Sleeve valve - Knowledge

325:(at least three and sometimes as many as eight) which form a seal with the cylinder bore. During the "breaking in" period (known as "running-in" in the UK) any imperfections in one are scraped into the other, resulting in a good fit. This type of "breaking in" is not possible on a sleeve-valve engine, however, because the piston and sleeve move in different directions and in some systems even rotate in relation to one another. Unlike a traditional design, the imperfections in the piston do not always line up with the same point on the sleeve. In the 1940s this was not a major concern because the poppet valve stems of the time typically leaked appreciably more than they do today, so that oil consumption was significant in either case. To one of the 1922–1928 Argyll single sleeve valve engines, the 12, a four-cylinder 91 cu. in. (1,491 cc) unit, was attributed an oil consumption of one gallon for 1,945 miles, and 1,000 miles per gallon of oil in the 15/30 four-cylinder 159 cu. in. (2,610 cc). Some proposed adding a ring in the base of the sleeve, between sleeve and cylinder wall, or a Dykes ring on the 'Junk Head'. Single-sleeve-valve engines had a reputation of being much less smoky than the Daimler with engines of Knight double-sleeve engines counterparts. 259:

engine speed increases, the speed at which the valve moves also has to increase. This in turn increases the loads involved due to the inertia of the valve, which has to be opened quickly, brought to a stop, then reversed in direction and closed and brought to a stop again. Large poppet valves that allow good air-flow have considerable mass and require a strong spring to overcome their inertia when closing. At higher engine speeds, the valve spring may be unable to close the valve effectively for the required amount of crankshaft degree rotation before the next opening event, resulting in a failure to completely and/or remain closed. Harmonic frequency vibration produced at certain RPM can also cause a resonance with the poppet valve spring greatly reducing its spring strength and ability to quickly and maintain the valve closed and be correctly in time with the reciprocating mass (this phenomenon can be countered by the use of dual valve springs as the secondary spring can assist the primary through the very narrow rpm range where such harmonic failure can occur allowing the engine to continue building RPM). These effects, called

174: 126: 344:, and also some patents on sleeve valve production, point out that the available zone for ports in the sleeve depends on the type of sleeve drive and bore/stroke ratio; Ricardo tested successfully the 'open sleeve' concept in some two-stroke, compression ignition engines. It not only eliminated the head rings, but also allowed a reduction in height of the engine and head, thus reducing frontal area in an aircraft engine, the whole circumference of the sleeve being available for exhaust port area, and the sleeve acting in phase with the piston forming an annular piston with an area around 10% of that of the piston, that contributed to some 3% of power output through the sleeve driving mechanism to the crankshaft. The German-born engineer 41: 791: 402: 394: 272:

were also subjected to less intense heat build-up than poppet valves, owing to their greater area of contact with other metal surfaces. In the Knight engine, carbon build-up actually helped to improve the sealing of the sleeves, the engines being said to "improve with use", in contrast to poppet valve engines, which lose compression and power as valves, valve stems, and guides wear. Due to the continuous motion of the sleeve (Burt-McCollum type), the high wear points linked to poor lubrication in the TDC/BDC (

807:, which in this design is placed at the extreme front of the engine, achieving a 2:1 gear reduction ratio compared to the vertically oriented crankshaft's rotational speed. The same firm's "CD" series of model engines use a conventional upright single cylinder with the crankshaft used to spin the propeller directly and also use the rotating cylinder valve. As a parallel with the earlier Charles Knight-designed sleeve-valved automotive powerplants, any RCV sleeve-valved model engine that is run on model 606:, around the years of the Great Depression, developed prototypes of single sleeve-valve engines for a range of applications, from cars to trains to airplanes, and thought that production would be easier, and costs would be lower, than its counterpart poppet valve engines. Due to the financial problems of Continental, this line of engines never entered production. ('Continental! Its motors and its people', William Wagner, Armed Forces Journal International and Aero Publishers, 1983, 33: 336:(TDC), the single-sleeve valve rotates in relation to the piston. This prevents boundary lubrication problems, as piston ring ridge wear at TDC and bottom dead centre (BDC) does not occur. The Bristol Hercules time between overhauls (TBO) life was rated at 3,000 hours, very good for an aircraft engine, but not so for automotive engines. Sleeve wear was located primarily in the upper part, inside the 'junk head'. 748:. This fact coupled with other legal and technical arguments led the judge to rule, at the end of July 1912, that the holders of the original Knight patent could not be supported in their claim that it gave them master rights encompassing the Argyll design. Costs of litigation against claims by Knight patent holders seem having substantially contributed to bankrupt of Argyll in Scotland. 280:

Ricardo can be an additional advantage. In his research with two-stroke single sleeve valve compression ignition engines, Harry Ricardo proved that an open sleeve was feasible, acting as a second annular piston with 10% of the central piston area, that transmitted 3% of the power to the output shaft through the sleeve driving mechanism. This highly simplifies construction, as the '

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whereas poor poppet valve exhaust scavenging can dilute the fresh air/fuel mixture intake to a greater degree, being more speed dependent (relying principally on exhaust/inlet system resonant tuning to separate the two streams). Greater freedom of combustion chamber design (few constraints other than the spark plug positioning) means that fuel/air mixture swirl at

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sodium-cooled poppet valves, and it seems also that the costs of this research, along with the October 1929 crisis, led to the Continental single-sleeve-valve engines not entering mass production. A book on Continental engines reports that General Motors had conducted tests with single sleeve valve engines, rejecting this kind of arrangement, and, according to M.

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equivalent of 5,000 HP (192 BHP/Litre) when water injected, although the full V12 would probably have been initially type rated at circa 2,500 hp (1,900 kW). Sir Harry Ricardo, who specified the layout and design goals, felt that a reliable 4,000 HP military rating would be possible. Ricardo was constantly frustrated during the war with

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Some (Wifredo Ricart, Alfa-Romeo) feared the build-up of heat inside the cylinder, however Ricardo proved that if only a thin oil film is retained and working clearance between the sleeve and the cylinder barrel was kept small, moving sleeves are almost transparent to heat, actually transporting heat

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The increased difficulty with oil consumption and cylinder-assembly lubrication was reported as never having been solved in series-produced engines. Railroad and other large single sleeve-valve engines emit more smoke when starting; as the engine reaches operating temperature and tolerances enter the

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No springs are involved in the sleeve valve system, therefore the power needed to operate the valve remains largely constant with the engine's RPM, meaning that the system can be used at very high speeds with no penalty for doing so. A problem with high-speed engines that use poppet valves is that as

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range, since the speed at which gas can enter and exit the cylinder is defined by the size of the duct leading to the cylinder, and varies according to the cube of the RPM. In other words, at higher RPM the engine typically requires larger ports that remain open for a greater proportion of the cycle;

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Hiett,G.F., Robson, J.V.B. A High-Power Two-Cycle Sleeve-Valve Engine for Aircraft: A Description of the Development of the Two-Cycle Petrol-Injection Research Units Built and Tested in the Laboratory of Messrs Ricardo & Co. Ltd. Journal: Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology. Year: 1950

815:(about 2% to 4% content) of the maximum 15%-content lubricant in the fuel allows the "varnish" created through engine operation to provide a better pneumatic seal between the rotating cylinder valve and the unitized engine cylinder/head castings, initially formed while the engine is being broken in. 743:

When the Argyll car was launched in 1911, the Knight and Kilbourne Company immediately brought a case against Argyll for infringement of their original 1905 patent. This patent described an engine with a single moving sleeve, whereas the Daimler engines being built at the time were based on the 1908

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V-12 (oddly, using a 90-degree V-angle), two-stroke, direct-injected, turbocharged (force-scavenged) aero-engine of 26.1 litres capacity. It achieved a very high specific output, and surprisingly good specific fuel consumption (SFC). In 1945 the single-cylinder test-engine (Ricardo E65) produced the

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In 1901 Knight bought an air-cooled, single-cylinder three-wheeler whose noisy valves annoyed him. He believed that he could design a better engine and did so, inventing his double sleeve principle in 1904. Backed by Chicago entrepreneur L.B. Kilbourne, a number of engines were constructed, followed

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and/or valve bounce could result in the valve being struck by the top of the rising piston. In addition, camshafts, push-rods, and valve rockers can be eliminated in a sleeve valve design, as the sleeve valves are generally driven by a single gear powered from the crankshaft. In an aircraft engine,

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Good exhaust scavenging and controllable swirl of the inlet air/fuel mixture in single-sleeve designs. When the intake ports open, the air/fuel mixture can be made to enter tangentially to the cylinder. This helps scavenging when exhaust/inlet timing overlap is used and a wide speed range required,

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Knight's design had two cast-iron sleeves per cylinder, one sliding inside the other with the piston inside the inner sleeve. The sleeves were operated by small connected rods actuated by an eccentric shaft. They had ports cut out at their upper ends. The design was remarkably quiet, and the sleeve

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adopted double sleeve-valve engines made by Minerva. The higher oil consumption was heavily outweighed by the quietness of running and the very high mileages without servicing. Early poppet-valve systems required decarbonization at very low mileages and were prone to valve spring failure before the

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problems with the use of large valves were reduced by using several smaller valves instead, giving increased flow area and reduced mass, and the exhaust valve hot spot by Sodium-cooled valves. Up to that point, the single sleeve valve had won every contest against the poppet valve in comparison of

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The Burt-McCollum sleeve valve, having its name from the surnames of the two engineers that patented the same concept with weeks of difference, Peter Burt and James Harry Keighly McCollum, patent applications are of August 6 and June 22, 1909, respectively, both engineers hired by the Scottish car

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Equivalent implementations of modern variable valve timing and variable lift are impossible due to the fixed sizes of the port holes and essentially fixed rotational speed of the sleeves. It may be theoretically possible to alter the rotational speed through gearing that is not linearly related to

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gasolines, poppet-valve engines typically required grinding of the valves and valve seats after 20,000 to 30,000 miles (32,000 to 48,000 km) of service. Sleeve valves did not suffer from the wear and recession caused by the repetitive impact of the poppet valve against its seat. Sleeve valves

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A sleeve valve takes the form of one (or in the case of double sleeve valves, two) machined cylinders which fit concentrically between the piston and the cylinder block bore of an internal combustion engine having cross-flow induction/exhaust. These sleeves have inlet and exhaust ports machined in

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car. The initial 1900 investment in Argyll was £15,000 and building the magnificent Scotland plant cost £500,000 in 1920. It is reported that litigation by the owners of the Knight patents cost Argyll £50,000, perhaps one of the reasons for the temporary shutdown of their plant. Another car maker

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A small number of designs used a "cuff" sleeve in the cylinder head instead of the cylinder proper, providing a more "classic" layout compared with traditional poppet valve engines. This design also had the advantage of not having the piston within the sleeve, although in practice this appears to

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and later added a 499cc single SSV as well as the 350cc. Vard Wallace, known for his aftermarket forks for motorcycles, presented in 1947 drawings of a Single Cylinder, Air-Cooled, 250 cc SSV engine. Some small SSV auxiliary boat engines and electric generators were built in the UK, prepared for

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The cylinder head is not required to host valves, allowing the spark plug to be placed in the best possible location for efficient ignition of the combustion mixture. For very big engines, where flame propagation speed limits both size and speed, the swirl induced by ports, as described by Harry

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for its radial aircraft engines and the Halford-designed Napier Sabre. It used a single sleeve driven by an eccentric from a timing axle set at 90 degrees to the cylinder axis. Mechanically simpler and more rugged, the Burt-McCollum valve had the additional advantage of reducing oil consumption

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P V Lamarque, "The design of Cooling Fins for Motor-Cycle Engines", Report of the Automobile Research Committee, Institution of Automobile Engineers Magazine, March 1943 issue, and also in "The Institution of Automobile Engineers Proceedings-London-", Vol. XXXVII, Session 1942-43, pp 99–134 and

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that uses what is essentially a sleeve-valve format, is the British RCV series of "SP" model engines, which use a rotating cylinder liner driven through a bevel gear at the cylinder liner's "bottom", which is actually at the aft end of the cylinder; and, even more unusually, have the propeller

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Continental in the United States conducted extensive research in single sleeve valve engines, pointing out that they were eventually cheaper and easier to produce. However, their aircraft engines soon equaled the performance of single-sleeve-valve engines by introducing improvements such as

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sleeve valve was named for the two inventors who applied for similar patents within a few weeks of each other. The Burt system was an open sleeve type, driven from the crankshaft side, while the McCollum design had a sleeve in the head and upper part of the cylinder, and a more complex port

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in 1923 with the aim of producing an 8-L SSV engined luxury car, but this never reached production for reasons connected to the time limits to the Argyll patents in the USA. The greatest success for single sleeve valves (SSV) was in Bristol's large aircraft engines, it was also used in the

437:, eventually secured Daimler and several luxury car firms as customers willing to pay his expensive premiums. He first patented the design in England in 1908. The patent for the US was granted in 1910. As part of the licensing agreement, "Knight" was to be included in the car's name. 339:

An inherent disadvantage is that the piston in its course partially obscures the ports, thus making it difficult for gases to flow during the crucial overlap between the intake and exhaust valve timing usual in modern engines. The 1954 printing of the book by Harry Ricardo

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and Harry Ricardo, possibly the sleeve valve engine's greatest advocate. He conceded that some of these advantages were significantly eroded as fuels improved up to and during World War II and as sodium-cooled exhaust valves were introduced in high-output aircraft engines.

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Ltd of Anniesland, Glasgow, also licensed the SSV design, and made small versions of the engines that they marketed to motorcycle companies. In an advertisement in Motor Cycle magazine in 1922 Barr & Stroud promoted their 350cc sleeve valve engine and listed

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Lower operating temperatures of all power-connected engine parts, cylinder and pistons. Harry Ricardo showed that as long as the clearance between sleeve and cylinder is adequately settled, and the lubricating oil film is thin enough, sleeves are 'transparent to

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car and light truck. They subsequently fell from use due to advances in poppet-valve technology, including sodium cooling, and the Knight system double sleeve engine's tendency to burn a lot of lubricating oil or to seize due to lack of it. The Scottish

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Another concept, the Rotating Liner Engine, has been developed, where the wear and friction benefit of the sleeve valve is exploited in a conventional engine layout. A friction reduction of the order of 40% has been reported for a heavy duty diesel.

564:, Diamond, Edmund, and Royal Scot as motorcycle manufacturers offering it. This engine had been described in the March edition as the 'Burt' engine. Grindlay-Peerless started producing a SSV Barr & Stroud engined 999cc V-twin in 1923. 653:

Following World War II, the sleeve valve became utilised less, Roy Fedden, very early involved in the S-V research, built some flat-six single sleeve-valve engines intended for general aviation around 1947; after this, just the French

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G F Hiett and J VB Robson: "A High-Power Two-Cycle Sleeve-Valve Engine for Aircraft", Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology (1950), Vol 22, Iss 1, pp. 21–23, same authors, magazine and title, 2nd part, in Vol 22, Iss 2,

1524:'The piston engine revolution'; NEWCOMEN.com, Text of a 2011 Conference. Patrick Hassell, Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust: 'The Bristol Sleeve Valve Aero Engines', pp 112-132. Includes descriptions on materials and machining of sleeves. 248:(TDC) can also be more controlled, allowing improved ignition and flame travel which, as demonstrated by H. Ricardo, allows at least one extra unit of compression ratio before detonation, compared with the poppet valve engine. 760:

and modern construction techniques, which produce a sleeve valve that leaks very little oil. However, most advanced engine research is concentrated on improving other types of internal combustion engine designs, such as the

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valves needed little attention. It was, however, more expensive to manufacture due to the precision grinding required on the sleeves' surfaces. It also used more oil at high speeds and was harder to start in cold weather.

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formed with the sleeve at the top of its stroke is ideal for complete, detonation-free combustion of the charge, as it does not have to contend with compromised chamber shape and hot exhaust (poppet) valves.

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A serious issue with large single-sleeve aero-engines is that their maximum reliable rotational speed is limited to about 3,000 RPM, but the M Hewland car engine was raced above 10,000 rpm without toil.

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R Abell: "Single Valve Internal Combustion Engine Design and Operation", SAE Journal, Oct 1923, pp 301–309 (Another type of non-poppet valve, used also by Lotus in a 2-stroke engine -SAE paper 920779)

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adequate range, smoke is greatly reduced. For two-stroke engines, a three-way catalyst with air injection in the middle was proposed as best solution in a SAE Journal article around the year 2000.

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The high oil consumption problem associated with the Knight double sleeve valve was fixed with the Burt-McCollum single sleeve valve, as perfectioned by Bristol. The models that had the complex '

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power to displacement. The difficulty of Nitride hardening, then finish-grinding the sleeve valve for truing the circularity, may have been a factor in its lack of more commercial applications.

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Knight patent which had engines with two moving sleeves. As part of the litigation an engine was built according to the 1905 specification and developed no more than a fraction of the rated

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have had little practical value. On the downside, this arrangement limited the size of the ports to that of the cylinder head, whereas in-cylinder sleeves could have much larger ports.

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company used its own, much simpler and more efficient, single sleeve system (Burt-McCollum) in its cars, a system which, after extensive development, saw substantial use in British

586:. This paper outlined the advantages of the sleeve valve and suggested that poppet valve engines would not be able to offer power outputs much beyond 1500 hp (1,100 kW). 535:

maker Argyll, consisted of a single sleeve, which was given a combination of up-and-down and partial rotary motion. It was developed in about 1909 and was first used in the 1911

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Harry Ricardo: "The Sleeve-Valve Diesel Engine", '19 Andrew Laing Lecture', North East Coast Instit. of Engineers and Shipbuilders, transact 67 Session, 1950–51, p. 69-88.

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If stored horizontally, sleeves tend to become oval, producing several types of mechanical problems. To avoid this, special cabinets were developed to store sleeves vertically.

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eventually realized that the Crecy would never get the development attention it deserved unless it was specified for installation in a particular aircraft but by 1945, their "

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Anson Engine Museum: YouTube video on the Petter Brotherhood engine, a railroad single-sleeve-valve engine designed around 1930 in the company participated by J. B. Mirrlees.

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motor. Ports (apertures) in the periphery of the sleeves come into alignment with the cylinder's inlet and exhaust ports at the appropriate stages in the engine's cycle.

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During World War II, my original enthusiasm for the sleeve-valve engine simplicity proved to be based on dubious premises. My inspection of a captured Bristol two-row

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Muhammad Hafdiz Rahmat et al. (PETRONAS): "Side Opening Intake Strategy Simulation and Validation of a Sleeve-Valve Port Application", SAE paper 2009-32-0130/20097130

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that was forced to stop their sleeve-valve line of engines as a result of the limitations imposed on them by the winners of WWII, some thirty companies in all.

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began the development of sleeve-valve engines that would eventually result in limited production of two of the most powerful piston engines in the world: the

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arrangement (Source: 'Torque Meter' Magazine, AEHS). The design that entered production was more 'Burt' than 'McCollum.' It was used by the Scottish company

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G L Ensor: "Some Notes on the Single-Sleeve Valve", The Institution of Automobile Engineers (London) Proceedings, Vol XXII, Session 1927-28, pp 651–719.

332:' installed a non-return purging valve on it; as liquids cannot be compressed, the presence of oil in the head space would result in problems. At 2790: 182: 4112: 1490:

Anish Gokhale et al.: "Optimization of Engine Cooling through Conjugate Heat Transfer Simulation and Analysis of Fins", SAE Paper 2012-32-0054

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that used the Argyll SSV patents, and others of their own (patent GB118407), was Piccard-Pictet (Pic-Pic); Louis Chevrolet and others founded

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The same company can also supply somewhat larger engines for use in military drones, portable generators and equipment such as lawn mowers.

1544: 510:" (1905–1907)—the selling point was that his engines were quieter than those with standard poppet valves. The best known of these were the 195:(compared with other sleeve valve designs), while retaining the combustion chambers and big, uncluttered, porting area established in the 1313:

Car&Driver, July 1974, pp, 26-29, 112-114 (cover shows a Bricklin car): 'A trick up his sleeve', Charles Fox interviews Mike Hewland.

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on steroids" concept of a rapidly climbing interceptor powered by the lightweight Crecy engine had become an aircraft without a purpose.

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the engine speed, however it seems this would be impractically complex even compared to the complexities of modern valve control systems.

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Ashley C Hewitt: "Small High-Speed Single Sleeve Valve Engine", SAE paper 390049 (Single cylinder, air cooled 4.21 ci., 70 cc. engine).

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installed SSV Bristol engines post-WWII. Bristol sleeve valve engines were used however during the post-war air transport boom, in the

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Strictly I.C. Magazine, Vol 14, Numbers 83 & 84 (Construction of a 1/3 scale model of a Barr&Stroud SSV Motorcycle Engine).

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Improved fuel octane, above about 87 RON, have assisted poppet-valve engines’ power output more than to the single-sleeve engines’.

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Harry Ricardo: "Recent Research Work on the Internal Combustion Engine", SAE Journal, May 1922, pp 305–336 (ends in p. 347)

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Frank Jardine: "Thermal Expansion in Automotive Engine Design", SAE Journal, Sept 1930, pp 311–318, and SAE paper 300010.

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replacements. Hewland claimed to have obtained 72 hp (54 kW) from a 500 cc single-cylinder engine, with a

460: 1549: 1458:'Unorthodox I.C. Engines -Rotary and Sleeve-Valve Types', Model Engineer, Vol 122, nº 3056, 4 February 1960, pgs 136-138 2635: 146: 730:. The poppet valve's previous problems with sealing and wear had been remedied by the use of better materials and the 173: 3842: 1687: 1154: 1087: 1063: 938: 611: 3990: 667: 4306: 4218: 1307:

Aircraft Engine Historical Society www.enginehistory.org -AEHS- publication: "Torque Meter", Vol 7, issues 2, 3, 4.

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Daimler 22 hp open 2-seater (1909 example). The clearly visible mascot on its radiator cap is (C. Y.'s) Knight

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Michael Worthington-Williams: 'Something Up their Sleeve', The Automobile (UK), Vol 21 Nº 3, May 2003, pags 48-51

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Six-cylinder Daimler sleeve valve engines were used in the first British tanks in WW1, up to and including the

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engines. The SSV system also reduced the high oil consumption associated with the Knight double sleeve valve.

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shaft—as an integrally machined part of the rotating cylinder liner—emerging from what would normally be the

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The sleeve valve has begun to make something of a comeback, thanks to modern materials, dramatically better

352:), complained that the arrangement required more than 100 gearwheels for the engine, too many for his taste. 3941: 2943: 2194: 1780: 1707: 745: 579: 429:

in the United States, a long sojourn in England, involving extensive further development and refinement by

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A number of sleeve valve aircraft engines were developed following a seminal 1927 research paper from the

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Upon Knight's return to America he was able to get some firms to use his design; here his brand name was "

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Perfect, even very good, sealing is difficult to achieve. In a poppet valve engine, the piston possesses

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Longevity, as demonstrated in early automotive applications of the Knight engine. Prior to the advent of

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Potentially the most powerful of all sleeve-valve engines (though it never reached production) was the

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The size of the ports can be readily controlled. This is important when an engine operates over a wide

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Robert J. Raymond: "Comparison of Sleeve and Poppet-Valve Aircraft Piston Engines", AEHS, April 2005.

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Robert Insley & Arthur W. Green: "Method for making valve sleeves", U.S. Patent Nº 2,319,546; 1943

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A. H. R. Fedden: "The Single Sleeve as a Valve Mechanism for the Aircraft Engine", SAE paper 380161.

137:, and used twin reciprocating sleeves per cylinder. It was used in some luxury automobiles, notably 4085: 4017: 3249: 3164: 2999: 2741: 2582: 2291: 1857: 1697: 1392:

W.A. Frederick: "The Single-Sleeve-Valve Engine", SAE Journal, May 1927, pp 661–678 (Calculations).

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W P Ricart: "Some European Comments on High-Output Automobile and Aero-Engines", SAE paper 390099.

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YouTube: Videos by ChargerMiles007, Anson Engine Museum and others, search keyword: Sleeve Valve.

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R Fedden: Patents GB425060, GB584525, and CA353554 on Sleeve materials, production and hardening.

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Sleeve valves have occasionally, but unsuccessfully, been used on steam engines, for example the

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K McCutcheon: 'American Sleeve-Valve Aircraft Engines', Weak Force Press, Hunstville, AL; 2020.

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revealed a bucket full of gear wheels for the sleeve drive. I believe there were over 100 gears!

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Nahum, Foster-Pegg, and Birch: 'The Rolls-Royce Crecy', The Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust, 2013.

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Robert J. Raymond: "Comparison of Sleeve and Poppet-Valve Aircraft Piston Engines", AEHS 2005

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was brought in, and devised a new engine which replaced the sleeve valve starting with the

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A Briggs & Stratton lawnmower engine modified to Single-Sleeve-Valve Distribution type

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this is fairly easy to achieve with sleeve valves, but difficult in a poppet valve system.

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Kimble D. McCutcheon: "The Liquid-Cooled Engines of Pratt & Whitney", AEHS, 2006.

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A M Niven: "Sleeve valve and method of making same", U.S. Patent N º 1,820,629; 1931

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of 177–205 g/HP/hr (0.39–0.45 lb/HP/hr), the engine being able to work on

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by the "Silent Knight" touring car, which was shown at the 1906 Chicago Auto Show.

349: 93: 1264: 575:

burning 'paraffin' from start, or after a bit of heat-up with more complex fuels.

4024: 3966: 3774: 3769: 3683: 3638: 3257: 3079: 3039: 3034: 2963: 2806: 2726: 2437: 2286: 2243: 1895: 1885: 1799: 1752: 1655: 1377:'The Knight-Argyll Patent Case', The Automotor Journal, 3 August 1912, pp 919-920 831: 772: 719: 711: 679: 675: 663: 571: 556: 496: 430: 393: 85: 45: 4210: 4059: 4031: 3708: 3530: 3520: 3430: 3303: 3293: 2953: 2880: 2840: 2592: 2562: 2417: 2184: 1665: 1419:

A M Niven: "Sleeve valve and method of making same", Patent Nº US1814764A; 1931

1374:

J B Hull: "Non-Poppet Valve Motors at the 1911 Olympia Show", SAE paper 120011.

1217:"The Knight-Argll Patent Case", The Automotor Journal, 3 August 1912, pp919-920 794:

An RCV "SP" series 20 cm3 (1.20 cu. in.) displacement sleeve valve model engine

775:, experimented with a single-cylinder sleeve-valve test engine when looking at 515: 468: 268: 2805: 2050: 2045: 2020: 2015: 1539: 1534: 4341: 3998: 3971: 3870: 3789: 3625: 3229: 3074: 3069: 3004: 2948: 2860: 2764: 2655: 2648: 2470: 2402: 2397: 2361: 2278: 2218: 2179: 2169: 2106: 2076: 2066: 1923: 1712: 1630: 1589: 1286: 1113: 1022: 848: 804: 762: 659: 639: 583: 526:, which was produced in far greater numbers than any other sleeve-valve car. 523: 507: 476: 456: 445: 426: 388: 225: 196: 162: 76: 61: 1099: 304:

Most of these advantages were evaluated and established during the 1920s by

4199: 3956: 3703: 3688: 3643: 3492: 3406: 3364: 3323: 3318: 3094: 2900: 2875: 2381: 2376: 2343: 2248: 2238: 2174: 2158: 1608: 1461:

Peter R. March: 'The Sleeve-Valve Engine', airextra, nº 27, 1977, pgs 11-19

1441:

Marcus C Inman Hunter: "Rotary Valve Engines", Hutchinson, 1946 (In Scribd)

853: 799: 776: 768: 699: 658:

produced some SSV engines under Bristol license that were installed in the

643: 595: 546: 500: 441: 410: 187: 89: 69: 65: 1546:

1931 Edition of Harry Ricardo: 'The High-Speed Internal Combustion Engine'

1293:(Fifth ed.). London and Glasgow: Blackie & Son. pp. 290–322. 4051: 3622: 3592: 3465: 3308: 3234: 3159: 3154: 2895: 2865: 2759: 2643: 2460: 2412: 2371: 2328: 2258: 1867: 1672: 1613: 1051:

Made Up To A Standard: Thomas Alexander Russell and the Russell Motor Car

998: 858: 808: 642:'s jets, which all had a clearly defined production purpose. Ricardo and 587: 449: 345: 322: 260: 4130: 4073: 3698: 3633: 3617: 3555: 3512: 3502: 3298: 3288: 3239: 3029: 2973: 2910: 2850: 2731: 2691: 2670: 2665: 2567: 2475: 2407: 2333: 2273: 2204: 2040: 2035: 2030: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1955: 1943: 1682: 1635: 1404:

A M Niven: "Sleeve valve actuating mechanism", Patent US 1764972, 1930.

812: 305: 72: 32: 1389:

P M Heldt: "Sleeve-Valve Engines", SAE Journal, March 1926, pp 303–314

1229:"The Rotating Cylinder Valve 4-stroke Engine (SAE Paper 2002-32-1828)" 3926: 3911: 2686: 2427: 2422: 2209: 2189: 2025: 1962: 1950: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1413:

A M Niven: "Sleeve valve driving mechanism", Patent US 1789341, 1931.

757: 329: 281: 1178:"Modern Practice in Engine Design", Motor Cycle, 16 March 1922, p325 889: 871: 3815: 3262: 2845: 2835: 2709: 2705: 2577: 2308: 2233: 2199: 2091: 2086: 2071: 2007: 1915: 1285: 784: 2736: 2620: 1551:

Douglas Self site: 'Rotary Valves in Internal Combustion Engines'

1410:

A M Niven: "Sleeve valve cylinder head", Patent US 1780763, 1930.

1407:

A M Niven: "Internal combustion engine", Patent US 1778911, 1930.

1398:

A M Niven: "Internal combustion engine", Patent US 1739255, 1929.

731: 488: 464: 293: 158: 154: 3375: 1500: 348:, after studying a British sleeve valve aero engine (probably a 3931: 3668: 2920: 2890: 2547: 2526: 2303: 2253: 655: 519: 472: 138: 3450: 3283: 57: 1584: 264:

this provided desirable reductions in weight and complexity.

2701: 1380:

Ateliers Piccard, Pictet & Cie: GB Patent 118.407; 1917

1346: 1329: 317:

A number of disadvantages plagued the single sleeve valve:

787:, and with no specific lubrication supply for the sleeve. 2148: 662:

transport airplane, also another transport aircraft, the

36:

Sleeve valve closeup from a Bristol Centaurus Mark 175.

975:, Profile Publications Number 67 - Cars -, London 1967 771:

with his assistant John Logan, and also independently

19:

For the sleeve valve used in water applications, see

1144: 1003:

Engine Revolutions: The Autobiography of Max Bentele

216:

The main advantages of the sleeve-valve engine are:

455:Among the companies using Knight's technology were 1535:Video showing a cutaway Knight Sleeve-Valve Engine 133:The first successful sleeve valve was patented by 68:. Sleeve valve engines saw use in a number of pre– 991: 4339: 1455:, London, 1953 ed. (Materials, see also in talk) 997: 738: 1041: 2136: 1301:. Cambridge University Engineering Department. 1106: 710:. The Centaurus was also used in the military 3391: 2791: 2122: 1570: 1339:"The design of fins for air-cooled cylinders" 1145:Hillier, Victor A. W.; F. W. Pittuck (1991). 425:Although he was initially unable to sell his 907: 104:, only to be supplanted by the jet engines. 100:, and the promising but never mass-produced 1054:. General Store Publishing House. pp. 206: 3398: 3384: 2798: 2784: 2129: 2115: 1577: 1563: 503:and sleeve valves in their 'Avalve' cars. 25:Cylinder (engine) § Cylinder sleeving 1453:The High-Speed Internal Combustion Engine 1291:The High-Speed Internal-Combustion Engine 630:& RR were very much focused on their 514:of Cleveland, which sold a car named the 342:The High-Speed Internal Combustion Engine 2195:Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve) 1336: 1319:"Flow coefficients of monosleeve valves" 1147:Fundamentals of Motor Vehicle Technology 789: 400: 392: 366:from upper to lower parts of the system. 228:also demonstrated better mechanical and 172: 124: 120: 39: 31: 4273:Glossary of steam locomotive components 1316: 1226: 459:, Daimler (1909–1930s) including their 190:for its cars, and was later adopted by 4340: 1466:Continental! Its Motors and Its People 962:W. A. Frederick, SAE Journal, May 1927 931:Continental! Its Motors and Its People 479:, plus the associated Falcon-Knight), 382: 3379: 2779: 2110: 1558: 1030: 170:later advances in spring technology. 1078:Lord Montagu and David Burgess-Wise 1072: 1047: 522:firm which offered a car called the 300:, July 1974) also Ford around 1959.. 2812:components, systems and terminology 1371:H E Carroll: GB Patent 24.232; 1908 1201:Volume: 22 Issue: 1 Page: 21 - 23. 1169:Motor Cycle, 20 April 1922, page iv 1112: 914:"Cuff sleeve valves, description". 13: 4125:National Museum of Scotland engine 1118:Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886–1930 16:Valve mechanism for piston engines 14: 4369: 3405: 1528: 224:due to very large port openings. 4353:Engine valvetrain configurations 4307:List of steam technology patents 529: 312: 75:and in the United States in the 2297:Overhead valve (pushrod) layout 1253: 1220: 1211: 1194: 1181: 1172: 1163: 1138: 1124: 1092: 973:The Single Sleeve-Valve Argylls 825: 798:An unusual form of four-stroke 751: 433:supervised by their consultant 4292:Murdoch's model steam carriage 4278:History of steam road vehicles 3134:Propeller speed reduction unit 1149:. Nelson Thornes. p. 36. 978: 965: 956: 943: 924: 113:the periphery, analogous to a 107: 1: 4219:Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine 1187:Petter Brotherhood, Wallace. 864: 844:Category:Sleeve valve engines 739:The Knight-Argyll Patent Case 413:touting the Knight-type motor 211: 3942:Return connecting rod engine 2944:Capacitor discharge ignition 1468:, Aero Publishers, CA, 1983. 1100:"Internal-combustion engine" 1048:Petryshyn, Jaroslav (2000). 1005:. Warrendale, Pennsylvania: 7: 3866:Condensing steam locomotive 1120:. London: Grange-Universal. 837: 23:. For cylinder lining, see 10: 4374: 4173:"Coalbrookdale Locomotive" 2138:Internal combustion engine 903:. c. 1919. pp. 37–39. 885:. c. 1919. pp. 36–38. 604:Continental Motors Company 409:advertisement in downtown 386: 377: 177:Argyll single sleeve valve 129:Knight sleeve-valve engine 88:of the 1940s, such as the 64:, distinct from the usual 18: 4265: 4236: 4209: 4190: 4179:"Pen-y-Darren" locomotive 4144: 4097: 4050: 4041: 4008: 3989: 3980: 3899: 3856: 3848:Single- and double-acting 3828: 3798: 3750: 3722: 3676: 3667: 3583: 3511: 3458: 3449: 3413: 3337: 3271: 3248: 3202: 3147: 3121: 3112: 2987: 2954:Electronic fuel injection 2929: 2826: 2817: 2755: 2719: 2679: 2634: 2606:Diesel particulate filter 2591: 2558:Idle air control actuator 2540: 2507: 2499:Engine control unit (ECU) 2489: 2436: 2390: 2352: 2272: 2157: 2144: 2059: 2006: 1914: 1866: 1798: 1789: 1751: 1596: 1499:Bristol Engines' Manuals 1289:; Hempson, J G G (1968). 781:specific fuel consumption 4018:Newcomen Memorial Engine 3000:Aircraft engine starting 2671:Viscous fan (fan clutch) 2583:Throttle position sensor 2292:Overhead camshaft layout 949:M. Hewland (July 1974). 690:'s European routes, and 207:Advantages/disadvantages 4322:Timeline of steam power 4317:Stationary steam engine 4200:Woolf's compound engine 4107:Soho Manufactory engine 3962:Steeple compound engine 3629:straight line mechanism 3045:Mean effective pressure 2210:Core plug (freeze plug) 1337:Biermann, A.E. (1941). 638:then Eagle and finally 499:also experimented with 435:Dr Frederick Lanchester 4327:Water-returning engine 4301:Lean's Engine Reporter 4074:Chacewater Mine engine 3947:Six-column beam engine 3085:Time between overhauls 1718:Single-acting cylinder 1651:Double-acting cylinder 1317:Waldron, C.D. (1941). 1299:"Sleeve valve engines" 1261:"RCV Engines Web Site" 1082: ; Stephens 1995 795: 758:engineering tolerances 694:(and related military 414: 398: 284:' is no longer needed. 178: 130: 49: 37: 4167:London Steam Carriage 3360:Ice protection system 3100:Volumetric efficiency 3065:Overhead valve engine 1586:Engine configurations 1287:Ricardo, Sir Harry R. 1132:"Lost Marques: Itala" 793: 674:and related military 666:built by the Spanish 404: 396: 222:volumetric efficiency 176: 128: 121:Types of sleeve valve 43: 35: 4358:Sleeve valve engines 4113:Bradley Works engine 3937:Reciprocating engine 3760:Babcock & Wilcox 3603:Centrifugal governor 3345:Auxiliary power unit 3225:Flight data recorder 2451:Compression ignition 1688:Oscillating cylinder 1191:, 9 Dec 1921, p. 618 988:, London, 1979, p 62 986:Some Unusual Engines 512:F.B. Stearns Company 21:Sleeve valve (water) 3654:Sun and planet gear 3314:Pressure carburetor 3050:Naturally aspirated 3020:Engine displacement 2601:Catalytic converter 1781:Two-and four-stroke 1683:Intake over exhaust 1267:on 26 November 2018 1241:on 12 November 2011 1114:G.N. Georgano, G.N. 933:, W. Wagner, 1983. 920:. 19 December 1914. 716:Blackburn Firebrand 692:Handley Page Hermes 684:Airspeed Ambassador 562:Beardmore-Precision 383:Charles Yale Knight 135:Charles Yale Knight 4154:Richard Trevithick 3752:Water-tube boilers 3566:Gresley conjugated 3329:Updraft carburetor 3203:Engine instruments 3129:Propeller governor 3025:Four-stroke engine 2727:Knocking / pinging 2319:Combustion chamber 1356:on 2 February 2012 971:George A. Oliver, 899:(Ninth ed.). 881:(Ninth ed.). 796: 702:airliners and the 570:2013-05-27 at the 415: 405:A replicated 1912 399: 274:bottom dead centre 253:combustion chamber 230:thermal efficiency 179: 131: 50: 38: 4335: 4334: 4261: 4260: 4140: 4139: 3824: 3823: 3724:Fire-tube boilers 3579: 3578: 3373: 3372: 3210:Annunciator panel 3198: 3197: 3108: 3107: 3090:Two-stroke engine 3060:Overhead camshaft 3040:Manifold pressure 3010:Compression ratio 2773: 2772: 2742:Stratified charge 2509:Electrical system 2491:Engine management 2324:Compression ratio 2264:Starter ring gear 2163:rotating assembly 2104: 2103: 2100: 2099: 1800:Inline / straight 1698:Overhead camshaft 1520:978-0-9710847-8-0 1510:978-1-872922-44-7 1016:978-1-56091-081-7 724:Blackburn Beverly 704:Bristol Freighter 626:'s (RR) efforts. 619:Rolls-Royce Crecy 600:Bristol Centaurus 551:Rolls-Royce Eagle 226:Sir Harry Ricardo 102:Rolls-Royce Crecy 4365: 4285:fardier à vapeur 4119:Whitbread Engine 4080:Smethwick Engine 4048: 4047: 3987: 3986: 3806:Feedwater heater 3674: 3673: 3456: 3455: 3400: 3393: 3386: 3377: 3376: 3355:Hydraulic system 3175:Counter-rotating 3119: 3118: 2871:Hydraulic tappet 2824: 2823: 2800: 2793: 2786: 2777: 2776: 2616:Exhaust manifold 2481:Spark plug wires 2367:Boost controller 2354:Forced induction 2131: 2124: 2117: 2108: 2107: 1796: 1795: 1791:Cylinder layouts 1579: 1572: 1565: 1556: 1555: 1464:William Wagner: 1365: 1363: 1361: 1355: 1349:. Archived from 1333: 1323: 1302: 1294: 1277: 1276: 1274: 1272: 1263:. Archived from 1257: 1251: 1250: 1248: 1246: 1240: 1234:. Archived from 1233: 1224: 1218: 1215: 1209: 1198: 1192: 1185: 1179: 1176: 1170: 1167: 1161: 1160: 1142: 1136: 1135: 1128: 1122: 1121: 1110: 1104: 1103: 1096: 1090: 1076: 1070: 1069: 1045: 1039: 1034: 1028: 1027: 995: 989: 982: 976: 969: 963: 960: 954: 951:Car & Driver 947: 941: 928: 922: 921: 911: 905: 904: 897:Autocar Handbook 893: 887: 886: 879:Autocar Handbook 875: 728:Fairey Spearfish 542:Frontenac Motors 491:, and Belgium's 298:Car & Driver 94:Bristol Hercules 86:aircraft engines 4373: 4372: 4368: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4363: 4362: 4338: 4337: 4336: 4331: 4257: 4232: 4205: 4186: 4136: 4093: 4037: 4025:Fairbottom Bobs 4010:Newcomen engine 4004: 3976: 3922:Expansion valve 3895: 3881:Watt's separate 3852: 3820: 3794: 3746: 3718: 3663: 3639:Parallel motion 3575: 3526:Stephenson link 3507: 3445: 3414:Operating cycle 3409: 3404: 3374: 3369: 3350:Coffman starter 3333: 3276: 3267: 3258:Carburetor heat 3250:Engine controls 3244: 3194: 3170:Contra-rotating 3143: 3104: 3035:Ignition timing 2983: 2964:Ignition system 2931: 2925: 2828: 2813: 2804: 2774: 2769: 2751: 2747:Top dead centre 2715: 2675: 2630: 2587: 2536: 2510: 2503: 2492: 2485: 2432: 2386: 2348: 2304:Tappet / lifter 2287:Flathead layout 2277: 2268: 2162: 2153: 2140: 2135: 2105: 2096: 2055: 2002: 1910: 1862: 1785: 1747: 1592: 1583: 1531: 1451:Harry Ricardo: 1368: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1321: 1297: 1281: 1280: 1270: 1268: 1259: 1258: 1254: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1231: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1212: 1199: 1195: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1164: 1157: 1143: 1139: 1130: 1129: 1125: 1111: 1107: 1098: 1097: 1093: 1080:Daimler Century 1077: 1073: 1066: 1046: 1042: 1035: 1031: 1017: 996: 992: 983: 979: 970: 966: 961: 957: 948: 944: 929: 925: 913: 912: 908: 895: 894: 890: 877: 876: 872: 867: 840: 832:SR Leader class 828: 773:Keith Duckworth 754: 741: 720:Bristol Brigand 712:Hawker Sea Fury 572:Wayback Machine 557:Barr and Stroud 532: 493:Minerva company 391: 385: 380: 334:top dead centre 315: 246:top dead centre 214: 209: 123: 110: 46:Bristol Perseus 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4371: 4361: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4297: 4296: 4295: 4289: 4275: 4269: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4255: 4249: 4242: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4230: 4222: 4215: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4203: 4196: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4184: 4183: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4150: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4134: 4128: 4122: 4116: 4110: 4103: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4091: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4063: 4060:Kinneil Engine 4056: 4054: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4035: 4032:Elsecar Engine 4029: 4021: 4014: 4012: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4002: 3995: 3993: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3952:Steeple engine 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3903: 3901: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3862: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3834: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3818: 3813: 3811:Feedwater pump 3808: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3756: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3728: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3680: 3678: 3677:Simple boilers 3671: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3661: 3659:Watt's linkage 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3608:Connecting rod 3605: 3600: 3595: 3589: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3517: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3474: 3473: 3462: 3460: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3410: 3403: 3402: 3395: 3388: 3380: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3304:Inlet manifold 3301: 3296: 3294:Fuel injection 3291: 3286: 3280: 3278: 3269: 3268: 3266: 3265: 3260: 3254: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3192: 3190:Variable-pitch 3187: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3165:Constant-speed 3162: 3157: 3151: 3149: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3125: 3123: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2935: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2924: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2881:Obturator ring 2878: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2841:Connecting rod 2838: 2832: 2830: 2821: 2819:Piston engines 2815: 2814: 2803: 2802: 2795: 2788: 2780: 2771: 2770: 2768: 2767: 2762: 2756: 2753: 2752: 2750: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2716: 2714: 2713: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2646: 2640: 2638: 2636:Cooling system 2632: 2631: 2629: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2597: 2595: 2593:Exhaust system 2589: 2588: 2586: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2563:Inlet manifold 2560: 2555: 2550: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2504: 2502: 2501: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2484: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2442: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2418:Fuel injection 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2387: 2385: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2358: 2356: 2350: 2349: 2347: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2283: 2281: 2270: 2269: 2267: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2185:Connecting rod 2182: 2177: 2172: 2166: 2164: 2155: 2154: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2134: 2133: 2126: 2119: 2111: 2102: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2095: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2056: 2054: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2012: 2010: 2004: 2003: 2001: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1959: 1958: 1948: 1947: 1946: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1920: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1909: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1872: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1804: 1802: 1793: 1787: 1786: 1784: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1757: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1746: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1703:Overhead valve 1700: 1695: 1693:Opposed-piston 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1669: 1668: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1627: 1626: 1621: 1611: 1606: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1593: 1590:piston engines 1582: 1581: 1574: 1567: 1559: 1553: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1530: 1529:External links 1527: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1512: 1502: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1449: 1446: 1445:pp. 32–45 1442: 1439: 1436: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1367: 1366: 1334: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1304: 1303: 1295: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1252: 1219: 1210: 1193: 1180: 1171: 1162: 1155: 1137: 1123: 1105: 1091: 1071: 1064: 1040: 1029: 1015: 990: 984:LJK Setright, 977: 964: 955: 942: 923: 906: 888: 869: 868: 866: 863: 862: 861: 856: 851: 846: 839: 836: 827: 824: 753: 750: 746:RAC horsepower 740: 737: 708:Superfreighter 672:Vickers Viking 531: 528: 516:Stearns-Knight 461:V12 Double Six 387:Main article: 384: 381: 379: 376: 375: 374: 370: 367: 363: 359: 356: 353: 337: 326: 314: 311: 302: 301: 289: 285: 277: 265: 256: 249: 241: 233: 213: 210: 208: 205: 122: 119: 109: 106: 62:piston engines 60:mechanism for 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4370: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4348:Engine valves 4346: 4345: 4343: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4302: 4298: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4281: 4280: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4264: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4235: 4228: 4227: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4208: 4201: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4160:Puffing Devil 4157: 4156: 4155: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4146:High-pressure 4143: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4099:Rotative beam 4096: 4089: 4088: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4069: 4068: 4064: 4061: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4007: 4000: 3999:Savery Engine 3997: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3973: 3972:Working fluid 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3898: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3797: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3721: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3649:Rotative beam 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3626:hypocycloidal 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3510: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3472: 3469: 3468: 3467: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3448: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3407:Steam engines 3401: 3396: 3394: 3389: 3387: 3382: 3381: 3378: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3338:Other systems 3336: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3275:and induction 3274: 3270: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3247: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3230:Glass cockpit 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3207: 3205: 3201: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3075:Shock cooling 3073: 3071: 3070:Rotary engine 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2949:Dual ignition 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2861:Cylinder head 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2810:piston engine 2808: 2801: 2796: 2794: 2789: 2787: 2782: 2781: 2778: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2754: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2650: 2649:Water cooling 2647: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2627: 2626:Oxygen sensor 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2545: 2543: 2541:Intake system 2539: 2533: 2532:Starter motor 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2514: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2497: 2496: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2471:Ignition coil 2469: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2403:Petrol engine 2401: 2399: 2398:Diesel engine 2396: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2362:Blowoff valve 2360: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2351: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2279:Cylinder head 2275: 2271: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2170:Balance shaft 2168: 2167: 2165: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2150: 2143: 2139: 2132: 2127: 2125: 2120: 2118: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2005: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1952: 1949: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1753:Stroke cycles 1750: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1580: 1575: 1573: 1568: 1566: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1343:Report Nº 726 1340: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1326:Report Nº 717 1320: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1283: 1266: 1262: 1256: 1237: 1230: 1227:Keith Lawes. 1223: 1214: 1208: 1204: 1197: 1190: 1184: 1175: 1166: 1158: 1156:0-7487-0531-7 1152: 1148: 1141: 1133: 1127: 1119: 1115: 1109: 1101: 1095: 1089: 1088:1-85260-494-8 1085: 1081: 1075: 1067: 1065:1-894263-25-1 1061: 1057: 1053: 1052: 1044: 1038: 1033: 1026: 1024: 1023:radial engine 1018: 1012: 1009:. p. 5. 1008: 1004: 1000: 994: 987: 981: 974: 968: 959: 952: 946: 940: 939:0-8168-4506-9 936: 932: 927: 919: 918: 910: 902: 898: 892: 884: 880: 874: 870: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 849:Corliss valve 847: 845: 842: 841: 835: 833: 823: 820: 816: 814: 810: 806: 805:cylinder head 801: 792: 788: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 764: 759: 749: 747: 736: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 651: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 620: 615: 613: 612:0-8168-4506-9 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 584:Harry Ricardo 581: 576: 573: 569: 566: 563: 558: 554: 552: 548: 543: 538: 530:Burt-McCollum 527: 525: 524:Willys-Knight 521: 517: 513: 509: 508:Silent Knight 504: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 477:Willys-Knight 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 457:Avions Voisin 453: 451: 447: 446:Harry Ricardo 443: 438: 436: 432: 428: 427:Knight Engine 423: 419: 412: 408: 403: 395: 390: 389:Knight engine 371: 368: 364: 360: 357: 354: 351: 347: 343: 338: 335: 331: 327: 324: 320: 319: 318: 313:Disadvantages 310: 307: 299: 295: 290: 286: 283: 278: 275: 270: 266: 262: 257: 254: 250: 247: 242: 238: 234: 231: 227: 223: 219: 218: 217: 204: 200: 198: 193: 189: 184: 183:Burt-McCollum 175: 171: 168: 164: 163:Avions Voisin 160: 156: 152: 148: 147:Mercedes-Benz 144: 140: 136: 127: 118: 116: 105: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 78: 77:Willys-Knight 74: 71: 67: 63: 59: 56:is a type of 55: 48: 47: 42: 34: 30: 26: 22: 4312:Modern steam 4299: 4284: 4246:Porter-Allen 4225: 4159: 4086: 4066: 4023: 3957:Safety valve 3886:"Pickle-pot" 3780:Thimble tube 3497: 3365:Recoil start 3324:Turbocharger 3319:Supercharger 3185:Single-blade 3095:Valve timing 2916:Sleeve valve 2915: 2901:Poppet valve 2876:Main bearing 2656:Electric fan 2456:Coil-on-plug 2382:Turbocharger 2377:Supercharger 2249:Main bearing 2239:Firing order 2229:Displacement 2175:Block heater 2159:Engine block 2147:Part of the 2146: 2082:Split-single 1868:Flat / boxer 1728:Swing-piston 1465: 1452: 1358:. Retrieved 1351:the original 1342: 1325: 1290: 1269:. Retrieved 1265:the original 1255: 1243:. Retrieved 1236:the original 1222: 1213: 1196: 1189:The Engineer 1188: 1183: 1174: 1165: 1146: 1140: 1126: 1117: 1108: 1094: 1079: 1074: 1050: 1043: 1032: 1020: 1002: 999:Bentele, Max 993: 985: 980: 972: 967: 958: 950: 945: 930: 926: 915: 909: 896: 891: 878: 873: 854:Piston valve 829: 826:Steam engine 821: 817: 800:model engine 797: 777:Cosworth DFV 769:Mike Hewland 767: 755: 752:Modern usage 742: 700:Short Solent 652: 616: 596:Napier Sabre 577: 555: 547:Napier Sabre 533: 505: 454: 439: 424: 420: 416: 411:Boise, Idaho 341: 323:piston rings 316: 303: 297: 215: 201: 180: 132: 111: 90:Napier Sabre 70:World War II 66:poppet valve 54:sleeve valve 53: 51: 44: 29: 4043:Watt engine 3843:Oscillating 3799:Boiler feed 3644:Plate chain 3623:Tusi couple 3536:Walschaerts 3421:Atmospheric 3309:Intercooler 3235:Hobbs meter 3160:Blade pitch 3155:Autofeather 3148:Terminology 3055:Monosoupape 3015:Dead centre 2988:Terminology 2896:Piston ring 2866:Gudgeon pin 2680:Lubrication 2644:Air cooling 2461:Distributor 2413:Fuel filter 2391:Fuel system 2372:Intercooler 2339:Timing belt 2329:Head gasket 2259:Piston ring 1771:Five-stroke 1766:Four-stroke 1723:Split cycle 1661:Free-piston 1604:Atmospheric 1360:11 December 1271:25 November 917:The Autocar 901:The Autocar 883:The Autocar 859:Slide valve 811:fuel using 809:glow engine 624:Rolls-Royce 471:(1909–24), 467:(1911–39), 450:Mark V tank 346:Max Bentele 261:valve float 141:, Stearns, 108:Description 73:luxury cars 4342:Categories 4252:Ljungström 4238:High-speed 4131:Lap Engine 4087:Resolution 3991:Precursors 3876:Kirchweger 3838:Locomotive 3785:Three-drum 3765:Field-tube 3732:Locomotive 3714:Lancashire 3634:Link chain 3618:Crankshaft 3585:Mechanisms 3513:Valve gear 3299:Gascolator 3289:Carburetor 3240:Tachometer 3122:Components 3114:Propellers 3030:Horsepower 2995:Air-cooled 2974:Spark plug 2939:Alternator 2932:components 2930:Electrical 2911:Rocker arm 2851:Crankshaft 2829:components 2827:Mechanical 2732:Power band 2692:Oil filter 2666:Thermostat 2611:EGT sensor 2573:MAF sensor 2568:MAP sensor 2553:Air filter 2517:Alternator 2476:Spark plug 2408:Carburetor 2334:Rocker arm 2274:Valvetrain 2205:Crankshaft 2149:Automobile 1776:Six-stroke 1761:Two-stroke 1678:Heron head 1636:Cam engine 1037:RAC Rating 865:References 813:castor oil 686:, used on 518:, and the 306:Roy Fedden 212:Advantages 115:two-stroke 4283:Cugnot's 4226:Salamanca 3927:Hydrolock 3912:Crosshead 3858:Condenser 3694:Egg-ended 2959:Generator 2466:Glow plug 2428:Fuel tank 2423:Fuel pump 2190:Crankcase 1245:3 January 1207:0002-2667 330:junk head 282:junk head 98:Centaurus 4266:See also 4192:Compound 4067:Old Bess 3907:Blowback 3830:Cylinder 3816:Injector 3775:Stirling 3770:Sentinel 3684:Haystack 3598:Cataract 3571:Southern 3561:Caprotti 3436:Compound 3263:Throttle 3180:Scimitar 2886:Oil pump 2856:Cylinder 2846:Crankpin 2836:Camshaft 2807:Aircraft 2765:Category 2710:Dry sump 2706:Wet sump 2697:Oil pump 2661:Radiator 2578:Throttle 2438:Ignition 2309:Camshaft 2234:Flywheel 2215:Cylinder 2200:Crankpin 1708:Pentroof 1656:Flathead 1646:Compound 1624:Rotative 1435:309-312. 1116:(1985). 1001:(1991). 838:See also 785:creosote 726:and the 696:Hastings 660:Noratlas 648:Spitfire 568:Archived 475:(as the 469:Mercedes 350:Hercules 199:system. 3982:History 3891:Surface 3709:Cornish 3669:Boilers 3551:Corliss 3488:Corliss 3471:D slide 3441:Uniflow 3431:Cornish 3139:Spinner 2979:Starter 2969:Magneto 2906:Pushrod 2737:Redline 2621:Muffler 2522:Battery 2446:Magneto 1916:V / Vee 1733:Uniflow 1666:Stelzer 1641:Camless 1619:Cornish 732:inertia 698:), and 680:Valetta 676:Varsity 640:Whittle 636:Griffon 592:Bristol 489:Peugeot 481:Stearns 465:Panhard 442:Mark IV 431:Daimler 407:Stearns 378:History 294:Hewland 192:Bristol 159:Peugeot 155:Panhard 151:Minerva 143:Daimler 4294:(1784) 4288:(1769) 4254:(1908) 4248:(1862) 4229:(1812) 4221:(1805) 4211:Murray 4202:(1803) 4181:(1804) 4175:(1803) 4169:(1803) 4163:(1801) 4133:(1788) 4127:(1786) 4121:(1785) 4115:(1783) 4109:(1782) 4090:(1781) 4082:(1779) 4076:(1778) 4070:(1777) 4062:(1768) 4034:(1795) 4028:(1760) 4020:(1725) 4001:(1698) 3967:Stroke 3932:Piston 3917:Cutoff 3790:Yarrow 3742:Launch 3737:Scotch 3498:Sleeve 3493:Poppet 3478:Piston 3459:Valves 3451:Valves 3277:system 3080:Stroke 2921:Tappet 2891:Piston 2760:Portal 2548:Airbox 2527:Dynamo 2254:Piston 2244:Stroke 2223:layout 2151:series 2077:Radial 2067:Deltic 1713:Rotary 1631:Bourke 1518: 1508: 1205: 1153: 1086: 1062: 1013: 937: 763:Wankel 656:SNECMA 644:Tizard 632:Merlin 610: 602:. The 588:Napier 537:Argyll 520:Willys 501:rotary 473:Willys 288:heat'. 269:leaded 197:Knight 188:Argyll 139:Willys 82:Argyll 3900:Other 3704:Flued 3689:Wagon 3613:Crank 3556:Lentz 3546:Baker 3541:Allan 3466:Slide 3284:Avgas 3220:EICAS 2720:Other 2344:Valve 2314:Chest 2060:Other 1743:Wedge 1609:Axial 1354:(pdf) 1322:(pdf) 1239:(PDF) 1232:(PDF) 1056:65–66 628:Hives 497:Itala 220:High 58:valve 4052:Beam 3593:Beam 3503:Bash 3483:Drop 3426:Watt 3273:Fuel 3215:EFIS 3005:Bore 2702:Sump 2219:bank 2180:Bore 1738:Watt 1673:Hemi 1614:Beam 1597:Type 1588:for 1516:ISBN 1506:ISBN 1362:2011 1347:NACA 1330:NACA 1273:2018 1247:2012 1203:ISSN 1151:ISBN 1084:ISBN 1060:ISBN 1011:ISBN 935:ISBN 706:and 678:and 668:CASA 664:Azor 608:ISBN 598:and 590:and 549:and 485:Mors 251:The 181:The 167:Mors 161:and 52:The 3871:Jet 3699:Box 3531:Joy 3521:Gab 2687:Oil 2276:and 2161:and 2051:W30 2046:W24 2041:W18 2036:W16 2031:W12 1998:V24 1993:V20 1988:V18 1983:V16 1978:V14 1973:V12 1968:V10 1956:VR6 1944:VR5 1906:F16 1901:F12 1896:F10 1858:I14 1853:I12 1007:SAE 688:BEA 582:by 580:RAE 237:RPM 4344:: 2708:, 2221:, 2026:W8 2021:W6 2016:W3 1963:V8 1951:V6 1939:V5 1934:V4 1929:V3 1924:V2 1891:F8 1886:F6 1881:F4 1876:F2 1848:I9 1843:I8 1838:I7 1833:I6 1828:I5 1823:I4 1818:I3 1813:I2 1808:I1 1345:. 1341:. 1328:. 1324:. 1058:. 1019:. 834:. 765:. 722:, 718:, 714:, 682:, 634:, 614:) 487:, 483:, 463:, 452:. 165:. 157:, 153:, 149:, 145:, 96:, 92:, 3399:e 3392:t 3385:v 2799:e 2792:t 2785:v 2712:) 2704:( 2225:) 2217:( 2130:e 2123:t 2116:v 2092:X 2087:U 2072:H 2008:W 1578:e 1571:t 1564:v 1364:. 1332:. 1275:. 1249:. 1159:. 1134:. 1102:. 1068:. 953:. 296:( 232:. 27:.

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Index