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the phone. On the phone, most voice assistants have the option to be engaged by a physical button (e.g., Siri with a long press of the home button) rather than solely by hot word-based engagement in a smart speaker. While this distinction increases the privacy by limiting when the microphone is on, users felt that having to press a button first removed the convenience of voice interaction. This trade-off is not unique to voice assistants; as more and more devices come online, there is an increasing trade-off between convenience and privacy.
758:
726:
710:
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2517:
241:, smart speakers can be activated by people other than the intended user or owner. For example, visitors to a home or office, or people in a publicly accessible area outside an open window, partial wall, or security fence, may be able to be heard by a speaker. One team demonstrated the ability to stimulate the microphones of smart speakers and smartphones through a closed window, from another building across the street, using a laser.
185:
The built-in microphone in smart speakers is continuously listening for "hot words" followed by a command. However, these continuously listening microphones also raise privacy concerns among users. These include what is being recorded, how the data will be used, how it will be protected, and whether
228:
and identified factors influencing expected usefulness, ease of use, and attitudes toward smart speaker devices in the context of home care support. The authors describe some of the critical challenges in designing for this context given the potential impact of the voice assistant's personality on
223:
While there are many factors influencing smart speaker adoption, specifically with regards to privacy, Lau et al. define five distinct categories as pros and cons: convenience, identity as an early adopter, contributing factors, perceived lack of utility, privacy, and security concerns. Tennant et
214:
provide a valuable service, there can be some hesitation towards using them in various social contexts, such as in public or around other users. However, only more recently have users begun interacting with voice assistants through an interaction with smart speakers rather than an interaction with
1220:
545:
Summer 2019: Danish, Dutch, English (U.S., U.K., Canada, Australia, India and
Singapore), French (France and Canada), German (Austria and Germany), Hindi, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Portuguese (Brazilian), Spanish (Spain and Mexico) and Swedish
1511:
1210:
1566:
434:
Summer 2019: Arabic, Chinese (Cantonese and
Mandarin), Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Malay, Norwegian, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Thai, and Turkish
122:
854:
916:
1722:
162:
886:
1000:
Lau, Josephine; Zimmerman, Benjamin; Schaub, Florian (1 November 2018). "Alexa, Are You
Listening?: Privacy Perceptions, Concerns and Privacy-seeking Behaviors with Smart Speakers".
104:
and offer controls for smart home devices, feature streaming apps, and web browsers with touch controls for selecting content. The first smart displays were introduced in 2017 by
1507:
1381:
1200:
Christoffer
Lambertsson. 2017. Expectations of Privacy in Voice Interaction–A Look at Voice Controlled Bank Transactions. Ph.D. Dissertation. KTH Royal Institute of Technology
1477:
946:
1558:
400:
Summer 2019: English (US, UK, Ireland, Canada and
Australia); French (France and Canada); German; Italian; Japanese; Portuguese (Brazilian) and Spanish (Spain and Mexico)
1094:
Ford, Marcia, and
William Palmer. "Alexa, are you listening to me? An analysis of Alexa voice service network traffic." Personal and Ubiquitous Computing (2018): 1-13.
190:
showed that 30–38% of "spurious audio recordings were human conversations", suggesting that these devices capture audio other than strictly detection of the hot word.
601:
October 2019: English (US, UK, Canada, Australia and India); Chinese (Simplified); French; German; Italian; Japanese; Portuguese (Brazil); Spanish (Spain and Mexico)
1596:
1136:"Sarah Mennicken and Elaine M. Huang. 2012. Hacking the Natural Habitat: An In-the-Wild Study of Smart Homes, Their Development, and the People Who Live in Them. In
845:
976:
1536:
1662:
908:
1714:
1692:
1786:
158:". The systems tested errors and unreadability, with a 19 and 35 percent discrepancy for the former and a 2 and 20 percent discrepancy for the latter.
1308:
878:
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773:
2832:
202:. In 2017, British security researcher Mark Barnes showed that pre-2017 Echos have exposed pins which allow for a compromised OS to be booted.
1442:
1411:
1159:
1211:"Rao, Sonia (12 September 2018) "In today's homes, consumers are willing to sacrifice privacy for convenience". Retrieved 25 February 2019"
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devices. This can include, but is not limited to, features such as compatibility across a number of services and platforms,
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1073:
1043:
968:
305:
1532:
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1834:
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There are strong concerns that the ever-listening microphone of smart speakers presents a perfect candidate for
1773:
1247:"Caregiver Expectations of Interfacing With Voice Assistants to Support Complex Home Care: Mixed Methods Study"
100:
with display screens to augment voice interaction with images and video. They are powered by one of the common
2521:
725:
229:
someone's perspective of the care situation and a user's desire for intelligent support from the technology.
97:
165:(NAACL) also identified a discrepancy between male and female voices. According to their research, Google's
2757:
1818:
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225:
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software is 13 percent more accurate for men than women. It performs better than the systems used by
96:
A smart speaker with a touchscreen is known as a smart display. It is a smart device that integrates
1187:
93:
and Edison
Research that 39 million Americans (16% of the population over 18) own a smart speaker.
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2739:
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with the help of one "hot word" (or several "hot words"). Some smart speakers can also act as a
2716:
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Support for
Cortana on the Harman Kardon INVOKE was officially discontinued on March 9, 2021.
2485:
2458:
2318:
2280:
2223:
2047:
1617:
1372:"New data: Google Home faring better against Amazon Echo, grabbing 40% of U.S. holiday sales"
1174:
71:
2660:
2734:
2233:
2213:
2155:
2064:
1885:
1838:
879:"Echo Show, Nest Hub, Facebook Portal and more: How to pick the best smart display in 2019"
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170:
101:
79:
47:
39:
8:
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2015:
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software. Some smart speakers also include a screen to show the user a visual response.
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and other protocol standards to extend usage beyond audio playback, such as to control
19:"Smart display" redirects here. For the touchscreen computer project by Microsoft, see
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1533:"Baidu launches three new smart speakers that don't need Alexa or Google Assistant"
1337:
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1009:
764:
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532:
510:
481:
380:
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1982:
1955:
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83:
67:
59:
1508:"China's tech giants are racing to popularize their versions of the Amazon Echo"
2422:
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2025:
1900:
1870:
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1065:
1035:
797:
238:
123:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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it will be used for invasive advertising. Furthermore, an analysis of Amazon
20:
1658:
1245:
Tennant, Ryan; Allana, Sana; Mercer, Kate; Burns, Catherine M (2022-06-30).
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1930:
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425:
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155:
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63:
51:
1589:"LINE to Introduce Clova Virtual Assistant for Korea and Japan - Voicebot"
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2228:
2160:
1999:
1992:
1915:
1895:
939:"There Is a Racial Divide in Speech-Recognition Systems, Researchers Say"
909:"How Google's new Home Hub compares to the Echo Show and Facebook Portal"
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456:
412:
360:
331:
187:
109:
35:
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North
American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics
131:
105:
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2348:
2170:
2145:
1783:
847:
The Smart Audio Report from NPR and Edison Research, Fall-Winter 2017
589:
390:
147:
1013:
126:
released In March 2020, the six biggest tech development companies,
2827:
2587:
2285:
2218:
2096:
2079:
2020:
1910:
1778:
1376:
1305:"Lasers can silently issue 'voice commands' to your smart speakers"
561:
319:
244:
70:, virtual assistants, and others. Each can have its own designated
24:
1263:
2794:
2195:
2165:
2069:
1559:"Baidu's New Smart Speaker Looks Like Nothing Else on the Market"
632:
627:
576:
419:
174:
2532:
969:"Voice Recognition Still Has Significant Race and Gender Biases"
2867:
2862:
2857:
2125:
556:
539:, Nest Hub Max, Nest Mini, Nest Audio, Nest Wi-Fi (point only)
515:
452:
277:
139:
135:
2852:
1649:"Behold China's Answer to Amazon Echo: The LingLong DingDong"
447:
442:
55:
2786:
407:
143:
90:
1244:
459:, Aladdin ceiling-mounted smart speaker-lamp-projector
1002:
Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction
999:
1106:"A Hacker Turned an Amazon Echo Into a 'Wiretap'"
2900:
245:Most popular smart speaker devices and platforms
1470:"Language Support in Voice Assistants Compared"
620:English (US, UK, Canada, Australia and India);
542:14 million Google Homes in U.S. (January 2018)
397:31 million Echo devices in U.S. (January 2018)
218:
1833:
205:
2548:
1819:
1715:"Cortana service on the Harman Kardon Invoke"
78:in-house, usually launched or controlled via
1774:"Does Samsung's Galaxy Home stand a chance?"
1066:"Amazon patents 'voice-sniffing' algorithms"
16:Type of loudspeaker and voice command device
1464:
1462:
1460:
150:, have misidentified more words spoken by "
2555:
2541:
1826:
1812:
1557:Bonnington, Christina (16 November 2017).
1556:
1280:
1262:
1103:
568:Mandarin and Cantonese for Greater China
314:Yandex Station went on sale in July 2018
1771:
1457:
1140:. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 143–160"
906:
2929:Applications of artificial intelligence
1647:Bateman, Joshua D. (22 November 2016).
1646:
1618:"Change your Google Assistant language"
1505:
1365:
1363:
966:
2901:
1789:from the original on 17 September 2018
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1369:
1036:"Amazon hands over Echo 'murder' data"
89:As of winter 2017, it is estimated by
2536:
1807:
1628:from the original on 22 February 2019
1480:from the original on 3 September 2019
1426:
1384:from the original on December 6, 2019
1336:Best, Smart Speaker (11 April 2021).
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1240:
1238:
1076:from the original on 14 December 2019
995:
993:
967:Bajorek, Joan Palmiter (2019-05-10).
260:
23:. For smart television displays, see
1695:from the original on 22 January 2020
1665:from the original on 8 November 2020
1360:
1348:from the original on 13 January 2021
1335:
936:
907:Faulkner, Cameron (9 October 2018).
467:Xiaoyu went on sale in spring 2017.
232:
46:that offers interactive actions and
1492:
1432:
1396:
1046:from the original on 6 January 2020
180:
13:
1772:Ingraham, Nathan (9 August 2018).
1569:from the original on 19 March 2018
1322:
1235:
990:
14:
2940:
2562:
1685:"Cortana's regions and languages"
1445:from the original on 14 July 2019
1414:from the original on 13 June 2019
1370:Bishop, Todd (January 26, 2018).
1223:from the original on 2 March 2019
1104:Greenberg, Andy (1 August 2017).
876:
2883:
2882:
2516:
2515:
1744:"Harmon Kardon Invoke Statement"
1116:from the original on 3 June 2019
772:
756:
740:
724:
708:
299:Prestigio Smartmate Маяк Edition
224:al. explored adoption using the
1765:
1754:from the original on 2022-09-21
1736:
1725:from the original on 2022-05-15
1707:
1677:
1640:
1610:
1599:from the original on 2018-03-19
1581:
1550:
1539:from the original on 2018-03-21
1525:
1514:from the original on 2018-03-19
1311:from the original on 2019-11-05
1297:
1203:
1194:
1162:from the original on 2022-10-13
1128:
1097:
1088:
979:from the original on 2020-04-25
949:from the original on 2022-10-13
919:from the original on 2019-12-06
889:from the original on 2019-07-08
860:from the original on 2019-01-01
193:
1058:
1028:
960:
930:
900:
870:
838:
819:
579:. Went on sale November 2016.
1:
1506:Horwitz, Josh (5 July 2017).
813:
751:smart speaker idle on a table
304:30 million Yandex devices in
98:conversational user interface
1148:10.1007/978-3-642-31205-2_10
571:In cooperation with Chinese
521:Google Home series
343:Went on sale in August 2017
219:Factors influencing adoption
7:
791:
226:technology acceptance model
206:Voice assistance vs privacy
115:
10:
2945:
2266:Personal digital assistant
1124:– via www.wired.com.
835:, techtarget.com, May 2017
693:
555:Beijing LingLong, part of
18:
2878:
2845:
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2785:
2766:
2748:
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2707:
2689:
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2586:
2570:
2511:
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2415:
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2327:
2299:
2204:
2181:
2124:
2115:
2008:
1948:
1941:
1861:
1854:
1845:
937:Metz, Cade (2020-03-23).
803:Thread (network protocol)
783:smart speaker in graphite
1435:"THE YEAR ALEXA GREW UP"
237:When configured without
120:According to a study by
2503:Wireless sensor network
1404:"AVS for International"
973:Harvard Business Review
505:Introduced summer 2017
2676:Lenovo Smart Assistant
2276:Portable data terminal
1182:Cite journal requires
1008:(CSCW): 102:1–102:31.
767:smart speaker in white
719:smart speaker in black
293:LG Xboom AI ThinQ WK7Y
2459:Information appliance
2281:Portable media player
2224:Handheld game console
1719:support.microsoft.com
1689:support.microsoft.com
715:The first-generation
264:Languages (dialects)
48:hands-free activation
2234:Mobile data terminal
2214:Electronic organizer
1886:Intelligent terminal
1408:developer.amazon.com
1338:"Best Smart Speaker"
595:Harman Kardon INVOKE
502:Japanese and Korean
443:DuerOS Open Platform
40:voice command device
2699:Samsung Galaxy Home
2661:Amazon Fire TV Cube
1307:. 5 November 2019.
1216:The Washington Post
1138:Pervasive Computing
655:Samsung Electronics
609:Safety Labs Sirona
287:Yandex Station Mini
66:connection through
42:with an integrated
2909:Internet of things
2491:Computer-on-module
2349:Digital wristwatch
2151:Mobile workstation
1921:Video game console
1881:Internet appliance
1535:. 8 January 2018.
1251:JMIR Human Factors
943:The New York Times
831:2019-04-10 at the
779:The Harman Kardon
252:Virtual assistant
167:speech recognition
2896:
2895:
2841:
2840:
2530:
2529:
2479:Rugged smartphone
2388:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2065:Small form factor
1891:Interactive kiosk
1072:. 11 April 2018.
691:
690:
585:Microsoft Cortana
478:Naver Corporation
311:Russian, Turkish
233:Security concerns
44:virtual assistant
2936:
2886:
2885:
2750:Google Assistant
2584:
2583:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2534:
2533:
2519:
2518:
2354:Calculator watch
2337:Activity tracker
2122:
2121:
1946:
1945:
1859:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1805:
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1700:
1681:
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1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1622:Google Home Help
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1595:. 3 March 2017.
1585:
1579:
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1576:
1574:
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1529:
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1519:
1503:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1466:
1455:
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1452:
1450:
1433:Barrett, Brian.
1430:
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1400:
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1095:
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1085:
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1062:
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1042:. 7 March 2017.
1032:
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997:
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987:
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934:
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868:
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866:
865:
859:
852:
842:
836:
823:
776:
765:Amazon Echo Show
760:
744:
728:
712:
676:Deutsche Telekom
612:Safety Labs Inc
511:Google Assistant
482:Line Corporation
249:
248:
212:voice assistants
181:Privacy concerns
102:voice assistants
2944:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2874:
2837:
2804:
2781:
2778:Mycroft Mark II
2762:
2744:
2721:
2703:
2685:
2666:Facebook Portal
2600:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2566:
2561:
2531:
2526:
2507:
2464:Microcontroller
2454:Embedded system
2442:
2411:
2380:
2323:
2295:
2291:Ultra-mobile PC
2200:
2177:
2103:
2004:
1937:
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1792:
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1748:HARMAN Newsroom
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1593:www.voicebot.ai
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1014:10.1145/3274371
998:
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833:Wayback Machine
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308:(January 2019)
296:ELARI SmartBeat
247:
235:
221:
208:
196:
183:
118:
84:home automation
68:mesh networking
60:home automation
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2942:
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2931:
2926:
2924:Smart speakers
2921:
2916:
2914:Internet radio
2911:
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2806:
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2791:
2789:
2783:
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2780:
2779:
2776:
2775:Mycroft Mark 1
2772:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2754:
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2746:
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2742:
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1997:
1996:
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1985:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1976:Personal super
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1873:
1871:Arcade cabinet
1867:
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1835:Computer sizes
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798:Smart home hub
793:
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704:
703:
700:Smart Speakers
699:
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680:Hallo Magenta
678:
673:
672:Hallo Magenta
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533:Home Mini
518:
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291:
288:
285:
284:Yandex Station
280:
275:
269:
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265:
262:
259:
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253:
246:
243:
239:authentication
234:
231:
220:
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182:
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117:
114:
54:that utilizes
15:
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2833:Hallo Magenta
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1876:Diskless node
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877:Brown, Rich.
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733:Apple HomePod
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424:
421:
420:Apple HomePod
418:
417:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
402:
399:
396:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
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366:
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357:
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350:
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346:
342:
339:
337:
333:
330:
329:
328:
326:
325:Alibaba Group
323:
321:
318:
317:
313:
310:
307:
303:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
282:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
270:
266:
263:
261:No. of users
257:
254:
251:
250:
242:
240:
230:
227:
216:
213:
203:
201:
191:
189:
178:
176:
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65:
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53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
34:is a type of
33:
32:smart speaker
26:
22:
21:Smart Display
2563:
2486:Single-board
2371:Smartglasses
2314:Programmable
2239:Mobile phone
2092:Blade server
1931:Microconsole
1926:Home console
1905:
1791:. Retrieved
1777:
1767:
1756:. Retrieved
1747:
1738:
1727:. Retrieved
1718:
1709:
1697:. Retrieved
1688:
1679:
1667:. Retrieved
1652:
1642:
1630:. Retrieved
1621:
1612:
1601:. Retrieved
1592:
1583:
1571:. Retrieved
1562:
1552:
1541:. Retrieved
1527:
1516:. Retrieved
1482:. Retrieved
1473:
1447:. Retrieved
1438:
1428:
1416:. Retrieved
1407:
1398:
1388:November 29,
1386:. Retrieved
1375:
1350:. Retrieved
1341:
1313:. Retrieved
1299:
1254:
1250:
1225:. Retrieved
1214:
1205:
1196:
1175:cite journal
1164:. Retrieved
1137:
1130:
1118:. Retrieved
1109:
1099:
1090:
1078:. Retrieved
1069:
1060:
1048:. Retrieved
1039:
1030:
1005:
1001:
981:. Retrieved
972:
962:
951:. Retrieved
942:
932:
921:. Retrieved
912:
902:
891:. Retrieved
882:
872:
862:, retrieved
846:
840:
821:
637:forthcoming
426:HomePod Mini
349:Amazon Alexa
236:
222:
209:
197:
194:As a wiretap
184:
160:
156:white people
152:black people
121:
119:
95:
88:
64:peer-to-peer
52:smart device
31:
29:
2816:Baidu Raven
2758:Google Nest
2614:Amazon Echo
2596:Tmall Genie
2572:Intelligent
2229:Handheld PC
2161:Subnotebook
2139:Convertible
2000:Workstation
1993:Home server
1916:Thin client
1896:Rich client
1669:25 November
1449:23 December
1227:26 February
749:Google Home
717:Amazon Echo
660:Galaxy Home
413:Apple, Inc.
361:Amazon Echo
332:Tmall Genie
200:wiretapping
177:, and IBM.
110:Amazon Echo
80:application
36:loudspeaker
2903:Categories
2656:Amazon Tap
2376:Smart ring
2364:Sportwatch
2359:Smartwatch
2342:Smart band
2319:Scientific
2301:Calculator
2261:Palmtop PC
2254:Smartphone
2191:Detachable
2016:All-in-one
1966:Industrial
1863:Appliances
1758:2022-05-15
1729:2022-05-15
1699:28 January
1659:Condé Nast
1603:2018-03-19
1543:2018-03-20
1518:2018-03-19
1484:28 January
1410:. Amazon.
1315:2019-11-06
1166:2019-02-26
983:2020-04-24
953:2020-04-22
923:2019-06-19
893:2019-06-19
864:2018-01-13
814:References
615:Sirona.TV
386:Amazon Tap
2681:Sonos One
2649:Echo Auto
2644:Echo Plus
2639:Echo Spot
2634:Echo Show
2629:Echo Look
2576:assistant
2498:Smartdust
2433:Minisuper
2428:Mainframe
2407:Supermini
2171:Smartbook
2146:Cloudbook
2048:Pizza box
1942:Computers
1901:Simulator
1784:Oath Inc.
1342:wired.com
1273:2292-9495
913:The Verge
590:Microsoft
391:Sonos One
381:Echo Spot
377:Echo Show
373:Echo Plus
255:Owned by
188:Echo Dots
148:Microsoft
72:interface
2919:Wireless
2888:Category
2828:DingDong
2624:Echo Dot
2588:AliGenie
2574:personal
2522:Category
2394:Midrange
2329:Wearable
2309:Graphing
2286:Siftable
2219:E-reader
2206:Handheld
2156:Notebook
2097:Blade PC
2080:Stick PC
2060:Portable
2043:Deskside
2026:Tabletop
1971:Personal
1911:Smart TV
1793:9 August
1787:Archived
1779:Engadget
1752:Archived
1723:Archived
1693:Archived
1663:Archived
1632:19 March
1626:Archived
1597:Archived
1573:19 March
1567:Archived
1537:Archived
1512:Archived
1478:Archived
1474:Globalme
1443:Archived
1418:19 March
1412:Archived
1382:Archived
1377:GeekWire
1352:11 April
1346:Archived
1309:Archived
1291:35771594
1221:Archived
1160:Archived
1114:Archived
1074:Archived
1070:BBC News
1044:Archived
1040:BBC News
1022:53223356
977:Archived
947:Archived
917:Archived
887:Archived
855:archived
829:Archived
792:See also
642:Chinese
562:DingDong
537:Nest Hub
529:Home Max
464:Chinese
369:Echo Dot
363:series:
340:Chinese
320:AliGenie
258:Devices
175:AT&T
154:" than "
116:Accuracy
76:features
25:Smart TV
2821:Raven H
2768:Mycroft
2740:Friends
2709:Cortana
2580:enabled
2249:Feature
2196:Phablet
2166:Netbook
2070:Mini PC
2038:Desktop
2031:Surface
2009:By size
1839:classes
1282:9284358
1156:3480089
1120:2 March
1080:2 March
1050:2 March
735:speaker
694:Gallery
685:German
633:Tencent
628:Xiaowei
577:iFlytek
494:Friends
290:Irbis A
2868:Play:5
2863:Play:3
2858:Play:1
2846:Others
2809:Others
2717:Invoke
2520:
2474:Rugged
2447:Others
2271:Pocket
2244:Camera
2183:Tablet
2134:2-in-1
2126:Laptop
2117:Mobile
1988:Server
1983:Public
1956:Gaming
1949:By use
1855:Static
1289:
1279:
1271:
1154:
1020:
808:Matter
781:INVOKE
516:Google
457:RavenH
453:Xiaoyu
354:Amazon
278:Yandex
267:Notes
210:While
140:Yandex
136:Google
128:Amazon
106:Amazon
2853:Sonos
2727:Clova
2691:Bixby
2606:Alexa
2438:Super
2416:Large
2053:Tower
2021:Panel
1847:Micro
1654:Wired
1563:Slate
1439:Wired
1152:S2CID
1110:Wired
1018:S2CID
858:(PDF)
851:(PDF)
650:Bixby
575:firm
473:Clova
448:Baidu
273:Alice
132:Apple
56:Wi-Fi
2799:Mini
2787:Siri
2735:Wave
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