231:
98:
413:
were identified using the
Inventory for Depressive Symptoms - clinician rated scale (IDS-C). Results suggested that at least one type of sleep disturbance was reported in 78% of the SCZ population, in 69% individuals with BD, and in 39% of healthy controls. The SCZ group reported the most number of sleep disturbances compared to the BD and HC groups; specifically, hypersomnia was more frequent among individuals with SCZ, and delayed sleep phase disorder was three times more common in the SCZ group compared to the BD group. Insomnias were the most frequently reported sleep disturbance across all three groups.
444:
615:), stay asleep longer, and experience improved sleep quality. To test this, a study was conducted that compared subjects who had taken melatonin to subjects with primary sleep disorders who had taken a placebo. Researchers assessed sleep onset latency, total minutes slept, and overall sleep quality in the melatonin and placebo groups to note the differences. In the end, researchers found that melatonin decreased sleep onset latency and increased total sleep time but had an insignificant and inconclusive impact on the quality of sleep compared to the placebo group.
435:
individuals with insomnia have a threefold increased risk of developing MDD. Depressed mood and sleep efficiency strongly co-vary, and while sleep regulation problems may precede depressive episodes, such depressive episodes may also precipitate sleep deprivation. Fatigue, as well as sleep disturbances such as irregular and excessive sleepiness, are linked to symptoms of depression. Recent research has even pointed to sleep problems and fatigues as potential driving forces bridging MDD symptoms to those of co-occurring generalized anxiety disorder.
426:
variability, and sleep disturbances are a good predictor of mood swings. The most common sleep-related symptom of bipolar disorder is insomnia, in addition to hypersomnia, nightmares, poor sleep quality, OSA, extreme daytime sleepiness, etc. Moreover, animal models have shown that sleep debt can induce episodes of bipolar mania in laboratory mice, but these models are still limited in their potential to explain bipolar disease in humans with all its multifaceted symptoms, including those related to sleep disturbances.
1438:– Jet lag disorder is a type of circadian rhythm sleep disorder that results from rapid travel across multiple time zones. Individuals experiencing jet lag may encounter symptoms such as excessive sleepiness, fatigue, insomnia, irritability, and gastrointestinal disturbances upon reaching their destination. These symptoms arise due to the mismatch between the body's circadian rhythm, synchronized with the departure location, and the new sleep/wake cycle needed at the destination.
634:
1137:, obstruction of the airway during sleep, causing lack of sufficient deep sleep, often accompanied by snoring. Other forms of sleep apnea are less common. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a medical disorder that is caused by repetitive collapse of the upper airway (back of the throat) during sleep. For the purposes of sleep studies, episodes of full upper airway collapse for at least ten seconds are called apneas.
5420:
911:
strong connection between obesity and OSA, making it essential to screen obese individuals for OSA and related disorders. Moreover, both obesity and OSA patients are at higher risk of developing metabolic syndrome. Implementing dietary control in obese individuals can have a positive impact on sleep problems and can help alleviate associated issues such as depression, anxiety, and insomnia.
880:
36:
1232:: A chronic neurological disease similar to narcolepsy, in which there is an increased amount of fatigue and sleep during the day. Patients who have idiopathic hypersomnia cannot obtain a healthy amount of sleep for a regular day of activities. This hinders the patients' ability to perform well, and patients have to deal with this for the rest of their lives.
539:. The pooled results of two trials on acupuncture showed a moderate likelihood that there may be some improvement to sleep quality for individuals with insomnia. This form of treatment for sleep disorders is generally studied in adults, rather than children. Further research would be needed to study the effects of acupuncture on sleep disorders in children.
590:). The results of the study suggest that music therapy did improve sleep quality in subjects with acute or chronic sleep disorders, though only when tested subjectively. Although these results are not fully conclusive and more research should be conducted, it still provides evidence that music therapy can be an effective treatment for sleep disorders.
733:, qualifies for board-certification by the American Board of Dental Sleep Medicine (ABDSM). The qualified dentists collaborate with sleep physicians at accredited sleep centers, and can provide oral appliance therapy and upper airway surgery to treat or manage sleep-related breathing disorders. The resulting diplomate status is recognized by the
298:(RBD) - that may affect around 40% of the PD population and it is associated with increased motor symptoms. Furthermore, RBD has been highlighted as a strong precursor for future development of those neurodegenerative diseases over several years in prior, which seems to be a great opportunity for improving the treatments of the disease.
302:
emotional state and quality of life. Furthermore, these abnormal behavioral symptoms negatively contribute to overwhelming their relatives and caregivers. The limited research related to it and the increasing life expectancy calls for a deeper understanding of the relationship between sleep disorders and neurodegenerative disease.
262:. Because many researchers have focused on this issue, a systematic review was conducted to synthesize their findings. The results indicate that individuals who experienced a TBI are most disproportionately at risk for developing narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea, excessive daytime sleepiness, and insomnia.
425:
is abnormal sleep. Studies have suggested that 23-78% of individuals with bipolar disorders consistently report symptoms of excessive time spent sleeping, or hypersomnia. The pathogenesis of bipolar disorder, including the higher risk of suicidal ideation, could possibly be linked to circadian rhythm
404:
In individuals with psychiatric illnesses sleep disorders may include a variety of clinical symptoms, including but not limited to: excessive daytime sleepiness, difficulty falling asleep, difficulty staying asleep, nightmares, sleep talking, sleepwalking, and poor sleep quality. Sleep disturbances -
374:
At the same time, it has been shown that memory consolidation in long-term memory (which depends on the hippocampus) occurs during NREM sleep. This indicates that a decrease in the NREM sleep will result in less consolidation, resulting in poorer memory performances in hippocampal-dependent long-term
823:
Children and young adults who do not get enough sleep due to sleep disorders also have many other health problems such as obesity and physical problems where it could interfere with everyday life. It is recommended that children and young adults stick to the hours of sleep recommended by the CDC, as
681:
has demonstrated expertise in the diagnosis and management of clinical conditions that occur during sleep, that disturb sleep, or that are affected by disturbances in the wake-sleep cycle. This specialist is skilled in the analysis and interpretation of comprehensive polysomnography, and well-versed
593:
In another study specifically looking to help people with insomnia, similar results were seen. The participants that listened to music experienced better sleep quality than those who did not listen to music. Listening to slower pace music before bed can help decrease the heart rate, making it easier
412:
Sleep deprivation can also produce hallucinations, delusions and depression. A 2019 study investigated the three above-mentioned sleep disturbances in schizophrenia-spectrum (SCZ) and bipolar (BP) disorders in 617 SCZ individuals, 440 BP individuals, and 173 healthy controls (HC). Sleep disturbances
390:
While the exact mechanisms and the causal relationship between sleep disturbances and AD remains unclear, these findings already provide a better understanding and offer possibilities to improve targeting of at-risk populations—and the implementation of treatments to curb the cognitive decline of AD
342:
In
Alzheimer's disease, in addition to cognitive decline and memory impairment, there are also significant sleep disturbances with modified sleep architecture. The latter may consist in sleep fragmentation, reduced sleep duration, insomnia, increased daytime napping, decreased quantity of some sleep
781:
for children. Parasomnias like sleepwalking and talking typically occur during the first part of an individual's sleep cycle, the first slow wave of sleep During the first slow wave of sleep period of the sleep cycle the mind and body slow down causing one to feel drowsy and relaxed. At this stage
378:
Recent studies have also linked sleep disturbances, neurogenesis and AD. The subgranular zone and the subventricular zone continued to produce new neurons in adult brains. These new cells are then incorporated into neuronal circuits and the subgranular zone, which is found in the hippocampus. These
370:
Although the causal relationship is unclear, the development of AD correlates with the development of prominent sleep disorders. In the same way, sleep disorders exacerbate disease progression, forming a positive feedback relationship. As a result, sleep disturbances are no longer only a symptom of
346:
One factor that could explain this change in sleep architecture is a change in circadian rhythm, which regulates sleep. A disruption of the circadian rhythm would generate sleep disturbances. Some studies show that people with AD have a delayed circadian rhythm, whereas in normal aging, an advanced
301:
The neurodegenerative conditions are commonly related to structural brain impairment, which might disrupt the states of sleep and wakefulness, circadian rhythm, motor or non motor functioning. On the other hand, sleep disturbances are frequently related to worsening patient's cognitive functioning,
217:
Primary sleep disorders are common in both children and adults. However, there is a significant lack of awareness of children with sleep disorders, due to most cases being unidentified. Several common factors involved in the onset of a sleep disorder include increased medication use, age-related
910:
The worldwide incidence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is on the rise, largely due to the increasing prevalence of obesity in society. In individuals who are obese, excess fat deposits in the upper respiratory tract can lead to breathing difficulties during sleep, giving rise to OSA. There is a
850:
A separate meta-analysis focusing on this sleeping disorder in the elderly mentions that those with more than one physical or psychiatric malady experience it at a 60% higher rate than those with one condition or less. It also notes a higher prevalence of insomnia in women over the age of 50 than
870:
Insomnia can start off at the basic level but about 40% of people who struggle with insomnia have worse symptoms. There are treatments that can help with insomnia and that includes medication, planning out a sleep schedule, limiting oneself from caffeine intake, and cognitive behavioral therapy.
751:
In the UK, knowledge of sleep medicine and possibilities for diagnosis and treatment seem to lag. The
Imperial College Healthcare shows attention to obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) and very few other sleep disorders. Some NHS trusts have specialist clinics for respiratory and neurological
629:
Due to rapidly increasing knowledge and understanding of sleep in the 20th century, including the discovery of REM sleep in the 1950s and circadian rhythm disorders in the 70s and 80s, the medical importance of sleep was recognized. By the 1970s in the US, clinics and laboratories devoted to the
494:
Chronic sleep disorders in childhood, which affect some 70% of children with developmental or psychological disorders, are under-reported and under-treated. Sleep-phase disruption is also common among adolescents, whose school schedules are often incompatible with their natural circadian rhythm.
382:
However, recent studies have shown that several factors can interrupt neurogenesis, including stress and prolonged sleep deprivation (more than one day). The sleep disturbances encountered in AD could therefore suppress neurogenesis—and thus impair hippocampal functions. This would contribute to
358:
On the other hand, it is during sleep that beta-amyloid residues are degraded to prevent plaque formation. The glymphatic system is responsible for this through the phenomenon of glymphatic clearance. Thus, during wakefulness, the AB burden is greater because the metabolic activity and oxidative
354:
It has been shown that the sleep-wake cycle acts on the beta-amyloid burden, which is a central component found in AD. As individuals awaken, the production of beta-amyloid protein will be more consistent than its production during sleep. This is explained by two phenomena. The first is that the
334:
are observed in AD. Although sleep architecture seems to naturally change with age, its development appears aggravated in AD patients. SWS potentially decreases (and is sometimes absent), spindles and the length of time spent in REM sleep are also reduced, while its latency increases. Poor sleep
254:
In addition, an evidence-based synopsis suggests that idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) may have a hereditary component. A total of 632 participants, half with iRBD and half without, completed self-report questionnaires. The results of the study suggest that people with iRBD are more
486:
Management of sleep disturbances that are secondary to mental, medical, or substance abuse disorders should focus on the underlying conditions. Medications and somatic treatments may provide the most rapid symptomatic relief from certain disorders, such as narcolepsy, which is best treated with
366:
The decrease in the quantity and quality of the NREM SWS, as well as the disturbances of sleep will therefore increase the AB plaques. This initially occurs in the hippocampus, which is a brain structure integral in long-term memory formation. Hippocampus cell death occurs, which contributes to
951:
is estimated to be between 5% and 15.7% when using strict diagnostic criteria. RLS is over 35% more prevalent in
American women than their male counterparts. Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS) is a sensorimotor disorder characterized by discomfort in the lower limbs. Typically, symptoms worsen in the
743:
is an area of medicine that can also address a diagnosis of sleep disorder, as rest and sleep is listed in the
Occupational Therapy Practice Framework (OTPF) as its own occupation of daily living. Rest and sleep are described as restorative in order to support engagement in other occupational
434:
Sleep disturbances (insomnia or hypersomnia) are not a necessary diagnostic criterion—but one of the most frequent symptoms of individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD). Among individuals with MDD, insomnia and hypersomnia have prevalence estimates of 88% and 27%, respectively, whereas
901:
In a meta-analysis of the various Asian countries, India and China present the highest prevalence of the disorder. Specifically, about 13.7% of the Indian population and 7% of Hong Kong's population is estimated to have OSA. The two groups in the study experience daytime OSA symptoms such as
773:
are the two most common sleep disorders among children. An estimated 17.3% of kids between 3 and 13 years old experience confusional arousals. About 17% of children sleepwalk, with the disorder being more common among boys than girls, the peak ages of sleepwalking are from 8 to 12 years old.
581:
and chronic sleep disorders. In one particular study, participants (18 years or older) who had experienced acute or chronic sleep disorders were put in a randomly controlled trial, and their sleep efficiency, in the form of overall time asleep, was observed. In order to assess sleep quality,
915:
can influence the disturbance in sleep patterns resulting in OSA. Obesity is a risk factor for OSA because it can affect the upper respiratory system by accumulating fat deposition around the muscles surrounding the lungs. Additionally, OSA can irritate the obesity by prolonging sleepiness
482:
None of these general approaches are sufficient for all patients with sleep disorders. Rather, the choice of a specific treatment depends on the patient's diagnosis, medical and psychiatric history, and preferences, as well as the expertise of the treating clinician. Often,
362:
Glymphatic clearance occurs during the NREM SWS sleep. This sleep stage decreases in normal aging, resulting in less glymphatic clearance and increased AB burden that will form AB plaques. Therefore, sleep disturbances in individuals with AD will amplify this phenomenon.
890:(OSA) affects around 4% of men and 2% of women in the United States. In general, this disorder is more prevalent among men. However, this difference tends to diminish with age. Women experience the highest risk for OSA during pregnancy, and tend to report experiencing
1213:: Insomnia may be primary or it may be comorbid with or secondary to another disorder such as a mood disorder (i.e., emotional stress, anxiety, depression) or underlying health condition (i.e., asthma, diabetes, heart disease, pregnancy or neurological conditions).
744:
therapy occupations. In the OTPF, the occupation of rest and sleep is broken down into rest, sleep preparation, and sleep participation. Occupational therapists have been shown to help improve restorative sleep through the use of assistive devices/equipment,
630:
study of sleep and sleep disorders had been founded, and a need for standards arose. The medical community began paying more attention to primary sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea, as well as the role and quality of sleep in other conditions.
502:
Special equipment may be required for treatment of several disorders such as obstructive apnea, circadian rhythm disorders and bruxism. In severe cases, it may be necessary for individuals to accept living with the disorder, however well managed.
350:
In addition to these psychological symptoms, at a neurological level there are two main symptoms of
Alzheimer's disease. The first is an accumulation of beta-amyloid waste forming aggregate "plaques". The second is an accumulation of tau protein.
255:
likely to report having a first-degree relative with the same sleep disorder than people of the same age and sex that do not have the disorder. More research needs to be conducted to further understand the hereditary nature of sleep disorders.
866:
to identify patients with sleep disorders using electronic medical records. The algorithm that incorporated a combination of structured and unstructured variables identified more than 36,000 individuals with physician-documented insomnia.
598:
towards the sleep cycle. This is said to have an effect on children and adults with various cases of sleep disorders. Music is most effective before bed once the brain has been conditioned to it, helping to achieve sleep much faster.
714:. Another common complaint is insomnia, a set of symptoms which can have a great many different causes, physical and mental. Management in the varying situations differs greatly and cannot be undertaken without a correct diagnosis.
359:
stress are higher, and there is no protein degradation by the glymphatic clearance. During sleep, the burden is reduced as there is less metabolic activity and oxidative stress (in addition to the glymphatic clearance that occurs).
154:
patterns. Some sleep disorders are severe enough to interfere with normal physical, mental, social and emotional functioning. Sleep disorders are frequent and can have serious consequences on patients' health and quality of life.
835:
is a prevalent form of sleep deprivation. Individuals with insomnia may have problems falling asleep, staying asleep, or a combination of both resulting in hyposomnia - i.e. insufficient quantity and poor quality of sleep.
551:
may be helpful in alleviating some types and manifestations of sleep disorders in some patients. "Acute and chronic insomnia often respond to relaxation and hypnotherapy approaches, along with sleep hygiene instructions."
218:
changes in circadian rhythms, environmental changes, lifestyle changes, pre-diagnosed physiological problems, or stress. Among the elderly, the risk of developing sleep disordered breathing, periodic limb movements,
1888:
Zhong, Naismith, Rogers, & Lewis. (2011). Sleep–wake disturbances in common neurodegenerative diseases: A closer look at selected aspects of the neural circuitry. Journal of the
Neurological Sciences, 307(1-2),
386:
Changes in sleep architecture found in patients with AD occur during the preclinical phase of AD. These changes could be used to detect those most at risk of developing AD. However, this is still only theoretical.
178:
involving the timing of sleep, and other disorders including ones caused by medical or psychological conditions. When a person struggles to fall asleep or stay asleep with no obvious cause , it is referred to as
811:
of greater than 30 minutes. Also, 7-36% have difficulty initiating sleep. Asian teens tend to have a higher prevalence of all of these adverse sleep outcomes—than their North
American and European counterparts.
5330:
5311:
1207:. The three major subcategories include intrinsic (i.e., arising from within the body), extrinsic (secondary to environmental conditions or various pathologic conditions), and disturbances of circadian rhythm.
522:
found that sleep is dramatically impaired by allergic symptoms, and that the degree of impairment is related to the severity of those symptoms. Treatment of allergies has also been shown to help sleep apnea.
355:
metabolic activity will be higher during waking, thus resulting in greater secretion of beta-amyloid protein. The second is that oxidative stress will also increase, which leads to greater AB production.
1938:
Bjørnarå, K., Dietrichs, E., & Toft, M. (2015). Longitudinal assessment of probable rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in
Parkinson's disease. European Journal of Neurology, 22(8), 1242-1244.
1023:
disorder (primary insomnia), chronic difficulty in falling asleep or maintaining sleep when no other cause is found for these symptoms. Insomnia can also be comorbid with or secondary to other disorders.
1039:(EDS) and so-called "sleep attacks", relatively sudden-onset, irresistible urges to sleep, which may interfere with occupational and social commitments. About 70% of those who have narcolepsy also have
789:
sleep. REM is the deepest stage of sleep, it is named for the host of neurological and physiological responses an individual can display during this period of the sleep cycle which are similar to being
234:
Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations for the amount of sleep needed decrease with age. While sleep quantity is important, good sleep quality is also essential to avoid sleep
935:
When considering specific populations, 28.3% of students and 31.9% of psychiatric patients have experienced this phenomenon at least once in their lifetime. Of those psychiatric patients, 34.6% have
556:
has also helped with nightmares and sleep terrors. There are several reports of successful use of hypnotherapy for parasomnias specifically for head and body rocking, bedwetting and sleepwalking.
239:
A systematic review found that traumatic childhood experiences (such as family conflict or sexual trauma) significantly increases the risk for a number of sleep disorders in adulthood, including
1987:
Dick-Muehlke, C. (2015). Psychosocial studies of the individual's changing perspectives in Alzheimer's disease (Premier Reference Source). Hershey, PA: Medical Information Science Reference.
3357:
Hurwitz TD, Mahowald MW, Schenck CH, Schluter JL, Bundlie SR (April 1991). "A retrospective outcome study and review of hypnosis as treatment of adults with sleepwalking and sleep terror".
785:
Nightmares are also considered a parasomnia among children, who typically remember what took place during the nightmare. However, nightmares only occur during the last stage of sleep -
514:
Histamine plays a role in wakefulness in the brain. An allergic reaction over produces histamine, causing wakefulness and inhibiting sleep. Sleep problems are common in people with
1078:(PLMS), sudden involuntary movement of the arms or legs during sleep. In the absence of other sleep disorders, PLMS may cause sleep disruption and impair sleep quality, leading to
947:
According to one meta-analysis, the average prevalence rate for North America and Western Europe is estimated to be 14.5±8.0%. Specifically in the United States, the prevalence of
5176:
Thorpy, Michael J. "Parasomniacs." The International Classification of Sleep Disorders: Diagnostic and Coding Manual. Rochester: American Sleep Disorders Association, 1990. Print.
1929:
Bjørnarå, Dietrichs, & Toft. (2013). REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease – Is there a gender difference? Parkinsonism and Related Disorders, 19(1), 120-122.
939:. Sleep paralysis in students is slightly more prevalent for those of Asian descent (39.9%) than other ethnicities (Hispanic: 34.5%, African descent: 31.4%, Caucasian 30.8%).
1186:, one cause of sleep deprivation, a dread/ fear of falling asleep or going to bed. Signs of the illness include anxiety and panic attacks before and during attempts to sleep.
3400:
Owens LJ, France KG, Wiggs L (December 1999). "REVIEW ARTICLE: Behavioural and cognitive-behavioural interventions for sleep disorders in infants and children: A review".
1971:
McCarter, S., & Howell, J. (2017). REM Sleep Behavior Disorder and Other Sleep Disturbances in Non-Alzheimer Dementias. Current Sleep Medicine Reports, 3(3), 193-203.
4114:
Gradisar M, Gardner G, Dohnt H (February 2011). "Recent worldwide sleep patterns and problems during adolescence: a review and meta-analysis of age, region, and sleep".
1798:
Schenck CH (November 2013). "Family history of REM sleep behaviour disorder more common in individuals affected by the disorder than among unaffected individuals".
214:) and night terrors. Management of sleep disturbances that are secondary to mental, medical or substance abuse disorders should focus on the underlying conditions.
3435:
Wang CF, Sun YL, Zang HX (January 2014). "Music therapy improves sleep quality in acute and chronic sleep disorders: a meta-analysis of 10 randomized studies".
314:(AD), affecting about 45% of its population. When based on caregiver reports, this percentage increases to about 70%. As well as in PD population, insomnia and
343:
stages, and a growing resemblance between some sleep stages (N1 and N2). More than 65% of people with Alzheimer's disease have this type of sleep disturbance.
1340:(or Pavor nocturnus) – Characterized by a sudden arousal from deep sleep with a scream or cry, accompanied by some behavioral manifestations of intense fear.
1124:
2763:
Coussement C, Heeren A (January 2022). "Sleep problems as a transdiagnostic hub bridging impaired attention control, generalized anxiety, and depression".
839:
Combining results from 17 studies on insomnia in China, a pooled prevalence of 15.0% is reported for the country. This result is consistent among other
1310:– A category of sleep disorders that involve abnormal and unnatural movements, behaviors, emotions, perceptions, and dreams in connection with sleep.
1841:
Mathias JL, Alvaro PK (August 2012). "Prevalence of sleep disturbances, disorders, and problems following traumatic brain injury: a meta-analysis".
4200:"Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for Healthy Children: Methodology and Discussion"
405:
insomnia, hypersomnia and delayed sleep-phase disorder - are quite prevalent in severe mental illnesses such as psychotic disorders. In those with
4918:
1459:
483:
behavioral/psychotherapeutic and pharmacological approaches may be compatible, and can effectively be combined to maximize therapeutic benefits.
1737:
Last Reviewed: September 14, 2022. Source: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Population Health.
5016:
796:
Between 15.29% and 38.6% of preschoolers grind their teeth at least one night a week. All but one of the included studies reports decreasing
3700:
Mahowald MW (March 2000). "What is causing excessive daytime sleepiness? Evaluation to distinguish sleep deprivation from sleep disorders".
270:
Neurodegenerative diseases have often been associated with sleep disorders, mainly when they are characterized by abnormal accumulation of
5155:
3933:
3675:
409:, sleep disorders contribute to cognitive deficits in learning and memory. Sleep disturbances often occur before the onset of psychosis.
5188:"A Phase 3, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study of Armodafinil for Excessive Sleepiness Associated With Jet Lag Disorder"
1072:, disruptive sleep-related events involving inappropriate actions during sleep, for example sleepwalking, night-terrors and catathrenia.
5779:
5186:
Rosenberg, Russell P.; Bogan, Richard K.; Tiller, Jane M.; Yang, Ronghua; Youakim, James M.; Earl, Craig Q.; Roth, Thomas (July 2010).
5084:
1732:
1096:
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onset in AD has been associated with dream-related hallucination, increased restlessness, wandering and agitation that seem related to
295:
4590:
745:
3568:
1711:
Roepke, S. K., & Ancoli-Israel, S. (2010). Sleep disorders in the elderly. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 131, 302–310.
1099:(RBD), acting out violent or dramatic dreams while in REM sleep, sometimes injuring bed partner or self (REM sleep disorder or RSD)
847:(50.5% in Poland, 37.2% in France and Italy, 27.1% in USA). Men and women residing in China experience insomnia at similar rates.
531:
A review of the evidence in 2012 concluded that current research is not rigorous enough to make recommendations around the use of
686:
Competence in sleep medicine requires an understanding of a myriad of very diverse disorders. Many of which present with similar
4875:
Arnulf I, Rico TJ, Mignot E (October 2012). "Diagnosis, disease course, and management of patients with Kleine-Levin syndrome".
1950:
Wang, P., Wing, Y.K., Xing, J. et al. Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in patients with probable Alzheimer’s disease.
902:
difficulties concentrating, mood swings, or high blood pressure, at similar rates (prevalence of 3.5% and 3.57%, respectively).
3053:
2882:
979:(DSPD), inability to awaken and fall asleep at socially acceptable times but no problem with sleep maintenance, a disorder of
4956:
4828:
2904:
Keckeis M, Lattova Z, Maurovich-Horvat E, Beitinger PA, Birkmann S, Lauer CJ, et al. (March 2010). Finkelstein D (ed.).
2857:
1592:
1226:: A chronic neurological disorder (or dyssomnia), which is caused by the brain's inability to control sleep and wakefulness.
815:
By adulthood, parasomnias can normally be resolved due to a person's growth; however, 4% of people have recurring symptoms.
491:. Others, such as chronic and primary insomnia, may be more amenable to behavioral interventions—with more durable results.
286:(LBD). For instance, people diagnosed with PD have often presented different kinds of sleep concerns, commonly in regard to
5430:
5133:
3544:
1343:
1043:, a sudden weakness in the motor muscles that can result in collapse to the floor while retaining full conscious awareness.
594:
to transition into sleep. Studies have indicated that music helps induce a state of relaxation that shifts an individual's
1917:
Malkani, R., & Attarian, H. (2015). Sleep in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Current Sleep Medicine Reports, 1(2), 81-90.
1577:
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1300:
988:
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diminished memory performances and the progression of AD, and the progression of AD would aggravate sleep disturbances.
1469:
734:
573:
Although more research should be done to increase the reliability of this method of treatment, research suggests that
72:
17:
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646:
642:
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Burgess, Helen J.; Crowley, Stephanie J.; Gazda, Clifford J.; Fogg, Louis F.; Eastman, Charmane I. (August 2003).
2152:
Kent BA, Mistlberger RE (April 2017). "Sleep and hippocampal neurogenesis: Implications for Alzheimer's disease".
807:. This disorder reaches peak prevalence when people are in their 20s. Between 20 and 26% of adolescents report a
495:
Effective treatment begins with careful diagnosis using sleep diaries and perhaps sleep studies. Modifications in
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1278:
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323:
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54:
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4708:"Prevalence of restless legs syndrome in North American and Western European populations: a systematic review"
2032:"Sleep: A Novel Mechanistic Pathway, Biomarker, and Treatment Target in the Pathology of Alzheimer's Disease?"
230:
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5052:
3676:"American Board of Medical Specialties : Recognized Physician Specialty and Subspecialty Certificates"
2670:"Insomnia and hypersomnia associated with depressive phenomenology and comorbidity in childhood depression"
2514:"Basic Neuroscience Illuminates Causal Relationship Between Sleep and Memory: Translating to Schizophrenia"
1290:
1036:
976:
804:
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5859:
5237:"Preflight Adjustment to Eastward Travel:3 Days of Advancing Sleep with and without Morning Bright Light"
4851:
3519:
992:
46:
3884:"Occupational Therapy Practice in Sleep Management: A Review of Conceptual Models and Research Evidence"
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at least once in their lifetime. Its prevalence among men is 15.9%, while 18.9% of women experience it.
379:
new cells contribute to learning and memory, playing an essential role in hippocampal-dependent memory.
5721:
3262:
Graci GM, Hardie JC (July 2007). "Evidenced-based hypnotherapy for the management of sleep disorders".
2197:"Circadian activity rhythms and risk of incident dementia and mild cognitive impairment in older women"
1249:
1066:, or bed-wetting, in which the person does not arouse from sleep, but the bladder nevertheless empties.
4926:
4852:"Idiopathic hypersomnia | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program"
4755:
Kocabicak, Ersoy; Terzi, Murat; Akpinar, Kursad; Paksoy, Kemal; Cebeci, Ibrahim; Iyigun, Omer (2014).
2195:
Tranah GJ, Blackwell T, Stone KL, Ancoli-Israel S, Paudel ML, Ensrud KE, et al. (November 2011).
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it is the easiest to wake up, therefore many children do not remember what happened during this time.
694:, "is almost inevitably caused by an identifiable and treatable sleep disorder", such as sleep apnea,
258:
A population susceptible to the development of sleep disorders includes people who have experienced a
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1454:
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1026:
996:
703:
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222:, REM sleep behavior disorders, insomnia, and circadian rhythm disturbances is especially increased.
2463:"Sleep disturbances in schizophrenia spectrum and bipolar disorders - a transdiagnostic perspective"
1119:
was previously included as a situational circadian rhythm sleep disorder, but it does not appear in
6156:
5494:
5353:
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1005:, an extremely rare and universally-fatal prion disease that causes a complete cessation of sleep.
786:
476:
5027:
2461:
Laskemoen JF, Simonsen C, Büchmann C, Barrett EA, Bjella T, Lagerberg TV, et al. (May 2019).
6034:
5815:
5624:
3651:
1484:
1425:
1331:
1134:
1002:
887:
275:
3012:
Léger D, Annesi-Maesano I, Carat F, Rugina M, Chanal I, Pribil C, et al. (September 2006).
1029:, a rare disorder characterized by persistent episodic hypersomnia and cognitive or mood changes
6130:
5679:
5514:
5163:
4198:
Paruthi S, Brooks LJ, D'Ambrosio C, Hall WA, Kotagal S, Lloyd RM, et al. (November 2016).
1229:
1102:
1014:
948:
699:
608:
559:
Hypnotherapy has been studied in the treatment of sleep disorders in both adults and children.
311:
279:
259:
219:
5393:
4449:"Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in Asian adults: a systematic review of the literature"
4387:
Kartoun U, Aggarwal R, Beam AL, Pai JK, Chatterjee AK, Fitzgerald TP, et al. (May 2018).
3937:
3679:
1751:"Adverse childhood experiences are associated with adult sleep disorders: a systematic review"
5952:
5684:
1273:
645:. Those passing the Sleep Medicine Specialty Exam received the designation "diplomate of the
443:
3174:"Controlled trial of hypnotherapy for weight loss in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea"
1724:
6106:
4400:
4292:
3605:
2917:
2266:
766:
740:
1599:...insomnia is a symptom. It is neither a disease nor a specific condition. (from p. 322)
318:
are frequently recognized in AD patients, which have been associated with accumulation of
8:
6101:
6091:
5557:
5457:
5334:
4990:
4151:"Short Sleep Duration Among Middle School and High School Students - United States, 2015"
1504:
1499:
1386:
1090:
1017:, a primary, neurologic cause of long-sleeping, sharing many similarities with narcolepsy
808:
612:
118:
4404:
4296:
3609:
3231:
3214:
3149:
3124:
2921:
2668:
Liu X, Buysse DJ, Gentzler AL, Kiss E, Mayer L, Kapornai K, et al. (January 2007).
2411:
Hombali A, Seow E, Yuan Q, Chang SH, Satghare P, Kumar S, et al. (September 2019).
2270:
737:(AASM), and these dentists are organized in the Academy of Dental Sleep Medicine (USA).
6111:
5864:
5764:
5629:
5269:
5236:
5212:
5187:
4900:
4791:
4756:
4732:
4707:
4683:
4658:
4639:
4526:
4499:
4475:
4448:
4421:
4388:
4364:
4339:
4315:
4280:
4224:
4199:
4175:
4150:
4088:
4079:
4063:
3910:
3883:
3864:
3769:
3744:
3725:
3628:
3593:
3496:
3471:
3382:
3331:
3306:
3287:
3244:
3102:
2989:
2964:
2940:
2905:
2849:
2788:
2740:
2715:
2645:
2636:
2620:
2596:
2569:
2565:
2538:
2513:
2385:
2360:
2338:
2287:
2254:
2221:
2196:
2177:
2056:
2031:
1823:
1775:
1750:
1686:
1661:
1555:
1398:
5347:
5339:
4888:
1053:, sleep terror disorder, an abrupt awakening from sleep with behavior consistent with
6121:
5364:
5274:
5256:
5217:
5114:
5088:
4952:
4892:
4824:
4796:
4778:
4737:
4688:
4643:
4631:
4572:
4531:
4480:
4426:
4389:"Development of an Algorithm to Identify Patients with Physician-Documented Insomnia"
4369:
4320:
4256:
4229:
4180:
4131:
4093:
4038:
4011:
3980:
3915:
3868:
3856:
3774:
3717:
3633:
3501:
3452:
3417:
3374:
3370:
3336:
3279:
3236:
3195:
3154:
3094:
3035:
2994:
2945:
2863:
2853:
2819:
2792:
2780:
2745:
2691:
2650:
2601:
2543:
2494:
2434:
2390:
2330:
2292:
2226:
2169:
2061:
1858:
1815:
1780:
1691:
1588:
1547:
925:
891:
691:
650:
515:
196:
113:
5343:
3729:
3386:
3291:
3248:
3106:
2479:
2462:
2181:
1559:
916:
throughout the day leading to reduces physical activity and an inactive lifestyle.
6116:
6056:
5433:– information leaflet from mental health charity The Royal College of Psychiatrists
5264:
5248:
5207:
5199:
4904:
4884:
4786:
4768:
4727:
4719:
4678:
4670:
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4521:
4511:
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4416:
4408:
4359:
4351:
4310:
4300:
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4170:
4162:
4123:
4083:
4075:
3905:
3895:
3848:
3764:
3756:
3709:
3623:
3613:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3448:
3444:
3409:
3366:
3326:
3318:
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3226:
3185:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3086:
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2976:
2935:
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2772:
2735:
2727:
2681:
2640:
2632:
2591:
2581:
2533:
2525:
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2474:
2429:
2424:
2412:
2380:
2372:
2342:
2322:
2282:
2274:
2216:
2208:
2161:
2051:
2043:
1850:
1827:
1807:
1770:
1762:
1681:
1673:
1539:
1393:
980:
912:
800:
prevalence as age increased, as well as a higher prevalence among boys than girls.
595:
422:
147:
5404:
2361:"New neurons in the adult brain: the role of sleep and consequences of sleep loss"
2253:
Xie L, Kang H, Xu Q, Chen MJ, Liao Y, Thiyagarajan M, et al. (October 2013).
641:
Specialists in sleep medicine were originally and continue to be certified by the
5987:
5914:
5892:
5839:
5599:
5504:
5358:
5092:
4305:
4279:
Cao XL, Wang SB, Zhong BL, Zhang L, Ungvari GS, Ng CH, et al. (2017-02-24).
3618:
3030:
3013:
2930:
1543:
1464:
1147:
of the body shortly before or after sleep. Sleep paralysis may be accompanied by
1140:
929:
654:
587:
568:
271:
156:
106:
5141:
4723:
4281:"The prevalence of insomnia in the general population in China: A meta-analysis"
4127:
3077:
Staevska MT, Mandajieva MA, Dimitrov VD (May 2004). "Rhinitis and sleep apnea".
3014:"Allergic rhinitis and its consequences on quality of sleep: An unexplored area"
2165:
1854:
1766:
1578:"Chapter 10, Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Sleep and Sleep Disorders (pp 315-340)"
960:
There are a numerous sleep disorders. The following list includes some of them:
6061:
5932:
5874:
5450:
5369:
4674:
4627:
4412:
4355:
4030:
3760:
2980:
2807:
2731:
2413:"Prevalence and correlates of sleep disorder symptoms in psychiatric disorders"
2376:
2047:
1381:
936:
859:
662:
624:
126:
3968:
3852:
3839:"Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process-Fourth Edition".
3275:
3090:
2776:
1162:. It is not a disorder unless severe, and is often seen as part of narcolepsy.
459:
Treatments for sleep disorders generally can be grouped into four categories:
6150:
6039:
5887:
5844:
5794:
5789:
5562:
5260:
5252:
5074:
4782:
2586:
1662:"Prevalence of diagnosed sleep disorders in pediatric primary care practices"
1479:
1417:
1354:
1180:), which may include walking, without the conscious knowledge of the subject.
1159:
844:
674:
583:
574:
496:
463:
406:
210:
Sleep disruptions can be caused by various issues, including teeth grinding (
5442:
5324:
5320:
4465:
3999:
3713:
2686:
2669:
2529:
2278:
1955:
6007:
5784:
5769:
5278:
5221:
4896:
4800:
4741:
4692:
4635:
4576:
4567:
4550:
4535:
4516:
4484:
4430:
4373:
4324:
4233:
4184:
4166:
4135:
4097:
4042:
4015:
3984:
3919:
3900:
3860:
3778:
3721:
3637:
3505:
3456:
3421:
3413:
3340:
3283:
3240:
3190:
3173:
3158:
3098:
3039:
2998:
2949:
2867:
2823:
2784:
2749:
2695:
2654:
2605:
2547:
2498:
2438:
2394:
2334:
2296:
2230:
2173:
2065:
1862:
1819:
1811:
1784:
1695:
1677:
1551:
1348:
1337:
1165:
1046:
770:
553:
319:
204:
200:
5203:
4773:
4757:"Restless Leg Syndrome and Sleep Quality in Lumbar Radiculopathy Patients"
4260:
3745:"Qualitative studies of insomnia: Current state of knowledge in the field"
3378:
3199:
690:
such as excessive daytime sleepiness, which, in the absence of volitional
97:
6066:
5942:
5882:
5834:
5829:
5820:
5659:
5609:
5604:
5486:
5388:
4994:
1587:(4 ed.). Arlington, Virginia, USA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
1489:
1325:
1256:
1217:
1200:
1183:
1130:
1086:
970:
777:
A different systematic review offers a high range of prevalence rates of
726:
532:
371:
AD; the relationship between sleep disturbances and AD is bidirectional.
315:
291:
240:
192:
184:
3470:
Jespersen KV, Pando-Naude V, Koenig J, Jennum P, Vuust P (August 2022).
2570:"Sleep Disturbance in Bipolar Disorder: Neuroglia and Circadian Rhythms"
1635:
6125:
6071:
6051:
5849:
5825:
5756:
5674:
5567:
5537:
5532:
5522:
3652:"Meta-analysis: melatonin for the treatment of primary sleep disorders"
3594:"Meta-analysis: melatonin for the treatment of primary sleep disorders"
3322:
2903:
2489:
2359:
Meerlo P, Mistlberger RE, Jacobs BL, Heller HC, McGinty D (June 2009).
1731:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 14 September 2022.
1494:
1449:
1429:
1376:
1313:
1307:
1223:
1172:, engaging in activities normally associated with wakefulness (such as
1069:
1032:
707:
695:
666:
658:
633:
506:
Some sleep disorders have been found to compromise glucose metabolism.
375:
memory. This drop in performance is one of the central symptoms of AD.
336:
244:
188:
171:
160:
122:
5303:
4215:
3743:
Araújo T, Jarrin DC, Leanza Y, Vallières A, Morin CM (February 2017).
3307:"The treatment of parasomnias with hypnosis: a 5-year follow-up study"
2563:
2313:
Diekelmann S, Born J (February 2010). "The memory function of sleep".
2212:
1011:, abnormally shallow breathing or slow respiratory rate while sleeping
6135:
6086:
6081:
5947:
5909:
5646:
5552:
5542:
5527:
5399:
4817:
The International Classification of Sleep Disorders, Revised (ICSD-R)
4500:"Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Women: Specific Issues and Interventions"
1413:
1360:
1196:
1144:
1040:
863:
840:
730:
670:
488:
327:
167:
130:
4834:
4551:"Gender-related differences in the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome"
4498:
Wimms A, Woehrle H, Ketheeswaran S, Ramanan D, Armitstead J (2016).
2326:
1660:
Meltzer LJ, Johnson C, Crosette J, Ramos M, Mindell JA (June 2010).
6002:
5977:
5897:
5689:
5664:
4659:"Lifetime prevalence rates of sleep paralysis: a systematic review"
1368:
Medical or psychiatric conditions that may produce sleep disorders
1210:
1204:
1177:
1063:
1059:
1020:
1008:
895:
832:
578:
548:
536:
499:
may resolve the problem, but medical treatment is often warranted.
394:
287:
248:
180:
4813:
2844:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 106. pp. 527–40.
1062:, a frequent need to get up and urinate at night. It differs from
339:- a typical chronobiological phenomenon presented in the disease.
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
5997:
5902:
5736:
5636:
5594:
5547:
2194:
1435:
1319:
1261:
1116:
964:
797:
778:
722:
718:
687:
367:
diminished memory performance and cognitive decline found in AD.
265:
211:
4446:
3469:
3178:
International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders
2460:
843:
countries; however, this is considerably lower than a series of
6096:
5982:
5419:
5315:
4497:
4197:
3264:
The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis
1173:
1148:
967:, involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth while sleeping
765:
According to one meta-analysis of sleep disorders in children,
519:
4447:
Mirrakhimov AE, Sooronbaev T, Mirrakhimov EM (February 2013).
4064:"Prevalence of sleep bruxism in children: a systematic review"
3356:
3171:
3011:
2621:"Animal models of bipolar mania: The past, present and future"
1748:
1199:– A broad category of sleep disorders characterized by either
452:
5992:
5810:
5473:
4951:(5th ed.). New York, NY: Worth Publishers. p. 157.
4591:"Obstructive sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic"
4061:
3936:. Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust. 2008. Archived from
2358:
1749:
Kajeepeta S, Gelaye B, Jackson CL, Williams MA (March 2015).
1403:
1156:
1152:
1120:
995:, all much less common than DSPD, as well as the situational
952:
evening, improve with movement, and exacerbate when at rest.
331:
305:
151:
2756:
824:
it helps increase mental health, physical health, and more.
677:. Certification in Sleep medicine shows that the specialist:
4754:
3742:
3172:
Stradling J, Roberts D, Wilson A, Lovelock F (March 1998).
1659:
1054:
879:
803:
Another systematic review noted 7-16% of young adults have
682:
in emerging research and management of a sleep laboratory.
163:
are tests commonly ordered for diagnosing sleep disorders.
4337:
4149:
Wheaton AG, Jones SE, Cooper AC, Croft JB (January 2018).
3591:
3076:
2883:"Assessment and Management of Sleep Disorders in Children"
2840:
Voderholzer U, Guilleminault C (2012). "Sleep disorders".
1530:
K Pavlova M, Latreille V (March 2019). "Sleep Disorders".
649:". Sleep medicine is now a recognized subspecialty within
611:
is useful in helping people fall asleep faster (decreased
183:, which is the most common sleep disorder. Others include
6076:
5972:
5132:
Smith MA, Robinson L, Boose G, Segal R (September 2011).
3847:(Supplement_2): 7412410010p1–7412410010p87. August 2020.
2030:
Mander BA, Winer JR, Jagust WJ, Walker MP (August 2016).
5185:
3792:
2839:
2255:"Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain"
1585:
Essentials of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences
5234:
5160:
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
5131:
4148:
4028:
3123:
Cheuk DK, Yeung WF, Chung KF, Wong V (September 2012).
3118:
3116:
2564:
Steardo L, de Filippis R, Carbone EA, Segura-Garcia C,
2029:
854:
A study that was resulted from a collaboration between
818:
748:, therapeutic activities, and lifestyle interventions.
4386:
4338:
Rodriguez JC, Dzierzewski JM, Alessi CA (March 2015).
4240:
4062:
Machado E, Dal-Fabbro C, Cunali PA, Kaizer OB (2014).
3997:
3966:
1428:– a parasitic disease which can be transmitted by the
4246:
2667:
1125:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
451:(Sleep study in progress), room for sleep studies in
5293:
4946:
4113:
3813:
3592:
Ferracioli-Oda E, Qawasmi A, Bloch MH (2013-06-06).
3113:
2410:
1707:
1705:
3122:
3998:Carter KA, Hathaway NE, Lettieri CF (March 2014).
3967:Carter KA, Hathaway NE, Lettieri CF (March 2014).
1529:
928:states 7.6% of the general population experiences
429:
4705:
4614:Lee JH, Cho J (March 2022). "Sleep and Obesity".
4278:
4029:Patel AK, Reddy V, Shumway KR, Araujo AF (2021).
2511:
1702:
1581:(Google Books preview includes entire chapter 10)
1525:
1523:
1521:
6148:
4874:
3399:
3304:
2762:
973:, nocturnal groaning during prolonged exhalation
395:Sleep disorder symptoms in psychiatric illnesses
4656:
4037:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
3545:"Can Music Make You a Productivity Powerhouse?"
2906:"Impaired glucose tolerance in sleep disorders"
2835:
2833:
2151:
1460:International Classification of Sleep Disorders
195:(excessive sleepiness at inappropriate times),
49:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
2880:
2713:
2312:
1518:
310:Sleep disturbances have been also observed in
266:Sleep disorders and neurodegenerative diseases
199:(disruption of sleep cycle due to infection),
5472:
5458:
4706:Innes KE, Selfe TK, Agarwal P (August 2011).
3569:"The Many Health and Sleep Benefits Of Music"
2252:
1840:
1334:– Waking up in the night hearing loud noises.
991:(non-24) in the sighted or in the blind, and
898:in conjunction with obstructive sleep apnea.
27:Medical disorder of a person's sleep patterns
4247:Zeitlhofer J, Tribl G, Saletu B (1993). "".
3841:The American Journal of Occupational Therapy
3219:Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore
2965:"Histamine in the regulation of wakefulness"
2830:
2618:
760:
166:Sleep disorders are broadly classified into
4814:American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2001).
4155:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
3476:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3472:"Listening to music for insomnia in adults"
3434:
3305:Hauri PJ, Silber MH, Boeve BF (June 2007).
3261:
3129:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1719:
1717:
1575:
729:), while not recognized as one of the nine
582:researchers used subjective measures (i.e.
5780:Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
5465:
5451:
3352:
3350:
2805:
2505:
1097:Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
905:
874:
306:Sleep disturbances and Alzheimer's disease
294:(more than 50% of the PD population), and
96:
5268:
5211:
4973:"Nocturia or Frequent Urination at Night"
4790:
4772:
4731:
4682:
4566:
4525:
4515:
4474:
4464:
4420:
4363:
4314:
4304:
4223:
4174:
4087:
3909:
3899:
3795:. American Board of Dental Sleep Medicine
3768:
3627:
3617:
3495:
3359:The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
3330:
3230:
3189:
3165:
3148:
3029:
2988:
2939:
2929:
2739:
2685:
2644:
2595:
2585:
2537:
2512:Pocivavsek A, Rowland LM (January 2018).
2488:
2478:
2428:
2384:
2286:
2220:
2055:
1956:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-015-0382-8
1774:
1685:
1220:: Hypersomnia of central or brain origin
1105:(RLS), an irresistible urge to move legs.
1085:Other limb movements in sleep, including
746:cognitive behavioral therapy for Insomnia
73:Learn how and when to remove this message
5017:"Snoring: A Precursor to Medical Issues"
4823:. American Sleep Disorders Association.
4657:Sharpless BA, Barber JP (October 2011).
4548:
3816:. Academy of Dental Sleep Medicine. 2008
3699:
3542:
3437:International Journal of Nursing Studies
2881:Ivanenko A, Massey C (October 1, 2006).
1714:
942:
878:
632:
442:
229:
5134:"Sleep Disorders and Sleeping Problems"
3347:
2962:
2897:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
1797:
421:One of the main behavioral symptoms of
14:
6149:
4613:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3393:
2808:"Management of common sleep disorders"
2709:
2707:
2705:
2559:
2557:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2406:
2404:
2354:
2352:
2308:
2306:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1946:
1944:
1735:from the original on 2 November 2023.
5446:
4947:Hockenbury DH, Hockenbury SE (2010).
4442:
4440:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4109:
4107:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3881:
3298:
3255:
3212:
2842:Neurobiology of Psychiatric Disorders
2714:Murphy MJ, Peterson MJ (March 2015).
1925:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1571:
1569:
955:
330:alteration. Additionally, changes in
4344:The Medical Clinics of North America
4068:Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics
4000:"Common sleep disorders in children"
3969:"Common sleep disorders in children"
1636:"Sleep Problems and Sleep Disorders"
819:Effects of Untreated Sleep Disorders
509:
29:
5014:
3827:
3232:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V37N8p683
2702:
2554:
2445:
2401:
2349:
2303:
2237:
2072:
1990:
1974:
1960:
1941:
1932:
1583:. In Yudofsky SC, Hales RE (eds.).
1252:(SDB), including (non-exhaustive):
416:
290:(around 70% of the PD population),
24:
4542:
4491:
4437:
4267:
4204:Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
4104:
4080:10.1590/2176-9451.19.6.054-061.oar
3951:
3888:Occupational Therapy International
3311:Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
3215:"Hypnotherapy for sleep disorders"
3206:
3079:Current Allergy and Asthma Reports
2850:10.1016/B978-0-444-52002-9.00031-0
2716:"Sleep Disturbances in Depression"
2637:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.041
1920:
1892:
1869:
1566:
919:
735:American Academy of Sleep Medicine
25:
6168:
5289:
5112:
2806:Ramar K, Olson EJ (August 2013).
2619:Logan RW, McClung CA (May 2016).
1612:"APA "What are sleep disorders?""
1235:Recurrent hypersomnia, including
706:, menstrual-related hypersomnia,
618:
5620:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
5615:Central hypoventilation syndrome
5418:
3371:10.1097/00005053-199104000-00009
1532:The American Journal of Medicine
1286:Circadian rhythm sleep disorders
1267:Upper airway resistance syndrome
1076:Periodic limb movements in sleep
862:describes the development of an
643:American Board of Sleep Medicine
562:
464:Behavioral and psychotherapeutic
399:
324:circadian rhythm sleep disorders
176:circadian rhythm sleep disorders
34:
5775:Periodic limb movement disorder
5742:Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder
5228:
5179:
5170:
5162:. June 27, 2011. Archived from
5148:
5125:
5106:
5067:
5045:
5008:
4983:
4965:
4940:
4911:
4868:
4844:
4807:
4748:
4699:
4650:
4607:
4583:
4380:
4340:"Sleep problems in the elderly"
4331:
4191:
4142:
4055:
4022:
3991:
3926:
3875:
3806:
3785:
3736:
3693:
3668:
3644:
3585:
3561:
3536:
3512:
3463:
3428:
3070:
3046:
3005:
2956:
2874:
2799:
2661:
2612:
2480:10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.02.006
2188:
2154:Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology
1834:
1301:Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder
1279:Periodic limb movement disorder
1113:circadian rhythm sleep disorder
1080:periodic limb movement disorder
989:non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder
755:
586:) and objective measures (i.e.
430:Major depressive disorder (MDD)
4249:Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift
3488:10.1002/14651858.CD010459.pub3
3449:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2013.03.008
3141:10.1002/14651858.cd005472.pub3
2765:Journal of Affective Disorders
2430:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.07.009
1791:
1742:
1653:
1628:
1604:
1409:Dissociative identity disorder
856:Massachusetts General Hospital
526:
13:
1:
6047:Biphasic and polyphasic sleep
5855:Nocturnal clitoral tumescence
5717:Advanced sleep phase disorder
5439:Sleep Disorders Health Center
5241:Journal of Biological Rhythms
4991:"REM Sleep Behavior Disorder"
4889:10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70187-4
4504:BioMed Research International
3213:Ng BY, Lee TS (August 2008).
3018:Archives of Internal Medicine
1511:
1475:Polysomnographic technologist
1296:Advanced sleep phase disorder
1244:Menstrual-related hypersomnia
1143:, characterized by temporary
985:advanced sleep phase disorder
712:circadian rhythm disturbances
577:can improve sleep quality in
469:Rehabilitation and management
347:circadian rhythm is present.
5727:Delayed sleep phase disorder
5655:Excessive daytime sleepiness
5085:National Library of Medicine
4306:10.1371/journal.pone.0170772
3882:Ho EC, Siu AM (2018-07-29).
3619:10.1371/journal.pone.0063773
3031:10.1001/archinte.166.16.1744
2963:Thakkar MM (February 2011).
2931:10.1371/journal.pone.0009444
2315:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
1800:Evidence-Based Mental Health
1544:10.1016/j.amjmed.2018.09.021
1291:Delayed sleep phase disorder
1037:excessive daytime sleepiness
977:Delayed sleep phase disorder
805:delayed sleep phase disorder
602:
438:
260:traumatic brain injury (TBI)
7:
5860:Nocturnal penile tumescence
5732:Irregular sleep–wake rhythm
4724:10.1016/j.sleep.2010.12.018
4549:Valipour A (October 2012).
4128:10.1016/j.sleep.2010.11.008
2568:, De Fazio P (2019-07-18).
2166:10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.02.004
1855:10.1016/j.sleep.2012.04.006
1767:10.1016/j.sleep.2014.12.013
1725:"How Much Sleep Do I Need?"
1442:
1344:REM sleep behavior disorder
993:irregular sleep wake rhythm
983:. Other such disorders are
827:
542:
487:prescription drugs such as
296:REM sleep behavior disorder
10:
6173:
5722:Cyclic alternating pattern
4675:10.1016/j.smrv.2011.01.007
4628:10.1016/j.jsmc.2021.10.009
4413:10.1038/s41598-018-25312-z
4356:10.1016/j.mcna.2014.11.013
4031:"Physiology, Sleep Stages"
3761:10.1016/j.smrv.2016.01.003
3520:"Can Music Help Me Sleep?"
3125:"Acupuncture for insomnia"
2981:10.1016/j.smrv.2010.06.004
2732:10.1016/j.jsmc.2014.11.009
2377:10.1016/j.smrv.2008.07.004
2048:10.1016/j.tins.2016.05.002
1250:Sleep disordered breathing
1241:Post traumatic hypersomnia
622:
566:
5965:
5938:Behavioral sleep medicine
5925:
5873:
5803:
5755:
5747:Shift work sleep disorder
5703:
5695:Sleep state misperception
5645:
5585:
5576:
5513:
5484:
5379:
5297:
4856:rarediseases.info.nih.gov
4004:American Family Physician
3973:American Family Physician
3853:10.5014/ajot.2020.74S2001
3708:(3): 108–10, 115–8, 123.
3276:10.1080/00207140701338662
3091:10.1007/s11882-004-0026-0
2812:American Family Physician
2777:10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.092
1455:Health effects from noise
1372:22q11.2 deletion syndrome
1109:Shift work sleep disorder
997:shift work sleep disorder
851:their male counterparts.
761:Children and young adults
225:
112:
104:
95:
90:
5495:Rapid eye movement (REM)
5253:10.1177/0748730403253585
5080:Medical Subject Headings
2587:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00501
2467:Comprehensive Psychiatry
1190:
787:Rapid Eye Movement (REM)
5816:Exploding head syndrome
5625:Obstructive sleep apnea
5192:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
5053:"Sleep Apnea Diagnosis"
4919:"Narcolepsy Fact Sheet"
4466:10.1186/1471-2466-13-10
3714:10.3810/pgm.2000.03.932
3543:Evernote (2018-07-26).
2574:Frontiers in Psychiatry
2279:10.1126/science.1241224
2036:Trends in Neurosciences
1485:Sleep problems in women
1332:Exploding head syndrome
1135:obstructive sleep apnea
1003:Fatal familial insomnia
906:Obesity and Sleep Apnea
888:Obstructive sleep apnea
875:Obstructive sleep apnea
607:Research suggests that
547:Research suggests that
276:multiple system atrophy
6131:Sleeping while on duty
5680:Idiopathic hypersomnia
4949:Discovering psychology
4663:Sleep Medicine Reviews
4616:Sleep Medicine Clinics
4568:10.1055/s-0032-1325664
4453:BMC Pulmonary Medicine
4167:10.15585/mmwr.mm6703a1
3749:Sleep Medicine Reviews
3414:10.1053/smrv.1999.0082
3402:Sleep Medicine Reviews
3191:10.1038/sj.ijo.0800578
2969:Sleep Medicine Reviews
2720:Sleep Medicine Clinics
2518:Schizophrenia Bulletin
2365:Sleep Medicine Reviews
1812:10.1136/eb-2013-101479
1678:10.1542/peds.2009-2725
1576:Hirshkowitz M (2004).
1230:Idiopathic hypersomnia
1111:(SWSD), a situational
1103:Restless legs syndrome
1015:Idiopathic hypersomnia
884:
700:idiopathic hypersomnia
684:
638:
456:
236:
220:restless legs syndrome
5953:Neuroscience of sleep
5685:Night eating syndrome
5670:Kleine–Levin syndrome
5204:10.4065/mcp.2009.0778
5166:on February 21, 2014.
4877:The Lancet. Neurology
4761:Behavioural Neurology
3702:Postgraduate Medicine
3054:"Allergies and Sleep"
2687:10.1093/sleep/30.1.83
2530:10.1093/schbul/sbx151
1274:Restless leg syndrome
1237:Kleine–Levin syndrome
1027:Kleine–Levin syndrome
949:restless leg syndrome
943:Restless leg syndrome
882:
710:recurrent stupor, or
704:Kleine–Levin syndrome
679:
636:
567:Further information:
446:
233:
6107:Sleep and creativity
5427:at Wikimedia Commons
5115:"Insomnia treatment"
4979:. November 21, 2018.
4517:10.1155/2016/1764837
3901:10.1155/2018/8637498
1328:– nocturnal groaning
767:confusional arousals
741:Occupational therapy
6102:Sleep and breathing
5558:Sensorimotor rhythm
5024:Stop Snoring Device
4774:10.1155/2014/245358
4405:2018NatSR...8.7862K
4297:2017PLoSO..1270772C
3610:2013PLoSO...863773F
3058:sleepfoundation.org
2922:2010PLoSO...5.9444K
2417:Psychiatry Research
2271:2013Sci...342..373X
2201:Annals of Neurology
1505:White noise machine
1500:Vegetative symptoms
1091:nocturnal myoclonus
1035:, characterized by
809:sleep onset latency
518:. A study from the
312:Alzheimer's disease
280:Parkinson's disease
150:of an individual's
119:Clinical psychology
6112:Sleep and learning
5865:Nocturnal emission
5765:Nightmare disorder
5630:Periodic breathing
5380:External resources
5156:"NINDS Narcolepsy"
5119:hiburimnamal.co.il
4595:www.mayoclinic.org
4393:Scientific Reports
3656:www.crd.york.ac.uk
3323:10.5664/jcsm.26858
1952:Aging Clin Exp Res
1672:(6): e1410–e1418.
1616:www.psychiatry.org
1399:Nightmare disorder
956:List of conditions
885:
731:dental specialties
639:
457:
332:sleep architecture
237:
53:You can assist by
6144:
6143:
6122:Sleep deprivation
5961:
5960:
5423:Media related to
5414:
5413:
5033:on 8 October 2016
4958:978-1-4292-1650-0
4923:www.ninds.nih.gov
4830:978-0-9657220-1-8
4216:10.5664/jcsm.6288
4210:(11): 1549–1561.
3793:"About the ADBSM"
3024:(16): 1744–1748.
2887:Psychiatric Times
2859:978-0-444-52002-9
2265:(6156): 373–377.
2213:10.1002/ana.22468
1594:978-1-58562-005-0
1426:Sleeping sickness
1351:(or somnambulism)
1316:or sleep enuresis
1255:Several types of
1009:Hypopnea syndrome
981:circadian rhythms
926:systematic review
845:Western countries
717:Sleep dentistry (
692:sleep deprivation
651:internal medicine
637:Sleep Medication.
516:allergic rhinitis
510:Allergy treatment
477:somatic treatment
455:hospital, Sweden.
284:Lewy body disease
197:sleeping sickness
136:
135:
85:Medical condition
83:
82:
75:
18:Sleep disturbance
16:(Redirected from
6164:
6117:Sleep and memory
6057:Circadian rhythm
5804:Benign phenomena
5706:Circadian rhythm
5583:
5582:
5467:
5460:
5453:
5444:
5443:
5422:
5295:
5294:
5283:
5282:
5272:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5215:
5183:
5177:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5152:
5146:
5145:
5140:. Archived from
5129:
5123:
5122:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5099:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5038:
5032:
5026:. Archived from
5021:
5012:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5001:
4987:
4981:
4980:
4977:Sleep Foundation
4969:
4963:
4962:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4925:. Archived from
4915:
4909:
4908:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4833:. Archived from
4822:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4794:
4776:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4735:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4686:
4654:
4648:
4647:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4570:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4529:
4519:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4478:
4468:
4444:
4435:
4434:
4424:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4367:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4318:
4308:
4276:
4265:
4264:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4227:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4178:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4111:
4102:
4101:
4091:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4026:
4020:
4019:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3964:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3934:"Sleep services"
3930:
3924:
3923:
3913:
3903:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3836:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3772:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3678:. Archived from
3672:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3631:
3621:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3573:Psychology Today
3565:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3499:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3354:
3345:
3344:
3334:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3234:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3193:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3152:
3120:
3111:
3110:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3033:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2992:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2943:
2933:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2837:
2828:
2827:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2743:
2711:
2700:
2699:
2689:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2648:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2599:
2589:
2561:
2552:
2551:
2541:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2492:
2482:
2458:
2443:
2442:
2432:
2408:
2399:
2398:
2388:
2356:
2347:
2346:
2310:
2301:
2300:
2290:
2250:
2235:
2234:
2224:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2149:
2070:
2069:
2059:
2027:
1988:
1985:
1972:
1969:
1958:
1954:(2016) 28: 951.
1948:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1918:
1915:
1890:
1886:
1867:
1866:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1778:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1721:
1712:
1709:
1700:
1699:
1689:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1582:
1573:
1564:
1563:
1527:
1436:Jet lag disorder
1394:Anxiety disorder
1322:(Tooth-grinding)
752:sleep medicine.
449:Sömnförsök pågår
447:Sign with text:
423:bipolar disorder
417:Bipolar disorder
148:medical disorder
100:
88:
87:
78:
71:
67:
64:
58:
38:
37:
30:
21:
6172:
6171:
6167:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6162:
6161:
6157:Sleep disorders
6147:
6146:
6145:
6140:
6035:Procrastination
5988:Four-poster bed
5957:
5921:
5915:Polysomnography
5893:Sleep induction
5869:
5840:Sleep paralysis
5799:
5751:
5710:
5707:
5699:
5641:
5600:Mouth breathing
5578:Sleep disorders
5572:
5509:
5500:Quiescent sleep
5480:
5478:sleep disorders
5471:
5425:Sleep disorders
5415:
5410:
5409:
5375:
5374:
5306:
5292:
5287:
5286:
5233:
5229:
5184:
5180:
5175:
5171:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5130:
5126:
5111:
5107:
5097:
5095:
5073:
5072:
5068:
5058:
5056:
5055:. SingularSleep
5051:
5050:
5046:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5019:
5013:
5009:
4999:
4997:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4971:
4970:
4966:
4959:
4945:
4941:
4932:
4930:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4883:(10): 918–928.
4873:
4869:
4860:
4858:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4837:
4831:
4820:
4812:
4808:
4753:
4749:
4704:
4700:
4655:
4651:
4612:
4608:
4599:
4597:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4561:(10): 584–588.
4547:
4543:
4496:
4492:
4445:
4438:
4385:
4381:
4336:
4332:
4291:(2): e0170772.
4277:
4268:
4245:
4241:
4196:
4192:
4147:
4143:
4112:
4105:
4060:
4056:
4047:
4045:
4027:
4023:
3996:
3992:
3965:
3952:
3943:
3941:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3880:
3876:
3838:
3837:
3828:
3819:
3817:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3798:
3796:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3741:
3737:
3698:
3694:
3685:
3683:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3660:
3658:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3590:
3586:
3577:
3575:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3553:
3551:
3541:
3537:
3528:
3526:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3482:(8): CD010459.
3468:
3464:
3433:
3429:
3398:
3394:
3355:
3348:
3303:
3299:
3260:
3256:
3211:
3207:
3170:
3166:
3135:(9): CD005472.
3121:
3114:
3075:
3071:
3062:
3060:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3010:
3006:
2961:
2957:
2902:
2898:
2879:
2875:
2860:
2838:
2831:
2804:
2800:
2761:
2757:
2712:
2703:
2666:
2662:
2617:
2613:
2562:
2555:
2510:
2506:
2459:
2446:
2409:
2402:
2357:
2350:
2327:10.1038/nrn2762
2311:
2304:
2251:
2238:
2193:
2189:
2150:
2073:
2028:
1991:
1986:
1975:
1970:
1961:
1949:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1921:
1916:
1893:
1887:
1870:
1839:
1835:
1796:
1792:
1747:
1743:
1723:
1722:
1715:
1710:
1703:
1658:
1654:
1645:
1643:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1620:
1618:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1595:
1580:
1574:
1567:
1528:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1465:Mouth breathing
1445:
1357:(or somniloquy)
1193:
1141:Sleep paralysis
1051:Pavor nocturnus
958:
945:
930:sleep paralysis
922:
920:Sleep paralysis
908:
877:
830:
821:
763:
758:
655:family medicine
627:
621:
605:
588:polysomnography
571:
569:Music and sleep
565:
545:
529:
512:
441:
432:
419:
402:
397:
308:
272:alpha-synuclein
268:
228:
157:Polysomnography
107:polysomnography
86:
79:
68:
62:
59:
52:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6170:
6160:
6159:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6062:Comfort object
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6043:
6042:
6037:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6011:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5969:
5967:
5963:
5962:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5933:Sleep medicine
5929:
5927:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5917:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5900:
5890:
5885:
5879:
5877:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5807:
5805:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5761:
5759:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5713:
5711:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5651:
5649:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5639:
5634:
5633:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5602:
5597:
5591:
5589:
5580:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5519:
5517:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5491:
5489:
5482:
5481:
5470:
5469:
5462:
5455:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5434:
5431:Sleep Problems
5428:
5412:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5396:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5377:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5361:
5350:
5327:
5307:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5298:Classification
5291:
5290:External links
5288:
5285:
5284:
5247:(4): 318–328.
5227:
5198:(7): 630–638.
5178:
5169:
5147:
5144:on 2011-12-05.
5124:
5105:
5066:
5044:
5007:
4982:
4964:
4957:
4939:
4910:
4867:
4843:
4840:on 2011-07-26.
4829:
4806:
4747:
4718:(7): 623–634.
4712:Sleep Medicine
4698:
4669:(5): 311–315.
4649:
4622:(1): 111–116.
4606:
4582:
4541:
4490:
4436:
4379:
4350:(2): 431–439.
4330:
4266:
4239:
4190:
4141:
4122:(2): 110–118.
4116:Sleep Medicine
4103:
4054:
4021:
4010:(5): 368–377.
3990:
3979:(5): 368–377.
3950:
3925:
3874:
3826:
3805:
3784:
3735:
3692:
3667:
3643:
3584:
3560:
3535:
3511:
3462:
3427:
3408:(4): 281–302.
3392:
3365:(4): 228–233.
3346:
3317:(4): 369–373.
3297:
3270:(3): 288–302.
3254:
3225:(8): 683–688.
3205:
3184:(3): 278–281.
3164:
3112:
3085:(3): 193–199.
3069:
3045:
3004:
2955:
2896:
2873:
2858:
2829:
2818:(4): 231–238.
2798:
2755:
2701:
2660:
2611:
2553:
2504:
2444:
2400:
2371:(3): 187–194.
2348:
2321:(2): 114–126.
2302:
2236:
2207:(5): 722–732.
2187:
2071:
2042:(8): 552–566.
1989:
1973:
1959:
1940:
1931:
1919:
1891:
1868:
1849:(7): 898–905.
1843:Sleep Medicine
1833:
1790:
1761:(3): 320–330.
1755:Sleep Medicine
1741:
1713:
1701:
1652:
1642:. 26 June 2019
1627:
1603:
1593:
1565:
1538:(3): 292–299.
1516:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1470:NPSR mutations
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1382:Mood disorders
1379:
1374:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1363:(or sexsomnia)
1358:
1352:
1346:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1214:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1181:
1163:
1160:hallucinations
1138:
1128:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1083:
1073:
1067:
1057:
1044:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1000:
974:
968:
957:
954:
944:
941:
937:panic disorder
921:
918:
907:
904:
876:
873:
829:
826:
820:
817:
762:
759:
757:
754:
663:otolaryngology
625:Sleep medicine
623:Main article:
620:
619:Sleep medicine
617:
604:
601:
596:internal clock
584:questionnaires
564:
561:
544:
541:
528:
525:
511:
508:
480:
479:
473:
470:
467:
440:
437:
431:
428:
418:
415:
401:
398:
396:
393:
307:
304:
267:
264:
227:
224:
140:sleep disorder
134:
133:
127:Sleep medicine
116:
110:
109:
102:
101:
93:
92:
91:Sleep disorder
84:
81:
80:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6169:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5975:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5964:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5924:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5911:
5908:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5888:Sleep hygiene
5886:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5876:
5872:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5845:Sleep inertia
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5802:
5796:
5795:Sleep-talking
5793:
5791:
5790:Sleep driving
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5758:
5754:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5702:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5648:
5644:
5638:
5635:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5575:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5563:Sleep spindle
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5516:
5512:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5488:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5468:
5463:
5461:
5456:
5454:
5449:
5448:
5445:
5438:
5435:
5432:
5429:
5426:
5421:
5417:
5416:
5406:
5402:
5401:
5397:
5395:
5391:
5390:
5386:
5385:
5382:
5378:
5371:
5367:
5366:
5362:
5360:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5308:
5305:
5300:
5296:
5280:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5231:
5223:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5182:
5173:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5151:
5143:
5139:
5138:helpguide.org
5135:
5128:
5120:
5116:
5109:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5081:
5076:
5070:
5054:
5048:
5029:
5025:
5018:
5011:
4996:
4992:
4986:
4978:
4974:
4968:
4960:
4954:
4950:
4943:
4929:on 2016-07-27
4928:
4924:
4920:
4914:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4871:
4857:
4853:
4847:
4836:
4832:
4826:
4819:
4818:
4810:
4802:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4751:
4743:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4702:
4694:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4653:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4610:
4596:
4592:
4586:
4578:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4545:
4537:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4494:
4486:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4443:
4441:
4432:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4383:
4375:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4334:
4326:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4243:
4235:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4194:
4186:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4145:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4110:
4108:
4099:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4025:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3994:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3940:on 2008-10-04
3939:
3935:
3929:
3921:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3815:
3814:"About AADSM"
3809:
3794:
3788:
3780:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3739:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3696:
3682:on 2012-05-08
3681:
3677:
3671:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3604:(5): e63773.
3603:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3550:
3546:
3539:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3431:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3396:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3351:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3301:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3119:
3117:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3008:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2959:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2834:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2664:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2566:Verkhratsky A
2560:
2558:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2405:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2353:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2307:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1935:
1926:
1924:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1708:
1706:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1570:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1526:
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1517:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
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1483:
1481:
1480:Sleep hygiene
1478:
1476:
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779:sleep bruxism
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675:United States
672:
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635:
631:
626:
616:
614:
613:sleep latency
610:
600:
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591:
589:
585:
580:
576:
575:music therapy
570:
563:Music therapy
560:
557:
555:
550:
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538:
534:
524:
521:
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507:
504:
500:
498:
497:sleep hygiene
492:
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468:
465:
462:
461:
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454:
450:
445:
436:
427:
424:
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410:
408:
407:schizophrenia
400:Schizophrenia
392:
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372:
368:
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348:
344:
340:
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246:
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232:
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215:
213:
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206:
205:night terrors
202:
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173:
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74:
66:
63:February 2024
56:
50:
48:
43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
6008:Sleeping bag
5785:Sleepwalking
5770:Night terror
5577:
5487:sleep cycles
5477:
5398:
5387:
5363:
5352:
5329:
5310:
5244:
5240:
5230:
5195:
5191:
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5164:the original
5159:
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5142:the original
5137:
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5108:
5098:27 September
5096:. Retrieved
5078:
5075:"Dyssomnias"
5069:
5057:. Retrieved
5047:
5035:. Retrieved
5028:the original
5023:
5010:
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4985:
4976:
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4931:. Retrieved
4927:the original
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4594:
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4255:(2): 37–41.
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4161:(3): 85–90.
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3938:the original
3928:
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3680:the original
3670:
3659:. Retrieved
3655:
3646:
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3576:. Retrieved
3572:
3563:
3552:. Retrieved
3548:
3538:
3527:. Retrieved
3523:
3514:
3479:
3475:
3465:
3443:(1): 51–62.
3440:
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3061:. Retrieved
3057:
3048:
3021:
3017:
3007:
2975:(1): 65–74.
2972:
2968:
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2916:(3): e9444.
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2758:
2726:(1): 17–23.
2723:
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2677:
2673:
2663:
2628:
2625:Neuroscience
2624:
2614:
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2573:
2521:
2517:
2507:
2470:
2466:
2420:
2416:
2368:
2364:
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1744:
1736:
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1665:
1655:
1644:. Retrieved
1639:
1630:
1619:. Retrieved
1615:
1606:
1598:
1584:
1535:
1531:
1349:Sleepwalking
1338:Sleep terror
1170:somnambulism
1169:
1166:Sleepwalking
1050:
1047:Night terror
959:
946:
934:
923:
909:
900:
886:
869:
853:
849:
838:
831:
822:
814:
802:
795:
791:
784:
776:
771:sleepwalking
764:
756:Epidemiology
750:
739:
716:
685:
680:
640:
628:
606:
592:
572:
558:
554:Hypnotherapy
546:
530:
513:
505:
501:
493:
485:
481:
458:
448:
433:
420:
411:
403:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
320:beta-amyloid
309:
300:
269:
257:
253:
238:
216:
209:
201:sleepwalking
165:
143:
139:
137:
69:
60:
47:copy editing
45:may require
44:
6092:Second wind
6067:Dream diary
5943:Sleep study
5883:Sleep diary
5835:Hypnopompia
5830:Sleep onset
5821:Hypnic jerk
5660:Hypersomnia
5610:Catathrenia
5605:Sleep apnea
5515:Brain waves
5485:Stages of
5389:MedlinePlus
5015:Mandell R.
4995:Mayo Clinic
4555:Pneumologie
4510:: 1764837.
4399:(1): 7862.
3894:: 8637498.
2771:: 305–308.
2631:: 163–188.
2524:(1): 7–14.
2490:10852/76588
2423:: 116–122.
1490:Sleep study
1450:Chronotypes
1326:Catathrenia
1308:Parasomnias
1257:sleep apnea
1218:hypersomnia
1201:hypersomnia
1184:Somniphobia
1131:Sleep apnea
1070:Parasomnias
971:Catathrenia
727:sleep apnea
533:acupuncture
527:Acupuncture
326:(CRSD) and
316:hypersomnia
292:hypersomnia
241:sleep apnea
193:hypersomnia
185:sleep apnea
172:parasomnias
6126:Sleep debt
6072:Microsleep
6052:Chronotype
5966:Daily life
5850:Somnolence
5826:Hypnagogia
5757:Parasomnia
5675:Narcolepsy
5587:Anatomical
5568:Theta wave
5538:Gamma wave
5533:Delta wave
5523:Alpha wave
5365:DiseasesDB
5113:Levin NS.
4933:2011-06-23
4861:2023-09-09
4600:2017-11-27
4048:2021-09-19
4035:StatPearls
3944:2008-08-02
3820:2008-07-22
3799:2008-07-22
3686:2008-07-21
3661:2016-03-08
3578:2019-09-30
3554:2019-09-29
3529:2019-09-29
3063:2017-06-08
1806:(4): 114.
1666:Pediatrics
1646:2021-08-24
1621:2019-06-25
1512:References
1495:Sundowning
1430:Tsetse fly
1387:Depression
1377:Alcoholism
1314:Bedwetting
1224:Narcolepsy
1197:Dyssomnias
1127:for more).
1033:Narcolepsy
892:depression
841:East Asian
708:idiopathic
696:narcolepsy
667:psychiatry
659:pediatrics
472:Medication
391:patients.
337:sundowning
274:, such as
245:narcolepsy
235:disorders.
189:narcolepsy
168:dyssomnias
161:actigraphy
144:somnipathy
123:Psychiatry
105:Pediatric
55:editing it
6136:Sleepover
6087:Power nap
6082:Nightwear
5948:Melatonin
5910:Somnology
5875:Treatment
5708:disorders
5647:Dyssomnia
5553:PGO waves
5548:Mu rhythm
5543:K-complex
5528:Beta wave
5505:Slow-wave
5400:eMedicine
5261:0748-7304
4783:0953-4180
4644:245696606
3869:204057541
3755:: 58–69.
2793:238357084
2160:: 35–52.
1416:(such as
1414:Psychosis
1361:Sleep sex
1145:paralysis
1041:cataplexy
883:Insomnia.
864:algorithm
671:neurology
609:melatonin
603:Melatonin
489:modafinil
466:treatment
439:Treatment
328:melatonin
282:(PD) and
131:Neurology
114:Specialty
6151:Category
6003:Mattress
5978:Bunk bed
5898:Hypnosis
5690:Nocturia
5665:Insomnia
5279:12932084
5222:20530317
5059:27 April
4897:22995695
4801:25110396
4742:21752711
4693:21571556
4636:35216758
4577:22987326
4536:27699167
4485:23433391
4431:29777125
4374:25700593
4325:28234940
4285:PLOS ONE
4234:27707447
4185:29370154
4136:21257344
4098:25628080
4043:30252388
4016:24695508
3985:24695508
3920:30150906
3861:34780625
3779:27090821
3730:42939232
3722:10728139
3638:23691095
3598:PLOS ONE
3506:36000763
3457:23582682
3422:12531150
3387:10018843
3341:17694725
3292:21598789
3284:17558719
3249:18511973
3241:18797562
3159:22972087
3150:11262418
3107:42447055
3099:15056401
3040:16983053
2999:20851648
2950:20209158
2910:PLOS ONE
2868:22608642
2824:23944726
2785:34606807
2750:26055669
2696:17310868
2655:26314632
2606:31379620
2548:29136236
2499:30856497
2473:: 6–12.
2439:30072039
2395:18848476
2335:20046194
2297:24136970
2231:22162057
2182:39928206
2174:28249715
2066:27325209
1863:22705246
1820:23970760
1785:25777485
1733:Archived
1696:20457689
1640:Sleepify
1560:52935007
1552:30292731
1443:See also
1216:Primary
1211:Insomnia
1205:insomnia
1178:dressing
1153:auditory
1064:enuresis
1060:Nocturia
1021:Insomnia
987:(ASPD),
896:insomnia
833:Insomnia
828:Insomnia
688:symptoms
549:hypnosis
543:Hypnosis
537:insomnia
288:insomnia
249:insomnia
181:insomnia
6030:Bedtime
6025:Bedroom
6020:Bedding
6015:Bed bug
5998:Hammock
5903:Lullaby
5737:Jet lag
5637:Snoring
5595:Bruxism
5405:med/609
5359:D012893
5270:1262683
5213:2894718
5093:D020920
5037:27 July
5000:27 July
4905:7636103
4792:4109372
4767:: 1–5.
4733:4634567
4684:3156892
4527:5028797
4476:3585751
4422:5959894
4401:Bibcode
4365:4406253
4316:5325204
4293:Bibcode
4261:8442353
4225:5078711
4176:5812312
4089:4347411
3911:6087566
3770:4945477
3629:3656905
3606:Bibcode
3497:9400393
3379:2007894
3332:1978312
3200:9539198
2990:3016451
2941:2830474
2918:Bibcode
2741:5678925
2646:4766066
2597:6656854
2580:: 501.
2539:5768044
2386:2771197
2343:1851910
2288:3880190
2267:Bibcode
2259:Science
2222:3244839
2057:4967375
1828:2218369
1776:4635027
1729:CDC.gov
1687:3089951
1320:Bruxism
1262:Snoring
1157:tactile
1117:Jet lag
1082:(PLMD).
965:Bruxism
913:Obesity
798:bruxist
723:snoring
719:bruxism
673:in the
278:(MSA),
212:bruxism
146:, is a
6097:Siesta
5983:Daybed
5811:Dreams
5394:000800
5277:
5267:
5259:
5220:
5210:
5091:
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4903:
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1694:
1684:
1591:
1558:
1550:
1174:eating
1149:visual
1123:, see
1055:terror
520:N.I.H.
475:Other
247:, and
226:Causes
203:, and
6040:Story
5993:Futon
5926:Other
5474:Sleep
5437:WebMD
5370:26877
5348:780.5
5340:307.4
5031:(PDF)
5020:(PDF)
4901:S2CID
4838:(PDF)
4821:(PDF)
4640:S2CID
3865:S2CID
3726:S2CID
3524:WebMD
3383:S2CID
3288:S2CID
3245:S2CID
3103:S2CID
2893:(11).
2789:S2CID
2674:Sleep
2339:S2CID
2178:S2CID
1889:9-14.
1824:S2CID
1556:S2CID
1404:Panic
1191:Types
1121:DSM-5
860:Merck
790:awake
579:acute
152:sleep
142:, or
5476:and
5354:MeSH
5335:9-CM
5275:PMID
5257:ISSN
5218:PMID
5100:2024
5089:MeSH
5061:2018
5039:2016
5002:2016
4953:ISBN
4893:PMID
4825:ISBN
4797:PMID
4779:ISSN
4765:2014
4738:PMID
4689:PMID
4632:PMID
4573:PMID
4532:PMID
4508:2016
4481:PMID
4427:PMID
4370:PMID
4321:PMID
4257:PMID
4230:PMID
4181:PMID
4132:PMID
4094:PMID
4039:PMID
4012:PMID
3981:PMID
3916:PMID
3892:2018
3857:PMID
3775:PMID
3718:PMID
3634:PMID
3502:PMID
3480:2022
3453:PMID
3418:PMID
3375:PMID
3337:PMID
3280:PMID
3237:PMID
3196:PMID
3155:PMID
3095:PMID
3036:PMID
2995:PMID
2946:PMID
2864:PMID
2854:ISBN
2820:PMID
2781:PMID
2746:PMID
2692:PMID
2651:PMID
2602:PMID
2544:PMID
2495:PMID
2435:PMID
2391:PMID
2331:PMID
2293:PMID
2227:PMID
2170:PMID
2062:PMID
1859:PMID
1816:PMID
1781:PMID
1692:PMID
1589:ISBN
1548:PMID
1089:and
894:and
858:and
769:and
725:and
669:and
647:ABSM
535:for
191:and
159:and
6077:Nap
5973:Bed
5344:327
5331:ICD
5325:G47
5321:F51
5312:ICD
5265:PMC
5249:doi
5208:PMC
5200:doi
4885:doi
4787:PMC
4769:doi
4728:PMC
4720:doi
4679:PMC
4671:doi
4624:doi
4563:doi
4522:PMC
4512:doi
4471:PMC
4461:doi
4417:PMC
4409:doi
4360:PMC
4352:doi
4311:PMC
4301:doi
4253:105
4220:PMC
4212:doi
4171:PMC
4163:doi
4124:doi
4084:PMC
4076:doi
3906:PMC
3896:doi
3849:doi
3765:PMC
3757:doi
3710:doi
3706:107
3624:PMC
3614:doi
3492:PMC
3484:doi
3445:doi
3410:doi
3367:doi
3363:179
3327:PMC
3319:doi
3272:doi
3227:doi
3186:doi
3145:PMC
3137:doi
3087:doi
3026:doi
3022:166
2985:PMC
2977:doi
2936:PMC
2926:doi
2846:doi
2773:doi
2769:296
2736:PMC
2728:doi
2682:doi
2641:PMC
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