7582: 7512: 7473:Humac tablet 7463:Baška tablet 7252:Reflexes of 7184:Lower Sutlan 6982: 6858: 6835: 6821:23 September 6819:. Retrieved 6783: 6779: 6758: 6754: 6742: 6724: 6705: 6701: 6689:. Retrieved 6639: 6635: 6615:. Retrieved 6571: 6543:. Retrieved 6499: 6469: 6465: 6452:(14): 77–85. 6449: 6445: 6425:. Retrieved 6413: 6410:Srpski Jezik 6409: 6385: 6350: 6345: 6326: 6308: 6288: 6270: 6267:Okuka, Miloš 6244: 6240: 6228: 6224: 6202: 6199:Lisac, Josip 6182: 6158: 6140:, retrieved 6084: 6079: 6052: 6047: 5996: 5992: 5973: 5954: 5945: 5941: 5911: 5907: 5888: 5871: 5848:. Retrieved 5837: 5827: 5815:. Retrieved 5813:. p. 46 5797: 5782:. Retrieved 5763: 5753: 5741:. Retrieved 5722: 5671: 5668:Šipka, Danko 5662: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5614: 5607:Bunčić (2008 5602: 5590: 5578: 5571:Kordić (2010 5566: 5554: 5542: 5532:10 September 5530:. Retrieved 5520: 5511: 5499:. Retrieved 5495: 5471:. Retrieved 5467: 5458: 5446:. Retrieved 5442: 5433: 5424: 5420: 5414: 5407:Kapović 2015 5402: 5390: 5363:. Retrieved 5361:(2): 465–469 5358: 5354: 5341: 5329:. Retrieved 5317: 5313: 5300: 5295:, p. 7. 5288: 5283:, p. 4. 5276: 5267:Cited after 5263: 5254:Cited after 5250: 5241:Cited after 5225:Cited after 5221: 5209: 5197: 5185: 5178:Kapović 2015 5173: 5161: 5141: 5116: 5104: 5097:Lukežić 1996 5077: 5065:. Retrieved 5060: 5056: 5022: 5010: 5005:, p. 3. 4998: 4986: 4974: 4966: 4958: 4946:. Retrieved 4942: 4933: 4881: 4865: 4849: 4845: 4837: 4829: 4825: 4795: 4660:Montenegrin 4627: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4583:Vuk Karadžić 4563: 4543: 4534: 4527: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4502: 4500: 4244: 4212: 4209: 4203: 4199: 4191: 4187: 4178: 4169: 4163: 4154: 4148: 4144: 4135: 4111: 4109: 4076:Yat reflexes 4036: 3847: 3826: 3822: 3821:Also called 3820: 3800: 3796: 3752: 3750: 3722: 3720: 3699: 3690: 3675:Please help 3663: 3623:vidija/vidia 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3557:who live in 3550: 3549:Also called 3548: 3513: 3509: 3497: 3493: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3461: 3437:Velika Plana 3363:Valley with 3344: 3343:Also called 3342: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3296: 3287: 3266: 3262: 3254: 3250: 3242: 3238: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3216: 3211: 3207: 3199: 3195: 3192:Bijelo Polje 3188:djete–deteta 3187: 3155: 3153: 3137: 3133: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3105:djete–diteta 3104: 3094:dete–djeteta 3093: 3062: 3061:Also called 3060: 3045: 3036: 3021:Please help 3009: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2952: 2940: 2936: 2908: 2906: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2798:, etc. (cf. 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2761:subjunctives 2740: 2736: 2732: 2721:Timok Valley 2718: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2670: 2651: 2517: 2499:long falling 2493:Double grave 2445:short rising 2391: 2387: 2380: 2372: 2369:Accentuation 2355: 2351: 2341: 2337: 2327:Proto-Slavic 2311: 2308: 2270:ove m(j)esta 2264:ova m(j)esta 2258: 2230: 2226: 2207: 2200: 2193: 2183: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2153: 2152:in the word 2149: 2145: 2135: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2093: 2083: 2079: 2067: 2063: 2055: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2022: 2016: 2011: 1993: 1981: 1980: : Št. 1977: 1971: 1970: : Št. 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1946: 1945: : Št. 1942: 1938: 1934: 1926: 1925: : Št. 1922: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1866: 1865: : Št. 1862: 1856: 1855: : Št. 1852: 1846: 1845: : Št. 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1823: 1819: 1812: 1808: 1793: 1791: 1786: 1774: 1770: 1767:comparatives 1762: 1755: 1751: 1745: 1736: 1732: 1700: 1696: 1689: 1679: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1642: 1638: 1636: 1630: 1626: 1620: 1616: 1606: 1602: 1601:reflexes of 1583: 1579: 1575: 1566: 1534: 1518: 1460: 1431:Gorski kotar 1408: 1388: 1357: 1336:Bay of Kotor 1281: 1175: 1128: 1097: 1081: 1049: 995:Southeastern 974: 935: 868: 853: 821: 633: 625: 586: 573: 557:and dialects 525:Proto-Slavic 518: 492: 433:pluricentric 429:supradialect 340: 336: 335: 299: 288:Linguasphere 271: 118: 109:South Slavic 99:Balto-Slavic 8429:Ivšić's law 8356:Army Slavic 8343:Interslavic 8328:Constructed 8191:West Slavic 8084:East Slavic 7853:West Slavic 7822:Montenegrin 7643:East Slavic 7041:Cetinje–Bar 6937:Montenegrin 6434:(COBISS-Sr) 6225:Fluminensia 5492:"ijékavskī" 5365:14 February 5331:14 February 5269:Lisac (2003 5256:Lisac (2003 5243:Okuka (2008 5227:Okuka (2008 5214:Okuka (2008 5202:Okuka (2008 5190:Okuka (2008 5166:Zubčić 2017 5082:Zubčić 2017 5067:14 February 4939:"štókavskī" 4806:Montenegrin 4648:Sub-Dialect 4581:, the Serb 4554:sr-ijekavsk 4255:Predecessor 3845:languages. 3843:Montenegrin 3733:and modern 3579:Bács-Kiskun 3571:Herzegovina 3512:instead of 3496:instead of 3486:instead of 3478:instead of 3470:instead of 3309:instead of 3273:. The word 3253:instead of 3241:instead of 3225:instead of 3210:instead of 3200:dete–đeteta 3196:dite–đeteta 3170:in eastern 2983:instead of 2933:subdialects 2463:long rising 2406:Traditional 2398:Description 2124:changes to 2120:word-final 2001:syncretized 1968:črivo/črevo 1917:instead of 1843:jazik/zajik 1809:malin/melin 1750:the ending 1742:syncretized 1614:nasal vowel 1609:of the old 1482: 1150 1441:, parts of 1429:, parts of 1411:Herzegovina 1160:Montenegrin 1137:Gaj's Latin 602:Montenegrin 452:Montenegrin 314:instead of 160:Montenegrin 8483:Categories 8419:Hirt's law 8409:Dybo's law 8380:Historical 8293:Russenorsk 8272:Ponaschemu 8164:Shtokavian 8104:Podlachian 8005:Slovincian 7995:Pomeranian 7964:Old Polish 7764:Macedonian 7651:Belarusian 7513:Shtokavian 7406:Literature 6983:Shtokavian 6735:Peco, Asim 6721:Peco, Asim 6617:31 January 6107:2011520778 6015:2009473660 5768:. London. 5731:. London: 5706:1061308790 5698:2018048005 5647:1023608613 5595:Blum (2002 5583:Pohl (1996 5559:Blum (2002 5427:: 241–395. 5152:0801416752 5137:Banac, Ivo 4925:References 4696:Zeta-Raška 4528:svi-je-tla 4515:Montenegro 4264:Ijekavian 3990:Banja Luka 3978:Prijepolje 3854:Montenegro 3765:Kragujevac 3641:, Serbia. 3539:See also: 3449:Bela Crkva 3413:Despotovac 3381:Kuršumlija 3337:See also: 3297:The group 3271:substratum 3204:Mrkojevići 3168:Novi Pazar 3144:Zeta–Raška 2901:See also: 2879:Soko Banja 2757:infinitive 2749:Macedonian 2727:border to 2527:New stress 2524:Old stress 2409:Diacritic 2361:Štakaviski 2237:syncretism 2219:u m(j)estu 2138:> /dʑ/ 2090:metathesis 1966:(c.f. Čk. 1921:(c.f. Čk. 1841:(e.g. Čk. 1726:affricates 1651:semivowels 1619:, and not 1561:Macedonian 1549:morphology 1545:inflection 1471:Gršković's 1392:migrations 1380:convergent 1372:Montenegro 1348:Pavle Ivić 1221:Glagolitic 1184:Bohoričica 1176:Historical 976:Macedonian 961:Meshterski 754:Burgenland 688:Zeta–Raška 634:Shtokavian 515:Burgenland 505:, much of 499:Montenegro 417:pronounced 337:Shtokavian 119:Shtokavian 73:Montenegro 33:Shtokavian 8467:indicate 8382:phonology 8330:languages 8318:Trasianka 8144:Kajkavian 8132:Chakavian 8057:Schleifer 8000:Kashubian 7782:Torlakian 7759:Bulgarian 7715:Ukrainian 7680:Ruthenian 7423:Vukovians 7352:Phonology 7335:Loanwords 7267:Ijekavian 7209:Torlakian 7166:Kajkavian 7123:Chakavian 7090:Dubrovnik 6808:754204160 6800:0080-2557 6727:, 16, 3. 6725:Naš jezik 6714:0044-2356 6656:680567046 6648:0044-2356 6590:437306433 6545:2 October 6422:0354-9259 6298:243829127 6123:15270636W 6115:729837512 6031:15295665W 6023:428012015 5982:300458429 5972:(1998) , 5963:238795822 5774:0013-0613 5714:150383965 5597::125–126) 5549::347–380) 5464:"íkavskī" 5439:"ékavskī" 4857:Chakavian 4712:Slavonian 4550:sr-ekavsk 4507:syllables 4302:beautiful 4213:recension 4170:ijekavski 4069:Kajkavian 4053:Chakavian 4045:Dubrovnik 3994:Nevesinje 3986:Bijeljina 3950:Nevesinje 3932:Dubrovnik 3904:Dubrovnik 3763:, around 3727:Dalmatian 3693:June 2023 3664:does not 3645:Dubrovnik 3639:Vojvodina 3502:Smederevo 3429:Majdanpek 3421:Požarevac 3417:Smederevo 3409:Svilajnac 3383:) in the 3367:, around 3160:Podgorica 3109:diphthong 3102:Jablanica 3039:June 2023 3010:does not 2949:Podravina 2941:podravski 2897:Slavonian 2887:Knjaževac 2863:Prokuplje 2855:Aleksinac 2839:Bujanovac 2821:, around 2804:Bulgarian 2800:Kajkavian 2745:Bulgarian 2725:Bulgarian 2723:near the 2347:Šćakavski 1973:cr(ij)evo 1805:weak jers 1699:becoming 1557:Bulgarian 1541:accentual 1520:aljamiado 1514:Dubrovnik 1506:Dubrovnik 1376:divergent 1344:Chakavian 1328:Vlasenica 1322:(west of 1312:Ivo Banac 1308:Torlakian 1288:Bulgarian 1237:Includes 1194:Metelčica 1119:Alphabets 1087:Kajkavian 1063:Torlakian 1009:Torlakian 956:Torlakian 937:Bulgarian 835:Ijekavian 775:Torlakian 769:Kajkavian 747:Chakavian 669:Dubrovnik 655:Slavonian 476:Chakavian 472:Kajkavian 424:) is the 413:штокавски 405:štokavski 341:Štokavian 273:Glottolog 257:ISO 639-3 239:ISO 639-1 201:Slavonian 48:штокавски 42:štokavski 8363:Iazychie 8287:Runglish 8245:Balachka 8216:Silesian 8174:Bunjevac 8022:Polabian 7979:Silesian 7958:dialects 7953:Masurian 7937:Lechitic 7894:Moravian 7817:Croatian 7720:dialects 7691:dialects 7440:Medieval 7285:Features 7189:Prigorje 7082:Bunjevac 6974:Dialects 6932:Croatian 6912:language 6816:208723-6 6767:55754615 6753:(2002). 6737:(1981). 6682:Archived 6678:201058-6 6608:Archived 6536:Archived 6518:56198470 6490:(2004). 6460:(2008). 6427:14 April 6404:(2003). 6394:46734277 6384:(1999). 6269:(2008), 6239:(2008). 6201:(2003), 6191:40997749 6177:(2003). 6167:40996889 6153:(1982). 6133:archived 6077:(2010), 6045:(2015). 5991:(2009). 5930:51961066 5880:47186443 5844:Archived 5778:Archived 5737:Archived 5670:(2019). 5627:Language 5573::99–101) 5501:21 March 5473:21 March 5448:21 March 5355:Rasprave 5349:(2016). 5326:24750220 5308:(2006). 5139:(1984). 5057:Rasprave 5051:(1988). 4948:21 March 4898:See also 4853:Croatian 4802:Croatian 4654:Croatian 4460:sijediti 4361:djevojka 4235:Bosniaks 4230:želijemo 4196:Croatian 4179:jekavski 4127:izgovori 4120:or ě in 4118:Cyrillic 4061:Bjelovar 4055:and the 4041:Žumberak 3982:Trebinje 3966:Ivanjica 3946:Trebinje 3936:Metković 3928:Petrinja 3912:Bjelovar 3876:Žumberak 3868:Banovina 3864:Slavonia 3852:western 3831:Croatian 3789:Belgrade 3773:Šumadija 3731:Venetian 3729:, older 3635:Bunjevci 3621:like in 3587:Bosniaks 3567:Dalmatia 3443:(around 3407:Valley ( 3389:Jagodina 3379:Valley ( 3373:Trstenik 3369:Kruševac 3365:Kraljevo 3067:Sarajevo 2957:Posavina 2945:Derventa 2937:posavski 2917:Slavonia 2883:Boljevac 2847:Leskovac 2827:Gnjilane 2819:Metohija 2677:asistȅnt 2673:paradȁjz 2623:prǐːlika 2617:priːlîka 2383:metatony 2334:isogloss 2299:turcizmi 2294:Turkisms 2225:augment 1502:Dalmatia 1443:Slavonia 1435:Dalmatia 1419:Banovina 1360:Dalmatia 1316:Slavonia 1296:Pannonia 1292:Moldavia 1189:Dajnčica 1004:Northern 983:Dialects 943:Dialects 877:Dialects 647:Bunjevac 627:Dialects 597:Croatian 444:Croatian 426:prestige 320:Help:IPA 280:shto1241 189:Bunjevac 174:Dialects 150:Croatian 8465:Italics 8350:Lydnevi 8306:Surzhyk 8039:Sorbian 7888:Knaanic 7839:Slovene 7827:Serbian 7812:Bosnian 7792:Western 7751:Eastern 7686:Russian 7575:History 7370:History 7345:Turkish 7330:Grammar 7292:Writing 7272:Ikavian 7262:Ekavian 6942:Serbian 6927:Bosnian 6664:3439240 6598:3438216 6526:3434516 6142:3 April 5863:Sources 5850:7 April 5791:Alt URL 5320:: 4–6. 5258::17–18) 5229::20–21) 4810:Serbian 4798:Bosnian 4657:Bosnian 4651:Serbian 4524:" and " 4520:L'je-pa 4493:grijati 4486:grijati 4479:grejati 4472:grějati 4467:to heat 4427:sjediti 4354:divojka 4347:devojka 4340:děvojka 4295:vrijeme 4261:Ikavian 4258:Ekavian 4252:English 4224:svidoci 4155:ikavski 4136:ekavski 3970:Loznica 3916:Daruvar 3880:Neretva 3839:Serbian 3835:Bosnian 3805:Pančevo 3793:Vukovar 3785:Bogatić 3779:around 3769:Valjevo 3735:Italian 3685:removed 3670:sources 3603:Bugojno 3595:Travnik 3563:Kvarner 3514:gde si? 3489:dobriji 3433:Negotin 3397:Paraćin 3393:Ćuprija 3377:Toplica 3276:pljesma 3259:Konavle 3255:sjekira 3243:izjesti 3184:Muslims 3164:Cetinje 3031:removed 3016:sources 2925:Baranja 2891:Zaječar 2875:Svrljig 2869:around 2861:around 2837:around 2823:Prizren 2729:Prizren 2640:ʒǐːviːm 2634:ʒīːvîːm 2626:prílika 2620:prīlȉka 2572:prâːvda 2566:prâːvda 2376:dynamic 2267:and no 2251:drugoga 2213:u gradu 2206:ending 2199:ending 2155:trešnja 2117:dialect 2062:yields 1796:, are: 1775:slabeši 1771:debleši 1643:što/šta 1447:Baranya 1400:Balkans 1398:in the 1364:Croatia 1332:Neretva 1205:Arebica 1165:Slovene 990:Western 870:Slovene 840:Ikavian 830:Ekavian 822:Accents 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