33:
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action and it "conveys the impression of a slower 'step-by-step' process where the decision maker as participant slides inexorably downwards under the weight of its own successive (erroneous) decisions". Despite these differences
Saliger continues to treat the two metaphors as being synonymous. Walton argues that although the two are comparable "the metaphor of the dam bursting carries with it no essential element of a sequence of steps from an initial action through a gray zone with its accompanying loss of control eventuated in the ultimate outcome of the ruinous disaster. For these reasons, it seems best to propose drawing a distinction between dam burst arguments and slippery slope arguments."
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Given the disagreement over what constitutes a genuine slippery slope argument, it is to be expected that there are differences in the way they are defined. Lode says that "although all SSAs share certain features, they are a family of related arguments rather than a class of arguments whose members
347:
Sidgwick says this is "popularly known as the objection to a thin end of a wedge" but might be classified now as a decisional slippery slope. However, the wedge metaphor also captures the idea that unpleasant end result is a wider application of a principle associated with the initial decision which
272:
Decisional slippery slopes are similar to conceptual slippery slopes in that they rely on there being a continuum with no clear dividing lines such that if you decide to accept one position or course of action then there will, either now or in the future, be no rational grounds for not accepting the
412:
In exploring the differences between the two metaphors, he comments that in the dam burst the initial action is clearly in the foreground and there is a rapid movement towards the resulting events whereas in the slippery slope metaphor the downward slide has at least equal prominence to the initial
375:
While this image may be insightful for understanding the character of the fallacy, it represents a misunderstanding of the nature of the causal relations between events. Every causal claim requires a separate argument. Hence, any "slipping" to be found is only in the clumsy thinking of the arguer,
342:
We must not do this or that, it is often said, because if we did we should be logically bound to do something else which is plainly absurd or wrong. If we once begin to take a certain course there is no knowing where we shall be able to stop within any show of consistency; there would be no reason
486:
Those who hold that slippery slopes are causal generally give a simple definition, provide some appropriate examples and perhaps add some discussion as to the difficulty of determining whether the argument is reasonable or fallacious. Most of the more detailed analysis of slippery slopes has been
276:
The difficulty in classifying slippery slope arguments is that there is no clear consensus in the literature as to how terminology should be used. It has been said that whilst these two fallacies "have a relationship which may justify treating them together", they are also distinct, and "the fact
555:
One is a first step, an action or policy being considered. A second is a sequence in which this action leads to other actions. A third is a so-called gray zone or area of indeterminacy along the sequence where the agent loses control. The fourth is the catastrophic outcome at the very end of the
408:
seems to predominate, in
English speaking circles talk is more of the slippery slope argument", and that "in German writing dam burst and slippery slope arguments are treated as broadly synonymous. In particular the structural analyses of slippery slope arguments derived from English writing are
302:
says that an essential feature of slippery slopes is a "loss of control" and this only fits with the decisional type of slippery slope. He says that, "The domino argument has a sequence of events in which each one in the sequence causes the next one to happen in such a manner that once the first
237:
with the idea being that the 'slope' does not consist of a series of events but is such that, for whatever reason, if a person makes one particular judgment they will rationally have to make another and so on. The judgmental type may be further sub-divided into conceptual slippery slopes and
200:
is typically a negative argument where there is an attempt to discourage someone from taking a course of action because if they do it will lead to some unacceptable conclusion. Some writers point out that an argument with the same structure might be used in a positive way in which someone is
556:
sequence. The idea is that as soon as the agent in question takes the first step he will be impelled forward through the sequence, losing control so that in the end he will reach the catastrophic outcome. Not all of these components are typically made explicit ...."
521:
Walton notes that these three features will be common to all slippery slopes but objects that there needs to be more clarity on the nature of the 'mechanism' and a way of distinguishing between slippery slope arguments and arguments from negative consequences.
48:, a course of action is rejected because the slippery slope advocate believes it will lead to a chain reaction resulting in an undesirable end or ends. The core of the slippery slope argument is that a specific decision under debate is likely to result in
482:
says, "I think the most useful definition of a slippery slope is one that covers all situations where decision A, which you might find appealing, ends up materially increasing the probability that others will bring about decision B, which you oppose."
506:
Rizzo and
Whitman identify slightly different features. They say, "Although there is no paradigm case of the slippery slope argument, there are characteristic features of all such arguments. The key components of slippery slope arguments are three:
288:
gives a definition that only fits the causal type. He says: "Slippery Slope reasoning is a type of negative reasoning from consequences, distinguished by the presence of a causal chain leading from the proposed action to the negative
303:
event occurs it will lead to the next event, and so forth, until the last event in the sequence finally occurs…(and)…is clearly different from the slippery slope argument, but can be seen as a part of it, and closely related to it."
228:
Different writers have classified slippery slope arguments in different and often contradictory ways, but there are two basic types of argument that have been described as slippery slope arguments. One type has been called
477:
Various writers have attempted to produce a general taxonomy of these different kinds of slippery slope. Other writers have given a general definition that will encompass the diversity of slippery slope arguments.
63:
in which the probable consequences of a given action are exaggerated in an attempt to scare the audience. When the initial step is not demonstrably likely to result in the claimed effects, this is called the
233:, and the distinguishing feature of this type is that the various steps leading from p to z are events with each event being the cause of the next in the sequence. The second type might be called
425:"Commentators have used numerous different metaphors to refer to arguments that have this rough form. For example, people have called such arguments "wedge" or "thin edge of the wedge", "
177:. Some writers point out that strict necessity isn't required and it can still be characterized as a slippery slope if at each stage the next step is plausible. With strict implication,
517:
A "process" or "mechanism" by which accepting the initial argument and making the initial decision raise the likelihood of accepting the later argument and making the later decision."
338:
Walton suggests Alfred
Sidgwick should be credited as the first writer on informal logic to describe what would today be called a slippery slope argument. Sidgwick wrote in 1910:
76:, in that it ignores the possibility of middle ground and assumes a discrete transition from category A to category B. Other idioms for the slippery slope fallacy are the
490:
Lode, having claimed that SSAs are not a single class of arguments whose members all share the same form, nevertheless goes on to suggest the following common features.
216:, for whatever reason, this is not the case. In logic and critical thinking textbooks, slippery slopes and slippery slope arguments are normally discussed as a form of
544:
The alleged danger lurking on the slippery slope is the fear that a presently unacceptable proposal (C) will (by any number of psychological processes—see, e.g.,
52:. The strength of such an argument depends on whether the small step really is likely to lead to the effect. This is quantified in terms of what is known as the
265:
that incest is not immoral, on the grounds that 'touching your mother's big toe with your little finger is not immoral, and all the rest differs only by degree.
376:
who has failed to provide sufficient evidence that one causally explained event can serve as an explanation for another event or for a series of events.
343:
for stopping anywhere in particular, and we should be led on, step by step into action or opinions that we all agree to call undesirable or untrue.
441:" arguments. All of these metaphors suggest that allowing one practice or policy could lead us to allow a series of other practices or policies."
281:
to refer to one kind of argument but not the other, but don't agree on which one, whilst others use the term to refer to both. So, for example:
253:. So, in the context of talking about slippery slopes, Merilee Salmon writes: "The slippery slope is an ancient form of reasoning. According to
1673:
1678:
448:
says it is lawyers who often call it the "parade of horribles" argument while politicians seem to favor "the camel's nose is in the tent".
208:
of using a slippery slope argument then it is being suggested they are guilty of fallacious reasoning, and while they are claiming that
277:
that they share a name is unfortunate". Some writers treat them side by side but emphasize how they differ. Some writers use the term
396:
becoming involved in the war in
Vietnam and although the U.S. lost that war, "it is primarily communist dominoes that have fallen".
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is often a feature of decisional slippery slopes due to their incremental nature but may be absent from causal slippery slopes.
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Merrilee Salmon describes the fallacy as a failure to recognise that meaningful distinctions can be drawn and even casts the "
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597:
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674:
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Corner, Adam; Hahn, Ulrike; Oaksford, Mike (2011). "The psychological mechanism of the slippery slope argument".
92:, and various other terms that are sometimes considered distinct argument types or reasoning flaws, such as the
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Walton adds the requirement that there must be a loss of control. He says, there are four basic components:
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453:
1078:
Pattinson, Shaun D. (2000). "Regulating Germ-Line Gene
Therapy to avoid Sliding down the Slippery Slope".
330:: "Affairs soon move on, for they glide readily down the path of ruin when once they have taken a start."
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suggests that the domino variation of the fallacy has gone out of fashion because it was tied to the
220:, although there may be an acknowledgement that non-fallacious forms of the argument can also exist.
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uses the metaphor to describe the decline of the
Republic upon the impending election of
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This 1895 cartoon makes a slippery-slope argument of how weddings would look in 2001 if
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56:(in this case, a demonstration of the process that leads to the significant effect).
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done by those who hold that genuine slippery slopes are of the decisional kind.
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The belief that allowing (A) will lead to a re-evaluation of (C) in the future.
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encouraged to take the first step because it leads to a desirable conclusion.
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1300:"The dam burst and slippery slope argument in medical law and medical ethics"
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The idea that the practice under consideration is, in itself, unobjectionable
479:
404:
Frank
Saliger notes that "in the German-speaking world the dramatic image of
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A "danger case"—a later argument and decision that are clearly unacceptable;
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popularized the general idea of the slippery slope for recent generations.
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Attacking faulty reasoning: A practical guide to fallacy-free arguments
711:"The camel's nose is in the tent: rules, theories, and slippery slopes"
525:
Corner et al. say that a slippery slope has "four distinct components:
2533:
2317:
2301:
1984:
1406:
Govier, Trudy (1982). "What's wrong with slippery slope arguments?".
851:
Good reasoning matters!: a constructive approach to critical thinking
627:
371:, describes what others might call a causal slippery slope but says:
2463:
1489:
1359:
742:
The art of reasoning: an introduction to logic and critical thinking
2411:
962:
Logic and contemporary rhetoric: the use of reason in everyday life
796:
Haigh, Matthew; Wood, Jeffrey S.; Stewart, Andrew J. (July 2016).
137:
can be represented by a series of conditional statements, namely:
19:
This article is about the rhetorical argument. For the novel, see
1565:
744:(4th ed.). New York London: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
997:. New York: International Debate Education Association. p.
704:
702:
700:
468:
1057:. Fort Worth, Texas: Harcourt College Publishers. p. 358.
313:
1445:. Oxford; New York: Clarendon Press; Oxford University Press.
697:
498:
The idea that the slope lacks a non-arbitrary stopping place
312:
The metaphor of the "slippery slope" dates back at least to
169:
The idea being that through a series of intermediate steps,
966:. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Thomson Learning. p.
1055:
Understanding
Arguments: An Introduction to Informal Logic
409:
largely transferred directly to the dam burst argument."
429:" or "camel's nose in the tent", "parade of horrors" or "
511:
An initial, seemingly acceptable argument and decision;
1048:
1046:
854:. Toronto New York: Oxford University Press. p.
798:"Slippery slope arguments imply opposition to change"
59:
This type of argument is sometimes used as a form of
1119:
1117:
1043:
928:
926:
273:next position or course of action in the sequence.
120:
1510:
1307:Zeitschrift für Internationale Strafrechtsdogmatik
959:
775:. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press.
125:Some writers distinguish between a slippery slope
1114:
2572:
923:
795:
548:) in the future be re-evaluated as acceptable."
307:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1161:(2016). "Slippery Slope". In Have, Henk (ed.).
1674:Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise
1341:"Slippery slope arguments and legal reasoning"
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763:
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1679:Negative conclusion from affirmative premises
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469:Defining features of slippery slope arguments
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708:
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1126:Introduction to Logic and Critical Thinking
1015:
758:
495:The series of intervening and gradual steps
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1542:
1385:. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall.
1254:
872:
539:The rejection of (A) based on this belief.
2257:
1325:
1174:
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1029:. Belmont, California: Cengage Learning.
906:
816:
2410:
1231:
31:
1383:Critical thinking: consider the verdict
1297:
1052:
990:
847:
767:
709:Rizzo, Mario; Whitman, Douglas (2003).
2573:
1471:"The mechanisms of the slippery slope"
1465:
1440:
1405:
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1206:M. Tulli Ciceronis Laelius de amicitia
1157:
1123:
1024:
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885:
739:
545:
451:The 1985 best-selling children's book
333:
1537:
1263:
380:Instead Damer prefers to call it the
1338:
1199:
247:the fallacy of slippery assimilation
223:
891:"The basic slippery slope argument"
13:
416:
241:Conceptual slippery slopes, which
14:
2617:
1132:College Publishers. p. 128.
934:"Logical fallacy: slippery slope"
598:Euthanasia and the slippery slope
351:
2555:
2554:
1163:Encyclopedia of Global Bioethics
773:Fallacies and argument appraisal
121:Slopes, arguments, and fallacies
1504:
1459:
1434:
1399:
1374:
1225:
1193:
1071:
984:
322:(XII.41). The title character
2601:Legal doctrines and principles
2052:Correlation implies causation
1513:Journal of Memory and Language
1420:10.1080/00455091.1982.10715799
1408:Canadian Journal of Philosophy
951:
841:
789:
733:
667:
1:
2586:Metaphors referring to places
1176:10.1007/978-3-319-09483-0_394
1027:A practical study of argument
661:
308:Metaphor and its alternatives
249:, are closely related to the
235:the judgmental slippery slope
1124:Salmon, Merrilee H. (1995).
681:. Department of Philosophy,
454:If You Give a Mouse a Cookie
399:
261:), the argument is found in
238:decisional slippery slopes.
7:
560:
533:An undesirable outcome (C).
38:women got the right to vote
10:
2622:
2606:American legal terminology
2476:I'm entitled to my opinion
1211:Cambridge University Press
1092:10.1177/096853320000400404
608:Foot-in-the-door technique
474:all share the same form."
368:Attacking Faulty Reasoning
355:
18:
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2398:
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2157:
2132:
2107:
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1983:
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1735:
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1664:
1630:
1586:
1577:
1525:10.1016/j.jml.2010.10.002
1264:Damer, T. Edward (1995).
1232:Sidgwick, Alfred (1910).
1080:Medical Law International
818:10.3758/s13421-016-0596-9
231:the causal slippery slope
2502:Motte-and-bailey fallacy
1602:Affirming the consequent
1443:Slippery slope arguments
1441:Walton, Douglas (1992).
1235:The Application of Logic
1053:Fogelin, Robert (2001).
530:An initial proposal (A).
2522:Two wrongs make a right
1853:Denying the correlative
1298:Saliger, Frank (2007).
1268:. Belmont, California:
991:Johnson, Ralph (2006).
958:Kahane, Howard (2001).
623:Precautionary principle
50:unintended consequences
46:slippery slope argument
2507:Psychologist's fallacy
2444:Argument to moderation
2434:Argument from anecdote
2384:Chronological snobbery
2008:Quoting out of context
1975:Overwhelming exception
1858:Suppressed correlative
1758:Quoting out of context
1633:quantificational logic
1607:Denying the antecedent
1381:Waller, Bruce (1998).
1169:. pp. 2623–2632.
1025:Govier, Trudy (2010).
908:10.22329/il.v35i3.4286
805:Memory & Cognition
740:Kelley, David (2014).
683:Texas State University
650:Splitting (psychology)
640:Salami slicing tactics
558:
443:
421:Eric Lode notes that:
378:
345:
78:thin edge of the wedge
66:slippery slope fallacy
41:
2581:Rhetorical techniques
2470:The Four Great Errors
2450:Argumentum ad populum
2439:Argument from silence
2143:Argumentum ad baculum
1921:Faulty generalization
1612:Argument from fallacy
1348:California Law Review
848:Groarke, Leo (1997).
583:Broken windows theory
568:Appeal to probability
553:
423:
373:
340:
324:Gaius Laelius Sapiens
129:and a slippery slope
72:, and is a subset of
35:
2488:Invincible ignorance
2294:Reductio ad Stalinum
2280:Reductio ad Hitlerum
2236:Wisdom of repugnance
2003:Moving the goalposts
1868:Illicit transference
1793:Begging the question
1714:Undistributed middle
1622:Mathematical fallacy
1597:Affirming a disjunct
1270:Wadsworth Publishing
994:Logical self-defense
769:Tindale, Christopher
634:Reductio ad absurdum
459:Laura Joffe Numeroff
259:The Scientific Image
68:. This is a type of
23:. For the film, see
2596:Inductive fallacies
2221:Parade of horribles
2197:In-group favoritism
2023:Syntactic ambiguity
1666:Syllogistic fallacy
1589:propositional logic
1339:Lode, Eric (1999).
1240:Macmillan & Co.
613:Gateway drug theory
603:First they came ...
439:this could snowball
431:parade of horribles
334:Thin end of a wedge
319:Laelius de Amicitia
286:Christopher Tindale
133:. A slippery slope
102:parade of horribles
16:Rhetorical argument
2307:Poisoning the well
2124:Proof by assertion
2099:Texas sharpshooter
2033:Questionable cause
1970:Slothful induction
1929:Anecdotal evidence
1789:Circular reasoning
1684:Exclusive premises
1646:Illicit conversion
1478:Harvard Law Review
1354:(6/3): 1469–1543.
1159:Walton, Douglas N.
887:Walton, Douglas N.
655:Trivial objections
593:Creeping normality
42:
21:The Slippery Slope
2568:
2567:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2482:Ignoratio elenchi
2394:
2393:
2244:
2243:
2206:Not invented here
1911:Converse accident
1833:Correlative-based
1810:Compound question
1753:False attribution
1748:False equivalence
1722:
1721:
1469:(February 2003).
1452:978-0-19-823925-3
1392:978-0-13-744368-0
1279:978-0-534-21750-1
1186:978-3-319-09482-3
1139:978-0-15-543064-8
1064:978-0-15-507548-1
1036:978-0-495-60340-5
1008:978-1-932716-18-4
977:978-0-534-53578-0
938:The Fallacy Files
865:978-0-19-541225-3
782:978-0-521-60306-5
751:978-0-393-93078-8
685:. 11 January 2016
300:Douglas N. Walton
224:Types of argument
196:A slippery slope
74:continuum fallacy
2613:
2591:Causal fallacies
2558:
2557:
2529:Special pleading
2408:
2407:
2269:Appeal to motive
2255:
2254:
2231:Stirring symbols
2211:Island mentality
2149:Wishful thinking
2130:
2129:
1846:Perfect solution
1823:No true Scotsman
1818:Complex question
1803:Leading question
1782:Question-begging
1768:No true Scotsman
1733:
1732:
1656:Quantifier shift
1651:Proof by example
1584:
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1558:
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1484:(4): 1026–1137.
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1086:(3–4): 213–222.
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694:
692:
690:
675:"Slippery Slope"
671:
588:Butterfly effect
578:Broccoli mandate
296:" in that light.
268:
263:Sextus Empiricus
166:
70:informal fallacy
2621:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2538:
2512:Rationalization
2455:
2402:
2390:
2328:
2250:Genetic fallacy
2240:
2153:
2128:
2103:
2027:
2018:Sorites paradox
1998:False precision
1979:
1960:Double counting
1915:
1890:
1862:
1827:
1814:Loaded question
1798:Loaded language
1777:
1718:
1660:
1626:
1573:
1562:
1532:
1509:
1505:
1490:10.2307/1342743
1473:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1439:
1435:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1379:
1375:
1360:10.2307/3481050
1343:
1337:
1326:
1302:
1296:
1287:
1280:
1262:
1255:
1245:
1243:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1167:Springer Nature
1156:
1147:
1140:
1122:
1115:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1023:
1016:
1009:
989:
985:
978:
956:
952:
942:
940:
932:
931:
924:
884:
873:
866:
846:
842:
800:
794:
790:
783:
766:
759:
752:
738:
734:
724:
722:
715:UCLA Law Review
707:
698:
688:
686:
673:
672:
668:
664:
659:
645:Snowball effect
563:
542:
504:
471:
419:
417:Other metaphors
402:
363:T. Edward Damer
360:
354:
336:
310:
266:
251:sorites paradox
226:
215:
211:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
167:
164:
160:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
123:
114:snowball effect
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2619:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2490:
2485:
2478:
2473:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2416:
2414:
2405:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2351:
2344:
2342:Accomplishment
2333:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2138:
2136:
2127:
2126:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2094:Slippery slope
2091:
2086:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2060:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2037:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2013:Slippery slope
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1939:Cherry picking
1931:
1925:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1900:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1872:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1837:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1795:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1637:
1635:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1561:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1538:
1531:
1530:
1519:(2): 133–152.
1503:
1467:Volokh, Eugene
1458:
1451:
1433:
1414:(2): 303–316.
1398:
1391:
1373:
1324:
1285:
1278:
1253:
1224:
1201:Reid, James S.
1192:
1185:
1145:
1138:
1130:Harcourt Brace
1128:. Fort Worth:
1113:
1070:
1063:
1042:
1035:
1014:
1007:
983:
976:
950:
922:
895:Informal Logic
871:
864:
840:
811:(5): 819–836.
788:
781:
757:
750:
732:
696:
665:
663:
660:
658:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
630:
625:
620:
618:Overton window
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
564:
562:
559:
541:
540:
537:
534:
531:
527:
519:
518:
515:
512:
503:
502:
499:
496:
492:
470:
467:
433:", "domino", "
418:
415:
401:
398:
382:domino fallacy
365:, in his book
356:Main article:
353:
352:Domino fallacy
350:
335:
332:
328:Gaius Gracchus
309:
306:
305:
304:
297:
290:
279:slippery slope
225:
222:
219:
213:
209:
207:
204:If someone is
199:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
162:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
139:
136:
132:
128:
122:
119:
84:(as a form of
82:domino fallacy
25:Slippery Slope
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2618:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2561:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2397:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2202:Invented here
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1965:False analogy
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1934:Sampling bias
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1897:Secundum quid
1893:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1841:False dilemma
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1709:Illicit minor
1707:
1705:
1704:Illicit major
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1454:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1281:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1258:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1228:
1213:. p. 109
1212:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1188:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1141:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1118:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1066:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1047:
1038:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1019:
1010:
1004:
1000:
996:
995:
987:
979:
973:
969:
964:
963:
954:
939:
935:
929:
927:
918:
914:
909:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
882:
880:
878:
876:
867:
861:
857:
853:
852:
844:
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
814:
810:
806:
799:
792:
784:
778:
774:
770:
764:
762:
753:
747:
743:
736:
720:
716:
712:
705:
703:
701:
684:
680:
676:
670:
666:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
635:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
565:
557:
552:
549:
547:
538:
535:
532:
529:
528:
526:
523:
516:
513:
510:
509:
508:
500:
497:
494:
493:
491:
488:
484:
481:
480:Eugene Volokh
475:
466:
464:
460:
456:
455:
449:
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
422:
414:
410:
407:
406:the dam burst
397:
395:
394:United States
391:
390:domino theory
387:
386:Howard Kahane
383:
377:
372:
370:
369:
364:
359:
358:Domino effect
349:
344:
339:
331:
329:
325:
321:
320:
315:
301:
298:
295:
294:domino theory
291:
287:
284:
283:
282:
280:
274:
270:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
236:
232:
221:
217:
205:
202:
197:
194:
138:
134:
130:
126:
118:
116:
115:
110:
109:
104:
103:
98:
96:
91:
88:argument) or
87:
86:domino effect
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
62:
61:fearmongering
57:
55:
51:
47:
39:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2497:Naturalistic
2480:
2468:
2448:
2419:
2403:of relevance
2346:
2324:Whataboutism
2316:
2292:
2286:Godwin's law
2278:
2258:
2141:
2134:Consequences
2115:Law/Legality
2093:
2089:Single cause
2062:
2055:
2012:
1895:
1763:Loki's Wager
1743:Equivocation
1736:Equivocation
1516:
1512:
1506:
1481:
1477:
1461:
1442:
1436:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1382:
1376:
1351:
1347:
1310:
1306:
1265:
1244:. Retrieved
1234:
1227:
1215:. Retrieved
1205:
1195:
1162:
1125:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1054:
1026:
993:
986:
961:
953:
941:. Retrieved
937:
898:
894:
850:
843:
808:
804:
791:
772:
741:
735:
723:. Retrieved
721:(2): 539–592
718:
714:
687:. Retrieved
678:
669:
632:
573:Boiling frog
554:
550:
543:
524:
520:
505:
489:
485:
476:
472:
463:Felicia Bond
452:
450:
446:Bruce Waller
444:
435:boiling frog
427:camel's nose
424:
420:
411:
405:
403:
381:
379:
374:
366:
361:
346:
341:
337:
317:
311:
278:
275:
271:
258:
255:van Fraassen
246:
243:Trudy Govier
240:
234:
230:
227:
203:
195:
168:
124:
112:
108:boiling frog
106:
100:
95:camel's nose
93:
89:
81:
77:
65:
58:
45:
43:
29:
2517:Red herring
2274:Association
1955:Conjunction
1876:Composition
1773:Reification
1689:Existential
1641:Existential
1313:: 341–352.
689:16 December
546:Volokh 2003
189:will cause
181:will imply
173:will imply
97:in the tent
2575:Categories
2493:Moralistic
2427:Sealioning
2421:Ad nauseam
2348:Ipse dixit
2260:Ad hominem
2084:Regression
1886:Ecological
1699:Four terms
1617:Masked man
1242:p. 40
1238:. London:
1165:. Berlin:
901:(3): 273.
662:References
2534:Straw man
2412:Arguments
2401:fallacies
2375:Tradition
2365:Etymology
2337:Authority
2318:Tu quoque
2302:Bulverism
2072:Gambler's
2041:Animistic
1985:Ambiguity
1951:Base rate
1694:Necessity
1566:fallacies
1428:170107849
1319:1863-6470
827:0090-502X
628:Precedent
400:Dam burst
316:'s essay
289:outcome."
161:then ...
90:dam burst
2560:Category
2192:Ridicule
2177:Flattery
2167:Children
2064:Post hoc
1944:McNamara
1906:Accident
1881:Division
1728:Informal
1246:16 March
1203:(1893).
1108:24122327
1100:15040363
943:15 March
889:(2015).
835:26886759
771:(2007).
725:18 March
679:TXSt.edu
561:See also
392:for the
212:implies
198:argument
131:argument
2379:Novelty
2354:Poverty
2216:Loyalty
2182:Novelty
2159:Emotion
2108:Appeals
2077:Inverse
2057:Cum hoc
2046:Furtive
1564:Common
1498:1342743
1368:3481050
1217:16 June
917:2655360
437:" and "
218:fallacy
206:accused
54:warrant
2464:Cliché
2399:Other
2370:Nature
2358:Wealth
1993:Accent
1579:Formal
1496:
1449:
1426:
1389:
1366:
1317:
1276:
1183:
1136:
1106:
1098:
1061:
1033:
1005:
974:
915:
862:
833:
825:
779:
748:
314:Cicero
245:calls
111:, and
2226:Spite
2120:Stone
1494:JSTOR
1474:(PDF)
1424:S2CID
1364:JSTOR
1344:(PDF)
1303:(PDF)
1104:S2CID
801:(PDF)
156:; if
152:then
148:; if
144:then
135:event
127:event
44:In a
2312:Tone
2187:Pity
2172:Fear
1570:list
1447:ISBN
1387:ISBN
1315:ISSN
1274:ISBN
1248:2017
1219:2020
1181:ISBN
1134:ISBN
1096:PMID
1059:ISBN
1031:ISBN
1003:ISBN
972:ISBN
945:2017
913:SSRN
860:ISBN
831:PMID
823:ISSN
777:ISBN
746:ISBN
727:2017
691:2023
461:and
1631:In
1587:In
1521:doi
1486:doi
1482:116
1416:doi
1356:doi
1171:doi
1088:doi
999:180
903:doi
856:246
813:doi
457:by
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