Slovak National Uprising

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able to free Slovakia from the burden of the previous collaboration with the Third Reich, gained significant influence, and their political views had to be taken note of in London as well as in Moscow. Nevertheless, they were fully dependent on outside forces for liberation, which significantly worsened their position for the post-war era. On the liberated Slovak territory, which was gradually handed over to the civil administration by the Red Army, the Slovak National Council was still able to maintain a de facto monopoly on power. Only after the full establishment of the new Czechoslovak government in Prague, from 1945 to 1948 or 1960, there was a gradual dismantling of all elements of national-political self-government, which the Slovaks had won over Czech politics through the uprising. The political goals of the civic democrats and communists involved in the uprising were not taken into account in the post-war period. The democrats managed to protect Slovakia from a communist regime only until February 1948. The Slovak communists did not fare much better, the majority of whom were sent to communist prisons as part of the internal party purges of the 1950s. Nevertheless, the uprising, with its struggle for political freedom and national self-government, gave Slovakia ideals to which it proudly professed at that time and still professed after 1989.

1812:. The controversial verdict was handed down on April 15, 1947. Tiso was sentenced to death by hanging and the death penalty was carried out three days later. The court also imposed a death sentence on the absent Ďurčanský. Mach, on the other hand, was sentenced to 30 years in prison, although the sentence was later reduced to 25 years and Mach was ultimately released early in 1968 thanks to an amnesty. In another trial before the National Court on November 11, 1947, the other ministers who had taken up their posts on September 5, 1944, were also convicted, like Minister of Defense Štefan Haššík in absentia to death by firing squad. Others received varying sentences for imprisonment, e.g., former Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs Štefan Tiso (30 years), Minister of Finance Mikuláš Pružinský (six years), Minister of Economy Gejza Medrický (seven years), Minister of Education and National Enlightenment Aladár Kočíš (six years), and Minister of Transport and Public Works Ľudovít Lednár (four years). Furthermore, in August 1946, the National Court sentenced Otomar Kubala, Chief of Staff of the Hlinka Guard and State Secretary for Security, to death and subsequently shot him. 1224:

of the Slovak insurgency, was within range of the German offensive forces and the insurgents' territory had been reduced to 6,800 km² with a population of 340,000. In view of the successful actions during the last days of September, Höfle planned a frontal attack on the core of the liberation movement, which was only 25 km away from the German lines. The general ordered the Tatra Division in the direction of Kremnica (German: Kremnitz) and Kampfgruppe Schill in the direction of Svätý Kríž to start the offensive. However, he weakened the division by withdrawing part of the forces to Kampfgruppe Schäfer. The reinforced SS unit was ordered to advance from the north towards Liptovská Osada. With his intention to attack Banská Bystrica from three sides, Höfle believed he could defeat the insurgents in a short time. But the operation failed completely, as the individual battle groups were too weak to overcome the massive Slovak defences. Although the Tatra Division occupied Kremnica on 6 October, the offensive as a whole remained a failure, so that the general called off the enterprise on 8 October. Once again, the insurgents had succeeded in resisting the German onslaught.

1365:(DS), while the socialist block, in turn, organized itself into the Communist Party of Slovakia. In this context, the most radical change with regard to the conditions in the Slovak state, but also in the previous Czechoslovak Republic, was the accession to power of the Slovak Communists, who until 1938 never received more than 10 percent of the vote in parliamentary elections. The uprising did not represent a "communist coup," as the representatives of the civic camp were the more significant component in the preparation and course of the uprising. Nevertheless, it was during the uprising that the Slovak communists first came to power, became the ruling party, and assumed key political positions. The new political system established through the Slovak National Council was independent of the Ludak government in Bratislava, as well as the exile centres in London and Moscow. Its political system was more democratic than that of the Ludaks, but political parties other than the Democrats and the Communists were not allowed. Also, all educational institutions of the national minorities were closed, with the exception of elementary (primary) schools. 1109:

the very beginning. As a result of the surprise effect, the German combat groups succeeded in almost completely disarming the hardly resisting Slovak units stationed in eastern, and western Slovakia. The greatest initial success for the Germans was the rapid disarming of the Slovak soldiers of the Eastern Slovak Army, who were probably the best equipped and best trained. In the original insurrection plans, Golian and the Slovak National Council had assigned the main role to these units. The disarmament of the Eastern Slovak divisions, which had been prepared by the command of Army Group North Ukraine since 27 August, lasted two days and was completed on 31 August 1944. Half of the total of 25,000 Slovak soldiers were disarmed and interned, some escaped and fled to their families or joined the partisans. Only about 2,000 soldiers reached the insurgents' territory in central Slovakia. Considerable stocks of weapons and military equipment, including artillery, fell into German hands. The Germans won another early victory in western Slovakia, as the strong garrisons of Bratislava and Nitra did not join the uprising. Only the military garrison of

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that the existing formations were not sufficient to defeat the insurgents in the mountainous and easily defensible terrain, the attack forces had to be considerably reinforced. After the fall of the Horthy regime in Budapest and the installation of the Arrow Cross government on 16 October, the Germans were able to smuggle a considerable amount of military material and troops from Hungary into southern Slovakia. From this point on, the insurgents' situation deteriorated visibly. Two new battle groups were to contribute to the final conclusion. On 16 October, the notorious SS Brigade Dirlewanger, which had already been used in the suppression of the Warsaw Uprising, arrived in the north of the area of operations with 15,000 men. In the southeast, the 18th Panzer Grenadier Division of the SS "Horst Wessel" gathered on Hungarian territory. The operational plan encompassed that the German units would attack concentrically from all sides, with the SS 18th Panzer Grenadier Division intervening in the fighting from the neighbouring country as a surprise element. In this way, Höfle intended to leave the enemy with no means of evasion.

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several also worked in its highest political and legislative structures. After the outbreak of the uprising, Catholic parish priests within the uprising area were labelled as enemies of the renewed Czechoslovak Republic and were persecuted, some even executed. The situation was diametrically different for the Protestant Church, which did not identify with the Ludak regime and adopted a negative attitude towards it. During the preparation and creation of the political resistance organization, it was thus Protestants who took over its leading positions, while practicing Catholics were practically non-existent in the Slovak National Council. Later, dozens of Protestant pastors as well as bishops joined the uprising – which included the mostly Protestant areas of Turiec, Liptov and Banská Bystrica. Almost all of the Protestant pastors were active in the field mission of the 1st Czechoslovak Army in Slovakia during the uprising. Nevertheless, to speak of an "evangelical uprising" would be incorrect, since the majority of the members of the insurgent army – that is, the decisive force of the uprising – were Catholics.

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under German supervision and with the assistance of National Socialist power structures. On 5 September 1944, a week after the outbreak of the uprising, a new government was installed in Slovakia. Štefan Tiso, a third cousin of President Jozef Tiso, replaced the previous Prime Minister Vojtech Tuka and at the same time took over the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as well as the Ministry of Justice. Besides the government, President Jozef Tiso was one of the most important agents in Slovakia. In addition to his far-reaching powers enshrined in the 1939 constitution, Tiso enjoyed great popularity and authority among the population, which was based on the well-regarded intermingling of state and church offices. Externally, Tiso knew how to underpin the independence of the Slovak state by performing representative tasks. This position led to the Germans sticking with him even after the outbreak of the uprising, although he was at no time one of the radical representatives of National Socialist ideology among Slovak politicians.

620:, Slovakia had been spared a German occupation, and in terms of domestic and cultural policy it remained largely autonomous. The restriction of civil liberties was considered tolerable (the regime's brutality was concentrated against the Jewish population) and the economy profited greatly from the war. Education, science and culture also experienced a boost. Until late summer of 1944, conditions in Slovakia were better than in neighbouring countries in Central Europe. That is why the Slovak government could rely on broad tolerance or even approval of its measures by the population for years. However, the representatives and members of the Protestant Church in particular were dissatisfied with the government. They made up about 17% of the Slovak population, were traditionally Czechoslovak-oriented and felt treated as second-class citizens by the Catholic-dominated Ludak regime. Since December 1938, only four Lutherans were represented in the Slovak parliament, and only one Protestant, Defence Minister 2149:"struggle between two relatively evenly matched armies, led by two hostile governments claiming authority over the same territory. Foreign policy is limited to manpower and equipment and this conflict does not grow into an international conflict." On the basis of this definition, Ryder considers the evidence for a civil war in Slovakia to be unfounded. It is true that both the Slovak National Council and the government of the Slovak state claimed legitimate authority within the state and threw large armies into the fight. Nevertheless, the role of the Wehrmacht as the main force against the insurgents was problematic, as only a few Slovaks (Domobrana, Hlinka Guards) fought against the insurgents and without Germany's intervention the internal conflict would not have come to a head. Furthermore, the German forces had clearly not fought to preserve the Ludak regime, but rather Slovakia had been occupied by a foreign army that was only interested in liquidating a dangerous enemy behind its own lines. 957:, then general secretary of the Ukrainian Communists, whereby the partisan movement of Czechoslovakia was subordinated to the Ukrainian partisan movement, which was directed from Kiev. Groups trained by the Soviets were dropped as paratroopers over Slovakia and some partisans also entered the country via eastern Poland. The first Soviet parachute unit was sent to Slovakia by the Ukrainian Partisan Command on the night of 25–26 July 1944 under Lieutenant Piotr A. Velichko to take command of the Slovak partisan movement and bring reinforcements to its cadres with experienced Soviet partisan fighters. With increasing activity, namely acts of sabotage and raids on police stations, the partisans became more and more popular. Their exact numbers are disputed among historians: Wolfgang Venohr assumes about 2,000 partisans at the beginning of the uprising, whose count then increased to 7,000 due to influxes. Other historians, however, state 12,000 to 18,000 partisans as the assumed maximum number. 1183:

Thus, while in Soviet war planning the liberation of Slovakia was postponed to the last months of the war, the leadership of the Slovak Insurgent Army assumed that the Soviet invasion would take place in the summer or early autumn of 1944. Only on the occasion of the political and military changes in Slovakia did the Red Army correct its operational planning. Although it continued its successful campaign in Romania and on the Balkan Peninsula, it opened its offensive on the Beskid front earlier than intended. However, the attack organised at short notice came at the expense of military strength. The Red Army's Eastern Carpathian Operation lasted from 8 September to 28 October 1944, and although the Red Army was only 40 km from the Slovak border when the military action began, by the end of October 1944 it had only managed to conquer Carpathian Ukraine and parts of eastern Slovakia, suffering casualties of 21,000 soldiers killed and 89,000 wounded in the process.

1838:, Czechs, Jews, Russian paratroopers and domestic traitors. For President Tiso and the leadership of the Hlinka party, the Slovak National Uprising was a purely communist-inspired conspiracy to which a small section of the Slovaks had allowed themselves to be misused by the pretence of false facts. They saw the collapse of their state as a historical misunderstanding, which they believed to be due to the intervention of a foreign power and a foreign will imported from Moscow and London. Sympathisers of the ruling Hlinka party and their ideological successors perceived and still perceive it as a criminal, anti-national, pro-Czech, pro-Bolshevik and anti-Christian or Lutheran conspiracy, as terrorism against state sovereignty and a fratricidal civil war. After the suppression of the uprising, the German patron's need to proclaim a great victory prevailed – This consequently, the official Slovak press also reclassified the "putsch" as an "uprising". 1450:

military situation as well as operational procedures on the southern wing of the Eastern Front. This was because the politico-military events in Slovakia caused the USSR military leadership to significantly change its operational intentions and adapt them to the new circumstances. The Red Army wanted to use the national military resistance to collapse the cornerstone of the German front. Thus, Moscow intended to occupy Hungary as well as to advance directly into the southern parts of the "Greater German Reich." As a result of the Red Army's revised operational planning, the Wehrmacht was forced not only to repel the Soviet-Romanian offensive in Transylvania, but also to resume full-scale defence in the Beskids after a brief period of rest. Ultimately, the Wehrmacht, as well as its Hungarian ally, still possessed the substance to both put down the uprising in central Slovakia and to repel the Soviet objective of encircling and destroying parts of

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took brutal action against partisans as well as against civilians. The retaliatory measures against the captured insurgents and ‘punitive measures’ against the civilian population in the former insurgency areas were faced with caused the number of victims to rise after the end of the uprising. Public executions, mass shootings, deportations to extermination and concentration camps and the burning of communities and villages were now part of everyday life in Slovakia. Most of the actions were organised by Einsatzgruppe H, which was sent to Slovakia shortly after the outbreak of the uprising, and were often carried out with the help of locals. The victims were mainly Jews, but numerous Roma, arrested partisans and insurgents as well as their supporters were not spared. In total, around 30,000 citizens of Slovakia were deported to German prison, labour, internment and concentration camps (about two-thirds to prison and labour camps).

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National Council, which now had 13 members, was fully established on September 5 after Slovak communist Karol Šmidke returned from Moscow. Together with Vavro Šrobár, the representative of the civic-democratic camp, Šmidke became one of the two chairmen of the Slovak National Council. The National Council and its organs had, in principle, the same number of members from the socialist bloc and the civic-democratic bloc. The plenary assembly of the Slovak National Council (consisting of 41 members from September 5 and 50 members from October) issued decrees with the force of laws. The Slovak National Council assumed legislative, judicative, and executive power in Slovakia and repealed laws and decrees that contradicted the "republican-democratic spirit" (including all anti-Jewish laws). In turn, those Slovak, German, and Hungarian parties and organizations that shaped the political system of the Slovak state were banned.

1784:. Three death sentences and two prison sentences of five and twelve years were handed down. Only one of the 100 SS leaders had to stand trial in Slovakia. Others were investigated, but the results were not sufficient to bring the accused to trial. In the Federal Republic, not a single SS leader of Einsatzgruppe H was convicted for his activities in Slovakia. Nevertheless, some of them had to answer to a Federal German court for their actions during the war and in some cases even had to serve a prison sentence. A total of ten SS leaders of Einsatzgruppe H were convicted in the Federal Republic of Germany for crimes involving killing committed outside Slovakia. In addition to Czechoslovakia and the Federal Republic, members of Einsatzgruppe H were also held accountable in other countries and in some cases convicted with final effect. Four commando leaders were sentenced to death and subsequently executed. 1380:(= Podbrezov Iron Works), which produced mainly grenade launchers, steel anti-tank obstacles, etc. for the insurgents without interruption for two months. The production of the ironworks in Podbrezov was also important. Also integral were the railroad works in Zvolen, which managed to build three armoured trains in record time. The financial security of the insurgent area was provided by a branch of the National Bank of Slovakia in Banská Bystrica; the rest of the economic-social life was under the responsibility of the individual commissioners (ministers) of the Slovak National Council. In addition to the requirements of the army, it was also necessary to serve the civilian sector. In terms of infrastructure, roads were crucial here, with railroad lines also being used for the civilian sector. Regarding supplies, a system of food stamps was applied in the insurgency area, as it was in the Slovak state. 896:Čatloš planned to overthrow the Tiso government at the appropriate moment, establish a military dictatorship and lead Slovakia to the Soviet side. Unlike the Slovak National Council, however, he proposed to decide on the future status of Slovakia only after the war. Both the insurrection plan of the military headquarters and Čatloš's overthrow plan relied in principle on the exploitation of the Eastern Slovak Army to open the borders in the Carpathians and the passage of the Red Army into Slovak territory. The insurgency plan of the Military Headquarters had been the subject of continued attention and expert support from the Czechoslovak Ministry of Defence in London since July 1944, Čatloš's subversion plan, on the other hand, was not politically tied to the government-in-exile (which Čatloš did not recognise) and only to a narrow circle of insiders were privy to it until the end of July 1944. 1245:, who had flown in from London, and became his deputy. Under pressure from the German occupation forces, the insurgents' territory had shrunk to just under 7,000 km² with a population of about 300,000 by the first days of October. The Slovak insurgent army had suffered heavy losses. Some 2,180 soldiers had fallen, thousands more had dropped out through wounding, capture or defection to the enemy. By mid-October, the insurgent army still numbered about 36,000 soldiers, but only two-thirds of them were fully armed and ready for action. In addition, there were a few thousand partisans in the encirclement and the partisans and soldiers outside the encirclement ring behind the German lines, but they had hardly any military effectiveness left. Almost 80% of the armoured weapons had been destroyed by the Germans, and the Slovak artillery had also lost well over half of its stock. 2254: 2314:("Wolf Holes") with great pathos and clearly from the perspective of the victors, but also with vividly drawn characters beyond black-and-white thinking and using documentary footage directly from the uprising. The premiere was planned for the 4th anniversary of the SNP in August 1948, but some scenes had to be reworked due to ideological reservations: The film commission required an emphasis on "domestic betrayal" and the part played by Soviet liberators. As everywhere in public life, there were also binding ideological dogmas in cinematography from 1949 to 1955: national motifs were suppressed in connection with the spectres of "bourgeois nationalism". The theme of the uprising was only legalised in the second half of the 1950s. In the golden era of Slovak film from 1963 to 1970, various moral aspects of this event – This including partisan robbery in 1462:

front, the communication system of the Germans was interrupted. Slovakia no longer formed a convenient supply route or a retreat area for the German forces. The German troops, which were urgently needed elsewhere to fight the Allies, were kept in Slovakia to fight the insurgents and the partisans. The German plans about using the Slovak army in the war was foiled. In the end, the Germans suffered heavy losses of life and material in fighting the insurgents and the partisans. Nevertheless, the military significance of the uprising remained low in the end. Only for the disarmament of the two Slovak divisions in eastern Slovakia did the Wehrmacht withdraw units from other fronts. Otherwise, reserve and replacement units that were in the process of being deployed or re-deployed after a front-line mission were primarily used for counterinsurgency operations.

1590:. Their partisan unit (‘Nováky Group’) became part of the 4th Tactical Group of the Uprising Army. The four members of the British military mission in Banská Bystrica who parachuted into the uprising zone occupied a special position among the Jewish fighters who took part in the Slovak uprising. All of them had previously lived in what was then Palestine and had completed parachute courses. Immediately after the outbreak of the uprising, all four volunteered to join the military commission that the British High Command intended to send to Slovakia. The mission's task was to mediate between the British Army Command and the High Command of the insurgent Slovakia. After the German troops had occupied the centre of the uprising, the Palestinian-Jewish paratroopers retreated into the mountains. Three of the four soldiers died as a result of the uprising. 1191:

themselves under army command before the outbreak of the uprising. Most partisan groups, however, limited the support they gave to the army to the absolute minimum and pursued their own actions, following orders from the Ukrainian Partisan Headquarters in Kiev. Since the Slovak communists failed to gain control of the military, headed by non-Marxist officers, they tried to compensate that by forming their own army from the partisan detachments. The conflict between the army and the partisans led to a crisis during the uprising, which the Slovak National Council tried to resolve on 12 September by setting up a "war council" to coordinate all the activities of the army and the partisans. However, the council, which included leading democrats and communists, was never able to completely resolve the conflict because of constant communist harassment.

1968:, as he presented it in 1990 in book form under the title Povstanie bez legiend (Uprising without Legends). The aim was to emphasise the importance of non-communist civic resistance and the role of the army, without denying the importance of the communists and the partisan movement. The Slovak governments after 1989 and 1993 accepted the uprising as a state tradition. The 50th anniversary was celebrated in August 1994 with the participation of six presidents. The Slovak army, which was formed in January 1993, acknowledged its tradition. Until 2005, the SNP anniversary celebrations took place only once every five years, but since 2006 the commemorations have been held annually. Since then, interest from foreign participants has also increased: while 15 foreign embassies took part in the celebrations in 2006, by 2013 there were already 27. 2229:

Bosák and Milan Gajdoš, military scientific accounts of individual phases of the history of the uprising were produced in a highly professional quality, including works by Gajdoš on the 3rd Tactical Group and by Bosák on the 1st Tactical Group of the insurgent army. The unique volume of documents Slovenské národné povstanie by Vilem Prečan should also be emphasised. Research on the historiography of the Slovak National Uprising, for example by Jozef Jablonický, has pointed to the instrumentalization of the event and thus demonstrated the political function of these interpretations. In recent years, there have been increased attempts to place the resistance and uprising in the context of European history. Most recently, controversy has been caused by accounts of the uprising that criticise the role of the partisans and the Soviet Union.

2043:(2008) also states with regard to the National Uprising that the military uprising grew from local roots, was prepared primarily by local people (economists, generals, officers) and was therefore primarily a Slovak affair. Opinions that have emerged since October 1944 that it was an action by "the Czechs" or "the Jews" are misconceived and in no way correspond to the truth. However, the uprising could hardly be understood as a national undertaking in the literal sense, as not even 80,000 of the 2,6 million Slovak citizens were armed and actively involved – This the majority of them as part of the mobilisation. The majority of the nation "did not join the uprising and showed no real interest in it". One could speak of an overall national aspect of the Slovak National Uprising rather in terms of its political and moral significance. 1296:), which was able to draw on an "army" of 6,900 soldiers loyal to the government in mid-September 1944, rising to just under 20,000 men in November and reaching a personnel strength of 41,000 soldiers through the mobilisation of older cohorts in January and March 1945. The core was formed by the garrisons that had remained loyal to the regime, first and foremost the Nitra garrison, which was the only one not to be disarmed after the outbreak of the uprising. However, the "Domobrana" had more of a symbolic character, since the army's lack of combat readiness, inadequate training and equipment (more than two-thirds of its men remained unarmed) ruled out from the outset any deployment at the front or in the fight against the partisans, so that it could be called upon primarily only for entrenchment and repair work in the hinterland. 1594:

partisans, around 10% were Jews, and up to 6.4% of the Jewish population remaining in Slovakia took part in the uprising (due to the previous deportations, the majority of Jews in Slovakia at that time were elderly). This meant that the percentage of Jews who decided in favour of the uprising was higher than the percentage of Slovak fighters in the total population. 269 Jewish partisans fell in battle or died as a result of the fighting, which corresponds to 17% of all Jews who fought. 166 Jewish participants in the uprising were honoured with the Order of the SNP I. and II. Class. This puts the participation of Jews in the anti-fascist struggle in Slovakia at the forefront of Jewish involvement in the European resistance movement, not only in terms of numbers but also in terms of the intensity of their participation.

1561:). On the night of September 17, the village, where almost 90 percent of the population professed German nationality, was occupied by about 250 partisans of the unit "1st Czechoslovak Partisan Brigade of Josef W. Stalin." On the night of September 21, these conducted house searches and had about 300 men between the ages of 16 and 60 line up at the local school. From there, most of them were taken – under the pretext of doing entrenchment work – This to the train station, where they had to board a train. After a journey of about two kilometres, the train stopped. The prisoners had to get off and were shot by the partisans. A total of 187 men were murdered in this way, and another 62 were taken to the internment camp in Slovenská Ľupča. Further shootings of ethnic Germans by partisans and insurgents took place in 2088:

Klaus Schönherr, this approach does justice to the events in principle, but in his opinion neglects to place the event in the context of the overall military situation in East-Central and South-East Europe. This is because – This according to Schönherr's assessment the uprising, in conjunction with the Red Army attack on the Beskid front that began a few days later, could develop into an eminent threat to the military and political position of the German Reich in south-east Europe. The operation of the 1st Ukrainian Front, which was still in the refreshment phase, could only be explained from this perspective. The Red Army would neither have wanted to nor been able to miss the opportunity to form an oversized bridgehead in the rear of Army Group North and South Ukraine by uniting with the insurgents.

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even a day later that the operation in the south began with the 18th SS Division as well as Kampfgruppe Wittenmeier, which was composed of parts of the 14th SS Division and a reinforced army battalion. The security forces of Korück 531, which had assumed command in the Eastern Slovakia command area on 10 October, also intervened in the final offensive from the Betlanovce-Spišská Nova Ves area from 19 October onwards and were able to bring the area up to the western border of the operational area under German control within six days. The units in the south proceeded according to plan against the centre of insurgency in Banská Bystrica, which was captured by Kampfgruppe Schill on 27 October. With the capture of Banská Bystrica, the uprising against the "protective power" and the Tiso regime collapsed.

2051:"Very simplistically, the relationship between the SNP and the Slovak state in 1939–1945 could be seen as a dispute over the form of government (dictatorship versus democracy), or as a dispute over the constitutional order (Slovak nation versus statist Czechoslovakism). As a people's liberation struggle against fascism, the SNP proved to be a 'useful past' (Jacques Rupnik) in the search for national and state identity in the 1960s and 1990s. The problem began as soon as the uprising was to be placed in its historical context, in relation to the previous period, in relation to the Slovak state. Many people reduce the SNP's ideological message to the rejection of German Nazism, but do not feel the need for a critical examination of the domestic authoritarian-fascist regime of the Slovak state." 1408:, foreign minister of the Czechoslovak government-in-exile, personally addressed the Allied representatives in London and asked them to support the Slovak insurgents. He requested the representatives of Great Britain and the United States that the Allies bomb the German operational targets in Slovakia, and secondly, that Allies issue a declaration granting the domestic Czechoslovak forces the rights of combatants so that the insurgents would be under the protection of the Geneva Convention. On September 7, the U.S. State Department issued a statement conceding to the Slovak insurgents "to constitute forces fighting against the Germans" and strongly warned the Germans not to violate "the rules of war" in the form of reprisals against them. The British Foreign Office issued a similar statement. 1776:

decision-making power of the central government in Prague. One of these areas was the prosecution of crimes committed since 1938. This was based on the relevant Allied agreements that had been concluded during or shortly after the war. The decree, prepared by the Czechoslovak government-in-exile in London and containing the provisions for the prosecution of Nazi and war criminals, was rejected by the Slovak National Council, with the result that Czechoslovakia ultimately proceeded in this sphere according to two different sets of standards. In the western part of the republic, the basic norm was the so-called Great Retribution Decree of June 19, 1945; in Slovakia, it was the Decree of the Slovak National Council No. 33/1945, which had already entered into force a month earlier.

467:. Slovakia's political development in the following six years was determined by its status as a "protective state" of the German Reich. In the "Protection Treaty" concluded on 23 March 1939, Slovakia strived to conduct its foreign policy and the building of its army "in close agreement" with the German Reich and to make a "protection zone" in the western part of the country available to the Wehrmacht for the establishment of military installations and garrisons. In the additionally concluded "Confidential Protocol on Economic and Financial Cooperation", Germany also secured its interests vis-à-vis the Slovak economy. In return, the German Reich strived to "protect the political independence of the Slovak state and the integrity of its territory." 1220:

Slovak insurgent army ten days to build up a new defensive front. Only the II Battalion of Kampfgruppe Schill succeeded in occupying the town of Handlová almost without a fight on 23 September. In the southern section, the operation only began to move again after three weeks, after the I Battalion Schill had taken Žarnovica and on 28 September was able to establish contact with the reinforced battalion of the 14th Waffen-Grenadier Division of the SS, which was advancing from the direction of Nová Baňa. In contrast, the weak securing forces of Korück 531 east of Telgárt suffered further setbacks when they once again failed to withstand the onslaught of the insurgents and therefore fell back almost 15 km west of Spišská Nová Ves.

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to the German defensive front between the Vistula and the Southern Carpathians. By the summer of 1944, the Axis powers had completely lost the military initiative on the Eastern Front and had been forced onto the defensive by the Red Army. In the process, the Wehrmacht had lost so much substance by the summer of 1944 that it was barely able to maintain front-line cohesion. At this stage of the war, two factors in particular affected the Axis forces' ability to act operationally. On the one hand, the Anglo-American Allied invasion of northern France on June 6 had created a new focal point in the west of the German dominion, and on the other hand, the Soviet summer offensive, which opened in mid-June in the front section of

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approximately 3,000 men during the national uprising (mostly soldiers but also partisans) and about 1,000 others who already died in captivity. Through the research work of Slovak historians, about 1500 victims could be identified so far. The number of German soldiers killed in the uprising’s skirmishes could not be objectively quantified until today, according to historian Martin Lacko (2008). In an anthology on the history of the Slovak National Uprising published in 1985, so still in socialist Czechoslovakia, the authors state the following German losses: 4,200 fallen soldiers, 5,000 wounded and 300 prisoners. The number of German soldiers killed in the Slovak National Uprising was not mentioned.

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General Čatloš: the Bratislava garrison with about 8,000 soldiers and other units with a strength of about 8,000 men, half of which were "military labour corps". In Central Slovakia, in Banská Bystrica and the surrounding area, replacement and training units of about 14,000 men, plus 4,000 men from the "Military Labour Corps", were concentrated around the High Command of the Land Forces under General Turanec. Last, in Eastern Slovakia, the Eastern Slovak Army took up position, comprising the two active infantry divisions No. 1 and No. 2 with 24,000 men. These men – equipped with weapons and equipment of the latest German production – could be considered the elite of the Slovak armed forces.

609: 1233: 1894:"Afterwards it was clear that the fact and legacy of the Slovak uprising of 1944 fitted the Czech Stalinist communists under Gottwald just as poorly as it had previously fitted the Czech civic forces under Beneš. In Prague, it was quickly realised that the uprising had far more than mere historical significance, that it would inevitably become fodder for all Slovak emancipation and equality aspirations if its tradition was not brought under control as quickly as possible and deformed in the desired sense. Everything that appeared on the Czechoslovak book market in 1954 on the tenth anniversary of the uprising was nothing but historical fabrication of the most primitive kind ". 2579: 1800:

the German commander in Slovakia, Hermann Höfle, to death by hanging. Both were found guilty on a total of 27 counts, their crimes consisting mainly of participating in the "political, economic and other oppression of the Slovak people. Höfle fought with the German army on the territory of the Czechoslovak Republic against the Red Army, against other armies of the Allies, the Slovak National Uprising and the partisans in Slovakia; both were in the service of Nazi Germany, gave orders and participated in the deportation of Slovak citizens abroad." The death sentences were carried out on December 9, 1947. On February 27, 1948, the "Commissioner for Jewish Affairs" for Slovakia,

1899: 1021:, asked the German envoy, Ludin, to immediately persuade the Slovak government to give its official consent to the German invasion. Ludin then met (again) with President Tiso and more or less categorically demanded his approval of the German occupation, to which Tiso agreed after much hesitation. Steps toward intervention in Slovakia, however, had already been taken by the Wehrmacht before the Slovak leadership had asked Berlin for military support. The intervention of German troops in Slovakia, already considered in the weeks before, was now put into action. Just 24 hours after the Martin incident, the first improvised units of the Wehrmacht moved into Slovakia. 946:

clearly more significant. The first domestic attempts to form armed groups in the forests took place as early as 1942, and was called for mainly by the Slovak communists. The partisan units formed in the mountainous areas of central and northern Slovakia. They were composed of deserters from the Slovak army, escaped prisoners of war, persecuted Jews, as well as Slovak and Carpathian German opponents of the government. However, partisanship did not take on a mass form in the first, "victorious" period for Germany and the Slovak regime, and the armed groups were isolated from the population. A genuine partisan movement did not develop in Slovakia until August 1944.

2595: 2107:"In a flat historical sense, the Slovaks were better off under Tiso than ever before in their history; materially as well as culturally. It remains all the more admirable and memorable that it was the Slovaks who re-established Czechoslovakia in their bold insurrectionary endeavour of 1944 and thus achieved the greatest political and military feat within the illegal resistance against fascism after Yugoslavia. For while Romanians, Bulgarians and Finns only turned their weapons against the Germans when the Soviet armies were deep in their forests, the Slovaks rose up before the Soviet tanks rolled through the valleys and villages of their homeland." 2099:"Slovakia could not free itself from the embrace of its protecting power, Germany, without giving itself up. Its government and parts of the population had been guilty of collaborating with a foreign, amoral and criminal state. The uprising proved to the victorious powers that large sections of the Slovak people did not agree with this diabolical pact and were prepared to risk their lives to liberate their homeland from foreign, 'fascist' rule. The Slovaks were able to enter the Czechoslovak Republic, which was re-established after the war, as a people who had made their contribution to the Allied struggle against the enemy of the civilised world." 154: 1401:

interest in it militarily, since their armies were not planing to conduct operations in east-central Europe. Contrarily, Soviets were interested in the uprising from the military point of view, since it could facilitate the advance of the Soviet army to the west. Politically, however, they viewed the uprising with suspicion because its leading class was composed of communists and democrats; the democrats being hostile "bourgeois nationalists" from a Marxist point of view. Wolfgang Venohr assessed Allied support for the Slovak National Uprising in summary as "just as insignificant and insufficient as in the case of the Warsaw Uprising."

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against the civilian population, the vast majority of whom were of German nationality. Most of the crimes against ethnic Germans were committed shortly after the outbreak of the uprising in central Slovakia, in the Hauerland region. In this area, insurgents and partisans exercised control for more than a month, mostly targeting German civilians. An order from the illegal military headquarters dated August 28, 1944, stated that after the insurrection was declared, all local Germans along with their families were to be immediately interned in barracks or liquidated if they resisted. In several places in central Slovakia, ethnic Germans (

1350: 576:, which led to Slovakia's declaration of war against the Soviet Union in June 1941 and against Great Britain and the United States in December 1941. Through its support of the Third Reich, Slovakia fell into ever greater international isolation and reduced its chances of a possible post-war existence, especially when the Allies adopted the restoration of Czechoslovakia as one of their wartime objectives in 1941. Since it had become apparent that the Allies would not recognise an independent Slovakia after the war, the question was no longer whether Slovakia would become part of Czechoslovakia again, but only under what conditions. 1043: 1508:, who at the same time was appointed State Secretary of the newly established State Secretariat for German Ethnic Group Affairs. Specifically, the DP had the task of educating the Germans included in the party politically and militarily along the lines of the Reich German NSDAP, promoting the economic and cultural life of the Germans living in Slovakia, and ensuring that they were treated as fully equal citizens and enjoyed the same rights as Slovaks. In the fall of 1941, the DP had 60,997 members, encompassing almost half of the Slovak citizens of German nationality. The military organization of the Germans was the 1952: 1644:(POHG). An important task of Einsatzgruppe H was to arrest the military leaders of the uprising, Generals Viest and Golian. After the occupation of Banská Bystrica on 27 October, they had retreated to the Donovaly mountain pass and reached the village of Pohronský Bukovec, where they were arrested by members of Einsatzkommando 14 on 3 November. Both generals were interrogated in Bratislava and then brought to Berlin on 9 November. There is still no clear evidence of the generals' fate, but according to historian Šindelářová, everything points to them being shot in Flossenbürg concentration camp in February 1945. 230: 219: 208: 1412:

Slovakia. They also landed twice at Banská Bystrica to evacuate Allied pilots who had taken shelter over the area the Germans occupied. Nevertheless, on September 22, the American General Staff decided to refrain from supporting the Slovaks on the grounds that "it would not constitute a reasonably feasible operation for the American and British air forces." American reluctance to support the Slovak uprising was due to the oft-expressed fear of the Chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff – namely that Western interference in Eastern Europe might jeopardize the support promised by the Soviets in the Pacific.

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Slovak soldiers and partisans. Furthermore, Rychlík also comments on the motif of the relationship between the uprising and Slovak statehood, which is often discussed in Slovak historiography. Rychlík emphasises that the Slovak National Uprising did not destroy the Slovak state, as the Great Powers had already decided on its dissolution. Although it is true that the Slovak National Uprising proclaimed the renewal of the Czechoslovak Republic, this would not have meant a resignation to Slovak statehood, which on the contrary was to be preserved and further developed within the framework of Czechoslovakia.

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the framework of Czechoslovakia and, above all, to send a message: The war had been "anti-fascist" and "fascists" were responsible for all atrocities and crimes. The following SNP anniversaries reflected the loss of authority of the Slovak national institutions in favour of the Prague institutions. The insurgents' ideas about the federalisation of Czechoslovakia had not been implemented – This not only because of the disobedience of the Czech side, but also because of the political conflict between Slovak democrats and communists, with the latter becoming instruments of the renewal of centralism.

1692:, 13 and 14. Larger raids with numerous arrested Jews took place in the first days of September, especially in Topoľčany and Trenčín; the largest raid against Jews was carried out in the Slovak capital at the end of September 1944, when 1,600 Jews were arrested. The arrest was usually carried out by members of Einsatzgruppe H, often with the assistance of Slovaks or Volksdeutsche. This was followed by the transfer of those arrested to the nearest prison, where they were registered and in some cases interrogated (under torture) in order to learn from them the whereabouts of other hidden Jews. 197: 186: 166: 1216:

essentially improvised and hardly coordinated manner, Höfle had an operational plan drawn up for the first time, which gave priority to a coordinated deployment of all German forces. After three weeks of fighting against the liberation movement, the general intended to seal off the insurgent area with a complete encirclement ring and to proceed concentrically against the resisters. The Tatra Division, which had in the meantime been reinforced by two battalions, now had sufficient fighting power to break through the Slovak defensive barricade near Žilina and capture Martin on 21 September.

1657:

the very beginning. No letter of protection was recognized anymore. One fact remains that the highest Slovak bodies did not intend to continue the deportations of Jews, they even tried to prevent them. Nevertheless, at that time they still behaved in an anti-Jewish manner, because they did not want to take note of the real cause of the uprising as a general and open expression of rejection of the regime. On the question of the cause of the uprising and the decisive part played by the Jews in its preparation, outbreak and course, the Slovak and German government circles were of one mind.

926:

issue a decree mobilising more age groups. Under the same pretext, some units of the army were quietly transferred to the strategically important triangle of the uprising. Finally, the military headquarters transported war supplies, food and medicines to the triangle to be defended under the pretext of removing them from areas exposed to Allied bombardment (especially Bratislava). By June 1944, Central Slovakia had a full three months' worth of food supplies, all in all 1,3 million litres of petrol in various storage centres and 3,54 billion Slovak crowns in the Bank of Banská Bystrica.

2035:"The uprising did not negate Slovak statehood, only that form of state that existed after 1939 – This that is, a state with an undemocratic regime that had been created under pressure from Germany as a result of Nazi aggression against Czechoslovakia. When the Slovak National Uprising broke out, it declared its goals, one of which was the re-establishment of the Czechoslovak Republic, but not in the form that existed before Munich or after the 1920 constitution, which spoke of a 'Czechoslovak nation'. The uprising clearly demanded an equal position for Slovakia in the renewed republic." 2166:, he also takes a critical look at Wolfgang Venohr's study, long regarded as the standard work in German historical research, in which he points out numerous factual errors in his work. In a further contribution, Schönherr analyses how the Slovak National Uprising influenced the military situation of the German-Hungarian defensive front between the Vistula and the Southern Carpathians. In a further contribution, Schönherr analyses how the Slovak National Uprising influenced the military situation of the German-Hungarian defensive front between the Vistula and the Southern Carpathians. 119: 585: 106: 488: 2132:"The conspiracy from the summer of 1943 to the summer of 1944 was in fact only the affair of a small Slovak elite consisting of two dozen people, the majority of whom were officers. And the uprising itself was carried out by 40,000 to 50,000 soldiers; no more. But the surprising experience of the small Slovak nation of possessing revolutionary personalities of stature, of having given birth to a heroically fighting army from its own womb, and all this by its own efforts, almost without outside help, made the matter of autumn 1944 a "national" affair after all." 1573:

of the ethnic Germans living in Slovakia were probably affected by the evacuation. After the war, some of them returned to Slovakia, but were then expelled from Czechoslovakia again in 1946 as part of the resettlement campaigns along with those who remained. In the census conducted in 1950, only 5,179 inhabitants in Slovakia professed German nationality. In this respect, the Third Reich and the Slovak state, which existed for six years, effectively meant the end of the coexistence of Germans and Slovaks in this region, which had lasted since the Middle Ages.

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partisans continued to destroy roads, railways and bridges. They also attacked Germans living in Slovakia, as well as people who were active in the party and state apparatus of the Ludaks. The increasing partisan actions disrupted the coup preparations and drew the attention of the Slovak and German services to the centre of the conspiracy in central Slovakia. Warnings from the Slovak National Council that such actions could lead to a German occupation of Slovakia and thus to a premature outbreak of the uprising were not heeded by the partisans.

1388:(= Free Slovak Radio) in Banská Bystrica and served as a means of mobilization, organization and information for the population of central Slovakia. During the uprising, BBC also broadcast in Czech and Slovak for Czechoslovakia and Moscow Radio, organized by the Moscow leadership of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. In addition, 20 to 30 newspapers and magazines appeared more or less regularly in the insurgency area, and institutions like theatres and cinemas were also up and running, which can be seen as an indicator for times of peace. 2209: 893:

1943, but he did not involve head of state Tiso in his plans. In early 1944, Čatloš proposed the formation of an Eastern Slovak Army that would act as one of the pillars of the future overthrow. Čatloš's proposal was approved by both the State Defence Council and the German leadership. By securing the north-eastern Slovak border with the home army, Čatloš wanted to pre-empt an occupation of this area by German units over which he would have had no influence and which would have blocked the passage of the Red Army in the Carpathians.

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with its own fighting troops. Two divisions of the Slovak army were deployed outside Slovakia in 1944; two others stationed in eastern Slovakia were disarmed and seized by the Germans immediately after the outbreak of the uprising. In western and especially central Slovakia, a large number of Slovak officers and soldiers joined the uprising. The Slovak army had disintegrated, and by the end of the war the Slovak regime had not succeeded in replacing it with a newly formed army. The result of these efforts was the "Domobrana" (Engl.

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command authorities in the rear area of operations, which are held by the Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv (Freiburg), would make more intensive research into this episode of the Second World War more difficult. Secondly, the fighting in the summer/autumn of 1944 in the other theatres of war – This such as France, the Balkans and the central and eastern sections of the Eastern Front – This had such a serious impact on events in the final phase of the Second World War that the events in Slovakia hardly received any attention.

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the plans for a Slovak national uprising during more than three weeks that had elapsed since the Šmidke delegation arrived in the USSR. Moscow remained silent. Golian's efforts to delay the day of the uprising until he had news from the Soviet Union and could coordinate his military measures with the Red Army were now all doomed to failure. Added to this was the fact that, on Hitler's orders, because of the acute danger of the Soviet advance, the Eastern Slovak Army had already been assigned to the German

1278: 448: 973:, saw himself forced to request the dispatch of Wehrmacht units to fight the partisans. However, the military situation in all theatres of war did not permit any intervention by the Wehrmacht for the time being, and after a temporary calming of the situation Ludin also withdrew his request for the dispatch of German troops on 27 August, as the political situation no longer seemed to justify such a measure. As a result, an incident occurred during the night of 27 August in the central Slovak town of 2056:"cosmopolitans", the Slovak National Uprising was predominantly viewed in a positive light. In a representative survey conducted in 2003, the Slovak National Uprising was ranked fourth among the positive historical events after 1918. The most negatively rated event was the deportation of Jews from Slovakia. Among the most appreciated holidays, the Slovak National Uprising is also in fourth place. The Tatra Mountains were named as the strongest symbol by 51%, followed by the Christian cross (25%), 2527: 1713:'s most important collaborators in the realization of the genocide of Slovak Jews, was ordered to Slovakia to organize the subsequent transport of Jews from Sereď to the extermination camps. Upon his arrival in Sereď, deportations from Slovakia resumed immediately and were to continue for the next six months until the end of March 1945. By the end of the war, more than 14,000 Jews (in addition to the approximately 58,000 deportees of 1942) had been deported or murdered on Slovak territory. 2060:(23%), the Slovak double cross (21%) – This and the monument to the Slovak National Uprising in Banská Bystrica (12%) as the only symbol of contemporary history. In a representative survey on the Slovak National Uprising conducted by the Focus opinion research institute in 2016, a total of 82 per cent of Slovaks stated that they considered it to be an event "we should be proud of". Diametrically opposed, 10 per cent of Slovaks thought the uprising was an event they should not be proud of. 865: 1204: 853:

Banská Bystrica came to the fore in the subsequent preparations for the uprising. The military headquarters now set about making all the necessary preparations for an armed uprising in the months of May, June and July 1944. It was necessary to fill the leading command posts and staffs with reliable officers and to issue general guidelines for the troop units in the event of an uprising. It was decided to concentrate strong troop units in the central Slovak triangle of Banská Bystrica-

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areas in Slovakia. At the end of December 1944, a German ‘economic commissioner’ was appointed, according to whom all raw material and food reserves were relocated to and, after the labour force, the industrial plants were also subjected to the full control of the Reich authorities. Hoensch (1994) comments: ‘After the national uprising, Slovakia retained its “sovereign” façade merely for reasons of camouflage and was already viewed and treated as an “internal Reich problem”.’

269: 252: 1369: 788:. Communism and an orientation towards the Soviet Union were rejected, and the Communist Party had practically no influence on the army, police and gendarmerie. The Slovak army was formally independent, but the Slovak regime had had to give up important areas of organisation, especially with the Military Economic Treaty of 1939 and the installation of the German Industrial Commission in 1943. Slovak politicians had given in to German pressure to participate in the 11114: 1148: 1253: 1881:"The construction of the 'socialist Czechoslovak people' began, cheerfully building socialism shoulder to shoulder with the Soviet Union. The initiative of those who already had experience of fighting against an undemocratic regime was not welcome. Political purges, intimidation and the political trials of the 1950s, which also affected many of the former insurgents, generally did not allow dissenting interpretations of the SNP to be expressed publicly." 1159: 1006:, Slovakia, an alliance of partisans under the Soviet partisan leader Velichko and the mutinous local garrison of the Slovak Army, without the knowledge of the military headquarters, held up a train on which the German military commission in Romania was returning to Berlin after Romania's defection from Bucharest. The 22 German officers were arrested and all of them were shot the next morning by the mutinous government troops on Welitschko's orders. 1614: 674: 1826: 2137: 1661: 801: 1788: 1434: 707:

several transformations and depended on Moscow's official policy. Until the recognition of Slovakia by the Soviet Union on 16 September 1939, the party leadership favoured the restoration of Czechoslovakia, after which it accepted the idea of an independent Slovakia. After 1940, the Slovak communists again made the establishment of a "Slovak Soviet Republic" their party programme. Only when Stalin recognised

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called the German Wehrmacht into the country to fight the partisans and that the Slovak army should not offer any resistance to the Germans. Forty-five minutes later, the military headquarters in Banská Bystrica informed all garrisons scattered throughout Slovakia via telephone to resist the Germans. The Slovak National Uprising thus began as a response to the invasion of the German occupation units.

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the government's authority with repressive measures on 26 August, the step was taken too late, as the political leadership in Bratislava had long since lost the loyalty of the army. The activities of the partisans, who were often supported by the Soviet Union, and the Slovak army, which was increasingly judged to be unreliable, made Slovakia an unstable variable within the German hegemonic sphere.

1126:. This first Slovak defensive success had a positive effect on the fighting morale of the insurgents, so that the advance of all German units slowed down considerably and, in some cases, even came to a complete standstill. While the advances of Kampfgruppe Ohlen got bogged down in the Slovak defences, Kampfverband Mathias was able to advance successfully to the north and north-east towards 1170: 719:

Beneš formed resistance groups. They gathered intellectuals from the military and politics and helped Czech refugees from the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (mostly civil servants and resistance fighters) to escape via Slovakia to the Balkans and then to the West. All these groups rejected the idea of an independent Slovakia and advocated the restoration of Czechoslovakia.

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1938 imposed a one-party dictatorship in which only the political representations of the German and Hungarian minorities remained. The other civic parties were pressured into forced unification with the Hlinka Party, and left-wing and Jewish parties were banned. Press censorship was introduced and a concentration camp for actual or alleged opponents of the regime was set up in

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of the 1944 Uprising, were reduced to a minimum of representative functions. Next, generals of the Czechoslovak army, insofar as they were Slovaks and former prominent members of the uprising, were dismissed and imprisoned. All those insurrection leaders who were non-communists were denounced, persecuted and excluded from any honour (such as Jozef Lettrich, Ján Ursiny,

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political groups. On 27 April 1944, after a meeting in Bratislava, two institutions central to the uprising were created: a "Military Council" at the Slovak National Council, to which Golian and another Slovak officer belonged, and a "Military Headquarters" as the supreme commanding body of an illegal insurgent army, of which Lieutenant Colonel Golian became commander.

730:– a position that the agrarians found unacceptable. The Slovak agrarians no longer valued Prague centralism and a unified Czechoslovak nation in their ideas about a renewed Czechoslovakia. The majority of them were in favour of respecting Slovak national autonomy, from which they also derived appropriate changes in Slovakia's status under state law. 1051:

the insurgent army issued an order as early as 30 August declaring its units to be an integral part of the Czechoslovak armed forces. On 7 September, the US, the Soviet Union and Great Britain officially recognised this status. Thus, on 30 August, the military headquarters transformed itself into the "Command of the Czechoslovak Army" (

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united resistance forces on Czechoslovak territory the right of a belligerent state with all the consequences which flow therefrom." Earlier, the Soviet command issued an order to the 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps, which was conducting joint operations with the 4th Ukrainian Front and Soviet forces, to attempt a breakthrough through the

840:, where he held the exposed position of Chief of Staff. This position within the Slovak army opened up great opportunities for Golian to form a conspiratorial network in the garrisons. Against this background, Golian was entrusted by President-in-Exile Beneš with the temporary leadership of military actions in Slovakia in March 1944. 1886:

place in all multi-ethnic communist states. After Yugoslavia's break with the Soviet Union, several leading Slovak communists were accused of (alleged) anti-Czech "bourgeois" nationalism. Calls for a federal organisation of Czechoslovakia, which had been raised during the SNP, were seen as the first step towards future secession.

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history with fire and blood. The Slovak National Uprising, in which the Slovak resistance movement culminated during the Second World War, became the high point of modern Slovak history and the history of Czechoslovakia. Together with the Warsaw Uprising, it was the most outstanding act of the resistance movement in Europe."

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While the German invasion of the USSR in June 1941 and the subsequent war in the Soviet Union have been intensively researched from a German perspective, the Slovak uprising in autumn 1944 and the defence of the Carpathian passes by the Army Group North Ukraine in the same period have received little

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Sociological studies show that for many citizens, no difficulties arise from the idea of incompatible pasts – This some respondents expressed a positive view of both the SNP and the Tiso regime. In the mid-1990s, at a time when society was strongly polarised by the conflict between "nationalists" and

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The fall of the communist monopoly of power brought an end to canonised memory and the possibility of free discussion. The question of how to evaluate the uprising was raised by experts in April 1991 at the Xth meeting of the Slovak Historical Society (SHS). At this meeting, the majority accepted the

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Gustáv Husák and his comrades were released from prison in 1960, but were not morally rehabilitated until the end of 1963 for fear that after the rehabilitation of the "Slovak bourgeois nationalists", their political programme from the SNP era could be renewed. The new constitution of 1960 completely

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The uprising that broke out at the end of August 1944 was taken by the German leadership as an opportunity to complete the extermination of the Jewish population in Slovakia. Unlike the deportations of 1942, this time the action was organized and carried out almost exclusively by German agencies from

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In the course of combating the insurgency, Wehrmacht units and Einsatzgruppen also initiated extensive looting operations without taking into account the artificially maintained pseudo-sovereignty of the Slovak state. Despite protests from Slovak authorities, these were also extended to non-insurgent

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Therefore, German historian Klaus Schönherr states that although at first glance the Slovak National Uprising gives the appearance that the event was an isolated occurrence in the rear of the German front, upon closer examination it nevertheless proved to be a factor that significantly influenced the

1400:

The successful implementation of the uprising was based on the assumption that it would be quickly and effectively supported by the Allies. However, the Allies took an ambivalent attitude toward the Slovak popular uprising. The Western Allies sympathized with the uprising politically, but took little

1248:

In the period from 10 to 17 October, fighting on all fronts in central Slovakia levelled off. The Germans consolidated in the conquered areas and secured their rule and occupation troops. At the same time, General Höfle drafted an operational plan for the final offensive. Since it had become apparent

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In the second phase of operations, which was characterised by successful defensive battles by the resistance units, Gottlob Berger's units made little progress in the period from 8 to 19 September. In the east of the insurgency area, Army Group North Ukraine limited itself to a minimal defence of the

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and a Slovak officer, managed to land in Ukraine on 4 August by plane. They carried with them both the insurrection plan of the military headquarters and the overthrow plan of General Čatloš ("Čatloš Memorandum"), who had provided them with the plane and also wanted to contact the Soviets through the

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Simultaneously, but independent of the efforts of the military headquarters to work out a military insurrection plan, the Slovak defence minister Ferdinand Čatloš also developed a subversion plan of his own. Due to the changed war situation, Čatloš had already been considering a change of front since

828:

The example of the Slovak soldiers on the Eastern Front, but above all the entire military-political situation and the situation in Slovakia led to a deep differentiation among the cadre officers of the Slovak army. Outwardly, the Slovak army was still loyal to the Tiso government, but it was riddled

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Before 1943, there was no planned cooperation between the resistance groups due to different objectives, lack of coordination and a lack of acceptance among the population. It was only due to the rapprochement between the Czechoslovak government-in-exile and the Soviet Union, as well as the course of

2046:

Symbolic references to the SNP are always latently present in Slovak political discourse. The themes of the uprising gave rise to political problems that still characterise the collective memory and the two competing historical cultures of the Slovaks today. The Slovak historian Elena Mannová (2011)

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and Matej Josko). This process was already completed by 1949. On the 5th anniversary in 1949, it was declared that the Communist Party had been the "sole leading and organisational force of the uprising" and that Klement Gottwald had "personally prepared the uprising from Moscow and Kiev" and led it

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After coming to power in February 1948, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia gained the exclusive right to administer the "historical legacy" of the Slovak National Uprising. After the February coup in 1948, the already insignificant competences of the Slovak National Council, once the highest body

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had already served as a concentration camp during the 1942 deportations and, after its completion in September 1942, as a labour camp for up to 1,200 Jews until the end of August 1944, and was taken over by German authorities during the first days of September (immediately after the German invasion,

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During autumn of 1944, in anticipation of the Red Army's advance, the German leadership began preparing for a total evacuation of Germans from Slovakia. An exact number of the evacuated ethnic Germans has not yet been determined; figures vary between 70,000 and 120,000 evacuees. In total, two-thirds

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When the Slovak National Uprising began on August 29, 1944, the event threatened not only the Slovak collaborationist regime under Tiso, but also the hegemony of Nazi Germany in East Central Europe. At the same time, the possibility could not be ruled out that the uprising would expand into a threat

1299:

Since the Slovak army and the Slovak police had failed, to act efficiently after the outbreak of the uprising, the Hlinka Guard remained the only organisation on whose cooperation the Tiso regime or the German authorities were willing to rely. Immediately after his appointment as the new head of the

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The Slovak government remained loyal to its "protecting power" until the end of the war. However, the Slovak army proved completely useless to the German troops moving into Slovakia in late summer 1944. Even though the Slovak regime was firmly behind the German commander, it could hardly support him

1223:

Between 20 September and the beginning of October, the occupier was able to improve his military position considerably, whereby the changed operational command with changing attacking force had proven its worth. By the end of September, the tactical triangle Zvolen-Brezno-Banská Bystrica, the centre

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However, the Slovak National Council and the military headquarters were not aware of the changes in Soviet strategic plans, according to which the Red Army was not to advance from the north across the Carpathians into the middle Danube basin, but from the south through Romania and the Danube valley.

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After the initial successes, the German general in Slovakia was convinced that the "expiatory action" would only take four days to pacify the country in the sense of the "protecting power". Unaware of the actual situation, Berger believed that the raids and actions against the German forces would be

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The military headquarters continued its preparations for the uprising while awaiting the return of the two envoys as well as the arrival of the Soviet army. Under the pretext of "increased participation of the Slovak army in the struggle against the Soviets", it managed to get the Tiso government to

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on 1 August. However, the Soviets did not advance further into Poland at that time, thus enabling the Germans to prevent the Warsaw Uprising from succeeding. The Slovak National Council wanted to coordinate the uprising with the Soviet advance and therefore decided to send a delegation to the Soviet

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began to negotiate a common programme. In December 1943, the "Christmas Agreement" was reached between the "socialist block" (communists and social democrats) and the "civic block" (mainly agrarians). They agreed to stage an uprising and to form a "Slovak National Council" as the highest body of the

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The Ludaks of the ruling Hlinka party had already been the strongest political force in Slovakia since 1925, but within Czechoslovakia they never received more than a third of the Slovak electoral votes. In the autumn of 1938 they took over the autonomous Slovak provincial government and by December

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in 1948, the Slovak National Uprising underwent strong reinterpretations. As a result, the share of communists and partisans in the uprising was exaggerated by official Czechoslovak historiography. The civic resistance and the significance of the insurgent army, whose representatives were persecuted

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Judenemanzipation – Antisemitismus – Verfolgung in Deutschland, Österreich-Ungarn, den böhmischen Ländern und der Slowakei (= Veröffentlichungen der Deutsch-Tschechischen und Deutsch-Slowakischen Historikerkommission, Band 6; Veröffentlichung des Instituts für Kultur und Geschichte der deutschen im

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The American historian John L. Ryder (2014) investigated the question of whether the Slovak National Uprising could be considered an internal Slovak civil war. Ryder's approach is based on the definition of civil war by the American historian Alfred J. Rieber, who characterised the "civil war" as a

2083:

The Slovak historian Stanislav Mičev, director of the Museum of the Slovak National Uprising in Banská Bystrica, lamented in 2014 on the occasion of the 70th anniversary that although it took place almost at the same time as the Warsaw Uprising, there were more fighters on both sides and the battle

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On the first anniversary of the SNP, which was celebrated on 29 August 1945, the foundation stone for the memorial to the victims of the uprising was laid with the participation of Czechoslovak President Beneš. The celebrations were intended to mobilise people to rebuild war-ravaged Slovakia within

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Regarding the 100 SS leaders of Einsatzgruppe H examined in the study by Czech historian Lenka Šindelářová, the following picture emerges: a total of five SS leaders were convicted by the Czech People's Courts with final effect. None of these, however, were held accountable for the crimes committed

1543:

Numerous crimes against the German minority occurred in the liberated territory controlled by insurgents. The number of ethnic Germans killed in Slovakia cannot be accurately determined to this day. It is assumed that partisans and insurgents murdered between 1,000 and 1,500 people in their actions

1219:

Instead of taking advantage of the Tatra Division's attack momentum, Höfle halted the unit to comb the hinterland of the Váh and Turz valleys for partisans. Since the partisans retreated into the impassable Little Tatra, this action was quite unsuccessful. With his "cleansing action" Höfle gave the

1215:

On 14 September, SS-Obergruppenführer Berger was relieved of the post of "German General in Slovakia" by General of the Waffen-SS Hermann Höfle due to his lack of success. With Höfle, a new stage of combat leadership began. After Berger had carried out the armed actions against the insurgents in an

1190:

As the scope of the insurgents' territory shrank, warfare by partisans became more important. According to the military's plan, the partisan units were to provide effective support for the insurgents and the army, notably by operating in the enemy's rear. Some Slovak partisan groups had even placed

1139:

military leadership in Banská Bystrica tried to build up a strong defensive line to prevent relinquishing any ground. This was because it hoped that a planned Red Army offensive on the Beskydy front, which ran only 120 km to the northeast, would be a quick success and thus lead to unification.

1138:

as early as 5 September, before Slovak resistance made further advance impossible. The battlegroup of Army Group North Ukraine succeeded in capturing Ružomberok one day later, so that the insurgents lost the indispensable weapons factories. Especially in the eastern part of the insurgency area, the

1050:

In the first days of the uprising, the insurgents' territory covered about 22,000 km², more than half of Slovakia's territory at the time, and with a population of 1.7 million, about 64% of Slovakia's total population. On the recommendation of the London government-in-exile, the leadership of

1029:

on August 1, 1944. This was a scenario that had not been anticipated at all in the original planning of the uprising. For Defense Minister Čatloš, too, the realization of the uprising according to his plans had become unrealistic since he had been deposed as commander-in-chief of the army on August

1024:

An extremely complicated situation had arisen for Golian and his co-conspirators. They had no news of the outcome of the Šmidke mission and did not know the attitude of the Soviet Union. Nor had the Czechoslovak government-in-exile in London heard a word from the Soviets about their attitude toward

964:

In addition to the partisan problem, from mid-August onwards there was also a tendency for ever larger sections of the Slovak army not only to sympathise with the liberation organisation but also to defect to it. Although the new commander-in-chief of the army, General Turanec, attempted to restore

899:

Apart from the two so-called front-line units (1st Infantry Division in Romania and Construction Brigade in Italy), the Slovak army was effectively divided into three in April 1944. In western Slovakia, in Bratislava and the surrounding area, there were the remnants of the Ministry of Defence under

852:

After the establishment of the illegal military headquarters on 27 April 1944, the initiative in the preparations for the uprising moved completely from the Slovak National Council to the Slovak Army. Since Golian had been tied to Banská Bystrica since January 1944, the command of the field army in

2325:

Similar to the film, the Slovak National Uprising also had priority in the memorial scene before 1989: of the more than 2,700 political monuments to contemporary history that existed in Slovakia in 1976, 1,333 commemorated the uprising. Most of them were erected to mark an anniversary. In November

2285:

The memory of the resistance against National Socialism and against its own authoritarian system of rule during the Second World War is still very important in Slovakia today, with the Slovak National Uprising at the centre of remembrance. Numerous cities have named a street or square after it The

2224:

The German historian Klaus Schönherr sees two factors as decisive for the lack of interest in German historiography in the uprising and the defence battles of Army Group North Ukraine in the Beskids. Firstly, the incomplete files of Army Group North Ukraine and the subordinate units as well as the

2119:

claimed in his 'History of the Czech People' that nations engrave their names in history with blood. Through their resistance against German National Socialism and fascism of Slovak origin and through their struggle for democracy and freedom, the Slovak people have inscribed the new pages of their

2091:

The German historian Martin Zückert (2013) states that the Slovak National Uprising in 1944 was, alongside the Warsaw Uprising, the "largest uprising against the National Socialist system of rule and its allies in East-Central Europe." According to the Czech historian Lenka Šindelářová (2013), the

1889:

At the IX Party Congress of the Czechoslovak Communists in 1950, the communist uprising leaders of 1944 were subsequently accused of "bourgeois nationalism". On 18 April 1951, Husák and Novomeský were accused at a meeting of the Central Committee of the KSS of having been prepared to switch to the

1799:

However, other people were convicted by Slovak People's Courts with final effect who can be seen more or less in relation to the activities of Einsatzgruppe H. For example, on December 3, 1947, the National Court in Bratislava sentenced the former German envoy in Bratislava, Hanns Elard Ludin, and

1749:

In addition, the German occupation forces destroyed or confiscated 800 motorized vehicles and 267 aircraft. The total damage caused in Slovakia during the uprising and the frontline passage was estimated at about 114 billion crowns after the war. Roads, bridges and rails were destroyed. Only 22 of

1635:

By the start of the uprising at the latest, the Tiso regime had finally lost support in its own country and had become completely dependent on the German Reich. In the period that followed, SS troops, together with Slovak units and the ‘Home Guard’ recruited from the German population in Slovakia,

1260:

After the deployment had essentially been completed on 17 October, the attack was scheduled to begin the following day. On 18 October, the Kampfgruppe Schill and the SS Brigade Dirlewanger opened the final offensive, with the Tatra Division merely tying up the enemy in its combat strip. It was not

1186:

Despite initial successes, the balance of the German "cleansing action" was quite meagre in the first ten days. The responsibility for this lay primarily with SS-Obergruppenführer Berger, who had completely misjudged the dimension of the Slovak uprising and had therefore tried to solve the problem

1108:

The Turčiansky Svätý Martin incident not only had the effect of triggering the confrontation between the opponents too early, thus nullifying any calculation on the part of the conspirators, but above all it had the effect of putting the German side in possession of the operational initiative from

718:

The civic and social-democratic resistance was in contact with the Czechoslovak foreign movement and established contacts with the Czech resistance in the Protectorate. From the emergence of independent Slovakia in March 1939, civil servants and politicians who remained loyal to Czechoslovakia and

640:

issued by the government in September 1941 completed the transition from the hitherto customary religious to the racial assessment of the Jewish question and was among the harshest anti-Semitic laws in Europe. On Tuka's initiative, two-thirds of the Slovak Jews (about 58,000) were then deported to

2228:

Resistance research in Slovakia is very much focussed on the national uprising. An important institution in this regard is the "Museum of the Slovak National Uprising" (Slovak: Múzeum slovenského národného povstania) in Banská Bystrica. Under the editorial responsibility of Jan Julius Toth, Pavol

2144:

Czech historian Jan Rychlík (2012) states that although the Slovak National Uprising was of course joined by the rest of the Jews remaining in Slovakia, as well as Czechs and members of other nations (a total of 30 different nations), the uprising was in fact Slovak, as evidenced by the number of

2087:

In German historiography, the Slovak uprising in autumn 1944 – This to the extent that the event has received any attention at all – This has essentially been portrayed as a national resistance struggle against the German "protecting power" and the clerical-authoritarian Tiso regime. According to

1937:

In the second half of the 1960s, the nationalisation of the memory of the uprising could no longer be halted. In 1968, aspects of the uprising that had previously been kept secret were being freely discussed in the press. For the first time since 1948, representatives of the democratic resistance

1758:

The importance of the Slovak National Uprising was not so much on the military level, but on a political and moral level. Due to the defeat of the uprising, the political expectations of the politicians of the uprising were only partially fulfilled. With the realization of the uprising, they were

1639:

The places with the most mass shootings were Kremnička (743 victims, including 280 women and 99 children) and Nemecká (at least 400 victims), where the shootings were organised by Einsatzkommando 14 of Einsatzgruppe H under Obersturmführer Herbert Deffner and carried out with the cooperation of a

1415:

The Soviet government never responded to Britain's request, although it did provide limited aid to the Slovak insurgents. On September 22, the Soviet government, somewhat belatedly, appended to the declarations of the United States and Great Britain a declaration of its own which conceded "to the

1264:

Although the uprising was put down, the army did not capitulate. On the night of 28 October, at 4 a.m., General Rudolf Viest issued his last order to the "1st Czechoslovak Army in Slovakia". In it, he accepted the defeat of the insurgent army as an organised unit and ordered the soldiers to cease

767:

The opposition representatives were clear that the realisation of any overthrow or uprising was unthinkable without the army. From this point of view, the involvement of the general and officer corps was decisive for the success of the action. The Slovak army had emerged from the ruins of the old

706:

From the beginning, the Slovak communists were the main force of resistance in Slovakia and, as such, were the most fiercely persecuted. They initially became active by publishing illegal writings and coordinating strikes. Their attitude towards Slovak independence and Czechoslovakia went through

631:

and the Soviet Union, in which Slovakia participated with its own troops, as well as the establishment of German advisory positions in Slovak ministries, the one-sided orientation towards Hitler's Germany and the exaggerated nationalism. Later, the Slovak regime's policy towards the Jews also met

1885:

The historical propaganda defined the event as "communist", internal party rivals were labelled as "fake communists" and criminalised as traitors. Power struggles between the leaders of the Slovak and Czech CPs played out as a variant of the campaign against so-called civic nationalism that took

1461:

From a military point of view, the significance of the uprising was primarily that it disrupted the cohesive, unified German front. From the outbreak of the uprising until the end of the war, Slovakia ceased to be a safe rear area for the German Army on the Eastern Front. Behind the lines of the

1420:

in the Carpathians and establish links with the Slovak insurgents. However, when the Czechoslovak army reached the pass on September 14, it was no longer guarded by the Slovak army but by the Germans. The Czechoslovak and Soviet forces were able to take it on October 6 only after suffering heavy

1411:

The British and American commands were reluctant to accede to Masaryk's request for military assistance to the Slovaks. British and American air forces had already bombed certain targets in Slovakia and had provided aid to the Warsaw Uprising, which was farther away from their base in Italy than

1273:

The Slovak government in Bratislava was unpleasantly surprised by the proclamation of the Slovak National Uprising and shocked by the spontaneous reaction of the population. Before their eyes, the entire power apparatus broke down and the continued existence of the Slovak state was only possible

1082:

German troops gradually invaded Slovakia in the late summer of 1944 with nearly 50,000 men, and the "sovereign" and "friendly" state became a theatre of war. The country was divided into two independent military areas: while in the eastern part of the country the Army Group North Ukraine led the

1033:

On the evening of August 29 – only a few hours after the first German advance units had crossed Slovakia's northeastern border – Defense Minister Čatloš, on President Tiso's orders, read his proclamation to the army and population on Bratislava radio, according to which the Slovak government had

535:

on the other. While Tuka, out of his admiration for National Socialism, entered into a voluntary relationship of instruction with the Third Reich, it was Tiso's endeavour to shield Slovak society from German influence. In return, however, Tiso was prepared to cooperate in the economic sphere, in

1971:

At the same time, there were attempts in the 1990s to establish interpretations that see the Slovak state of 1939 to 1945 as the predecessor and reference point of today's Slovakia. These views, represented above all by neo-Ludak historiography (Slovak historians in exile and some historians of

1424:

In direct support of the Slovak uprising, the Soviet command sent the 1st Czechoslovak Air Squadron with 21 fighter planes, which was a valuable aid. The Soviet Command also sent the 2nd Czechoslovak Parachute Brigade, which included about 2,000 well-trained and well-equipped men. However, they

1357:

For sixty days Banská Bystrica was the command center of the insurgent army and also the center of political life and administration of the liberated Slovakia. The insurgent Slovakia formed an independent administrative-state entity – the restored Czechoslovak Republic. The revolutionary Slovak

1078:

The 1st Czechoslovak Army initially had 18,000 men; after mobilisation on 5 September 1944, their numbers rose to 47,000 and afterwards to around 60,000. At its head was Lieutenant Colonel Ján Golian as professional commander, who was promoted to colonel in early September and then to brigadier

945:

After the fiasco in the attempted coordination of the insurrection plan with Moscow, the situation in Slovakia itself also became more complicated. This was due to the Soviets and the partisans they sent. The partisan movement in Slovakia took two forms – domestic and imported, the latter being

2152:

The German historian Martin Zückert (2014) again zoned in on the role of the partisan movement in Slovakia. Zückert notes that both the leadership of the uprising in Banská Bystrica and the Soviet partisan staff ultimately planned their integration into the military organisation, but that this

1841:

President Beneš in exile wanted to see the Slovak National Uprising as confirmation of his loyalty to pre-war Czechoslovakia. However, his government in exile in London also had to accept the self-confident behaviour of the Slovak national bodies and after 1945 it proved difficult to return to

1807:

Another trial before the National Court in Bratislava, namely that against the former president of the Slovak state, Jozef Tiso, caused a much greater stir. He was joined on trial by the former Slovak Minister of the Interior, Alexander Mach, and the former Minister of the Interior and Foreign

1775:

The Slovak state ceased to exist after six years, yet in the first years of the re-established republic there were areas that belonged exclusively to the competence of the Slovak National Council, the legislative body of the autonomous administration in Slovakia, and thus were removed from the

1593:

The majority of the Jewish partisans fought in various partisan units – This Jewish names were found in 32 of the 46 larger partisan units. The total number of Jewish participants ascertained to date is 1,566, of which 1,397 were men and 169 women. This means that of the total of around 16,000

1581:

At the outbreak of the uprising in August 1944, it is estimated that up to 25,000 Jews were still living on Slovak territory. The majority had a work permit from one of the Slovak ministries as essential workers, while Jews baptised before 14 March 1939 (around 3,200) and those living in mixed

1391:

From both sides, the resistance struggle was repeatedly understood not only as political, but also as a confessional struggle of "the Lutherans against the Catholics." During the existence of the Slovak state, the majority of Catholic dignitaries took a loyal stance towards the new regime, and

1312:

for short); these were special armed units that were set up in larger towns and subordinated to the responsible district captains of the Hlinka Guard or their main commander in Bratislava. A total of 38 POHG units were established; in March 1945, 5,867 Slovaks served in the POHG. The POHG were

386:

and Slovak partisan units. At the beginning of the uprising, the insurgents controlled over half of what was then Slovak territory, but quickly lost ground as a result of the German advance. After 60 days of fighting, the uprising ended on 28 October 1944. With the fall of Banská Bystrica, the

1890:

position of the class enemy during the uprising. Novomeský and Husák were put on trial, and in December 1952 the former chairman of the Slovak National Council of 1944, the former communist Karol Šmidke, died under unexplained circumstances. The German historian Wolfgang Venohr (1992) writes:

960:

The relationship between the partisans and the Slovak National Council was far from ideal. Despite repeated warnings from the Slovak National Council and military headquarters that the Slovak army was preparing for a major uprising and needed all functioning communication routes for this, the

2205:. The volume deals on the one hand with the emergence and organisation of the partisan movement in Slovakia and other European countries between 1939 and 1945, and on the other with the general political and social background of the partisan groups and the respective cultures of remembrance. 843:

Immediately after Golian's appointment by Beneš, the illegal Slovak National Council took steps to win him over to its own platform. By contacting the army as well as subordinating Golian's pro-democracy group of officers, the Slovak National Council finally prevailed over other oppositional

1930:

demoted the Slovak National Council and subordinated the administration directly to Prague. In addition, the Slovak double cross was replaced by a fire on Mount Kriváň, which was intended to symbolise the Slovak National Uprising, in the coat of arms of the country, which was now called the

479:

Hungary. Berlin did not grant Slovakia any protection in this conflict, but merely assumed the role of mediator. In fact, for several months after the formation of the Slovak state, the German leadership was still unclear about its continued existence and regarded it as a bargaining chip in

664:

grew in Slovak society. Thus, in the spring of 1944, Slovakia outwardly presented the image of an "oasis of peace", but internally fundamental changes and a radical change of mood had taken place in all strata of the population. Nevertheless, despite growing anti-German sentiment among the

1738:

Estimates of the total number of soldiers and partisans of the insurgents killed from the beginning of the uprising until the liberation, as well as the number of fallen German soldiers, are estimated today to be about 7,500 soldiers and 2,500 partisans, whereby the Slovak insurgents lost

1520:

was established. All members of the German ethnic group from 16 to 50 years of age who were fit for military service were to be registered by the SS-Einsatzkommando Slowakei and initially deployed in closed settlement areas as local armed forces. According to a list from January 1945, the

1001:

and fear that Romania's example would be imitated in the other German satellite states of East Central Europe. In Slovakia, Romania's change of front made a great impression, as it was the first time a satellite state in Southeastern Europe had defected from Germany. On August 27, in

772:, in which few Slovaks had risen to officer rank due to Czech dominance. The Slovak officer corps was built up between 1939 and 1942 – after the soldiers of Czech, Hungarian or Carpatho-Ukrainian nationality had been demobilised. The central role in building up the army was played by 1721:

award, which the State of Israel bestows for the rescue of Jews. Nevertheless, the "solution of the Jewish question" in World War II, which resulted in the genocide, in fact initiated the disintegration of the closed Jewish community in Slovakia. The waves of emigration in 1945,

1187:

with an insufficient deployment of forces. However, the German general's unconceptualised combat leadership in Slovakia also contributed to the poor result. The German attack had almost come to a standstill after two weeks as a result of the stabilising Slovak defensive front.

812:

After the declaration of war against the Soviet Union in 1941, an army of 60,000 men was sent to the Eastern Front. Until the spring of 1943, the reliability of the Slovak units had been satisfactory in German eyes; in 1942, no more than 210 Slovak soldiers had defected to the

759:). It was agreed to fight the Tiso regime and German domination and to re-establish Czechoslovakia as a democratic federation of two nation states in which Czechs and Slovaks would live as equal partners. In addition, political rapprochement with the Soviet Union was sought. 968:

The precautions taken by the Slovak government against the partisans not only remained ineffective, but the resistance groups even increased their actions against the German minority and the armed forces of the German Reich. Therefore, the German envoy in Bratislava,

1425:

arrived only gradually over the course of several weeks. As a result, they could not participate in combat as a unit. The Soviets also transferred several smaller weapons and 150 antitank guns, but they were ineffective against the Germans' heavy and medium tanks.

1585:

Jews fought as soldiers and officers of the insurgent army and as members of the partisan units on all fronts of the uprising. One of the units that took part in the fighting was made up exclusively of Jews, recruited from 250 combat-ready former internees of the

2606: 1059:, ČSAS for short) and on 30 September were renamed "1. Czechoslovak Army in Slovakia" (1st ČSAS). This army was regular from day one, had its command staff, regiments, battalions and companies, carried weapons, uniforms and adhered to international martial law. 922:, where they were first interrogated and then sent to Moscow for further interrogation. On 5 September they were allowed to return to Slovakia, but without having received any indication of Soviet operational plans or a commitment to support the uprising. 1746:(Múzeum SNP), in its 2009 publication, estimates that from September 1944 to the end of April 1945, a total of 5,305 people were murdered and interred in 211 mass graves. 102 villages and communities were completely or partially razed to the ground. 1514:(FS), which in mid-1944 had a total of 7,818 members and was mostly assigned guard duties, but often also participated in various "security measures," e.g., the arrests of Jews. On September 2, 1944, by order of the German commander in Slovakia, the 2634:

Wolfgang Venohr describes Slovakia as a ‘model case of so-called clerical fascism’; However, the term itself and the question of whether the regime of the Slovak state should be categorised as ‘fascist’ or ‘clerical-fascist’ are controversial among

2193:, which came to Slovakia in the late summer of 1944 to fight the resistance, as a representative of the crimes committed in the late phase of the Shoah. The book was published in German and English. In 2017, the German historians Martin Zückert, 783:

However, the Slovak army did not become a reliable pillar of power for the Ludak regime. In general, the Slovak military was Western-oriented, and the former Czechoslovak officers had been educated in the spirit of the democratic traditions of

1976:), regard the resistance as "anti-national" and the day of the beginning of the uprising as a "disaster" and an "unbelievable conspiracy". They sparked fierce controversy, but were rejected by the majority of historians. Slovak historian 605:– it strove to dominate all life in Slovakia. The emergence of the Slovak state was seen by many Ludaks – despite its shortcomings and limitations under constitutional law – as the completion of Slovak national-emancipatory aspirations. 470:

Nevertheless, at the time of the state's founding, Slovakia's independence was still far from being secured. The flexibility of the German Reich in its protective obligations became apparent shortly after independence, when Slovakia was

1942:

then put an end to pluralist remembrance. After 1969, the only official interpretation of the uprising that was binding for historians was Gustáv Husák's "national-communist" interpretation, which he had set out in his memoirs in 1964.

1122:

carried out exclusively by partisan groups. However, the attack of Kampfgruppe Ohlen, even before it reached the operational objective of Martin, came to a halt due to stubborn Slovak resistance and unfavourable terrain conditions near

2309:

Even before 1989, the uprising was a top theme of Slovak film production, which produced over 100 films for the anniversary celebrations (mostly documentaries and around 40 feature films). The director Paľo Bielik made the family saga

2124:

According to the Israeli historian Yeshayahu A. Jelinek (1976), the Slovak National Uprising also "saved the honour of the nation", which, according to the will of its rulers, was destined to remain the last ally of the German Reich.

1716:

Thanks to the help of fellow Slovaks, however, about 10,000 Jews, some of whom fought in the armed uprising, were saved even during this second phase. In terms of numbers, Slovaks are among the most frequent recipients of the Israeli

665:

population, it took until mid-1944 for the political conditions in Slovakia to change to such an extent (as a result of the dramatic events in all European theatres of war) that the conditions for a national uprising were in place.

903:

It was particularly important to determine the timing of the outbreak of the uprising. By the end of July 1944, the Soviet army had advanced in a narrow wedge to the Vistula River near Warsaw, thereby hastening the outbreak of the

2162:

attention from historians in the Federal Republic of Germany. Klaus Schönherr offers a detailed German language account of the fighting and a description of the individual units in the Slovak uprising. In his contribution

2322:("Deserters and Pilgrims", 1968) – could already be artistically processed and publicised. In the 1970s and 80s, only state-loyal images of the heroic partisan struggle against fascism made it into cinema and television. 1750:

the original nearly 700 locomotives remained. The majority of tunnels and railroad bridges were buried or destroyed, and road communications fared similarly, with about 1,500 bridges destroyed and 500 more damaged.

1833:

In September and October 1944, the representatives of the Slovak collaborationist regime labelled the uprising as small, unprepared, meaningless and foreign – This the work of "non-Slovak elements": the so-called

1240:

Meanwhile, there had also been a change of leadership among the insurgents. On 7 October, after 40 days, Brigadier General Golian handed over command of the "1st Czechoslovak Army in Slovakia" to Division General

1087:, since the action fell into the area of "partisan combat". Berger initially had just under 9,000 men at his disposal, combined in combat groups newly set up for this operation. The first units to arrive were the 1876:

According to Slovak historian Elena Mannová (2011), the assessment of the uprising from 1949 to 1964 in communist Czechoslovakia was characterised by a denationalisation of the memory of the national uprising:

1383:

The issue of information, or in a broader sense propaganda, was also important. The most important role here was played primarily by the insurrectionary radio, which began its activities on August 30, 1944, as

876:

In both western and eastern Slovakia, the Slovak formations were under German observation. The German military mission was located in Bratislava, and the so-called German protection zone with its main base in

414:, which resulted in the deportation or murder of more than 14,000 Jews on Slovak territory by the end of the war. A total of about 30,000 Slovak citizens were deported to German prison, labour, internment and 2562: 796:

of 1938. However, since Slovaks of all political camps found it repugnant to attack the closely related Polish people together with the Germans, there were mutinies by Slovak soldiers in many Slovak towns.

526:

Austria than on the dictatorship of the National Socialists. The domestic political situation in Slovakia from 1939 to 1942 was determined by a power struggle between the state president and party leader

1485:). Their ancestors had migrated to the then Kingdom of Hungary as early as in the 12th century and lived mostly in the following three settlement areas since the 19th century: in Bratislava (before 1918 2153:

transformation did not succeed, as neither the partisans could be integrated into the regular combat structure, nor could the uprising and its soldiers be permanently transformed into a partisan war.

792:, not least because the expected that this would prevent further cessions of territory to Hungary and, in addition, that they would be able to regain the territories lost to Poland as a result of the 6615:

Hoensch, Jörg K. (2000). "Die Entwicklung der Slowakei im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert und ihre Beziehungen zu den böhmischen Ländern bis zur Auflösung des gemeinsamen Staates. ". In Lemberg, Hans (ed.).

1329:. Under the Ministry of Defence, a State Secretariat for Security was created, to which all security police organs (state security, police, gendarmerie, but also the Hlinka Guard) were subordinate. 406:), especially after the suppression of the uprising with targeted "punitive measures" against the civilian population. The German leadership also used the uprising as an opportunity to complete the 656:) and the looming overall German defeat reached the country. Under the impression of the victories of the Red Army, but also of the spreading news of Nazi war crimes in the Soviet Union, a wave of 11688: 1742:

Data on casualties as a result of the Nazi occupation policy in Slovakia from September 1944 to March 1945 mostly vary between 4,000 and 5,000 people, with about 2,000 of them being Jews. The

1200:

front line, as the Kampfgruppen Mathias and Rintelen were urgently needed to repel the Soviet offensive. Only in the southwest did Kampfgruppe Schill succeed in pushing the front to the east.

6160: 10940: 10604: 726:, the majority of whom were Protestants. However, the relationship between the Slovak agrarians and Beneš was complex, due to the fact that the government-in-exile adhered to the idea of a 387:

military leadership of the insurgents gave up fighting openly against the Wehrmacht. Without surrendering, the insurgents switched to pure partisan fighting, which they continued until the

10945: 1446:, worsened the military situation of the Third Reich so much so that the Wehrmacht was even more at the mercy of the superior forces of the anti-Hitler coalition than it had been before. 2111:

Furthermore, in the international volume on Czechoslovak history published in 1980 by Victor S. Mamatey and Radomír Luža, historian Anna Josko writes about the Slovak National Uprising:

1105:

operated on Slovak soil in the first days of September as well. With the completion of the deployment, a ring of German troops had formed around the central Slovak insurrectionary area.

734:

the war, which increased the influence of the Soviet Union in East-Central Europe, that a change also began in the Slovak resistance. In 1943, the young generation of communists, led by

1842:

pre-war centralism. The majority of Slovak non-communist organisers and participants expected a new joint democratic state of Slovaks and Czechs based on the principle of equal rights.

2095:

The German journalist and historian Roland Schönfeld (2000) assesses the significance of the Slovak National Uprising and the dilemma of Slovak statehood from 1939 to 1945 as follows:

1682:. Its activities effectively meant the arrest of Jews and their subsequent deportation from Slovakia or their murder on Slovak soil. The actions began immediately after the arrival of 2644:

This voter support relates to the entire population of Slovakia. Among voters of Slovak ethnicity, on the other hand, the proportion of voters in favour of the Ludaks was almost 50%.

430:

in 1989, a process of re-evaluation began in Slovakia, through which the role of the civic resistance and the insurgent army was emphasised. 29 August is a public holiday in today's

11708: 11683: 565:

of 23 August 1939, de facto and de jure recognition by the Soviet Union also soon followed. In total, the Slovak state was recognised by 27 states over the course of its existence.

1083:

implementation of the action, the command over the rest of the country lay with the "German General in Slovakia", who from 1 September 1944 was provided by the SS in the person of

480:

negotiations with Hungary and Poland. Since only the German government could give a guarantee of the existence of the independent state, good conduct and compliancy were therefore

10616: 11648: 5773:

Vortrag von Stanislav Mičev, Director of the Museum of the SNP in Banská Bystrica, Interview for the Slovak Magazine „Nové Slovo“, 2 Oktober 2014, ASA, Bratislava (in Slovak).

699:(KSČ) was the first party ever to be banned in 1938 and thus forced into illegality. After the emergence of the Slovak state, the Slovak communists became independent and the 6397:

Partisanen im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Der Slowakische Nationalaufstand im Kontext der europäischen Widerstandsbewegungen (= Bad Wiesseer Tagungen des Collegium Carolinum, Bd. 37)

549:

On the international political scene, the Slovak state initially established itself relatively successfully despite its limited sovereignty. Even before the beginning of the

1980:

explained the relationship between the Slovak National Uprising and the national question of the Slovaks in an interview on the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the SNP:

2526: 1550:) were murdered in the late summer of 1944, partly because they were committed to the interests of the Reich, but also simply because they belonged to the German minority. 636:

in 1940, the strengthened radical party wing of Prime Minister Tuka's Ludaks pushed through a rapid radicalisation of the so-called "solution to the Jewish question". The

825:

of Slovak troops to the Soviets and Ukrainian partisans in October 1943, the Slovak units proved to be useless for further combat operations on the German Eastern Front.

11658: 8803: 8548: 10628: 8149: 1313:

organised as military units, but – although they were subordinate to the army's judiciary – they were not part of the army organisation. Their field companies (Slovak

366:

as its centre. The Slovak insurgent army (officially the 1st Czechoslovak Army in Slovakia) was under the overall command of a military headquarters of the opposition

11663: 11312: 10409: 10154: 8165: 2092:

Slovak National Uprising was also "one of the largest events in the history of armed resistance against National Socialism and the collaborating regimes in Europe".

1497:

region in Eastern Slovakia. After the formation of the Slovak state, they were granted extensive rights as a national minority according to the Slovak constitution.

10285: 8492: 2680:Šindelářová incorrectly calls the unit ‘Lenin’, in fact it was the 9th unit of Josef W. Stalin's 1st Czechoslovak Partisan Brigade operating in the neighbourhood. 11382: 10948: 8088: 8060: 7204: 2594: 1102: 10807: 10133: 8812: 8499: 7626: 6461:

Prečan, Vilém (2011). "The Slovak National Uprising: the most dramatic moment in the nation's history". In Teich, Mikuláš; Kováč, Dušan; Brown, Martin (eds.).

11199: 934: 9115: 8478: 7780: 7405: 616:

The majority of the Slovak population also took a decidedly positive view of its new state, at least in the first years of its existence. In contrast to the

2671:

Klaus Schönherr erroneously names 28 October as the day on which Banská Bystrica fell. However, the centre of the uprising had already fallen the day befor.

1965: 8121: 8067: 7253: 6738:

Kamenec, Ivan (1998). "Die jüdische Frage in der Slowakei während des Zweiten Weltkrieges". In Hoensch, Jörg K.; Biman, Stanislav; Lipták, Ľubomír (eds.).

6480:

Rychlík, Jan (2011). "The Slovak question and the resistance movement during the Second World War". In Teich, Mikuláš; Kováč, Dušan; Brown, Martin (eds.).

1481:

According to the results of the census conducted in December 1940, there were 130,192 Slovak citizens living in Slovakia who professed German nationality (

6442:

Mannová, Elena (2011). "Jubiläumskampagnen und Uminterpretationen des Slowakischen Nationalaufstands von 1944 ". In Jaworski, Rudolf; Kusber, Jan (eds.).

2690: 1009:

It was primarily the fact that the Slovak army was involved in the Martin incident, but also the increasing disloyalty of many units to the government in

644:

After the war situation turned against the Axis powers in the winter of 1942/43, unrest within Slovakia increased. In 1943, major news of German defeats (

8585: 8074: 7690: 2694: 2194: 7100: 2698: 2198: 1771:

Propaganda poster of the Slovak National Council 1946: "The martyred call for retribution. Murderers of the Slovak people before the people's courts!"

11673: 10672: 8471: 7911: 7787: 739: 10823: 861:. It was an area that they thought they could hold in any case, but it was also eminently suitable for an unnoticed deployment for military action. 7764: 7144: 5851: 1804:, was also executed in Bratislava. The first German commander, Gottlob Berger, on the other hand, could not be seized by the Czechoslovak organs. 11718: 11417: 11317: 8201: 7513: 6257: 1679: 829:

with discontented officers and soldiers. The most active and influential resistance group within the army was formed by four officers, including

2128:

Wolfgang Venohr also explored the question of whether the uprising in Slovakia in 1944 could really be described as a Slovak national uprising:

8020: 7322: 1718: 1130:

and threatened the important central Slovak industrial centre with its weapons factories. Kampfgruppe Schill also operated successfully in the

602: 10026: 6537:

Zückert, Martin (2011). "Slowakei: Widerstand gegen das Tiso-Regime und nationalsozialistische Vorherrschaft ". In Ueberschär, Gerd R. (ed.).

1873:

from there. The Slovak National Uprising had strengthened the "fraternal bond between Czechs and Slovaks in a unified and indivisible state".

1093:

Ohlen and Junck on 29 August, which had about 3900 men and were combined into the 178th Tatra Division on 5 September. Since 1 September, the

11367: 8819: 8782: 8759: 8273: 7195: 7165: 6584:

Schönherr, Klaus (2001). "Die Niederschlagung des Slowakischen Aufstandes im Kontext der Deutschen Militärischen Operationen, Herbst 1944 ".

2578: 1300:

Hlinka Guard on 7 September 1944, Otomar Kubala began to reorganise the Guard. The most important change of all was the establishment of the

756: 695:

As in several other countries, there were two main lines of political resistance in Slovakia – This one communist and one non-communist. The

8534: 5784: 881:

extended directly northwest of it. Eastern Slovakia, in turn, had been declared an operational area since August 1944 at the request of the

11150: 10539: 10383: 10278: 8912: 8768: 8752: 8724: 7965: 7172: 10633: 11354: 9669: 8736: 8648: 8592: 8555: 7830: 6499:

Ryder, John L. (2014). "Civil war in Slovakia? Outlining a theoretical approach to the Slovak national uprising". In Syrný, Marek (ed.).

2253: 367: 2286:

main squares of Banská Bystrica and Zvolen now bear the name of the SNP, as does the former market square in Bratislava since 1962. The

11678: 11269: 10680: 8641: 7366: 6556:

Zückert, Martin (2014). "Partisanenbewegungen in Europa – grundsätzliche Überlegungen zum slowakischen Fall ". In Syrný, Martin (ed.).

6518:

Schönherr, Klaus (2009). "Die Auswirkungen des slowakischen Nationalaufstandes auf die südliche Ostfront ". In Pekník, Miroslav (ed.).

11587: 10147: 8775: 7158: 7116: 5940: 201: 10667: 11544: 9996: 7808: 7582: 7345: 7211: 7022: 1925:

The uprising ultimately failed due to the incompetence of the Slovak army officers and the intrigues of the Beneš clique in London.

1554: 1475: 723: 11653: 11481: 11459: 11117: 11070: 10996: 10687: 10621: 10271: 8891: 8688: 8340: 7718: 7218: 7130: 7066: 1582:

marriages (around 1,000) mostly had an exceptional permit from the president. However, some also lived in Slovakia unregistered.

1055:, VČSA for short). The Slovak troops forming the core of the armed uprising were given the name "Czechoslovak Army in Slovakia" ( 11668: 11531: 11264: 10730: 9094: 8606: 7449: 6987: 2549: 2542: 2213: 1743: 1727: 1376:

The economy of the area controlled by the insurgents was primarily subordinated to military requirements. A key enterprise was

6653:

Hoensch, Jörg K. (2000). "Grundzüge und Phasen der deutschen Slowakei-Politik im Zweiten Weltkrieg ". In Lemberg, Hans (ed.).

885:, in which the Germans enjoyed free right of passage. It thus followed naturally that mountainous central Slovakia became the 11713: 11638: 11592: 11498: 11036: 9690: 9595: 9122: 8868: 8743: 7822: 7796: 7653: 7359: 7276: 6881: 6862: 6843: 6824: 6786: 6719: 6674:

Studia Slovaca. Studien zur Geschichte der Slowaken und der Slowakei (= Veröffentlichungen des Collegium Carolinum, Band 93)

6655:

Studia Slovaca. Studien zur Geschichte der Slowaken und der Slowakei (= Veröffentlichungen des Collegium Carolinum, Band 93)

6636:

Studia Slovaca. Studien zur Geschichte der Slowaken und der Slowakei (= Veröffentlichungen des Collegium Carolinum, Band 93)

6617:

Studia Slovaca. Studien zur Geschichte der Slowaken und der Slowakei (= Veröffentlichungen des Collegium Carolinum, Band 93)

6565: 6546: 6527: 6508: 6489: 6470: 6451: 6404: 6385: 6366: 6347: 6328: 6309: 5976: 5927: 5915: 5747: 4459: 3343: 11602: 11279: 10975: 10892: 10858: 9923: 9330: 9216: 8381: 7841: 7837: 7815: 7419: 2326:

1989, Bratislava's largest square (SNP Square) became the stage for mass demonstrations that toppled the communist regime (

1608: 2067:, which praises leaders of the Slovak state which collaborated with the Third Reich, as national heroes. Its party leader 11001: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10374: 9838: 9302: 8634: 8620: 7826: 1781: 617: 141: 10738: 1829:

Propaganda poster of the Ludaks against the uprising: "These are the deeds of Czecho-Bolshevism – This so take up arms!"

1723: 561:

recognition by 18 states, including Great Britain (de facto, 4 May 1939) and France (de facto, 14 July 1939). After the

422: 11274: 10554: 10047: 9916: 9794: 9372: 9087: 9038: 8796: 8351: 7596: 7435: 7283: 7137: 700: 375: 2164:

Die Niederschlagung des Slowakischen Nationalaufstands im Kontext der deutschen militärischen Operationen, Herbst 1944

627:

Contributing to the disgruntlement of the Slovak population were the very unpopular wars against the Slavic states of

11623: 10980: 10163: 9045: 9017: 8834: 8416: 8128: 8095: 6919: 6900: 6805: 6767: 6748: 6700: 6681: 6662: 6643: 6624: 6432: 6290: 5894:

Slováci sú hrdí na SNP, ukazuje prieskum agentúry Focus. Výrazná väčšina respondentov je o hrdosti na SNP presvedčená

5892: 1362: 696: 371: 7311: 5715: 1938:

appeared in the stands at local celebrations of the anniversary. The Soviet occupation and the subsequent so-called

11628: 11337: 11143: 11041: 11029: 10887: 10313: 10200: 9358: 9295: 8430: 8259: 7382: 2290:, which was built as the city's second bridge over the Danube, is also located in Bratislava. The 769 km long 2203:

Partisanen im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Der Slowakische Nationalaufstand im Kontext der europäischen Widerstandsbewegungen

1641: 1624: 1301: 1282: 712: 379: 258: 241: 132: 7936: 6815:

Lipták, Ľubomír (2017). "Das politische System der slowakischen Republik 1939–1945 ". In Oberländer, Erwin (ed.).

11723: 11582: 11344: 11046: 10640: 10486: 9724: 9565: 9554: 9390: 9149: 9108: 9001: 8939: 8319: 7589: 7458: 7426: 1931: 411: 332: 229: 218: 207: 124: 70: 8106: 7674: 6942: 1668:, from where Slovak Jews were deported to German concentration and extermination camps during and after the SNP. 1097:

Schill, over 2000 strong, had been fighting in Slovakia; in addition, Major Otto Volkmann's Kampfgruppe and the

990: 546:, Tiso was able to oust Tuka and his radical party wing and subsequently establish a presidential dictatorship. 11698: 11231: 10850: 10815: 10110: 10082: 9960: 9753: 8990: 8441: 8367: 8156: 7527: 7246: 7151: 7036: 6710:

Kamenec, Ivan (2011). "The Slovak state, 1939–1945". In Teich, Mikuláš; Kováč, Dušan; Brown, Martin D. (eds.).

2303: 2302:

as the most important main tourist route across Slovakia and is largely identical to the Slovak section of the

2064: 2021: 2010: 1999: 1988: 1939: 1906:

Wolfgang Venohr summarises the "new authoritative interpretation of the uprising" in the following six points:

1695:

The majority of the arrested Jews were subsequently transferred to the Sereď concentration camp. The site near

6520:

Slovenské národné povstanie 1944. Súčast európskej antifašistickej rezistencie v rokoch druhej svetovej vojny

1232: 519: 10762: 10170: 10103: 10054: 9985: 9810: 9316: 9267: 9031: 9024: 8627: 8388: 8172: 7225: 6948: 362:

Carried by parts of the Slovak army, the main area of the uprising was in central Slovakia, with the town of

11075: 6444:

Erinnern mit Hindernissen. Osteuropäische Gedenktage und Jubiläen im 20. und zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts

1672:

The main role in the now proclaimed radical solution of the "Jewish question" was undoubtedly played by the

11703: 11566: 10244: 10140: 9515: 9476: 8395: 8223: 8208: 8135: 8114: 7932: 7610: 7396: 7389: 7373: 7084: 7043: 7015: 572:

of 1940, Slovakia became even more closely tied to the German Reich. In November 1940, Slovakia joined the

460: 30: 11693: 11136: 10794: 10207: 9531: 9483: 9101: 9073: 8926: 8541: 8520: 8034: 7697: 7603: 7093: 6423:

Josko, Anna (1980). "Die Slowakische Widerstandsbewegung ". In Mamatey, Victor S.; Luža, Radomír (eds.).

2182: 785: 608: 562: 11194: 10907: 1809: 1665: 11643: 10935: 10660: 10005: 9501: 9420: 9365: 9253: 9209: 8859: 8485: 8409: 8304: 8181: 8053: 8046: 8006: 7979: 7711: 7644: 7239: 7050: 6980: 6959: 882: 11633: 11539: 11327: 11159: 11018: 10897: 9907: 9824: 9609: 9469: 9441: 9274: 9179: 8969: 8402: 7469: 7123: 1898: 1510: 1451: 1349: 398:. In the areas controlled by the insurgents, up to 1,500 people were murdered (mostly members of the 7667: 6693:

The Parish Republic: Hlinka's Slovak People's Party 1939–1945. (= East European Monographs. Nr. XIV)

2072: 1042: 402:). The German occupation regime, for its part, claimed up to 5,000 lives (about 2,000 of them being 339:, which began on 29 August 1944, and on the other against the Slovak collaborationist regime of the 11451: 11395: 11391: 11387: 10902: 10754: 10746: 9646: 9623: 8875: 8676: 8326: 7986: 7958: 7951: 7338: 1515: 1026: 499: 472: 340: 11204: 11099: 7683: 7660: 6798:

Die Juden im Slowakischen Staat 1939–1945 (= Veröffentlichungen des Collegium Carolinum, Band 35)

2653:

In his monograph, Wolfgang Venohr refers to the Eastern Slovak Army as the ‘I. Slovak Army Corps’.

1951: 1361:

In terms of party politics, the civic-democratic camp of the insurgents organized itself into the

1256:

Soldiers of the insurgent army retreating into the mountains after the suppression of the uprising

641:

German extermination camps between March and October 1942; of these, only a few hundred survived.

11554: 10838: 10714: 10562: 10068: 10012: 9882: 9742: 9427: 9080: 8976: 8882: 8450: 8311: 8281: 8245: 8230: 8102: 7994: 7972: 7918: 7904: 7886: 7550: 7331: 7059: 7008: 2662:

According to Martin Lacko, there were 24 officers, according to Anna Josko a total of 28 members.

1859: 1501: 223: 11516: 11474: 10586: 10391: 9760: 9653: 9455: 9406: 9309: 9202: 9172: 8955: 8843: 8569: 8360: 7944: 7925: 7895: 7442: 7412: 2278: 2116: 2063:

In today's Slovakia, the Slovak National Uprising is criticised in particular by the far-right

1919:

In military terms, the uprising was carried out by the partisans and not the Slovak army units.

1062: 1018: 953:, the chairman of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia in Moscow, concluded an agreement with 919: 715:

in 1941 did the KSS accept the restoration of Czechoslovakia, but demanded its federalisation.

653: 628: 506:

or – with reference to the close ties between the government and the Catholic clergy – This as

1910:

The uprising was a matter for the entire Slovak people under the leadership of the Communists.

11549: 10912: 10518: 10251: 9974: 9817: 9713: 9683: 9639: 9379: 9344: 9337: 9260: 9158: 8599: 8576: 8423: 8027: 7564: 7304: 7290: 6973: 869: 773: 621: 212: 11511: 7862: 6539:

Handbuch zum Widerstand gegen Nationalsozialismus und Faschismus in Europa 1933/39 bis 1945

977:, which led to the escalation of the tense situation and triggered the German intervention. 744: 10456: 10075: 9930: 9581: 9538: 9508: 9434: 9244: 9223: 8142: 7619: 7297: 6955:

Modern Russian movie interviewing soldiers seen in the World War II German propaganda video

6522:(in German). Bratislava: Ústav politických vied SAV VEDA and Múzeum SNP. pp. 194–202. 994: 818: 645: 10786: 10357: 2616:: Victims of the First World War (left), the Second World War (centre) and the SNP (right) 2178: 1281:

Symbol of the paramilitary Hlinka Guard, which supported the German occupying forces with

8: 11209: 10193: 9967: 9845: 9801: 9323: 8457: 8216: 7743: 7573: 7557: 7506: 6912:

Das Dritte Reich und die Slowakei. Politischer Alltag zwischen Kooperation und Eigensinn

1922:

The uprising could never have taken place without the active support of the Soviet Union.

915: 633: 569: 415: 6634:

Hoensch, Jörg K. (2000). "Die Slowakische Republik 1939–1945 ". In Lemberg, Hans (ed.).

1973: 1702: 11236: 10417: 10186: 10019: 9944: 9898: 9868: 9776: 9616: 9281: 9165: 9059: 9010: 8948: 8704: 8655: 8464: 8081: 7736: 7534: 2269: 2084:

zone was larger, that the Slovak National Uprising was a "largely forgotten uprising".

1482: 1319: 830: 789: 777: 584: 523: 399: 10828: 2613: 2246: 1913:

The uprising was to be regarded merely as part of the overall Czechoslovak resistance.

837: 487: 363: 10778: 10395: 10177: 10061: 9951: 9891: 9852: 9785: 9767: 9733: 9676: 9630: 9574: 9399: 9137: 9129: 9066: 8919: 8513: 8038: 7499: 7478: 7188: 6915: 6896: 6877: 6858: 6839: 6820: 6801: 6782: 6763: 6744: 6715: 6696: 6677: 6658: 6639: 6620: 6561: 6542: 6523: 6504: 6485: 6466: 6447: 6428: 6400: 6381: 6362: 6343: 6324: 6305: 6286: 5923: 5911: 2327: 2208: 1863:

The Order of the SNP II. Class, awarded by the ČSSR for participation in the uprising

1443: 1325: 954: 769: 735: 688: 427: 10722: 941:, Czechoslovak Communist Party leader and later dictator of Czechoslovakia (1948–53) 703:(KSS) was formed. The leadership of the Czechoslovak communists defected to Moscow. 684: 42: 11464: 11437: 11430: 11426: 11422: 11307: 11214: 11082: 10770: 10655: 10609: 10452: 10096: 10089: 10033: 9697: 9462: 9448: 9351: 9288: 9239: 9052: 8905: 8852: 8662: 8613: 8527: 7750: 7727: 7260: 2334:, the largest demonstrations in Slovakia since 1989 began once more on SNP Square. 1801: 1792: 1455: 1003: 974: 950: 938: 793: 550: 536:

military participation in the wars against Poland and the Soviet Union, and in the

515: 507: 484:

among Slovak politicians, so as not to jeopardise protection by the German Reich."

336: 328: 10645: 7269: 2261:) in Bratislava during the demonstrations in the wake of the murder of journalist 1916:

The uprising was prepared and organised by the communist Gottwald group in Moscow.

1869: 1767: 542: 476: 11506: 11322: 11092: 10843: 10578: 10472: 10460: 10333: 10263: 10119: 9831: 9746: 9704: 9602: 9545: 9413: 9195: 9186: 8715: 8290: 8266: 7520: 2315: 2237: 1835: 1753: 1688: 1674: 1619: 905: 727: 668: 649: 518:. The Slovak constitution of July 1939 was modelled more on the constitutions of 511: 348: 308: 10321: 10231: 2295: 2057: 1500:

The Germans became politically active in the Slovak state primarily through the

1341: 910: 748: 708: 677: 624:, made it into the government and the continued presidency of the Hlinka party. 11486: 11377: 10294: 10126: 9662: 9588: 7633: 7492: 6874:

Joining Hitler's Crusade: European Nations and the Invasion of the Soviet Union

6672:

Hoensch, Jörg K. (2000). "Die Slowakei im Jahr 1945 ". In Lemberg, Hans (ed.).

6602:

Fatran, Gila (1996). "Die Deportation der Juden aus der Slowakei 1944–1945. ".

2068: 1710: 1505: 1135: 1084: 1067: 929: 821:, the number of Slovak defectors increased by leaps and bounds. After two mass 752: 190: 137: 11412: 6953: 6148: 5772: 2511: 1845: 1265:

regular resistance, retreat to the mountains and switch to partisan fighting.

1175:

Soldiers of the Slovak insurgent army with war equipment and military vehicles

993:

from the German to the Soviet side, successfully carried out by Romanian King

394:

As a result of the uprising, both conflicting parties also committed numerous

11617: 11521: 11469: 11372: 11362: 11175: 10879: 10403: 9937: 7855: 7704: 7543: 1706: 1546: 1333:

was also appointed its head as per the instructions of the German commander.

1330: 1277: 864: 268: 251: 234: 171: 11128: 10440: 2331: 2262: 1854: 1780:

in Slovakia – all of them had to answer for their earlier activities in the

1587: 1203: 1194: 1127: 833: 805: 246: 11407: 11332: 11024: 10650: 10506: 10399: 10298: 10236: 10040: 8333: 8238: 7869: 7232: 6996: 5343: 5341: 2914: 2040: 1977: 1956: 1528: 1465: 1242: 1236:

Situation at the beginning of the German final offensive on 18 October 1944

1208: 1116: 1113:

in western Slovakia defected to the insurrection area with 3,000 soldiers.

1014: 914:

delegation. They were escorted to the headquarters of the commander of the

598: 532: 464: 383: 263: 196: 185: 159: 111: 34: 5853:

Historik Ivan Kamenec: Povstaniu uškodilo, že si ho privlastnili komunisti

2171:

Aufstand für die Tschechoslowakei. Der slowakische Freiheitskampf von 1944

2027:

Snapshots of the military parade to mark the SNP's 75th anniversary (2019)

1474:

Depiction of German settlement areas in Slovakia on a memorial plaque for

11087: 10345: 9875: 9861: 9523: 8192: 8013: 7998: 7352: 6836:

Geschichte des Faschismus. Aufstieg und Fall einer europäischen Bewegung

2585: 2071:

had black flags hoisted at the municipal office as regional president of

1553:

The largest mass shooting took place on September 21 near the village of

1405: 1368: 1345:

Propaganda poster of the insurgents: ‘For Democracy – For Czechoslovakia’

1089: 970: 661: 657: 637: 573: 537: 456: 447: 10866: 6876:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 107–133. 5338: 1562: 722:

The most significant among the non-communist resistance groups were the

588:

Flag of autonomous Slovakia (1938–1939) and the Slovak State (1939–1945)

11402: 10494: 9230: 8983: 8962: 7848: 7181: 7109: 6936: 6541:(in German). Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 243–254. 6259:

Größte Proteste seit 1989: Ein Journalistenmord wühlt die Slowakei auf.

5946: 3540: 3538: 2569: 2299: 1532: 1417: 1292: 1252: 1070:, First commander-in-chief of the German occupying forces in Slovakia ( 1010: 680:, 1940–1945 President of the Czechoslovak government in exile in London 528: 498:

The Slovak state was governed by a one-party regime of the dictatorial

491: 395: 344: 10676: 4682: 3994: 2075:

on the anniversary of the Slovak National Uprising on 29 August 2015.

1628: 1617:

Memorial to those at least 400 people who were murdered by the German

1147: 11226: 9493: 8898: 8695: 8506: 8297: 8252: 5234: 4802: 3958: 2920: 1613: 1490: 1158: 822: 407: 7773: 6359:

Finale der Vernichtung: Die Einsatzgruppe H in der Slowakei 1944/45

6283:

Dokumente zur Autonomiepolitik der Slowakischen Volkspartei Hlinkas

3895: 3622: 3535: 2572:

on one of the pillars of the Bridge of the SNP in Bratislava (2018).

1825: 1123: 673: 11241: 7757: 7485: 6427:(in German). Vienna/Cologne/Graz: Böhlau Verlag. pp. 385–408. 6395:

Zückert, Martin; Zarusky, Jürgen; Zimmermann, Volker, eds. (2017).

5263: 2287: 2136: 1660: 985: 836:, who was transferred in January 1944 to the field army command in 814: 800: 558: 431: 388: 6304:(in Slovak). Banská Bystrica: Second Edition, DALI-BB/Múzeum SNP. 2169:

Venohr's publication, which was published in 1969 under the title

1428: 780:

in one person after the establishment of an independent Slovakia.

743:

illegal resistance, consisting of three communists (Gustáv Husák,

11246: 1787: 1317:) wore German uniforms and collaborated directly with the German 1227: 878: 817:

or the partisans. From the beginning of 1943, however, after the

762: 554: 503: 426:

by the communist leadership after 1948, were neglected. With the

6855:Češi a Slováci ve 20. století: spolupráce a konflikty 1914–1992 6760:

Germany’s First Ally: Armed Forces of the Slovak State 1939–1945

5735: 3687: 3685: 1494: 1433: 11689:

Battles and operations of World War II involving Czechoslovakia

11561: 11284: 8374: 6965: 6819:(in German). Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh. pp. 299–336. 6779:

Slovenská republika 1939–1945 (= The Slovak Republic 1939–1945)

5786:

Na oslavy SNP treba prísť skôr, lístok na vlak bude za polovicu

5544: 5477: 5429: 5287: 5162: 5150: 5111: 5063: 5051: 5039: 4790: 4778: 4247: 3160: 2908: 1696: 1569:), about 80 murdered and other places in the Hauerland region. 1470: 1110: 998: 886: 858: 854: 494:, President of Slovakia and leader of the Hlinka party (Ludaks) 356: 352: 5876: 5874: 5834: 5832: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5504: 2212:

Monument to the SNP in Banská Bystrica, which also houses the

2181:

as being a "justification for the German Wehrmacht". In 2013,

1754:

Significance for the political position of Slovakia after 1945

669:

Resistance groups and formation of the Slovak National Council

8562: 6149:

Review on Šindelářovás Book by Tatjana Tönsmeyer (in German).

6120: 6118: 6043: 5299: 5029: 5027: 4985: 4363: 4293: 4291: 4053: 4028: 4026: 3970: 3682: 3670: 2600:

The SNP Square in Banská Bystrica with the SNP Memorial House

2103:

The German historian Wolfgang Venohr (1992) also emphasises:

1131: 594: 6695:. New York and London: East European Quarterly and Boulder. 6560:(in German). Banská Bystrica: Múzeum SNP. pp. 410–416. 6558:

Slovenské národné povstanie. Slovensko a Európa v roku 1944

6501:

Slovenské národné povstanie. Slovensko a Európa v roku 1944

6361:(in German). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. 5400:

Dejiny Slovenského národného povstania 1944 – This 5. zväzok

5311: 5210: 3148: 3136: 3088: 2342:

Films produced in Czechoslovakia about the SNP (selection):

1037: 930:

Disruptive partisan movement and escalation of the situation

531:

on the one hand and the prime minister and foreign minister

6817:

Autoritäre Regime in Ostmittel- und Südosteuropa 1919–1944

6714:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 175–192. 6484:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 193–205. 6465:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 206–228. 6238: 6226: 6166: 5871: 5859: 5829: 5817: 5805: 5723: 5636: 5585: 5532: 5520: 5501: 5489: 5087: 4814: 4754: 4742: 4730: 4718: 4649: 4600: 4598: 4544: 4534: 4532: 4495: 4493: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4070: 4068: 3259: 3184: 2890: 2232: 1846:

Judgement in post-war democratic Czechoslovakia (1945–1948)

1820: 475:

and subsequently had to cede eastern Slovak territories to

403: 6781:(in Slovak). Bratislava: Perfekt and Ústav pamäti národa. 6676:(in German). Munich: Oldenbourg Verlag. pp. 249–280. 6657:(in German). Munich: Oldenbourg Verlag. pp. 249–280. 6638:(in German). Munich: Oldenbourg Verlag. pp. 221–248. 6115: 6019: 5995: 5793: 5672: 5648: 5602: 5600: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5380: 5328: 5326: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5186: 5075: 5024: 4910: 4874: 4862: 4838: 4571: 4411: 4351: 4315: 4288: 4199: 4163: 4085: 4083: 4043: 4041: 4023: 3511: 3499: 3235: 3124: 3040: 3004: 2842: 2175:

Aufstand in der Tatra. Der Kampf um die Slowakei 1939–1944

1602: 1268: 1169: 6872:

Rychlík, Jan (2018). "Slovakia". In Stahel, David (ed.).

6130: 5983: 5465: 5358: 5356: 5222: 5128: 5126: 5014: 5012: 4997: 4973: 4961: 4922: 4898: 4561: 4559: 4517: 4478: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4151: 4013: 4011: 4009: 3931: 3697: 3393: 3391: 3389: 2755: 1855:

Reinterpretations in communist Czechoslovakia (1948–1989)

1195:

Reorganisation and territorial gains of the German troops

11709:

Battles and operations of World War II involving Hungary

11684:

Battles and operations of World War II involving Germany

6394: 6302:

Z ilegality do povstania. Kapitoly z občianskeho odboja

6103: 5952: 5556: 5198: 4939: 4937: 4766: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4615: 4613: 4595: 4529: 4490: 4466: 4447: 4399: 4375: 4339: 4235: 4141: 4139: 4095: 4065: 3948: 3946: 3919: 3586: 3475: 3451: 3427: 3374: 3196: 3076: 1959:

at a conference of the Slovak Historical Society (2019).

1576: 1466:

The German ethnic group and war crimes of the insurgents

1117:

First Defence of the Insurgent Army and Soviet Offensive

6743:(in German). Essen: Klartext Verlag. pp. 165–174. 6619:(in German). Munich: Oldenbourg Verlag. pp. 1–26. 6425:

Geschichte der Tschechoslowakischen Republik 1918–1948

6214: 6202: 6178: 6091: 6055: 6031: 6007: 5964: 5754: 5696: 5684: 5624: 5597: 5568: 5405: 5323: 5246: 5174: 4826: 4080: 4038: 3885: 3883: 3844: 3784: 3762: 3760: 3733: 3658: 3610: 3362: 3319: 3295: 3247: 3225: 3223: 3172: 3064: 3028: 2992: 2980: 2830: 1013:, that set in motion a swift and harsh reaction by the 459:, the Slovak Parliament declared independence from the 7627:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

6757: 6190: 5660: 5612: 5453: 5417: 5353: 5275: 5123: 5099: 5009: 4949: 4886: 4850: 4808: 4694: 4688: 4637: 4625: 4583: 4556: 4435: 4423: 4387: 4327: 4303: 4271: 4211: 4187: 4175: 4112: 4006: 4000: 3982: 3964: 3901: 3808: 3709: 3646: 3628: 3544: 3463: 3439: 3415: 3386: 3307: 3283: 3271: 3100: 3016: 2866: 2854: 2743: 2689:

The most important Slovak historians in exile include

2491:

Films about the SNP produced in present-day Slovakia:

2330:). In 2018, following the murder of Slovak journalist 1336: 1134:

Valley, taking Baťovany north of the district town of

691:, Leading functionary of the Slovak Communists (1986) 579: 382:

in London. The uprising was additionally supported by

331:, directed on one hand against the German invasion of 11649:

Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Europe

6079: 6067: 5441: 5368: 5138: 4934: 4661: 4610: 4505: 4223: 4136: 4124: 3943: 3907: 3331: 3112: 2932: 2796: 2794: 2767: 2731: 1437:

Territorial gains by the Soviets until 19 August 1944

1079:

general. Their headquarters were in Banská Bystrica.

4706: 4259: 3880: 3868: 3820: 3796: 3772: 3757: 3745: 3721: 3634: 3598: 3574: 3550: 3523: 3487: 3403: 3350: 3220: 3208: 3052: 2968: 2956: 2878: 2818: 2806: 2536:), the most important main tourist route in Slovakia 1651: 327:) was organised by the Slovak resistance during the 47:

Monument to the National Uprising in Banská Bystrica

6378:Aufstand der Slowaken. Der Freiheitskampf von 1944 3832: 3562: 2944: 2779: 2719: 1489:) and its surroundings in Western Slovakia, in the 1046:

The situation during the first days of the uprising

847: 11659:Eastern European World War II resistance movements 10293: 2791: 1733: 6758:Kliment, Charles K.; Nakládal, Břetislav (1997). 6503:. Banská Bystrica: Múzeum SNP. pp. 423–428. 6380:(in German). Frankfurt am Main/Berlin: Ullstein. 3856: 1211:, Second commander-in-chief of the insurgent army 808:, First commander-in-chief of the insurgent army. 455:On 14 March 1939, under strong pressure from the 11664:Military history of Slovakia during World War II 11615: 5942:Der beinahe vergessene Aufstand gegen Josef Tizo 5402:. Bratislava: Nakladateľstvo Pravda, S. 428–431. 1946: 986:Martin Incident and the Outbreak of the Uprising 86:Transition of the insurgents to partisan warfare 6285:(in German). Munich/Vienna: Oldenbourg Verlag. 1429:Military strategic significance of the uprising 6163:, last online check 2 August 2024 (in German). 5918:, p. 217 (slowakisch); Vražda, Daniel (2020): 5906:Štefančík, Radoslav; Hvasta, Miroslav (2019): 2189:was published, in which the author deals with 1700:all but 15 remaining Jews had fled the camp). 1228:German Final Offensive and End of the Uprising 763:Slovak Army and Golian's Military Headquarters 632:with widespread social disapproval. After the 442: 11158: 11144: 10279: 6981: 6914:(in German). Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh. 2910:Tisos Weg vom Separatismus zur Kollaboration. 2439:(= The Trophy from the Unknown Shooter, 1974) 6949:Slovak National Uprising Anniversary website 6893:Slowakei. Vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart 6800:(in German). Munich and Vienna: Oldenbourg. 6446:(in German). Berlin: LIT. pp. 201–240. 4458:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchönherr2011 ( 1353:Today's Banská Bystrica and its surroundings 540:of Slovak Jews. In 1942, by introducing the 370:. This represented a coalition of the civic 6895:(in German). Regensburg: Friedrich Pustet. 6733:(in Slovak). Prague: Ottovo nakladatelství. 6356: 6124: 6049: 5550: 5538: 5526: 5514: 5495: 5483: 5435: 5347: 5305: 5293: 5269: 5192: 5168: 5156: 5117: 5093: 5069: 5057: 5045: 5033: 4820: 4796: 4784: 4760: 4748: 4736: 4724: 4369: 4357: 4321: 4032: 3154: 3094: 776:, who became general, defence minister and 11151: 11137: 10286: 10272: 6988: 6974: 6299: 5975:sfn error: no target: CITEREFZückert2001 ( 3703: 3691: 3676: 3481: 3457: 3433: 2078: 11588:Persecution of Czechs in the Slovak State 6909: 6890: 6583: 6517: 6399:. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 6172: 6136: 6109: 5989: 5958: 5897:. In: sme.sk, 26 August 2016 (in Slovak). 5823: 5746:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPekník2009 ( 5003: 4991: 4655: 4604: 4550: 4538: 4499: 4472: 4453: 4405: 4381: 4345: 4157: 4106: 4074: 4059: 3976: 3937: 3592: 3368: 3342:sfn error: no target: CITEREFLacko2000b ( 3202: 3142: 3070: 3046: 3034: 2926: 2848: 1038:Initial situation and disarmament actions 102: 11674:Eastern European theatre of World War II 6795: 6671: 6652: 6633: 6614: 5562: 5317: 5240: 5216: 5204: 4772: 3616: 3325: 3301: 3265: 2896: 2749: 2737: 2504:(= My Uprising; short feature film 2014) 2379:(= The Song About the Silver Dove, 1961) 2268: 2252: 2236: 2233:Remembarence in art, culture and society 2207: 2135: 1950: 1902:Coat of Arms of Czechoslovakia 1960-1990 1897: 1858: 1824: 1821:Contemporary interpretations (1944–1945) 1786: 1766: 1659: 1612: 1527: 1469: 1432: 1395: 1367: 1348: 1340: 1276: 1251: 1231: 1202: 1103:14th Waffen-Grenadier Division of the SS 1061: 1041: 933: 863: 799: 751:) and three non-communists (Ján Ursíny, 683: 672: 607: 583: 486: 446: 11071:Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II 6871: 6852: 6737: 6728: 6709: 6690: 6555: 6536: 6479: 6441: 6280: 6244: 6232: 6220: 6208: 6184: 6097: 6061: 6037: 6013: 5970: 5880: 5838: 5811: 5760: 5729: 5702: 5690: 5642: 5630: 5606: 5591: 5579: 5411: 5332: 5257: 5180: 4832: 4089: 4047: 3715: 3652: 3517: 3505: 3469: 3445: 3421: 3397: 3313: 3277: 3241: 3130: 3106: 3082: 3022: 3010: 2938: 2872: 2860: 2773: 2761: 2140:The Czech historian Jan Rychlík (2009). 1964:concept of the dissident and historian 1762: 1603:German occupation regime and war crimes 1269:Role of the Slovak collaboration regime 11719:Battles and operations of World War II 11616: 8842: 8820:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 6814: 6776: 6601: 6460: 6375: 6318: 6196: 6025: 6001: 5865: 5799: 5741: 5714:Jancura, Vladimír (1 September 2014): 5678: 5666: 5654: 5618: 5459: 5423: 5386: 5374: 5362: 5281: 5228: 5132: 5105: 5081: 5018: 4955: 4916: 4892: 4880: 4868: 4856: 4844: 4700: 4643: 4631: 4589: 4577: 4565: 4441: 4429: 4417: 4393: 4333: 4309: 4297: 4282: 4253: 4241: 4229: 4217: 4205: 4193: 4181: 4169: 4130: 4118: 4017: 3988: 3925: 3913: 3874: 3850: 3826: 3790: 3778: 3766: 3751: 3739: 3727: 3664: 3604: 3580: 3556: 3529: 3409: 3380: 3356: 3337: 3253: 3229: 3214: 3190: 3178: 3166: 3118: 3058: 2998: 2986: 2974: 2962: 2836: 2824: 2812: 2785: 2725: 2498:(= Conversation With the Enemy, 2006). 2304:E8 European long-distance hiking trail 1744:Museum of the Slovak National Uprising 1504:(DP), formed in 1938. At its head was 997:on August 23, caused consternation in 502:. Historians sometimes classify it as 351:, it was the largest uprising against 11132: 10267: 9691:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 9123:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 8769:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 8725:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 7823:Rape during the occupation of Germany 6969: 6833: 6498: 6422: 6342:(in Slovak). Bratislava: Múzeum SNP. 6337: 6085: 6073: 5471: 5447: 5144: 4979: 4967: 4943: 4928: 4904: 4712: 4676: 4619: 4523: 4511: 4484: 4265: 4145: 3952: 3889: 3862: 3838: 3814: 3802: 3640: 3568: 3493: 3289: 2950: 2884: 2800: 2510:(= My Uprising 2; feature film 2019, 2427:(= In the Shadow of the Wolves, 1971) 1577:Participation of Jews in the Uprising 1017:. The German Reich Foreign Minister, 909:Union. The delegation, consisting of 8813:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 7838:Rape during the liberation of France 5939:Thanei, Christoph (28 August 2014): 5790:In: nasabystrica.sme.sk (in Slovak). 2415:(= The Bells for the Barefoot, 1965) 1306:Pohotovostné oddiely Hlinkovej gardy 423:communist takeover in Czechoslovakia 11002:1st Czechoslovak Mixed Air Division 6943:Czechoslovak military units in USSR 6256:Schubert, Gerhard (11 March 2018): 5850:Radovan Krčmárik (28 August 2014): 5720:. In: zurnal.pravda.sk (in Slovak). 2409:(= The Place of St Elisabeth, 1965) 2273:Relief of the Monument to the SNP ( 1782:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 1372:Replica of an armoured Zvolen train 1337:Insurgent government and population 580:Collaboration regime and population 13: 9039:German invasion of the Netherlands 7312:Weather events during World War II 6323:(in Slovak). Bratislava: Slovart. 2518: 1057:Československá armáda na Slovensku 1053:Veliteľstvo československej armády 14: 11735: 11679:World War II resistance movements 9670:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 6930: 6340:Slovenské národné povstanie 1944 6321:Slovenské národné povstanie 1944 1730:then brought its definitive end. 1652:Persecution of Jews and Holocaust 1101:Wildner and Wittenmeyer from the 1072:Deutscher General in der Slowakei 697:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia 563:German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact 451:The Slovak State in Europe (1942) 391:occupied Slovakia in April 1945. 142:1st Czechoslovak Army in Slovakia 11113: 11112: 10230: 6995: 6250: 6153: 6142: 5933: 5900: 5886: 5856:. In: aktuality.sk, (in Slovak). 5844: 5783:Daniel Vražda (26 August 2014): 5777: 5766: 5708: 5392: 2683: 2674: 2665: 2656: 2605: 2593: 2577: 2561: 2541: 2525: 2020: 2009: 1998: 1987: 1642:Hlinka Guard Emergency Divisions 1625:Hlinka Guard Emergency Divisions 1535:and memorial in Sklené (German: 1302:Hlinka Guard Emergency Divisions 1168: 1157: 1146: 848:Insurrection plans and diplomacy 738:, and the young agrarians under 713:Czechoslovak government-in-exile 380:Czechoslovak government-in-exile 267: 257: 250: 240: 228: 217: 206: 195: 184: 164: 152: 131: 117: 104: 41: 11583:History of the Jews in Slovakia 6937:Slovak National Uprising Museum 6762:. Atglen: Schiffer Publishing. 6262:In: derstandard.at (in German). 2902: 2647: 2638: 2628: 2532:In red, the SNP Heroes' Trail ( 2481:(= The Insurgent History, 1984) 2469:(= Dream of Golden Times, 1978) 1932:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 1734:Casualty figures and war damage 1609:Kremnička and Nemecká massacres 1597: 1493:in Central Slovakia and in the 980: 597:. With its organisations – the 11654:Civil wars of the 20th century 9917:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 7620:Territorial changes of Germany 7528:Indonesian National Revolution 6857:(in Czech). Prague: Vyšehrad. 6691:Jelinek, Yeshayahu A. (1976). 6281:Hoensch, Jörg K., ed. (1984). 2373:(= The Interrupted Song, 1960) 2361:(= Twelve o'Clock Sharp, 1958) 2294:(SNP Heroes' Trail) runs from 1525:had a total of 8,116 members. 612:Flag of the Ludaks (1938–1945) 1: 11669:Uprisings during World War II 11482:Department of Special Affairs 9317:Japanese invasion of Thailand 9268:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 9032:German invasion of Luxembourg 7406:Mediterranean and Middle East 2708: 1947:Valuation in today's Slovakia 883:High Command of the Wehrmacht 437: 11714:Slovak independence movement 11639:Slovakia during World War II 9224:Invasion of the Soviet Union 8913:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 8224:Independent State of Croatia 5908:Jazyk pravicového extrémizmu 5398:Vilém Plevza et al. (1985): 5350:, pp. 82, 88–89, 93–98. 5243:, pp. 172–173, 175–176. 2929:, pp. 106–107, 111–112. 2713: 2487:(= The Black Solstice, 1984) 2355:(= The White Darkness, 1948) 1815: 889:of the military conspiracy. 7: 10997:1st Czechoslovak Army Corps 10208:End of World War II in Asia 10048:Western invasion of Germany 9555:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 9532:Second Battle of El Alamein 9102:Hundred Regiments Offensive 9074:Battle of the Mediterranean 8927:Italian invasion of Albania 7094:Air warfare of World War II 6910:Tönsmeyer, Tatjana (2003). 6838:(in German). Vienna: Tosa. 6796:Lipscher, Ladislav (1980). 6741:östlichen Europa, Band 13) 6357:Šindelářová, Lenka (2013). 6161:Institut für Zeitgeschichte 4809:Kliment & Nakládal 1997 4689:Kliment & Nakládal 1997 4001:Kliment & Nakládal 1997 3965:Kliment & Nakládal 1997 3902:Kliment & Nakládal 1997 3629:Kliment & Nakládal 1997 3545:Kliment & Nakládal 1997 2475:(= The Front Theatre, 1979) 2391:(= The Midnight Mass, 1962) 2156: 1719:Righteous Among the Nations 1623:with the assistance of the 1386:Slobodný slovenský vysielač 728:unified Czechoslovak nation 701:Communist Party of Slovakia 473:invaded by Hungarian troops 443:Initial political situation 313:Slovenské národné povstanie 287:6,900–8,600 Slovak soldiers 59:29 August – 28 October 1944 10: 11740: 10661:Slovak Insurgent Air Force 10641:Jan Žižka partisan brigade 10134:Naval bombardment of Japan 9502:First Battle of El Alamein 9421:Battle of Christmas Island 9366:Japanese invasion of Burma 9130:Italian invasion of Greece 9046:German invasion of Belgium 9018:German invasion of Denmark 8991:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 8860:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 7117:Comparative military ranks 6891:Schönfeld, Roland (2000). 6731:Slovenský štát v obrazoch 6300:Jablonický, Jozef (2009). 6268: 2451:(= The Maple Fujara, 1975) 2433:(= The Harsh Winter, 1973) 2421:(= If I Had a Rifle, 1971) 2397:(= The White Clouds, 1962) 1606: 11575: 11567:Nation's Memory Institute 11530: 11497: 11450: 11353: 11328:Freiwillige Schutzstaffel 11300: 11293: 11257: 11184: 11166: 11160:The Holocaust in Slovakia 11108: 11063: 11019:Freiwillige Schutzstaffel 11010: 10989: 10941:1st Czechoslovak Division 10928: 10921: 10878: 10806: 10763:Bratislava–Brno Offensive 10707: 10700: 10597: 10547: 10538: 10485: 10433: 10382: 10373: 10312: 10305: 10223: 10055:Bratislava–Brno offensive 9995: 9986:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 9723: 9610:Allied invasion of Sicily 9564: 9470:Aleutian Islands campaign 9442:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 9389: 9380:Greek famine of 1941–1944 9275:Second Battle of Changsha 9180:German invasion of Greece 9148: 9025:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 9000: 8938: 8833: 8714: 8440: 8350: 8191: 7894: 7885: 7643: 7468: 7360:North and Central Pacific 7321: 7083: 7076: 7003: 6376:Venohr, Wolfgang (1992). 6338:Mičev, Stanislav (2009). 5744:, pp. 425–426, 441.. 5717:Ako sa prepisovali dejiny 3169:, pp. 21–23, 26, 56. 2463:(= The Private War, 1978) 2173:and 1983 under the title 1588:Nováky concentration camp 1511:Freiwillige Schutzstaffel 819:catastrophe of Stalingrad 654:Italy's exit from the war 296:60,000 rebelling soldiers 275: 177: 96: 51: 40: 28: 23: 11624:Slovak National Uprising 11598:Slovak National Uprising 10908:Sereď concentration camp 10629:Jan Hus partisan brigade 10571:Slovak National Uprising 9647:Allied invasion of Italy 9624:Solomon Islands campaign 9373:Third Battle of Changsha 8970:First Battle of Changsha 8876:Second Sino-Japanese War 7809:German military brothels 7675:United States war crimes 6588:(in German) (42): 39–61. 4256:, pp. 175–176, 179. 2621: 2437:Trofej neznámeho strelca 2349:(= The Wolf Holes, 1948) 2337: 2201:published the anthology 1666:Sereď concentration camp 1027:Army Group North Ukraine 305:Slovak National Uprising 24:Slovak National Uprising 16:1944–45 armed resistance 11629:20th-century rebellions 11593:Presidential exemptions 11555:Partisan Congress riots 11313:Central Economic Office 10976:11th Infantry Battalion 10069:Second Guangxi campaign 9924:Philippines (1944–1945) 9428:Battle of the Coral Sea 9331:Fall of the Philippines 8977:Battle of South Guangxi 8883:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 8282:Italian Social Republic 6834:Payne, Stanley (2006). 5272:, pp. 46, 105–106. 2407:Námestie svätej Alžbety 2377:Pieseň o sivom holubovi 2367:(= Captain Dabac, 1959) 2241:The Street of the SNP ( 2079:International reception 1378:Podbrezovské železiarne 368:Slovak National Council 11724:Rebellions in Slovakia 11475:Michael Dov Weissmandl 11258:Massacres and roundups 10617:Czech National Council 10392:Konstantin von Neurath 9654:Armistice of Cassibile 9456:Battle of Dutch Harbor 9407:Battle of the Java Sea 9310:Attack on Pearl Harbor 9210:Syria–Lebanon campaign 9203:Battle of South Shanxi 9173:Invasion of Yugoslavia 8956:Battle of the Atlantic 8570:Korean Liberation Army 8276:(until September 1943) 8233:(until September 1944) 8211:(until September 1944) 6777:Lacko, Martin (2008). 6729:Kamenec, Ivan (2008). 6319:Lacko, Martin (2008). 5922:no Location: N Press, 5910:. Bratislava: Ekonóm, 2496:Rozhovor s nepriateľom 2445:(= The Decision, 1975) 2282: 2266: 2250: 2221: 2187:Finale der Vernichtung 2141: 1960: 1903: 1864: 1830: 1796: 1791:Gottlob Berger at the 1772: 1669: 1632: 1540: 1478: 1438: 1373: 1354: 1346: 1286: 1257: 1237: 1212: 1075: 1047: 1019:Joachim von Ribbentrop 942: 920:Ivan Yefimovich Petrov 873: 809: 786:Masaryk Czechoslovakia 692: 681: 613: 589: 495: 461:Czecho-Slovak Republic 452: 378:and was linked to the 298:7,000–18,000 partisans 289:5,000 Hlinka guardists 285:50,000 German soldiers 178:Commanders and leaders 11699:September 1944 events 11280:Kremnička and Nemecká 10913:Theresienstadt Ghetto 10859:Kremnička and Nemecká 10363:Chief of Intelligence 9818:Second Battle of Guam 9714:Bengal famine of 1943 9684:Second Battle of Kiev 9640:Battle of the Dnieper 9345:Battle of Wake Island 9217:East African campaign 9159:Battle of South Henan 8804:atrocities by Germans 8577:Korean Volunteer Army 7551:Occupation of Germany 7305:Music in World War II 6853:Rychlík, Jan (2012). 5930:, p. 83. (in Slovak). 3193:, pp. 39, 41–42. 2298:in Bratislava to the 2272: 2256: 2240: 2211: 2177:was also rejected by 2139: 2039:The Slovak historian 1954: 1901: 1862: 1828: 1790: 1770: 1678:under the command of 1663: 1616: 1607:Further information: 1531: 1523:Deutsche Heimatschutz 1517:Deutsche Heimatschutz 1473: 1436: 1396:Conduct of the Allies 1371: 1352: 1344: 1280: 1255: 1235: 1206: 1066:SS-Obergruppenführer 1065: 1045: 937: 867: 803: 687: 676: 611: 587: 510:, but also simply as 490: 450: 319:; alternatively also 11517:Karel František Koch 10981:1st Armoured Brigade 10104:Surrender of Germany 9582:Battle of West Hubei 9539:Guadalcanal campaign 9509:Battle of Stalingrad 9435:Battle of Madagascar 8202:Albania protectorate 7989:(formerly Swaziland) 7698:Wehrmacht war crimes 7514:Expulsion of Germans 7298:Art and World War II 7196:British contribution 7145:Governments in exile 6159:Info on the Work at 5868:, pp. 197, 200. 2917:am 15 December 2001) 2479:Povstalecká história 2385:(= The Coward, 1961) 2047:writes about this: 1763:Legal reconditioning 1404:On August 31, 1944, 482:the order of the day 325:The Uprising of 1944 82:Uprising suppressed 11704:October 1944 events 11603:Tiso's Holíč speech 11338:Emergency Divisions 11030:Emergency Divisions 10936:Czechoslovak Legion 10903:Carpathian Ruthenia 10563:Vrba–Wetzler report 10524:Minister of Defence 10314:Government-in-exile 10194:Potsdam Declaration 10083:Italy (Spring 1945) 9846:Liberation of Paris 9303:Siege of Sevastopol 8314:(until August 1944) 8217:Wang Jingwei regime 8039:from September 1943 7999:from September 1944 7937:from September 1944 7797:Romanian war crimes 7788:Persecution of Jews 7774:Croatian war crimes 7744:Japanese war crimes 7558:Occupation of Japan 7507:First Indochina War 7219:Military production 7131:Declarations of war 6712:Slovakia in History 6482:Slovakia in History 6463:Slovakia in History 6247:, pp. 230–231. 6235:, pp. 228–229. 6028:, pp. 313–314. 6004:, pp. 312–313. 5883:, pp. 236–237. 5841:, pp. 250–251. 5814:, pp. 218–219. 5802:, pp. 332–333. 5732:, pp. 217–219. 5681:, pp. 309–319. 5657:, pp. 308–309. 5645:, pp. 210–211. 5594:, pp. 204–205. 5553:, pp. 248–249. 5486:, pp. 224–225. 5474:, pp. 131–132. 5438:, pp. 105–106. 5389:, pp. 200–201. 5320:, pp. 278–279. 5296:, pp. 114–118. 5219:, pp. 171–172. 5171:, pp. 163–164. 5159:, pp. 170–171. 5120:, pp. 169–170. 5084:, pp. 186–189. 5072:, pp. 165–166. 5060:, pp. 160–161. 5048:, pp. 158–161. 4994:, pp. 194–195. 4982:, pp. 406–407. 4970:, pp. 405–406. 4931:, pp. 140–141. 4919:, pp. 162–164. 4907:, pp. 132–136. 4883:, pp. 159–160. 4871:, pp. 155–156. 4847:, pp. 220–221. 4799:, pp. 149–150. 4787:, pp. 142–143. 4580:, pp. 258–259. 4526:, pp. 404–405. 4487:, pp. 165–168. 4420:, pp. 216–217. 4300:, pp. 185–186. 4208:, pp. 173–174. 4172:, pp. 169–170. 4062:, pp. 146–147. 3979:, pp. 145–146. 3694:, pp. 185–186. 3679:, pp. 178–179. 3520:, pp. 246–247. 3508:, pp. 203–204. 3268:, pp. 272–273. 3244:, pp. 169–170. 3145:, pp. 143–144. 3133:, pp. 115–116. 3013:, pp. 181–182. 2899:, pp. 228–229. 2764:, pp. 259–261. 2612:Triple memorial in 2568:Close-up view of a 2403:(= The Organ, 1964) 1810:Ferdinand Ďurčanský 1703:SS-Hauptsturmführer 1664:Site of the former 1283:Emergency Divisions 991:Romania's defection 916:4th Ukrainian Front 634:Salzburg Conference 570:Salzburg Conference 568:As a result of the 463:and proclaimed the 416:concentration camps 321:Povstanie roku 1944 11694:August 1944 events 11512:Pavel Peter Gojdič 11294:Major perpetrators 11270:List of transports 10739:Čajánek's barracks 10418:Karl Hermann Frank 10187:Surrender of Japan 10020:Battle of Iwo Jima 9869:Belgrade offensive 9282:Siege of Leningrad 9166:Battle of Shanggao 9095:British Somaliland 9060:Dunkirk evacuation 9011:Norwegian campaign 8949:Invasion of Poland 8776:Japanese prisoners 7737:Italian war crimes 7668:British war crimes 7583:Soviet occupations 7367:South-West Pacific 7254:Allied cooperation 7212:Military equipment 6939:in Banská Bystrica 5231:, pp. 99–100. 3383:, pp. 24, 27. 2588:in Banská Bystrica 2457:(= A Silver, 1976) 2419:Keby som mal pušku 2359:V hodine dvanástej 2320:Zbehovia a pútnici 2283: 2267: 2251: 2222: 2142: 1961: 1904: 1865: 1831: 1797: 1773: 1686:and its first two 1670: 1633: 1541: 1483:Carpathian Germans 1479: 1439: 1374: 1355: 1347: 1320:Sicherheitspolizei 1287: 1258: 1238: 1213: 1076: 1048: 943: 874: 831:Lieutenant Colonel 810: 790:invasion of Poland 778:commander-in-chief 745:Ladislav Novomeský 693: 682: 618:Czech protectorate 614: 590: 496: 453: 355:and its allies in 11644:Conflicts in 1944 11611: 11610: 11446: 11445: 11185:Camps and prisons 11126: 11125: 11059: 11058: 11055: 11054: 10871: 10863: 10855: 10835: 10820: 10799: 10791: 10783: 10775: 10767: 10759: 10751: 10743: 10735: 10727: 10719: 10696: 10695: 10625: 10613: 10583: 10575: 10567: 10559: 10534: 10533: 10481: 10480: 10396:Reinhard Heydrich 10358:František Moravec 10261: 10260: 10219: 10218: 10062:Battle of Okinawa 9961:Burma (1944–1945) 9795:Mariana and Palau 9575:Tunisian campaign 9400:Fall of Singapore 9324:Fall of Hong Kong 9067:Battle of Britain 8920:Operation Himmler 8829: 8828: 8493:Dutch East Indies 8129:Southern Rhodesia 7881: 7880: 7781:Genocide of Serbs 7684:German war crimes 7661:Soviet war crimes 7654:Allied war crimes 7500:Division of Korea 7479:Chinese Civil War 7277:Strategic bombing 7189:Manhattan Project 6883:978-1-316-51034-6 6864:978-80-7429-133-3 6845:978-3-85003-037-3 6826:978-3-506-78585-5 6788:978-80-8046-408-0 6721:978-0-521-80253-6 6567:978-80-89514-30-4 6548:978-3-598-11767-1 6529:978-80-224-1090-8 6510:978-80-89514-30-4 6491:978-0-521-80253-6 6472:978-0-521-80253-6 6453:978-3-643-10816-6 6406:978-3-525-37315-6 6387:978-3-534-25973-1 6368:978-3-534-25973-1 6349:978-80-970238-3-6 6330:978-80-8085-575-8 6311:978-80-89090-60-0 6175:, pp. 39–40. 6052:, pp. 60–61. 5928:978-80-99925-15-2 5916:978-80-225-4642-3 5826:, pp. 16–17. 5308:, pp. 78–79. 4658:, pp. 53–54. 4553:, pp. 52–53. 4372:, pp. 65–66. 4244:, pp. 45–46. 3928:, pp. 60–62. 3853:, pp. 80–81. 3817:, pp. 79–81. 3793:, pp. 44–45. 3742:, pp. 89–90. 3667:, pp. 46–49. 3292:, pp. 12–13. 3181:, pp. 22–23. 3157:, pp. 38–39. 3097:, pp. 35–36. 3085:, pp. 22–23. 3049:, pp. 35–36. 3001:, pp. 93–95. 2989:, pp. 20–21. 2851:, pp. 95–96. 2839:, pp. 28–29. 2550:Bridge of the SNP 2534:Cesta hrdinov SNP 2328:Velvet Revolution 2292:Cesta hrdinov SNP 2288:Bridge of the SNP 2279:Demänovská Dolina 2214:Museum of the SNP 2183:Lenka Šindelářová 2179:Tatjana Tönsmeyer 2117:František Palacký 1955:Slovak historian 1487:Pressburg/Pozsony 1444:Army Group Centre 1326:Sicherheitsdienst 955:Nikita Khrushchev 868:Defense Minister 804:Lieutant Colonel 770:Czechoslovak army 428:fall of communism 376:Slovak communists 347:. Along with the 302: 301: 294: 283: 92: 91: 11731: 11634:1944 in Slovakia 11576:Related articles 11550:Topoľčany pogrom 11465:Gisi Fleischmann 11438:Dieter Wisliceny 11434: 11399: 11383:Augustín Morávek 11308:Abwehrgruppe 218 11298: 11297: 11265:1938 deportation 11172: 11153: 11146: 11139: 11130: 11129: 11116: 11115: 11100:Western betrayal 11083:Munich Agreement 11042:Slovak Air Force 10926: 10925: 10869: 10861: 10853: 10833: 10832: 10818: 10797: 10789: 10781: 10773: 10771:Prague Offensive 10765: 10757: 10749: 10747:Slovak–Hungarian 10741: 10733: 10731:Carpatho-Ukraine 10725: 10717: 10705: 10704: 10684: 10656:Slovak partisans 10637: 10619: 10607: 10605:Council of Three 10581: 10573: 10565: 10557: 10545: 10544: 10519:Ferdinand Čatloš 10380: 10379: 10351:foreign minister 10310: 10309: 10288: 10281: 10274: 10265: 10264: 10254: 10247: 10240: 10237:World portal 10235: 10234: 10210: 10203: 10196: 10189: 10180: 10173: 10166: 10157: 10150: 10143: 10136: 10129: 10122: 10113: 10106: 10099: 10097:Prague offensive 10092: 10090:Battle of Berlin 10085: 10078: 10071: 10064: 10057: 10050: 10043: 10036: 10034:Vienna offensive 10029: 10022: 10015: 10013:Battle of Manila 10008: 9988: 9979: 9970: 9963: 9954: 9947: 9940: 9933: 9926: 9919: 9912: 9903: 9894: 9887: 9878: 9871: 9864: 9857: 9848: 9841: 9834: 9827: 9820: 9813: 9806: 9797: 9790: 9781: 9772: 9763: 9756: 9754:Korsun–Cherkassy 9749: 9738: 9716: 9707: 9700: 9693: 9686: 9679: 9672: 9665: 9656: 9649: 9642: 9635: 9626: 9619: 9612: 9605: 9598: 9596:Bombing of Gorky 9591: 9584: 9577: 9557: 9550: 9541: 9534: 9527: 9518: 9511: 9504: 9497: 9486: 9479: 9472: 9465: 9463:Battle of Midway 9458: 9451: 9449:Battle of Gazala 9444: 9437: 9430: 9423: 9416: 9409: 9402: 9382: 9375: 9368: 9361: 9359:Battle of Borneo 9354: 9352:Malayan campaign 9347: 9340: 9333: 9326: 9319: 9312: 9305: 9298: 9296:Bombing of Gorky 9291: 9289:Battle of Moscow 9284: 9277: 9270: 9263: 9256: 9249: 9233: 9226: 9219: 9212: 9205: 9198: 9189: 9182: 9175: 9168: 9161: 9141: 9132: 9125: 9118: 9111: 9104: 9097: 9090: 9083: 9076: 9069: 9062: 9055: 9053:Battle of France 9048: 9041: 9034: 9027: 9020: 9013: 8993: 8986: 8979: 8972: 8965: 8958: 8951: 8929: 8922: 8915: 8908: 8906:Munich Agreement 8901: 8894: 8885: 8878: 8871: 8862: 8855: 8840: 8839: 8822: 8815: 8806: 8799: 8792: 8791:Soviet prisoners 8785: 8778: 8771: 8762: 8755: 8746: 8739: 8732: 8731:German prisoners 8727: 8707: 8698: 8691: 8684: 8679: 8672: 8665: 8658: 8651: 8644: 8637: 8630: 8623: 8616: 8609: 8602: 8595: 8588: 8579: 8572: 8565: 8558: 8551: 8544: 8537: 8530: 8523: 8516: 8509: 8502: 8495: 8488: 8481: 8474: 8467: 8460: 8453: 8433: 8426: 8419: 8412: 8405: 8398: 8391: 8384: 8377: 8370: 8363: 8343: 8336: 8329: 8322: 8315: 8307: 8300: 8293: 8284: 8277: 8269: 8262: 8260:French Indochina 8255: 8248: 8241: 8234: 8226: 8219: 8212: 8204: 8184: 8175: 8168: 8159: 8152: 8145: 8138: 8131: 8124: 8117: 8110: 8107:from August 1944 8098: 8091: 8084: 8077: 8070: 8063: 8056: 8049: 8042: 8030: 8023: 8016: 8009: 8002: 7990: 7982: 7975: 7968: 7961: 7954: 7947: 7940: 7928: 7921: 7914: 7907: 7892: 7891: 7872: 7865: 7858: 7851: 7844: 7833: 7818: 7811: 7804: 7799: 7790: 7783: 7776: 7767: 7760: 7753: 7751:Nanjing Massacre 7746: 7739: 7730: 7728:Nuremberg trials 7721: 7714: 7707: 7700: 7693: 7686: 7677: 7670: 7663: 7656: 7636: 7629: 7622: 7613: 7606: 7599: 7592: 7585: 7578: 7569: 7560: 7553: 7546: 7539: 7530: 7523: 7516: 7509: 7502: 7495: 7488: 7481: 7461: 7452: 7445: 7438: 7429: 7422: 7415: 7408: 7399: 7392: 7385: 7376: 7369: 7362: 7355: 7348: 7341: 7334: 7332:Asia and Pacific 7314: 7307: 7300: 7293: 7286: 7279: 7272: 7263: 7261:Mulberry harbour 7256: 7249: 7242: 7235: 7228: 7221: 7214: 7207: 7198: 7191: 7184: 7175: 7168: 7161: 7154: 7147: 7140: 7133: 7126: 7119: 7112: 7103: 7096: 7081: 7080: 7069: 7062: 7053: 7046: 7039: 7032: 7025: 7018: 7011: 6990: 6983: 6976: 6967: 6966: 6956: 6925: 6906: 6887: 6868: 6849: 6830: 6811: 6792: 6773: 6754: 6734: 6725: 6706: 6687: 6668: 6649: 6630: 6611: 6589: 6577:Journal articles 6571: 6552: 6533: 6514: 6495: 6476: 6457: 6438: 6410: 6391: 6372: 6353: 6334: 6315: 6296: 6263: 6254: 6248: 6242: 6236: 6230: 6224: 6218: 6212: 6206: 6200: 6194: 6188: 6182: 6176: 6170: 6164: 6157: 6151: 6146: 6140: 6134: 6128: 6125:Šindelářová 2013 6122: 6113: 6107: 6101: 6095: 6089: 6083: 6077: 6071: 6065: 6059: 6053: 6050:Šindelářová 2013 6047: 6041: 6035: 6029: 6023: 6017: 6011: 6005: 5999: 5993: 5987: 5981: 5980: 5968: 5962: 5956: 5950: 5937: 5931: 5904: 5898: 5890: 5884: 5878: 5869: 5863: 5857: 5848: 5842: 5836: 5827: 5821: 5815: 5809: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5781: 5775: 5770: 5764: 5758: 5752: 5751: 5739: 5733: 5727: 5721: 5712: 5706: 5700: 5694: 5688: 5682: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5658: 5652: 5646: 5640: 5634: 5628: 5622: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5595: 5589: 5583: 5577: 5566: 5560: 5554: 5551:Šindelářová 2013 5548: 5542: 5539:Šindelářová 2013 5536: 5530: 5527:Šindelářová 2013 5524: 5518: 5515:Šindelářová 2013 5512: 5499: 5496:Šindelářová 2013 5493: 5487: 5484:Šindelářová 2013 5481: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5457: 5451: 5445: 5439: 5436:Šindelářová 2013 5433: 5427: 5421: 5415: 5409: 5403: 5396: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5360: 5351: 5348:Šindelářová 2013 5345: 5336: 5330: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5306:Šindelářová 2013 5303: 5297: 5294:Šindelářová 2013 5291: 5285: 5279: 5273: 5270:Šindelářová 2013 5267: 5261: 5255: 5244: 5238: 5232: 5226: 5220: 5214: 5208: 5202: 5196: 5193:Šindelářová 2013 5190: 5184: 5178: 5172: 5169:Šindelářová 2013 5166: 5160: 5157:Šindelářová 2013 5154: 5148: 5142: 5136: 5130: 5121: 5118:Šindelářová 2013 5115: 5109: 5103: 5097: 5094:Šindelářová 2013 5091: 5085: 5079: 5073: 5070:Šindelářová 2013 5067: 5061: 5058:Šindelářová 2013 5055: 5049: 5046:Šindelářová 2013 5043: 5037: 5034:Šindelářová 2013 5031: 5022: 5016: 5007: 5001: 4995: 4989: 4983: 4977: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4932: 4926: 4920: 4914: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4890: 4884: 4878: 4872: 4866: 4860: 4854: 4848: 4842: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4821:Šindelářová 2013 4818: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4797:Šindelářová 2013 4794: 4788: 4785:Šindelářová 2013 4782: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4761:Šindelářová 2013 4758: 4752: 4749:Šindelářová 2013 4746: 4740: 4737:Šindelářová 2013 4734: 4728: 4725:Šindelářová 2013 4722: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4674: 4659: 4653: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4608: 4602: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4569: 4563: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4527: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4503: 4497: 4488: 4482: 4476: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4379: 4373: 4370:Šindelářová 2013 4367: 4361: 4358:Šindelářová 2013 4355: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4322:Šindelářová 2013 4319: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4286: 4280: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4134: 4128: 4122: 4116: 4110: 4104: 4093: 4087: 4078: 4072: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4045: 4036: 4033:Šindelářová 2013 4030: 4021: 4015: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3256:, p. 33–34. 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3155:Šindelářová 2013 3152: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3095:Šindelářová 2013 3092: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2702: 2699:Jozef Kirschbaum 2687: 2681: 2678: 2672: 2669: 2663: 2660: 2654: 2651: 2645: 2642: 2636: 2632: 2609: 2597: 2581: 2565: 2545: 2529: 2508:Moje povstanie 2 2473:Frontové divadlo 2449:Javorová fujarka 2413:Zvony pre bosých 2371:Prerušená pieseň 2257:The SNP Square ( 2199:Volker Zimmerman 2185:'s dissertation 2024: 2013: 2002: 1991: 1974:Matica slovenská 1966:Jozef Jablonický 1802:Dieter Wisliceny 1793:Nuremberg Trials 1689:Einsatzkommandos 1363:Democratic Party 1172: 1161: 1150: 951:Klement Gottwald 939:Klement Gottwald 870:Ferdinand Čatloš 794:Munich Agreement 774:Ferdinand Čatloš 724:Slovak agrarians 622:Ferdinand Čatloš 551:Second World War 508:clerical-fascist 412:Jews in Slovakia 372:Democratic Party 329:Second World War 292: 281: 271: 262: 261: 254: 245: 244: 233: 232: 222: 221: 213:Ferdinand Čatloš 211: 210: 200: 199: 189: 188: 170: 168: 167: 158: 156: 155: 136: 135: 123: 121: 120: 114: 110: 108: 107: 53: 52: 45: 21: 20: 11739: 11738: 11734: 11733: 11732: 11730: 11729: 11728: 11614: 11613: 11612: 11607: 11571: 11526: 11507:Giuseppe Burzio 11493: 11442: 11420: 11385: 11349: 11345:Slovak Republic 11323:Einsatzgruppe H 11289: 11253: 11180: 11170: 11162: 11157: 11127: 11122: 11104: 11093:Sudeten Germans 11051: 11037:Government Army 11006: 10985: 10917: 10874: 10826: 10802: 10692: 10670: 10631: 10593: 10579:Prague uprising 10530: 10487:Slovak Republic 10477: 10473:Emanuel Moravec 10461:Richard Bienert 10457:Jaroslav Krejčí 10429: 10423:Chief of Police 10410:Reichsprotektor 10369: 10301: 10292: 10262: 10257: 10250: 10243: 10229: 10227: 10215: 10206: 10199: 10192: 10185: 10176: 10169: 10162: 10153: 10148:Atomic bombings 10146: 10139: 10132: 10125: 10118: 10109: 10102: 10095: 10088: 10081: 10074: 10067: 10060: 10053: 10046: 10039: 10032: 10025: 10018: 10011: 10004: 9991: 9984: 9973: 9966: 9959: 9950: 9943: 9936: 9929: 9922: 9915: 9906: 9897: 9890: 9881: 9874: 9867: 9860: 9851: 9844: 9839:Eastern Romania 9837: 9832:Warsaw Uprising 9830: 9825:Tannenberg Line 9823: 9816: 9811:Western Ukraine 9809: 9800: 9793: 9784: 9775: 9766: 9759: 9752: 9741: 9732: 9719: 9712: 9703: 9696: 9689: 9682: 9675: 9668: 9661: 9652: 9645: 9638: 9629: 9622: 9615: 9608: 9603:Battle of Kursk 9601: 9594: 9587: 9580: 9573: 9560: 9553: 9544: 9537: 9530: 9521: 9514: 9507: 9500: 9491: 9482: 9475: 9468: 9461: 9454: 9447: 9440: 9433: 9426: 9419: 9414:St Nazaire Raid 9412: 9405: 9398: 9385: 9378: 9371: 9364: 9357: 9350: 9343: 9336: 9329: 9322: 9315: 9308: 9301: 9294: 9287: 9280: 9273: 9266: 9259: 9252: 9238: 9229: 9222: 9215: 9208: 9201: 9196:Anglo-Iraqi War 9194: 9187:Battle of Crete 9185: 9178: 9171: 9164: 9157: 9144: 9135: 9128: 9121: 9116:Eastern Romania 9114: 9107: 9100: 9093: 9086: 9079: 9072: 9065: 9058: 9051: 9044: 9037: 9030: 9023: 9016: 9009: 8996: 8989: 8982: 8975: 8968: 8961: 8954: 8947: 8934: 8925: 8918: 8911: 8904: 8897: 8890: 8881: 8874: 8867: 8858: 8851: 8825: 8818: 8811: 8802: 8795: 8790: 8781: 8774: 8767: 8758: 8751: 8742: 8735: 8730: 8723: 8710: 8703: 8694: 8687: 8682: 8677:Western Ukraine 8675: 8668: 8661: 8654: 8647: 8640: 8633: 8626: 8621:Northeast China 8619: 8612: 8605: 8598: 8591: 8584: 8575: 8568: 8561: 8554: 8547: 8540: 8533: 8526: 8519: 8512: 8505: 8498: 8491: 8484: 8477: 8470: 8463: 8456: 8449: 8436: 8429: 8422: 8415: 8408: 8401: 8394: 8387: 8380: 8373: 8366: 8359: 8346: 8339: 8332: 8325: 8320:Slovak Republic 8318: 8310: 8303: 8296: 8291:Empire of Japan 8289: 8280: 8272: 8265: 8258: 8251: 8244: 8237: 8229: 8222: 8215: 8207: 8200: 8187: 8180: 8171: 8164: 8155: 8148: 8141: 8134: 8127: 8120: 8113: 8101: 8094: 8087: 8080: 8073: 8066: 8059: 8052: 8045: 8033: 8026: 8019: 8012: 8005: 7993: 7985: 7978: 7971: 7964: 7957: 7950: 7943: 7931: 7924: 7917: 7910: 7903: 7877: 7868: 7861: 7854: 7847: 7836: 7821: 7814: 7807: 7803:Sexual violence 7802: 7795: 7786: 7779: 7772: 7763: 7756: 7749: 7742: 7735: 7726: 7717: 7710: 7703: 7696: 7689: 7682: 7673: 7666: 7659: 7652: 7639: 7632: 7625: 7618: 7609: 7602: 7595: 7588: 7581: 7572: 7563: 7556: 7549: 7542: 7533: 7526: 7521:Greek Civil War 7519: 7512: 7505: 7498: 7491: 7484: 7477: 7464: 7457: 7448: 7441: 7434: 7425: 7418: 7411: 7404: 7395: 7388: 7381: 7372: 7365: 7358: 7351: 7346:South-East Asia 7344: 7337: 7330: 7317: 7310: 7303: 7296: 7289: 7282: 7275: 7268: 7259: 7252: 7245: 7238: 7231: 7224: 7217: 7210: 7205:Military awards 7203: 7194: 7187: 7180: 7171: 7164: 7157: 7150: 7143: 7136: 7129: 7122: 7115: 7108: 7099: 7092: 7072: 7065: 7058: 7049: 7042: 7035: 7030: 7021: 7014: 7007: 6999: 6994: 6954: 6933: 6928: 6922: 6903: 6884: 6865: 6846: 6827: 6808: 6789: 6770: 6751: 6722: 6703: 6684: 6665: 6646: 6627: 6595:Further reading 6592: 6574: 6568: 6549: 6530: 6511: 6492: 6473: 6454: 6435: 6413: 6407: 6388: 6369: 6350: 6331: 6312: 6293: 6271: 6266: 6255: 6251: 6243: 6239: 6231: 6227: 6219: 6215: 6207: 6203: 6195: 6191: 6183: 6179: 6171: 6167: 6158: 6154: 6147: 6143: 6135: 6131: 6123: 6116: 6108: 6104: 6096: 6092: 6084: 6080: 6072: 6068: 6060: 6056: 6048: 6044: 6036: 6032: 6024: 6020: 6012: 6008: 6000: 5996: 5988: 5984: 5974: 5969: 5965: 5957: 5953: 5938: 5934: 5905: 5901: 5891: 5887: 5879: 5872: 5864: 5860: 5849: 5845: 5837: 5830: 5822: 5818: 5810: 5806: 5798: 5794: 5782: 5778: 5771: 5767: 5759: 5755: 5745: 5740: 5736: 5728: 5724: 5713: 5709: 5701: 5697: 5689: 5685: 5677: 5673: 5665: 5661: 5653: 5649: 5641: 5637: 5629: 5625: 5617: 5613: 5605: 5598: 5590: 5586: 5578: 5569: 5561: 5557: 5549: 5545: 5537: 5533: 5525: 5521: 5513: 5502: 5494: 5490: 5482: 5478: 5470: 5466: 5458: 5454: 5446: 5442: 5434: 5430: 5422: 5418: 5410: 5406: 5397: 5393: 5385: 5381: 5373: 5369: 5361: 5354: 5346: 5339: 5331: 5324: 5316: 5312: 5304: 5300: 5292: 5288: 5280: 5276: 5268: 5264: 5256: 5247: 5239: 5235: 5227: 5223: 5215: 5211: 5203: 5199: 5191: 5187: 5179: 5175: 5167: 5163: 5155: 5151: 5143: 5139: 5131: 5124: 5116: 5112: 5104: 5100: 5092: 5088: 5080: 5076: 5068: 5064: 5056: 5052: 5044: 5040: 5032: 5025: 5017: 5010: 5002: 4998: 4990: 4986: 4978: 4974: 4966: 4962: 4954: 4950: 4942: 4935: 4927: 4923: 4915: 4911: 4903: 4899: 4891: 4887: 4879: 4875: 4867: 4863: 4855: 4851: 4843: 4839: 4831: 4827: 4819: 4815: 4807: 4803: 4795: 4791: 4783: 4779: 4771: 4767: 4759: 4755: 4747: 4743: 4735: 4731: 4723: 4719: 4711: 4707: 4699: 4695: 4687: 4683: 4675: 4662: 4654: 4650: 4642: 4638: 4630: 4626: 4618: 4611: 4603: 4596: 4588: 4584: 4576: 4572: 4564: 4557: 4549: 4545: 4537: 4530: 4522: 4518: 4510: 4506: 4498: 4491: 4483: 4479: 4471: 4467: 4457: 4452: 4448: 4440: 4436: 4428: 4424: 4416: 4412: 4404: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4380: 4376: 4368: 4364: 4356: 4352: 4344: 4340: 4332: 4328: 4320: 4316: 4308: 4304: 4296: 4289: 4281: 4272: 4264: 4260: 4252: 4248: 4240: 4236: 4228: 4224: 4216: 4212: 4204: 4200: 4192: 4188: 4180: 4176: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4144: 4137: 4129: 4125: 4117: 4113: 4105: 4096: 4088: 4081: 4073: 4066: 4058: 4054: 4046: 4039: 4031: 4024: 4016: 4007: 3999: 3995: 3987: 3983: 3975: 3971: 3963: 3959: 3951: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3924: 3920: 3912: 3908: 3900: 3896: 3888: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3861: 3857: 3849: 3845: 3837: 3833: 3825: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3789: 3785: 3777: 3773: 3765: 3758: 3750: 3746: 3738: 3734: 3726: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3704:Jablonický 2009 3702: 3698: 3692:Jablonický 2009 3690: 3683: 3677:Jablonický 2009 3675: 3671: 3663: 3659: 3651: 3647: 3639: 3635: 3627: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3591: 3587: 3579: 3575: 3567: 3563: 3555: 3551: 3543: 3536: 3528: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3504: 3500: 3492: 3488: 3482:Jablonický 2009 3480: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3458:Jablonický 2009 3456: 3452: 3444: 3440: 3434:Jablonický 2009 3432: 3428: 3420: 3416: 3408: 3404: 3396: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3367: 3363: 3355: 3351: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3324: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3276: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3228: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3201: 3197: 3189: 3185: 3177: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3153: 3149: 3141: 3137: 3129: 3125: 3117: 3113: 3105: 3101: 3093: 3089: 3081: 3077: 3069: 3065: 3057: 3053: 3045: 3041: 3033: 3029: 3021: 3017: 3009: 3005: 2997: 2993: 2985: 2981: 2973: 2969: 2961: 2957: 2949: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2925: 2921: 2907: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2883: 2879: 2871: 2867: 2859: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2811: 2807: 2799: 2792: 2784: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2748: 2744: 2736: 2732: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2705: 2691:Milan S. Ďurica 2688: 2684: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2617: 2614:Dolné Vestenice 2610: 2601: 2598: 2589: 2582: 2573: 2566: 2557: 2556:) in Bratislava 2546: 2537: 2530: 2521: 2519:Picture gallery 2485:Čierny slnovrat 2455:Jeden stříborný 2340: 2316:Juraj Jakubisko 2247:Rimavská Sobota 2235: 2191:Einsatzgruppe H 2159: 2081: 2073:Banská Bystrica 2032: 2031: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2025: 2016: 2015: 2014: 2005: 2004: 2003: 1994: 1993: 1992: 1949: 1857: 1848: 1823: 1818: 1765: 1756: 1736: 1684:Einsatzgruppe H 1675:Einsatzgruppe H 1654: 1640:troop from the 1620:Einsatzgruppe H 1611: 1605: 1600: 1579: 1468: 1431: 1398: 1339: 1271: 1230: 1197: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1119: 1040: 988: 983: 932: 906:Warsaw Uprising 850: 838:Banská Bystrica 765: 671: 582: 445: 440: 400:German minority 364:Banská Bystrica 349:Warsaw Uprising 337:German military 297: 295: 288: 286: 284: 256: 255: 239: 227: 226: 216: 215: 205: 204: 194: 193: 183: 165: 163: 162: 153: 151: 149: 145: 130: 118: 116: 115: 105: 103: 73: 61:(2 months) 60: 46: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11737: 11727: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11609: 11608: 11606: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11579: 11577: 11573: 11572: 11570: 11569: 11564: 11559: 11558: 11557: 11552: 11542: 11536: 11534: 11528: 11527: 11525: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11503: 11501: 11495: 11494: 11492: 11491: 11490: 11489: 11487:Karol Hochberg 11479: 11478: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11456: 11454: 11448: 11447: 11444: 11443: 11441: 11440: 11435: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11380: 11378:Alexander Mach 11375: 11370: 11365: 11359: 11357: 11351: 11350: 11348: 11347: 11342: 11341: 11340: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11304: 11302: 11295: 11291: 11290: 11288: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11261: 11259: 11255: 11254: 11252: 11251: 11250: 11249: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11229: 11220: 11219: 11218: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11188: 11186: 11182: 11181: 11179: 11178: 11173: 11167: 11164: 11163: 11156: 11155: 11148: 11141: 11133: 11124: 11123: 11121: 11120: 11109: 11106: 11105: 11103: 11102: 11097: 11096: 11095: 11085: 11080: 11073: 11067: 11065: 11061: 11060: 11057: 11056: 11053: 11052: 11050: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11033: 11032: 11022: 11014: 11012: 11008: 11007: 11005: 11004: 10999: 10993: 10991: 10987: 10986: 10984: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10972: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10943: 10938: 10932: 10930: 10923: 10919: 10918: 10916: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10884: 10882: 10876: 10875: 10873: 10872: 10864: 10856: 10848: 10847: 10846: 10841: 10821: 10812: 10810: 10804: 10803: 10801: 10800: 10792: 10784: 10776: 10768: 10760: 10752: 10744: 10736: 10728: 10720: 10711: 10709: 10702: 10698: 10697: 10694: 10693: 10691: 10690: 10685: 10665: 10664: 10663: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10626: 10614: 10601: 10599: 10595: 10594: 10592: 10591: 10590: 10589: 10576: 10568: 10560: 10551: 10549: 10542: 10536: 10535: 10532: 10531: 10529: 10528: 10527: 10526: 10516: 10515: 10514: 10512:Prime Minister 10504: 10503: 10502: 10491: 10489: 10483: 10482: 10479: 10478: 10476: 10475: 10470: 10469: 10468: 10466:Prime minister 10450: 10449: 10448: 10437: 10435: 10431: 10430: 10428: 10427: 10426: 10425: 10415: 10414: 10413: 10388: 10386: 10377: 10371: 10370: 10368: 10367: 10366: 10365: 10355: 10354: 10353: 10343: 10342: 10341: 10339:Prime Minister 10331: 10330: 10329: 10318: 10316: 10307: 10303: 10302: 10295:Czechoslovakia 10291: 10290: 10283: 10276: 10268: 10259: 10258: 10256: 10255: 10248: 10241: 10224: 10221: 10220: 10217: 10216: 10214: 10213: 10212: 10211: 10204: 10197: 10183: 10182: 10181: 10167: 10164:South Sakhalin 10160: 10159: 10158: 10144: 10137: 10130: 10123: 10116: 10115: 10114: 10100: 10093: 10086: 10079: 10072: 10065: 10058: 10051: 10044: 10037: 10030: 10023: 10016: 10009: 10001: 9999: 9993: 9992: 9990: 9989: 9982: 9981: 9980: 9964: 9957: 9956: 9955: 9941: 9934: 9927: 9920: 9913: 9904: 9895: 9888: 9879: 9872: 9865: 9858: 9849: 9842: 9835: 9828: 9821: 9814: 9807: 9798: 9791: 9782: 9773: 9764: 9757: 9750: 9739: 9729: 9727: 9721: 9720: 9718: 9717: 9710: 9709: 9708: 9701: 9687: 9680: 9673: 9666: 9659: 9658: 9657: 9643: 9636: 9627: 9620: 9613: 9606: 9599: 9592: 9589:Battle of Attu 9585: 9578: 9570: 9568: 9562: 9561: 9559: 9558: 9551: 9542: 9535: 9528: 9519: 9512: 9505: 9498: 9489: 9488: 9487: 9480: 9466: 9459: 9452: 9445: 9438: 9431: 9424: 9417: 9410: 9403: 9395: 9393: 9387: 9386: 9384: 9383: 9376: 9369: 9362: 9355: 9348: 9341: 9338:Battle of Guam 9334: 9327: 9320: 9313: 9306: 9299: 9292: 9285: 9278: 9271: 9264: 9261:Battle of Kiev 9257: 9250: 9236: 9235: 9234: 9220: 9213: 9206: 9199: 9192: 9191: 9190: 9176: 9169: 9162: 9154: 9152: 9146: 9145: 9143: 9142: 9133: 9126: 9119: 9112: 9105: 9098: 9091: 9084: 9077: 9070: 9063: 9056: 9049: 9042: 9035: 9028: 9021: 9014: 9006: 9004: 8998: 8997: 8995: 8994: 8987: 8980: 8973: 8966: 8959: 8952: 8944: 8942: 8936: 8935: 8933: 8932: 8931: 8930: 8923: 8916: 8909: 8902: 8888: 8887: 8886: 8879: 8865: 8864: 8863: 8848: 8846: 8837: 8831: 8830: 8827: 8826: 8824: 8823: 8816: 8809: 8808: 8807: 8800: 8788: 8787: 8786: 8772: 8765: 8764: 8763: 8760:United Kingdom 8756: 8749: 8748: 8747: 8728: 8720: 8718: 8712: 8711: 8709: 8708: 8701: 8700: 8699: 8692: 8680: 8673: 8666: 8659: 8652: 8645: 8638: 8631: 8624: 8617: 8610: 8603: 8596: 8589: 8582: 8581: 8580: 8573: 8559: 8552: 8545: 8538: 8531: 8524: 8517: 8510: 8503: 8496: 8489: 8482: 8475: 8468: 8461: 8454: 8446: 8444: 8438: 8437: 8435: 8434: 8427: 8420: 8413: 8406: 8399: 8392: 8385: 8378: 8371: 8364: 8356: 8354: 8348: 8347: 8345: 8344: 8337: 8330: 8323: 8316: 8308: 8301: 8294: 8287: 8286: 8285: 8270: 8263: 8256: 8249: 8242: 8235: 8227: 8220: 8213: 8205: 8197: 8195: 8189: 8188: 8186: 8185: 8178: 8177: 8176: 8162: 8161: 8160: 8157:British Empire 8150:United Kingdom 8146: 8139: 8132: 8125: 8118: 8111: 8099: 8092: 8085: 8078: 8071: 8064: 8057: 8050: 8043: 8031: 8024: 8017: 8010: 8003: 7991: 7983: 7976: 7969: 7966:Czechoslovakia 7962: 7955: 7948: 7941: 7929: 7922: 7915: 7908: 7900: 7898: 7889: 7883: 7882: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7875: 7874: 7873: 7866: 7863:Rape of Manila 7859: 7852: 7845: 7834: 7819: 7812: 7800: 7793: 7792: 7791: 7784: 7770: 7769: 7768: 7761: 7754: 7740: 7733: 7732: 7731: 7724: 7723: 7722: 7715: 7701: 7694: 7680: 7679: 7678: 7671: 7664: 7649: 7647: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7637: 7634:United Nations 7630: 7623: 7616: 7615: 7614: 7607: 7600: 7593: 7579: 7570: 7561: 7554: 7547: 7540: 7531: 7524: 7517: 7510: 7503: 7496: 7493:Decolonization 7489: 7482: 7474: 7472: 7466: 7465: 7463: 7462: 7455: 7454: 7453: 7439: 7432: 7431: 7430: 7423: 7416: 7402: 7401: 7400: 7393: 7379: 7378: 7377: 7370: 7363: 7356: 7349: 7342: 7327: 7325: 7319: 7318: 7316: 7315: 7308: 7301: 7294: 7287: 7280: 7273: 7266: 7265: 7264: 7257: 7243: 7236: 7229: 7222: 7215: 7208: 7201: 7200: 7199: 7185: 7178: 7177: 7176: 7169: 7166:United Kingdom 7162: 7148: 7141: 7134: 7127: 7120: 7113: 7106: 7105: 7104: 7089: 7087: 7078: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7070: 7063: 7056: 7055: 7054: 7047: 7040: 7028: 7027: 7026: 7012: 7004: 7001: 7000: 6993: 6992: 6985: 6978: 6970: 6964: 6963: 6951: 6946: 6940: 6932: 6931:External links 6929: 6927: 6926: 6920: 6907: 6901: 6888: 6882: 6869: 6863: 6850: 6844: 6831: 6825: 6812: 6806: 6793: 6787: 6774: 6768: 6755: 6749: 6735: 6726: 6720: 6707: 6701: 6688: 6682: 6669: 6663: 6650: 6644: 6631: 6625: 6612: 6598: 6591: 6590: 6580: 6573: 6572: 6566: 6553: 6547: 6534: 6528: 6515: 6509: 6496: 6490: 6477: 6471: 6458: 6452: 6439: 6433: 6419: 6412: 6411: 6405: 6392: 6386: 6373: 6367: 6354: 6348: 6335: 6329: 6316: 6310: 6297: 6291: 6277: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6264: 6249: 6237: 6225: 6223:, p. 250. 6213: 6211:, p. 411. 6201: 6199:, p. 312. 6189: 6187:, p. 251. 6177: 6173:Schönherr 2001 6165: 6152: 6141: 6139:, p. 194. 6137:Schönherr 2009 6129: 6114: 6110:Schönherr 2001 6102: 6100:, p. 413. 6090: 6088:, p. 427. 6078: 6076:, p. 424. 6066: 6064:, p. 268. 6054: 6042: 6040:, p. 251. 6030: 6018: 6016:, p. 126. 6006: 5994: 5992:, p. 141. 5990:Schönfeld 2000 5982: 5973:, p. 243. 5963: 5959:Schönherr 2001 5951: 5932: 5899: 5885: 5870: 5858: 5843: 5828: 5824:Tönsmeyer 2003 5816: 5804: 5792: 5776: 5765: 5763:, p. 218. 5753: 5734: 5722: 5707: 5705:, p. 215. 5695: 5693:, p. 211. 5683: 5671: 5669:, p. 309. 5659: 5647: 5635: 5633:, p. 209. 5623: 5621:, p. 308. 5611: 5609:, p. 208. 5596: 5584: 5582:, p. 202. 5567: 5565:, p. 302. 5555: 5543: 5541:, p. 299. 5531: 5529:, p. 289. 5519: 5517:, p. 248. 5500: 5498:, p. 233. 5488: 5476: 5464: 5462:, p. 163. 5452: 5450:, p. 163. 5440: 5428: 5426:, p. 201. 5416: 5414:, p. 224. 5404: 5391: 5379: 5367: 5365:, p. 119. 5352: 5337: 5335:, p. 173. 5322: 5310: 5298: 5286: 5284:, p. 170. 5274: 5262: 5260:, p. 249. 5245: 5233: 5221: 5209: 5207:, p. 169. 5197: 5185: 5183:, p. 172. 5173: 5161: 5149: 5147:, p. 119. 5137: 5135:, p. 186. 5122: 5110: 5108:, p. 190. 5098: 5096:, p. 169. 5086: 5074: 5062: 5050: 5038: 5023: 5021:, p. 196. 5008: 5006:, p. 202. 5004:Schönherr 2009 4996: 4992:Schönherr 2009 4984: 4972: 4960: 4958:, p. 228. 4948: 4946:, p. 405. 4933: 4921: 4909: 4897: 4895:, p. 161. 4885: 4873: 4861: 4859:, p. 221. 4849: 4837: 4835:, p. 201. 4825: 4823:, p. 145. 4813: 4801: 4789: 4777: 4775:, p. 301. 4765: 4763:, p. 142. 4753: 4751:, p. 137. 4741: 4739:, p. 138. 4729: 4727:, p. 136. 4717: 4705: 4703:, p. 296. 4693: 4691:, p. 108. 4681: 4679:, p. 408. 4660: 4656:Schönherr 2001 4648: 4646:, p. 295. 4636: 4634:, p. 219. 4624: 4622:, p. 407. 4609: 4605:Schönherr 2001 4594: 4592:, p. 270. 4582: 4570: 4568:, p. 220. 4555: 4551:Schönherr 2001 4543: 4539:Schönherr 2001 4528: 4516: 4514:, p. 404. 4504: 4500:Schönherr 2001 4489: 4477: 4473:Schönherr 2001 4465: 4454:Schönherr 2011 4446: 4444:, p. 186. 4434: 4432:, p. 217. 4422: 4410: 4406:Schönherr 2001 4398: 4396:, p. 179. 4386: 4382:Schönherr 2001 4374: 4362: 4350: 4346:Schönherr 2001 4338: 4336:, p. 190. 4326: 4314: 4312:, p. 124. 4302: 4287: 4285:, p. 158. 4270: 4258: 4246: 4234: 4222: 4220:, p. 172. 4210: 4198: 4196:, p. 176. 4186: 4184:, p. 175. 4174: 4162: 4160:, p. 147. 4158:Schönfeld 2000 4150: 4148:, p. 401. 4135: 4123: 4121:, p. 152. 4111: 4107:Schönherr 2001 4094: 4092:, p. 248. 4079: 4075:Schönherr 2001 4064: 4060:Schönfeld 2000 4052: 4050:, p. 205. 4037: 4022: 4020:, p. 206. 4005: 4003:, p. 105. 3993: 3991:, p. 187. 3981: 3977:Schönfeld 2000 3969: 3957: 3955:, p. 400. 3942: 3940:, p. 145. 3938:Schönfeld 2000 3930: 3918: 3906: 3894: 3892:, p. 398. 3879: 3867: 3855: 3843: 3841:, pp. 81. 3831: 3829:, pp. 44. 3819: 3807: 3805:, p. 399. 3795: 3783: 3771: 3756: 3744: 3732: 3720: 3718:, p. 204. 3708: 3706:, p. 186. 3696: 3681: 3669: 3657: 3655:, p. 181. 3645: 3643:, p. 391. 3633: 3621: 3619:, p. 252. 3609: 3597: 3595:, p. 306. 3593:Tönsmeyer 2003 3585: 3573: 3561: 3549: 3534: 3522: 3510: 3498: 3496:, p. 396. 3486: 3474: 3472:, p. 201. 3462: 3450: 3448:, p. 245. 3438: 3426: 3424:, p. 246. 3414: 3402: 3400:, p. 202. 3385: 3373: 3369:Schönherr 2001 3361: 3349: 3340:, p. 170. 3330: 3328:, p. 276. 3318: 3316:, p. 146. 3306: 3304:, p. 273. 3294: 3282: 3280:, p. 143. 3270: 3258: 3246: 3234: 3219: 3207: 3205:, p. 108. 3203:Schönfeld 2000 3195: 3183: 3171: 3159: 3147: 3143:Schönfeld 2000 3135: 3123: 3121:, p. 324. 3111: 3109:, p. 200. 3099: 3087: 3075: 3071:Tönsmeyer 2003 3063: 3051: 3047:Tönsmeyer 2003 3039: 3035:Schönfeld 2000 3027: 3025:, p. 203. 3015: 3003: 2991: 2979: 2967: 2955: 2943: 2931: 2927:Tönsmeyer 2003 2919: 2901: 2889: 2887:, p. 494. 2877: 2875:, p. 111. 2865: 2863:, p. 182. 2853: 2849:Tönsmeyer 2003 2841: 2829: 2827:, p. 207. 2817: 2815:, p. 331. 2805: 2790: 2778: 2776:, p. 180. 2766: 2754: 2752:, p. 226. 2742: 2730: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2703: 2695:František Vnuk 2682: 2673: 2664: 2655: 2646: 2637: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2619: 2618: 2611: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2592: 2590: 2583: 2576: 2574: 2567: 2560: 2558: 2547: 2540: 2538: 2531: 2524: 2520: 2517: 2516: 2515: 2505: 2502:Moje povstanie 2499: 2489: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2461:Súkromná vojna 2458: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2339: 2336: 2234: 2231: 2195:Jürgen Zarusky 2158: 2155: 2134: 2133: 2122: 2121: 2109: 2108: 2101: 2100: 2080: 2077: 2069:Marian Kotleba 2053: 2052: 2037: 2036: 2026: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2008: 2007: 2006: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1986: 1985: 1984: 1983: 1982: 1948: 1945: 1927: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1896: 1895: 1883: 1882: 1856: 1853: 1847: 1844: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1764: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1735: 1732: 1711:Adolf Eichmann 1653: 1650: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1578: 1575: 1506:Franz Karmasin 1467: 1464: 1430: 1427: 1397: 1394: 1338: 1335: 1270: 1267: 1229: 1226: 1196: 1193: 1174: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1145: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1118: 1115: 1085:Gottlob Berger 1039: 1036: 987: 984: 982: 979: 931: 928: 849: 846: 764: 761: 753:Jozef Lettrich 670: 667: 581: 578: 553:, it obtained 444: 441: 439: 436: 315:, abbreviated 300: 299: 290: 278: 277: 273: 272: 237: 191:Gottlob Berger 180: 179: 175: 174: 138:Czechoslovakia 127: 99: 98: 94: 93: 90: 89: 88: 87: 79: 75: 74: 69: 67: 63: 62: 57: 49: 48: 38: 37: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11736: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11621: 11619: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11580: 11578: 11574: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11547: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11537: 11535: 11533: 11529: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11504: 11502: 11500: 11496: 11488: 11485: 11484: 11483: 11480: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11470:Oskar Neumann 11468: 11466: 11463: 11462: 11461: 11460:Working Group 11458: 11457: 11455: 11453: 11452:Jewish Center 11449: 11439: 11436: 11432: 11428: 11424: 11419: 11418:Josef Witiska 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11397: 11393: 11389: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11373:Otomar Kubala 11371: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11363:Alois Brunner 11361: 11360: 11358: 11356: 11352: 11346: 11343: 11339: 11336: 11335: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11318:Department 14 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11305: 11303: 11299: 11296: 11292: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11262: 11260: 11256: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11225: 11224: 11222: 11221: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11192: 11190: 11189: 11187: 11183: 11177: 11176:The Holocaust 11174: 11169: 11168: 11165: 11161: 11154: 11149: 11147: 11142: 11140: 11135: 11134: 11131: 11119: 11111: 11110: 11107: 11101: 11098: 11094: 11091: 11090: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11078: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11068: 11066: 11062: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11031: 11028: 11027: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11020: 11016: 11015: 11013: 11009: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10994: 10992: 10988: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10951: 10950: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10933: 10931: 10927: 10924: 10920: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10885: 10883: 10881: 10877: 10868: 10865: 10860: 10857: 10852: 10849: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10836: 10830: 10825: 10822: 10817: 10814: 10813: 10811: 10809: 10805: 10796: 10793: 10788: 10785: 10780: 10777: 10772: 10769: 10764: 10761: 10756: 10753: 10748: 10745: 10740: 10737: 10732: 10729: 10724: 10721: 10716: 10713: 10712: 10710: 10706: 10703: 10699: 10689: 10688:Working Group 10686: 10682: 10678: 10674: 10669: 10666: 10662: 10659: 10658: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10646:Obrana národa 10644: 10642: 10639: 10635: 10630: 10627: 10623: 10618: 10615: 10611: 10606: 10603: 10602: 10600: 10596: 10588: 10585: 10584: 10580: 10577: 10572: 10569: 10564: 10561: 10556: 10553: 10552: 10550: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10537: 10525: 10522: 10521: 10520: 10517: 10513: 10510: 10509: 10508: 10505: 10501: 10498: 10497: 10496: 10493: 10492: 10490: 10488: 10484: 10474: 10471: 10467: 10464: 10463: 10462: 10458: 10454: 10451: 10447: 10444: 10443: 10442: 10439: 10438: 10436: 10432: 10424: 10421: 10420: 10419: 10416: 10412: 10411: 10407: 10406: 10405: 10404:Wilhelm Frick 10401: 10397: 10393: 10390: 10389: 10387: 10385: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10372: 10364: 10361: 10360: 10359: 10356: 10352: 10349: 10348: 10347: 10344: 10340: 10337: 10336: 10335: 10332: 10328: 10325: 10324: 10323: 10320: 10319: 10317: 10315: 10311: 10308: 10304: 10300: 10296: 10289: 10284: 10282: 10277: 10275: 10270: 10269: 10266: 10253: 10249: 10246: 10242: 10239: 10238: 10233: 10226: 10225: 10222: 10209: 10205: 10202: 10198: 10195: 10191: 10190: 10188: 10184: 10179: 10175: 10174: 10172: 10171:Kuril Islands 10168: 10165: 10161: 10156: 10152: 10151: 10149: 10145: 10142: 10138: 10135: 10131: 10128: 10124: 10121: 10117: 10112: 10108: 10107: 10105: 10101: 10098: 10094: 10091: 10087: 10084: 10080: 10077: 10073: 10070: 10066: 10063: 10059: 10056: 10052: 10049: 10045: 10042: 10038: 10035: 10031: 10028: 10024: 10021: 10017: 10014: 10010: 10007: 10003: 10002: 10000: 9998: 9994: 9987: 9983: 9978: 9977: 9972: 9971: 9969: 9965: 9962: 9958: 9953: 9949: 9948: 9946: 9942: 9939: 9938:Syrmian Front 9935: 9932: 9928: 9925: 9921: 9918: 9914: 9911: 9910: 9905: 9902: 9901: 9896: 9893: 9889: 9886: 9885: 9884:Market Garden 9880: 9877: 9873: 9870: 9866: 9863: 9859: 9856: 9855: 9850: 9847: 9843: 9840: 9836: 9833: 9829: 9826: 9822: 9819: 9815: 9812: 9808: 9805: 9804: 9799: 9796: 9792: 9789: 9788: 9783: 9780: 9779: 9774: 9771: 9770: 9765: 9762: 9758: 9755: 9751: 9748: 9744: 9743:Monte Cassino 9740: 9737: 9736: 9731: 9730: 9728: 9726: 9722: 9715: 9711: 9706: 9702: 9699: 9695: 9694: 9692: 9688: 9685: 9681: 9678: 9674: 9671: 9667: 9664: 9660: 9655: 9651: 9650: 9648: 9644: 9641: 9637: 9634: 9633: 9628: 9625: 9621: 9618: 9614: 9611: 9607: 9604: 9600: 9597: 9593: 9590: 9586: 9583: 9579: 9576: 9572: 9571: 9569: 9567: 9563: 9556: 9552: 9549: 9548: 9543: 9540: 9536: 9533: 9529: 9526: 9525: 9520: 9517: 9513: 9510: 9506: 9503: 9499: 9496: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9481: 9478: 9474: 9473: 9471: 9467: 9464: 9460: 9457: 9453: 9450: 9446: 9443: 9439: 9436: 9432: 9429: 9425: 9422: 9418: 9415: 9411: 9408: 9404: 9401: 9397: 9396: 9394: 9392: 9388: 9381: 9377: 9374: 9370: 9367: 9363: 9360: 9356: 9353: 9349: 9346: 9342: 9339: 9335: 9332: 9328: 9325: 9321: 9318: 9314: 9311: 9307: 9304: 9300: 9297: 9293: 9290: 9286: 9283: 9279: 9276: 9272: 9269: 9265: 9262: 9258: 9255: 9251: 9247: 9246: 9241: 9237: 9232: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9221: 9218: 9214: 9211: 9207: 9204: 9200: 9197: 9193: 9188: 9184: 9183: 9181: 9177: 9174: 9170: 9167: 9163: 9160: 9156: 9155: 9153: 9151: 9147: 9140: 9139: 9134: 9131: 9127: 9124: 9120: 9117: 9113: 9110: 9109:Baltic states 9106: 9103: 9099: 9096: 9092: 9089: 9085: 9082: 9078: 9075: 9071: 9068: 9064: 9061: 9057: 9054: 9050: 9047: 9043: 9040: 9036: 9033: 9029: 9026: 9022: 9019: 9015: 9012: 9008: 9007: 9005: 9003: 8999: 8992: 8988: 8985: 8981: 8978: 8974: 8971: 8967: 8964: 8960: 8957: 8953: 8950: 8946: 8945: 8943: 8941: 8937: 8928: 8924: 8921: 8917: 8914: 8910: 8907: 8903: 8900: 8896: 8895: 8893: 8889: 8884: 8880: 8877: 8873: 8872: 8870: 8866: 8861: 8857: 8856: 8854: 8850: 8849: 8847: 8845: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8832: 8821: 8817: 8814: 8810: 8805: 8801: 8798: 8794: 8793: 8789: 8784: 8780: 8779: 8777: 8773: 8770: 8766: 8761: 8757: 8754: 8753:United States 8750: 8745: 8741: 8740: 8738: 8734: 8733: 8729: 8726: 8722: 8721: 8719: 8717: 8713: 8706: 8702: 8697: 8693: 8690: 8689:Quốc dân Đảng 8686: 8685: 8681: 8678: 8674: 8671: 8667: 8664: 8660: 8657: 8653: 8650: 8646: 8643: 8639: 8636: 8632: 8629: 8625: 8622: 8618: 8615: 8611: 8608: 8604: 8601: 8597: 8594: 8590: 8587: 8583: 8578: 8574: 8571: 8567: 8566: 8564: 8560: 8557: 8553: 8550: 8546: 8543: 8539: 8536: 8532: 8529: 8525: 8522: 8518: 8515: 8511: 8508: 8504: 8501: 8497: 8494: 8490: 8487: 8483: 8480: 8476: 8473: 8469: 8466: 8462: 8459: 8455: 8452: 8448: 8447: 8445: 8443: 8439: 8432: 8428: 8425: 8421: 8418: 8414: 8411: 8407: 8404: 8400: 8397: 8393: 8390: 8389:Liechtenstein 8386: 8383: 8379: 8376: 8372: 8369: 8365: 8362: 8358: 8357: 8355: 8353: 8349: 8342: 8341:Collaboration 8338: 8335: 8331: 8328: 8324: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8306: 8302: 8299: 8295: 8292: 8288: 8283: 8279: 8278: 8275: 8271: 8268: 8264: 8261: 8257: 8254: 8250: 8247: 8243: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8225: 8221: 8218: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8203: 8199: 8198: 8196: 8194: 8190: 8183: 8179: 8174: 8170: 8169: 8167: 8166:United States 8163: 8158: 8154: 8153: 8151: 8147: 8144: 8140: 8137: 8133: 8130: 8126: 8123: 8119: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8097: 8093: 8090: 8086: 8083: 8079: 8076: 8072: 8069: 8065: 8062: 8058: 8055: 8051: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8029: 8025: 8022: 8018: 8015: 8011: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7981: 7977: 7974: 7970: 7967: 7963: 7960: 7956: 7953: 7949: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7927: 7923: 7920: 7916: 7913: 7909: 7906: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7897: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7884: 7871: 7867: 7864: 7860: 7857: 7856:Comfort women 7853: 7850: 7846: 7843: 7840: / 7839: 7835: 7832: 7829: / 7828: 7825: / 7824: 7820: 7817: 7816:Camp brothels 7813: 7810: 7806: 7805: 7801: 7798: 7794: 7789: 7785: 7782: 7778: 7777: 7775: 7771: 7766: 7762: 7759: 7755: 7752: 7748: 7747: 7745: 7741: 7738: 7734: 7729: 7725: 7720: 7716: 7713: 7709: 7708: 7706: 7705:The Holocaust 7702: 7699: 7695: 7692: 7691:forced labour 7688: 7687: 7685: 7681: 7676: 7672: 7669: 7665: 7662: 7658: 7657: 7655: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7646: 7642: 7635: 7631: 7628: 7624: 7621: 7617: 7612: 7608: 7605: 7601: 7598: 7594: 7591: 7587: 7586: 7584: 7580: 7577: 7576: 7571: 7568: 7567: 7562: 7559: 7555: 7552: 7548: 7545: 7544:Marshall Plan 7541: 7538: 7537: 7532: 7529: 7525: 7522: 7518: 7515: 7511: 7508: 7504: 7501: 7497: 7494: 7490: 7487: 7483: 7480: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7471: 7467: 7460: 7456: 7451: 7447: 7446: 7444: 7440: 7437: 7433: 7428: 7424: 7421: 7417: 7414: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7403: 7398: 7397:Eastern Front 7394: 7391: 7390:Western Front 7387: 7386: 7384: 7380: 7375: 7371: 7368: 7364: 7361: 7357: 7354: 7350: 7347: 7343: 7340: 7336: 7335: 7333: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7324: 7320: 7313: 7309: 7306: 7302: 7299: 7295: 7292: 7288: 7285: 7284:Puppet states 7281: 7278: 7274: 7271: 7267: 7262: 7258: 7255: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7244: 7241: 7237: 7234: 7230: 7227: 7226:Naval history 7223: 7220: 7216: 7213: 7209: 7206: 7202: 7197: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7186: 7183: 7179: 7174: 7173:United States 7170: 7167: 7163: 7160: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7149: 7146: 7142: 7139: 7135: 7132: 7128: 7125: 7121: 7118: 7114: 7111: 7107: 7102: 7098: 7097: 7095: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7086: 7082: 7079: 7075: 7068: 7064: 7061: 7057: 7052: 7048: 7045: 7041: 7038: 7034: 7033: 7029: 7024: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7013: 7010: 7006: 7005: 7002: 6998: 6991: 6986: 6984: 6979: 6977: 6972: 6971: 6968: 6961: 6957: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6944: 6941: 6938: 6935: 6934: 6923: 6921:3-506-77532-4 6917: 6913: 6908: 6904: 6902:3-7917-1723-5 6898: 6894: 6889: 6885: 6879: 6875: 6870: 6866: 6860: 6856: 6851: 6847: 6841: 6837: 6832: 6828: 6822: 6818: 6813: 6809: 6807:3-486-48661-6 6803: 6799: 6794: 6790: 6784: 6780: 6775: 6771: 6769:0-7643-0589-1 6765: 6761: 6756: 6752: 6750:3-88474-733-9 6746: 6742: 6736: 6732: 6727: 6723: 6717: 6713: 6708: 6704: 6702:0-914710-07-9 6698: 6694: 6689: 6685: 6683:3-486-56521-4 6679: 6675: 6670: 6666: 6664:3-486-56521-4 6660: 6656: 6651: 6647: 6645:3-486-56521-4 6641: 6637: 6632: 6628: 6626:3-486-56521-4 6622: 6618: 6613: 6609: 6606:(in German). 6605: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6596: 6587: 6582: 6581: 6579: 6578: 6569: 6563: 6559: 6554: 6550: 6544: 6540: 6535: 6531: 6525: 6521: 6516: 6512: 6506: 6502: 6497: 6493: 6487: 6483: 6478: 6474: 6468: 6464: 6459: 6455: 6449: 6445: 6440: 6436: 6434:3-205-07114-X 6430: 6426: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6417: 6416:Book chapters 6408: 6402: 6398: 6393: 6389: 6383: 6379: 6374: 6370: 6364: 6360: 6355: 6351: 6345: 6341: 6336: 6332: 6326: 6322: 6317: 6313: 6307: 6303: 6298: 6294: 6292:3-486-51071-1 6288: 6284: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6275: 6261: 6260: 6253: 6246: 6241: 6234: 6229: 6222: 6217: 6210: 6205: 6198: 6193: 6186: 6181: 6174: 6169: 6162: 6156: 6150: 6145: 6138: 6133: 6127:, p. 17. 6126: 6121: 6119: 6112:, p. 39. 6111: 6106: 6099: 6094: 6087: 6082: 6075: 6070: 6063: 6058: 6051: 6046: 6039: 6034: 6027: 6022: 6015: 6010: 6003: 5998: 5991: 5986: 5978: 5972: 5967: 5961:, p. 60. 5960: 5955: 5948: 5944: 5943: 5936: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5903: 5896: 5895: 5889: 5882: 5877: 5875: 5867: 5862: 5855: 5854: 5847: 5840: 5835: 5833: 5825: 5820: 5813: 5808: 5801: 5796: 5789: 5787: 5780: 5774: 5769: 5762: 5757: 5749: 5743: 5738: 5731: 5726: 5719: 5718: 5711: 5704: 5699: 5692: 5687: 5680: 5675: 5668: 5663: 5656: 5651: 5644: 5639: 5632: 5627: 5620: 5615: 5608: 5603: 5601: 5593: 5588: 5581: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5564: 5563:Hoensch 2000d 5559: 5552: 5547: 5540: 5535: 5528: 5523: 5516: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5497: 5492: 5485: 5480: 5473: 5468: 5461: 5456: 5449: 5444: 5437: 5432: 5425: 5420: 5413: 5408: 5401: 5395: 5388: 5383: 5377:, p. 85. 5376: 5371: 5364: 5359: 5357: 5349: 5344: 5342: 5334: 5329: 5327: 5319: 5318:Hoensch 2000c 5314: 5307: 5302: 5295: 5290: 5283: 5278: 5271: 5266: 5259: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5242: 5241:Lipscher 1980 5237: 5230: 5225: 5218: 5217:Lipscher 1980 5213: 5206: 5205:Lipscher 1980 5201: 5195:, p. 81. 5194: 5189: 5182: 5177: 5170: 5165: 5158: 5153: 5146: 5141: 5134: 5129: 5127: 5119: 5114: 5107: 5102: 5095: 5090: 5083: 5078: 5071: 5066: 5059: 5054: 5047: 5042: 5036:, p. 74. 5035: 5030: 5028: 5020: 5015: 5013: 5005: 5000: 4993: 4988: 4981: 4976: 4969: 4964: 4957: 4952: 4945: 4940: 4938: 4930: 4925: 4918: 4913: 4906: 4901: 4894: 4889: 4882: 4877: 4870: 4865: 4858: 4853: 4846: 4841: 4834: 4829: 4822: 4817: 4811:, p. 24. 4810: 4805: 4798: 4793: 4786: 4781: 4774: 4773:Hoensch 2000d 4769: 4762: 4757: 4750: 4745: 4738: 4733: 4726: 4721: 4715:, p. 17. 4714: 4709: 4702: 4697: 4690: 4685: 4678: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4657: 4652: 4645: 4640: 4633: 4628: 4621: 4616: 4614: 4607:, p. 53. 4606: 4601: 4599: 4591: 4586: 4579: 4574: 4567: 4562: 4560: 4552: 4547: 4541:, p. 52. 4540: 4535: 4533: 4525: 4520: 4513: 4508: 4502:, p. 51. 4501: 4496: 4494: 4486: 4481: 4475:, p. 56. 4474: 4469: 4461: 4456:, p. 50. 4455: 4450: 4443: 4438: 4431: 4426: 4419: 4414: 4408:, p. 50. 4407: 4402: 4395: 4390: 4384:, p. 49. 4383: 4378: 4371: 4366: 4360:, p. 64. 4359: 4354: 4348:, p. 47. 4347: 4342: 4335: 4330: 4324:, p. 61. 4323: 4318: 4311: 4306: 4299: 4294: 4292: 4284: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4268:, p. 92. 4267: 4262: 4255: 4250: 4243: 4238: 4232:, p. 84. 4231: 4226: 4219: 4214: 4207: 4202: 4195: 4190: 4183: 4178: 4171: 4166: 4159: 4154: 4147: 4142: 4140: 4133:, p. 77. 4132: 4127: 4120: 4115: 4109:, p. 46. 4108: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4091: 4086: 4084: 4077:, p. 45. 4076: 4071: 4069: 4061: 4056: 4049: 4044: 4042: 4035:, p. 60. 4034: 4029: 4027: 4019: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4002: 3997: 3990: 3985: 3978: 3973: 3967:, p. 92. 3966: 3961: 3954: 3949: 3947: 3939: 3934: 3927: 3922: 3916:, p. 59. 3915: 3910: 3904:, p. 90. 3903: 3898: 3891: 3886: 3884: 3877:, p. 53. 3876: 3871: 3864: 3859: 3852: 3847: 3840: 3835: 3828: 3823: 3816: 3811: 3804: 3799: 3792: 3787: 3781:, p. 46. 3780: 3775: 3769:, p. 81. 3768: 3763: 3761: 3754:, p. 90. 3753: 3748: 3741: 3736: 3730:, p. 86. 3729: 3724: 3717: 3712: 3705: 3700: 3693: 3688: 3686: 3678: 3673: 3666: 3661: 3654: 3649: 3642: 3637: 3631:, p. 61. 3630: 3625: 3618: 3617:Hoensch 2000c 3613: 3607:, p. 39. 3606: 3601: 3594: 3589: 3583:, p. 25. 3582: 3577: 3571:, p. 66. 3570: 3565: 3559:, p. 37. 3558: 3553: 3547:, p. 14. 3546: 3541: 3539: 3532:, p. 40. 3531: 3526: 3519: 3514: 3507: 3502: 3495: 3490: 3484:, p. 25. 3483: 3478: 3471: 3466: 3460:, p. 43. 3459: 3454: 3447: 3442: 3436:, p. 58. 3435: 3430: 3423: 3418: 3412:, p. 65. 3411: 3406: 3399: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3382: 3377: 3371:, p. 44. 3370: 3365: 3359:, p. 51. 3358: 3353: 3345: 3339: 3334: 3327: 3326:Hoensch 2000c 3322: 3315: 3310: 3303: 3302:Hoensch 2000c 3298: 3291: 3286: 3279: 3274: 3267: 3266:Hoensch 2000c 3262: 3255: 3250: 3243: 3238: 3232:, p. 21. 3231: 3226: 3224: 3217:, p. 32. 3216: 3211: 3204: 3199: 3192: 3187: 3180: 3175: 3168: 3163: 3156: 3151: 3144: 3139: 3132: 3127: 3120: 3115: 3108: 3103: 3096: 3091: 3084: 3079: 3073:, p. 94. 3072: 3067: 3061:, p. 11. 3060: 3055: 3048: 3043: 3037:, p. 86. 3036: 3031: 3024: 3019: 3012: 3007: 3000: 2995: 2988: 2983: 2977:, p. 91. 2976: 2971: 2965:, p. 87. 2964: 2959: 2953:, p. 12. 2952: 2947: 2941:, p. 69. 2940: 2935: 2928: 2923: 2916: 2912: 2911: 2905: 2898: 2897:Hoensch 2000b 2893: 2886: 2881: 2874: 2869: 2862: 2857: 2850: 2845: 2838: 2833: 2826: 2821: 2814: 2809: 2803:, p. 11. 2802: 2797: 2795: 2788:, p. 23. 2787: 2782: 2775: 2770: 2763: 2758: 2751: 2750:Hoensch 2000b 2746: 2740:, p. 16. 2739: 2738:Hoensch 2000a 2734: 2728:, p. 18. 2727: 2722: 2718: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2686: 2677: 2668: 2659: 2650: 2641: 2631: 2627: 2615: 2608: 2603: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2528: 2523: 2522: 2513: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2493: 2492: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2425:V tieni vlkov 2423: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2389:Polnočná omša 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2365:Kapitán Dabač 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2344: 2343: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2230: 2226: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2138: 2131: 2130: 2129: 2126: 2118: 2114: 2113: 2112: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2098: 2097: 2096: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2065:Kotleba party 2061: 2059: 2050: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2042: 2034: 2033: 2023: 2012: 2001: 1990: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1969: 1967: 1958: 1953: 1944: 1941: 1940:normalisation 1935: 1933: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1907: 1900: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1887: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1874: 1871: 1870:Viliam Žingor 1861: 1852: 1843: 1839: 1837: 1836:Czechoslovaks 1827: 1813: 1811: 1805: 1803: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1783: 1777: 1769: 1760: 1751: 1747: 1745: 1740: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1707:Alois Brunner 1705: 1704: 1698: 1693: 1691: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1680:Josef Witiska 1677: 1676: 1667: 1662: 1658: 1649: 1645: 1643: 1637: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1621: 1615: 1610: 1595: 1591: 1589: 1583: 1574: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1549: 1548: 1547:Volksdeutsche 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1524: 1519: 1518: 1513: 1512: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1477: 1472: 1463: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1447: 1445: 1435: 1426: 1422: 1419: 1413: 1409: 1407: 1402: 1393: 1389: 1387: 1381: 1379: 1370: 1366: 1364: 1359: 1351: 1343: 1334: 1332: 1331:Otomar Kubala 1328: 1327: 1322: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1297: 1295: 1294: 1284: 1279: 1275: 1266: 1262: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1244: 1234: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1210: 1205: 1201: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1171: 1160: 1149: 1140: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1114: 1112: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1091: 1086: 1080: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1044: 1035: 1031: 1028: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1005: 1000: 996: 992: 978: 976: 972: 966: 962: 958: 956: 952: 949:In May 1944, 947: 940: 936: 927: 923: 921: 917: 912: 907: 901: 897: 894: 890: 888: 884: 880: 871: 866: 862: 860: 856: 845: 841: 839: 835: 832: 826: 824: 820: 816: 807: 802: 798: 795: 791: 787: 781: 779: 775: 771: 760: 758: 754: 750: 746: 741: 737: 731: 729: 725: 720: 716: 714: 710: 704: 702: 698: 690: 686: 679: 675: 666: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 642: 639: 635: 630: 625: 623: 619: 610: 606: 604: 600: 596: 586: 577: 575: 571: 566: 564: 560: 556: 552: 547: 545: 544: 543:Führerprinzip 539: 534: 530: 525: 522:Portugal and 521: 517: 516:authoritarian 513: 509: 505: 501: 493: 489: 485: 483: 478: 474: 468: 466: 462: 458: 449: 435: 433: 429: 424: 419: 417: 413: 409: 408:extermination 405: 401: 397: 392: 390: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 360: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 291: 280: 279: 274: 270: 265: 260: 253: 248: 243: 238: 236: 235:Otomar Kubala 231: 225: 224:Štefan Haššík 220: 214: 209: 203: 202:Hermann Höfle 198: 192: 187: 182: 181: 176: 173: 172:United States 161: 150: 148: 147:Supported by: 143: 139: 134: 128: 126: 113: 101: 100: 95: 85: 84: 83: 80: 77: 76: 72: 68: 65: 64: 58: 55: 54: 50: 44: 39: 36: 32: 31:Eastern Front 27: 22: 19: 11597: 11408:Vojtech Tuka 11333:Hlinka Guard 11191:In Slovakia 11076: 11025:Hlinka Guard 11017: 10893:Protectorate 10824:Heydrichiáda 10651:Out Distance 10570: 10523: 10511: 10507:Vojtech Tuka 10499: 10465: 10445: 10422: 10408: 10400:Kurt Daluege 10375:Protectorate 10362: 10350: 10338: 10326: 10322:Edvard Beneš 10299:World War II 10245:Bibliography 10228: 10041:Project Hula 10006:Vistula–Oder 9975: 9908: 9899: 9883: 9853: 9802: 9786: 9777: 9768: 9734: 9631: 9546: 9522: 9492: 9243: 9136: 9081:North Africa 8783:Soviet Union 8737:Soviet Union 8669: 8663:Soviet Union 8431:Vatican City 8334:Vichy France 8239:German Reich 8136:Soviet Union 8122:South Africa 8115:Sierra Leone 8068:Newfoundland 7887:Participants 7870:Marocchinate 7574: 7565: 7535: 7413:North Africa 7374:Indian Ocean 7233:Nazi plunder 7124:Cryptography 6997:World War II 6911: 6892: 6873: 6854: 6835: 6816: 6797: 6778: 6759: 6739: 6730: 6711: 6692: 6673: 6654: 6635: 6616: 6610:(1): 98–119. 6607: 6603: 6594: 6593: 6585: 6576: 6575: 6557: 6538: 6519: 6500: 6481: 6462: 6443: 6424: 6415: 6414: 6396: 6377: 6358: 6339: 6320: 6301: 6282: 6273: 6272: 6258: 6252: 6245:Mannová 2011 6240: 6233:Mannová 2011 6228: 6221:Zückert 2011 6216: 6209:Zückert 2014 6204: 6192: 6185:Zückert 2011 6180: 6168: 6155: 6144: 6132: 6105: 6098:Zückert 2014 6093: 6081: 6069: 6062:Rychlík 2012 6057: 6045: 6038:Rychlík 2012 6033: 6021: 6014:Jelinek 1976 6009: 5997: 5985: 5971:Zückert 2001 5966: 5954: 5949:(in German). 5941: 5935: 5919: 5907: 5902: 5893: 5888: 5881:Mannová 2011 5861: 5852: 5846: 5839:Zückert 2011 5819: 5812:Mannová 2011 5807: 5795: 5785: 5779: 5768: 5761:Mannová 2011 5756: 5737: 5730:Mannová 2011 5725: 5716: 5710: 5703:Mannová 2011 5698: 5691:Mannová 2011 5686: 5674: 5662: 5650: 5643:Mannová 2011 5638: 5631:Mannová 2011 5626: 5614: 5607:Mannová 2011 5592:Mannová 2011 5587: 5580:Mannová 2011 5558: 5546: 5534: 5522: 5491: 5479: 5467: 5455: 5443: 5431: 5419: 5412:Kamenec 2008 5407: 5399: 5394: 5382: 5370: 5333:Kamenec 1998 5313: 5301: 5289: 5277: 5265: 5258:Zückert 2011 5236: 5224: 5212: 5200: 5188: 5181:Kamenec 1998 5176: 5164: 5152: 5140: 5113: 5101: 5089: 5077: 5065: 5053: 5041: 4999: 4987: 4975: 4963: 4951: 4924: 4912: 4900: 4888: 4876: 4864: 4852: 4840: 4833:Mannová 2011 4828: 4816: 4804: 4792: 4780: 4768: 4756: 4744: 4732: 4720: 4708: 4696: 4684: 4651: 4639: 4627: 4585: 4573: 4546: 4519: 4507: 4480: 4468: 4449: 4437: 4425: 4413: 4401: 4389: 4377: 4365: 4353: 4341: 4329: 4317: 4305: 4261: 4249: 4237: 4225: 4213: 4201: 4189: 4177: 4165: 4153: 4126: 4114: 4090:Zückert 2011 4055: 4048:Rychlík 2011 3996: 3984: 3972: 3960: 3933: 3921: 3909: 3897: 3870: 3858: 3846: 3834: 3822: 3810: 3798: 3786: 3774: 3747: 3735: 3723: 3716:Rychlík 2011 3711: 3699: 3672: 3660: 3653:Kamenec 2011 3648: 3636: 3624: 3612: 3600: 3588: 3576: 3564: 3552: 3525: 3518:Zückert 2011 3513: 3506:Rychlík 2011 3501: 3489: 3477: 3470:Rychlík 2011 3465: 3453: 3446:Zückert 2011 3441: 3429: 3422:Zückert 2011 3417: 3405: 3398:Rychlík 2011 3376: 3364: 3352: 3333: 3321: 3314:Kamenec 2008 3309: 3297: 3285: 3278:Kamenec 2008 3273: 3261: 3249: 3242:Kamenec 1998 3237: 3210: 3198: 3186: 3174: 3162: 3150: 3138: 3131:Rychlík 2018 3126: 3114: 3107:Rychlík 2011 3102: 3090: 3083:Kamenec 2008 3078: 3066: 3054: 3042: 3030: 3023:Rychlík 2011 3018: 3011:Kamenec 2011 3006: 2994: 2982: 2970: 2958: 2946: 2939:Hoensch 1984 2934: 2922: 2915:Der Standard 2909: 2904: 2892: 2880: 2873:Rychlík 2018 2868: 2861:Kamenec 2011 2856: 2844: 2832: 2820: 2808: 2781: 2774:Kamenec 2011 2769: 2762:Hoensch 1984 2757: 2745: 2733: 2721: 2685: 2676: 2667: 2658: 2649: 2640: 2630: 2553: 2533: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2341: 2324: 2319: 2311: 2308: 2296:Devín Castle 2291: 2284: 2277:) in Jasná, 2275:Pamätník SNP 2274: 2259:Námestie SNP 2258: 2242: 2227: 2223: 2217: 2202: 2190: 2186: 2174: 2170: 2168: 2163: 2160: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2127: 2123: 2110: 2102: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2062: 2058:Devín Castle 2054: 2045: 2041:Martin Lacko 2038: 1978:Ivan Kamenec 1970: 1962: 1957:Ivan Kamenec 1936: 1928: 1905: 1888: 1884: 1875: 1866: 1849: 1840: 1832: 1806: 1798: 1778: 1774: 1757: 1748: 1741: 1737: 1715: 1701: 1694: 1687: 1683: 1673: 1671: 1655: 1646: 1638: 1634: 1618: 1598:Consequences 1592: 1584: 1580: 1571: 1566: 1558: 1552: 1545: 1542: 1536: 1522: 1516: 1509: 1502:German Party 1499: 1486: 1480: 1460: 1452:Army Group A 1448: 1440: 1423: 1414: 1410: 1403: 1399: 1390: 1385: 1382: 1377: 1375: 1360: 1356: 1324: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1305: 1298: 1293:Home defense 1291: 1288: 1272: 1263: 1259: 1247: 1243:Rudolf Viest 1239: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1209:Rudolf Viest 1198: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1120: 1107: 1099:Kampfgruppen 1098: 1094: 1090:Kampfgruppen 1088: 1081: 1077: 1071: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1032: 1023: 1015:German Reich 1008: 989: 981:The Uprising 967: 963: 959: 948: 944: 924: 911:Karol Šmidke 902: 898: 895: 891: 875: 851: 842: 827: 811: 782: 766: 749:Karol Šmidke 736:Gustáv Husák 732: 721: 717: 709:Edvard Beneš 705: 694: 689:Gustáv Husák 678:Edvard Beneš 643: 626: 615: 603:Hlinka Youth 599:Hlinka Guard 591: 567: 548: 541: 533:Vojtech Tuka 512:totalitarian 497: 481: 469: 465:Slovak State 454: 420: 393: 361: 324: 320: 316: 312: 304: 303: 264:Rudolf Viest 160:Soviet Union 146: 129: 125:Slovak State 97:Belligerents 81: 35:World War II 29:Part of the 18: 11421: [ 11413:Anton Vašek 11386: [ 11368:Izidor Koso 11355:Individuals 11088:Sudetenland 11047:Slovak Army 10888:Sudetenland 10827: [ 10816:17 November 10795:Operation B 10671: [ 10632: [ 10587:Czech Radio 10453:Alois Eliáš 10346:Jan Masaryk 9976:Bodenplatte 9862:Gothic Line 9088:West Africa 8635:Philippines 8614:Netherlands 8479:Czech lands 8417:Switzerland 8361:Afghanistan 8305:Philippines 8173:Puerto Rico 8089:Philippines 8075:New Zealand 8061:Netherlands 8014:Free France 7765:Prosecution 7566:Osoaviakhim 7436:West Africa 7420:East Africa 7067:Conferences 6945:(1942–1945) 6197:Venohr 1992 6026:Venohr 1992 6002:Venohr 1992 5866:Lacko 2008a 5800:Lipták 2017 5742:Pekník 2009 5679:Venohr 1992 5667:Venohr 1992 5655:Venohr 1992 5619:Venohr 1992 5460:Lacko 2008b 5424:Lacko 2008a 5387:Lacko 2008a 5375:Lacko 2008b 5363:Fatran 1996 5282:Lacko 2008a 5229:Fatran 1996 5133:Lacko 2008a 5106:Lacko 2008a 5082:Lacko 2008a 5019:Lacko 2008a 4956:Venohr 1992 4917:Lacko 2008a 4893:Lacko 2008a 4881:Lacko 2008a 4869:Lacko 2008a 4857:Prečan 2011 4845:Prečan 2011 4701:Venohr 1992 4644:Venohr 1992 4632:Prečan 2011 4590:Venohr 1992 4578:Venohr 1992 4566:Prečan 2011 4442:Venohr 1992 4430:Prečan 2011 4418:Prečan 2011 4394:Venohr 1992 4334:Venohr 1992 4310:Lacko 2008a 4298:Venohr 1992 4283:Lacko 2008a 4254:Venohr 1992 4242:Lacko 2008a 4230:Lacko 2008a 4218:Venohr 1992 4206:Venohr 1992 4194:Venohr 1992 4182:Venohr 1992 4170:Venohr 1992 4131:Lacko 2008a 4119:Venohr 1992 4018:Prečan 2011 3989:Venohr 1992 3926:Lacko 2008a 3914:Lacko 2008a 3875:Lacko 2008a 3851:Venohr 1992 3827:Lacko 2008a 3791:Lacko 2008a 3779:Venohr 1992 3767:Venohr 1992 3752:Venohr 1992 3740:Venohr 1992 3728:Venohr 1992 3665:Venohr 1992 3605:Venohr 1992 3581:Lacko 2008a 3557:Venohr 1992 3530:Lacko 2008a 3410:Venohr 1992 3381:Lacko 2008a 3357:Venohr 1992 3338:Lacko 2000b 3254:Venohr 1992 3230:Lacko 2008a 3215:Venohr 1992 3191:Venohr 1992 3179:Lacko 2008a 3167:Venohr 1992 3119:Lipták 2017 3059:Lacko 2008b 2999:Lacko 2008b 2987:Venohr 1992 2975:Lacko 2008b 2963:Lacko 2008b 2837:Venohr 1992 2825:Prečan 2011 2813:Lipták 2017 2786:Venohr 1992 2726:Venohr 1992 2586:SNP Stadium 2443:Rozhodnotie 2395:Bílá oblaka 2347:Vlčie diery 2312:Vlčie diery 1406:Jan Masaryk 1095:Kampfgruppe 971:Hanns Ludin 815:Soviet Army 757:Matej Josko 662:Slavophilia 658:Russophilia 638:Jewish Code 574:Axis powers 538:deportation 457:Third Reich 323:, English: 11618:Categories 11403:Jozef Tiso 11275:Bratislava 11223:Elsewhere 10808:War crimes 10755:Dukla Pass 10555:Anthropoid 10540:Resistance 10495:Jozef Tiso 10441:Emil Hácha 10334:Jan Šrámek 10306:Government 10076:West Hunan 9909:Pointblank 9245:Silver Fox 9231:Summer War 8984:Winter War 8963:Phoney War 8744:Azerbaijan 8705:Yugoslavia 8600:Luxembourg 8442:Resistance 8182:Yugoslavia 8047:Luxembourg 7849:Sook Ching 7645:War crimes 7247:Technology 7240:Opposition 7182:Lend-Lease 7159:Australian 7152:Home front 7110:Blitzkrieg 7060:Casualties 7051:Commanders 7023:Operations 6086:Ryder 2014 6074:Ryder 2014 5947:Die Presse 5472:Mičev 2009 5448:Mičev 2009 5145:Mičev 2009 4980:Josko 1980 4968:Josko 1980 4944:Josko 1980 4929:Mičev 2009 4905:Mičev 2009 4713:Mičev 2009 4677:Josko 1980 4620:Josko 1980 4524:Josko 1980 4512:Josko 1980 4485:Mičev 2009 4266:Mičev 2009 4146:Josko 1980 3953:Josko 1980 3890:Josko 1980 3863:Josko 1980 3839:Mičev 2009 3815:Mičev 2009 3803:Josko 1980 3641:Josko 1980 3569:Mičev 2009 3494:Josko 1980 3290:Mičev 2009 2951:Mičev 2009 2885:Payne 2006 2801:Mičev 2009 2709:References 2635:historians 2570:street art 2467:Zlaté časy 2431:Horká zima 2332:Ján Kuciak 2300:Dukla Pass 2263:Ján Kuciak 2218:Múzeum SNP 1627:(POHG) in 1533:Mass grave 1418:Dukla Pass 1315:Poľné roty 1128:Ružomberok 1011:Bratislava 918:, General 834:Ján Golian 823:desertions 806:Ján Golian 740:Ján Ursíny 646:Stalingrad 529:Jozef Tiso 492:Jozef Tiso 438:Prehistory 421:After the 396:war crimes 345:Jozef Tiso 247:Ján Golian 11532:Aftermath 11227:Auschwitz 11077:Fall Grün 10949:Squadrons 10880:Holocaust 10862:(1944–45) 10500:President 10446:President 10327:President 10141:Manchuria 10027:Indochina 9803:Bagration 9254:Lithuania 8899:Anschluss 8696:Viet Minh 8593:Lithuania 8535:Hong Kong 8298:Manchukuo 8253:Azad Hind 7912:Australia 7712:Aftermath 7575:Paperclip 7470:Aftermath 7270:Total war 7138:Diplomacy 7101:In Europe 2714:Citations 2243:Ulica SNP 1816:Reception 1808:Affairs, 1709:, one of 1567:Kickerhau 1565:(German: 1559:Glaserhau 1557:(German: 1537:Glaserhau 1491:Hauerland 1476:Expellees 1304:(Slovak: 1136:Topoľčany 995:Michael I 524:Dollfuss' 520:Salazar's 293:in total: 282:in total: 11545:Violence 11522:Oľšavica 11499:Rescuers 11242:Majdanek 11205:Patrónka 11118:Category 10898:Slovakia 10867:Ploština 10851:Životice 10839:Kobylisy 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8500:Estonia 8486:Denmark 8465:Belgium 8458:Austria 8451:Albania 8382:Ireland 8368:Andorra 8352:Neutral 8312:Romania 8246:Hungary 8231:Finland 8103:Romania 7995:Finland 7973:Denmark 7919:Belgium 7905:Algeria 7611:Romania 7597:Hungary 7353:Pacific 7077:General 7031:Leaders 7016:Battles 7009:Outline 6962:(Czech) 6960:YouTube 6604:Bohemia 6586:Bohemia 6269:Sources 1629:Nemecká 1285:(POHG). 879:Malacky 555:de jure 504:fascist 410:of the 335:by the 112:Germany 11562:Aliyah 11301:Groups 11285:Zvolen 11237:Lublin 11232:Bełżec 11210:Poprad 11200:Nováky 11064:Topics 10990:Soviet 10870:(1945) 10854:(1944) 10844:Lidice 10834:(1942) 10819:(1939) 10798:(1945) 10790:(1945) 10782:(1945) 10774:(1945) 10766:(1945) 10758:(1944) 10750:(1939) 10742:(1939) 10734:(1939) 10726:(1938) 10723:Liptaň 10718:(1938) 10598:Groups 10582:(1945) 10574:(1944) 10566:(1944) 10558:(1942) 10155:Debate 10127:Taipei 10120:Borneo 9698:Tarawa 8892:Europe 8853:Africa 8642:Poland 8628:Norway 8607:Malaya 8586:Latvia 8528:Greece 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