Smoke detector - Knowledge

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are connected in parallel to the signaling path so that the current flow is monitored to indicate a closure of the circuit path by any connected detector when smoke or other similar environmental stimuli sufficiently influences any detector. The resulting increase in current flow (or a dead short) is interpreted and processed by the control unit as a confirmation of the presence of smoke and a fire alarm signal is generated. In a conventional system, smoke detectors are typically wired together in each zone and a single fire alarm control panel usually monitors several zones which can be arranged to correspond to different areas of a building. In the event of a fire, the control panel can identify which zone or zones contain the detector or detectors in alarm. However, they cannot identify which individual detector or detectors are in a state of alarm.

197:. In the late 1930s, Swiss physicist Walter Jaeger attempted to invent a sensor for poison gas. He expected the gas entering the sensor to bind to ionized air molecules and thereby alter an electric current in a circuit of the instrument. However, his device did not achieve its purpose as small concentrations of gas did not affect the sensor's conductivity. Frustrated, Jaeger lit a cigarette and was surprised to notice that a meter on the instrument had registered a drop in current. Unlike poison gas, the smoke particles from his cigarette were able to alter the circuit's current. Jaeger's experiment was one of the developments that paved the way for the modern smoke detector. In 1939, Swiss physicist Ernst Meili devised an ionization chamber device capable of detecting combustible gases in mines. He also invented a 1532:) data revealing serious performance problems with ionization technology in the early, smoldering stage of a fire, a rise in litigation involving ionization smoke alarms, and increasing legislation mandating the installation of photoelectric smoke alarms. The speech cited in May 2013, World Fire Safety Foundation report published in the Australian Volunteer Firefighter Association's magazine titled, 'Can Australian and U.S. Smoke Alarm Standards be Trusted?' The speech concluded with a request for one of the world's largest ionization smoke alarm manufacturers and the CSIRO to disclose the level of visible smoke required to trigger the manufacturers' ionization smoke alarms under CSIRO scientific testing. The US state of California banned the sale of smoke detectors with replaceable batteries. 537:

electronic circuit detects that a current difference has developed between the open and sealed chambers, and sounds the alarm. The circuitry also monitors the battery used to supply or back up power. It sounds an intermittent warning when it nears exhaustion. A user-operated test button simulates an imbalance between the ionization chambers and sounds the alarm if and only if the power supply, electronics, and alarm device are functional. The current drawn by an ionization smoke detector is low enough for a small battery used as a sole or backup power supply to be able to provide power for years without the need for external wiring.

4038: 1022:(NFPA) focused on understanding the cause of the higher number of deaths in such high-risk groups. Initial research into the effectiveness of the various alerting methods is sparse. Research findings suggest that a low frequency (520 Hz) square wave output is significantly more effective at awakening high-risk individuals. Wireless smoke and carbon monoxide detectors linked to alert mechanisms such as vibrating pillow pads for the hearing impaired, strobes, and remote warning handsets are more effective at waking people with serious hearing loss than other alarms. 1212:

determination of a wide range of faults in detection capabilities of smoke detectors. Detectors become contaminated usually as a result of the build-up of atmospheric particulates in the detectors being circulated by the heating and air-conditioning systems in buildings. Other causes include carpentry, sanding, painting, and smoke in the event of a fire. Panels can also be interconnected to monitor a large number of detectors in multiple buildings. This is most commonly used in hospitals, universities, resorts and other large centres or institutions.

1182:(FACP). These are the most common type of detector and are usually significantly more expensive than single-station battery-operated residential smoke alarms. They are used in most commercial and industrial facilities and other places such as ships and trains, but are also part of some security alarm systems in homes. These detectors do not need to have built-in alarms, as alarm systems can be controlled by the connected FACP, which will set off relevant alarms, and can also implement complex functions such as a staged evacuation. 229:. This greatly reduced the detectors' cost and size and made it possible to monitor battery life. The previous alarm horns which required special batteries were replaced with horns that were more energy-efficient and allowed the use of widely available batteries. These detectors could also function with smaller amounts of radioactive source material, and the sensing chamber and smoke detector enclosure were redesigned to make the operation more effective. The rechargeable batteries were often replaced by a pair of 1163: 432:(NFPA), "photoelectric smoke detection is generally more responsive to fires that begin with a long period of smoldering". Studies by Texas A&M and the NFPA cited by the City of Palo Alto, California state, "Photoelectric alarms react slower to rapidly growing fires than ionization alarms, but laboratory and field tests have shown that photoelectric smoke alarms provide adequate warning for all types of fires and have been shown to be far less likely to be deactivated by occupants." 1031:

chirp repeatedly if the battery is low in power. It has been found that battery-powered smoke detectors in many houses have dead batteries. It has been estimated that in the UK, over 30% of smoke alarms have dead or removed batteries. In response public information campaigns have been created to remind people to change smoke detector batteries regularly. In Australia, for example, a public information campaign suggests that smoke alarm batteries should be replaced on

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Regulations in England, Wales and Scotland recommend that BS 5839: Pt.6 should be followed, but as a minimum a Grade D, LD3 system should be installed. Building Regulations in Northern Ireland require a Grade D, LD2 system to be installed, with smoke alarms fitted in the escape routes and the main living room and a heat alarm in the kitchen; this standard also requires all detectors to have a mains supply and a battery backup.

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also includes additional requirements for smoke alarms, which are suitable for use in leisure accommodation vehicles. However, much of EN14604 is voluntary. A study published in 2014 assessed six areas of compliance and found that 33% of devices claiming to meet this standard did not do so in one or more of the specifics. The study also found 19% of the products to have a problem with actual fire detection.

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Several detectors (whether standalone or interconnected) are normally used in the rooms of a dwelling. There are inexpensive smoke alarms that may be interconnected so that any detector triggers all alarms. They are powered by mains electricity, with disposable or rechargeable battery backup. They may be interconnected by wires, or wirelessly. They are required in new installations in some jurisdictions.

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habits, routines, and lifestyle. Since smart smoke detectors are connected to the internet, they are vulnerable to hacking. An unauthorized person could potentially access the device and the data it collects. In extreme cases, if the device includes a camera or microphone, a hacker could use it to spy on the home's inhabitants.

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smoke alarm in the dwelling. This is so all would be activated together. From that date, all replacement smoke alarms must be photoelectric; from January 1, 2022, all dwellings sold, leased, or where a lease is renewed must comply as for new dwellings; and from January 1, 2027, all dwellings must comply as for new dwellings.

635:), corresponding to about 0.3 μg of the isotope. This provides sufficient ion current to detect smoke while producing a very low level of radiation outside the device. Some Russian-made smoke detectors, most notably the RID-6m and IDF-1m models, contain a small amount of plutonium (18 MBq), rather than the typical 1932: 1190:

The word "conventional" is slang used to distinguish the method used to communicate with the control unit in newer addressable systems. So-called "conventional detectors" are smoke detectors used in older interconnected systems and resemble electrical switches by their way of working. These detectors

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72, National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code. Laws governing the installation of smoke detectors vary depending on the locality. However, some rules and guidelines for existing homes are relatively consistent throughout the developed world. For example, Canada and Australia require a building to have a

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Regular cleaning can prevent false alarms caused by the build-up of dust and insects, particularly on optical-type alarms as they are more susceptible to these factors. A vacuum cleaner can be used to clean domestic smoke detectors to remove detrimental dust. Optical detectors are less susceptible to

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Batteries are used either as sole or as backup power for residential smoke detectors. Mains-operated detectors have disposable or rechargeable batteries; others run only on 9-volt disposable batteries. When the battery is exhausted, a battery-only smoke detector becomes inactive; most smoke detectors

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Some models have a hush or temporary silence feature that allows silencing, typically by pressing a button on the housing, without removing the battery. This is especially useful in locations where false alarms can be relatively common (e.g. near a kitchen), or situations where users might remove the

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Smoke alarm systems used in a home or residential environment are typically smaller and less expensive than commercial units. The system may include one or more individual standalone units, or multiple, interconnected units. They typically generate a loud acoustic warning signal as their only action.

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to flow. The currents in both chambers should be the same as they are equally affected by air pressure, temperature, and the ageing of the source. If any smoke particles enter the open chamber, some of the ions will attach to the particles and not be available to carry the current in that chamber. An

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from the detector itself or several detectors if there are multiple devices interlinked. Household smoke detectors range from individual battery-powered units to several interlinked units with battery backup. With interlinked units, if any unit detects smoke, alarms will trigger at all of the units.

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Many users have taken steps to protect their privacy when using smart smoke detectors. This can include using strong, unique passwords for their devices, disabling unnecessary features, and regularly updating device software to protect against security vulnerabilities. Some users may also choose to

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An additional (harmonised) EN14604 also exists, which tends to be the standard usually cited at the domestic point of sale. This standard expands on the EN54 recommendations for domestic smoke alarms and specifies requirements, test methods, performance criteria, and manufacturer's instructions. It

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An addressable system gives each detector an individual number or address. Addressable systems allow the exact location of an alarm to be plotted on the FACP while allowing several detectors to be connected to the same zone. In certain systems, a graphical representation of the building is provided

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The US National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) recommends that homeowners replace smoke detector batteries at least once per year when they start chirping (a signal that the battery is low on power output). Batteries should also be replaced when or if they fail a test, which the NFPA recommends

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While current technology is very effective at detecting smoke and fire conditions, the deaf and hard-of-hearing community has raised concerns about the effectiveness of the alerting function in awakening sleeping individuals in certain high-risk groups. People part of groups like the elderly, those

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program. The NEOFPA tests showed ionization smoke alarms were failing to activate in the early, smoldering stage of a fire. The combination ionization/photoelectric alarms failed to activate for an average of over 20 minutes after the stand-alone photoelectric smoke alarms. This vindicated the June

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In November 2013, the Ohio Fire Chiefs' Association (OFCA) published a position paper supporting the use of photoelectric technology in Ohioan residences. The OFCA's position states, "In the interest of public safety and to protect the public from the deadly effects of smoke and fire, the Ohio Fire

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In June 2006, the Australian Fire & Emergency Service Authorities Council, the peak representative body for all Australian and New Zealand fire departments, published an official report, 'Position on Smoke Alarms in Residential Accommodation'. Clause 3.0 states, "Ionization smoke alarms may not

723:. Ionization smoke detectors respond faster (typically 30–60 seconds) to the flaming stage of a fire. The smoke from the flaming stage of a fire is typically made up of microscopic combustion particles between 0.01 and 0.3 μm. Also, ionization detectors are weaker in high airflow environments. 674:

The amount of americium-241 contained in ionizing smoke detectors does not represent a significant radiological hazard. If the americium is left in the ionization chamber of the alarm, the radiological risk is insignificant because the chamber acts as a shield to the alpha radiation. A person would

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or projected-beam smoke detectors are used instead of a chamber within the unit: a wall-mounted unit emits a beam of infrared or ultraviolet light which is either received and processed by a separate device or reflected to the receiver by a reflector. In some types, particularly optical beam types,

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and Stanley Bennett Peterson. It was an individual, replaceable, battery-powered unit that could be easily installed. The "SmokeGard 700" was beehive-shaped, fire-resistant, and made of steel. The company began mass-producing these units in 1975. Studies in the 1960s determined that smoke detectors

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Many smart device manufacturers share user data with third parties, often for advertising or data analysis purposes. This can be a significant privacy concern if the data includes sensitive or personally identifiable information. Some manufacturers may also cooperate with law enforcement agencies,

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mandated all smoke alarms in new dwellings (or where a dwelling is substantially renovated) must be photoelectric, and not also contain an ionization sensor. They also were to be hardwired to the mains power supply with a secondary power source (i.e. battery) and be interconnected with every other

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Addressable systems are usually more expensive than conventional non-addressable systems, and offer extra options, including a custom level of sensitivity (sometimes called Day/Night mode) which can determine the amount of smoke in a given area and contamination detection from the FACP that allows

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In 1951, ionization smoke detectors were first sold in the United States. In the following years, they were used only in major commercial and industrial facilities due to their large size and high cost. In 1955, simple "fire detectors" for homes were developed, which detected high temperatures. In

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devices, can collect and transmit a significant amount of data. This can include data about when and where the device is used, the frequency of alarms, and even audio and video data if the device includes a microphone or camera. This data can potentially infer sensitive information about a user's

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In June 2013, a World Fire Safety Foundation report titled, 'Can Australian and U.S. Smoke Alarm Standards be Trusted?' was published in the official magazine of the Australian Volunteer Firefighter Association. The report brings into question the validity of testing criteria used by American and

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model building codes begin requiring smoke alarms to be interconnected and located in all sleeping rooms. In 1989 NFPA 74 first required smoke alarms to be interconnected in every new home construction, and 1993 NFPA 72 first required that smoke alarms be installed in all bedrooms. The NFPA began

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In the UK, the installation of smoke alarms in new builds must comply with British Standard BS5839 pt6. BS 5839: Pt.6: 2004, which recommends that a new-build property consisting of no more than 3 floors (less than 200 square metres per floor) should be fitted with a Grade D, LD2 system. Building

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brand ionization smoke detector failed to sound. The cause of the fire was a frayed electrical cord behind a couch that smoldered for hours before engulfing the house with flames and smoke. The ionization smoke detector was found to be defectively designed, and in 2006 a jury in the United States

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Although photoelectric alarms are highly effective at detecting smoldering fires and do provide adequate protection from flaming fires, fire safety experts and the NFPA recommend installing what are called combination alarms, which are alarms that either detect both heat and smoke or use both the

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A dozen or more detectors may be connected via wiring or wirelessly such that if one detects smoke, the alarms will sound on all the detectors in the network, improving the likelihood that occupants will be alerted even if smoke is detected far from their location. Wired interconnection is more

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working smoke detector on every level. The United States NFPA code, cited earlier, requires smoke detectors on every habitable level and within the vicinity of all bedrooms. Habitable levels include attics that are tall enough to allow access. Many other countries have comparable requirements.

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report concluded that "Smoke alarms of either the ionization type or the photoelectric type consistently provided time for occupants to escape from most residential fires," and, "Consistent with prior findings, ionization type alarms provided somewhat better response to flaming fires than

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have banned the use of domestic ionization smoke alarms because of concerns that they are not reliable enough as compared to other technologies. Where an ionizing smoke detector has been the only detector, fires in the early stages have not always been effectively detected.

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In December 2011, the Volunteer Firefighter's Association of Australia published a World Fire Safety Foundation report, "Ionization Smoke Alarms are DEADLY", citing research outlining substantial performance differences between ionization and photoelectric technology.

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Ionization smoke detectors are usually less expensive to manufacture than optical detectors. Ionization detectors may be more prone than photoelectric detectors to false alarms triggered by non-hazardous events, and are much slower to respond to typical house fires.

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In June 2013, in an Australian Parliamentary speech, the question was asked, "Are ionization smoke alarms defective?" This was further to the Australian Government's scientific testing agency (the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation –

497:, to ionize air; a difference due to smoke is detected and an alarm is generated. Ionization detectors are more sensitive to the flaming stage of fires than optical detectors, while optical detectors are more sensitive to fires in the early smouldering stage. 456: 43: 452: 1134:, depending on local codes. Smoke detectors on the outside will detect fires more quickly, assuming the fire does not begin in the bedroom, but the sound of the alarm will be reduced and may not wake some people. Some areas also require smoke detectors in 687:

Disposal regulations and recommendations for ionization smoke detectors vary from region to region. The government of New South Wales, Australia considers it safe to discard up to 10 ionization smoke detectors in a batch with domestic rubbish. The U.S.

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In May 2011, the Fire Protection Association of Australia's (FPAA) official position on smoke alarms stated, "The Fire Prevention Association of Australia considers that all residential buildings should be fitted with photoelectric smoke alarms..."

455: 66:. Smoke detectors/Alarms are usually housed in plastic enclosures, typically shaped like a disk about 150 millimetres (6 in) in diameter and 25 millimetres (1 in) thick, but shape and size vary. Smoke can be detected either optically ( 797:

Due to the varying levels of detection capabilities between detector types, manufacturers have designed multi-criteria devices which cross-reference the separate signals to both rule out false alarms and improve response times to real fires.

225: (equivalent to $ 980.72 in 2023) and sold at a rate of a few hundred thousand units per year. Several developments in smoke detector technology occurred between 1971 and 1976, including the replacement of cold-cathode tubes with 1236:

is the standard for smoke detectors. European standards are developed to allow free movement of goods in the EU countries. EN 54 is widely recognized around the world. The EN 54 certification of each device must be issued annually.

1757: 451: 74:). Detectors may use one or both sensing methods. Sensitive alarms can be used to detect and deter smoking in banned areas. Smoke detectors in large commercial and industrial buildings are usually connected to a central 3087: 1067:

photoelectric alarms (57 to 62 seconds faster response), and photoelectric alarms provided (often) considerably faster response to smoldering fires than ionization type alarms (47 to 53 minutes faster response)."

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In other types, typically chamber types, the light is not directed at the sensor, which is not illuminated in the absence of particles. If the air in the chamber contains particles (smoke or dust), the light is

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BS 5839-6:2013 Fire detection and fire alarm systems for buildings - Code of practice for the design, installation, commissioning and maintenance of fire detection and fire alarm systems in domestic premises

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Photoelectric smoke detectors respond faster to fire that is in its early, smoldering stage. The smoke from the smoldering stage of a fire is typically made up of large combustion particles between 0.3 and

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particles, and dark or black smoke, while more modern photoelectric detectors are best at detecting slow-smouldering fires with larger 0.4–10.0 micron particles, and light-coloured white/grey smoke.

2989:"Single and Multiple Station Smoke Alarms, UL 1971: Signaling Devices for the Hearing Impaired, UL 268: Smoke Detectors for Fire Alarm Signaling Systems" (Document). Underwriters Laboratories 217. 42: 2934: 417:

from particulates of smoke, air-borne dust, or other substances; the circuitry detects the light intensity and generates the alarm if it is below a specified threshold, potentially due to smoke.

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on the screen of the FACP which shows the locations of all of the detectors in the building, while in others the address and location of the detector or detectors in alarm are simply indicated.

404:. In spot-type detectors, all of these components are arranged inside a chamber where air, which may contain smoke from a nearby fire, flows. In large open areas such as atria and auditoriums, 2246:

Residential Smoke Alarm Performance, Thomas Cleary, Building and Fire Research Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, UL Smoke and Fire Dynamics Seminar. November, 2007.

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The amount of elemental americium-241 in ionization smoke detectors is small enough to be exempt from the regulations applied to larger deployments. A smoke detector contains about 37

3061: 3689:. Australia: Hansard – Mr Christopher Gulaptis MP, Private Member's Statements, New South Wales Parliamentary Debates, Legislative Assembly, New South Wales. 20 June 2013. p. 22218. 2790: 2565: 808:. Obscuration is the effect smoke has in reducing light intensity, expressed in percent absorption per unit length; higher concentrations of smoke result in higher obscuration levels. 2967: 3236: 931:

levels are the fastest fire indicators. Unlike ionization and optical detectors, they can also detect fires that do not generate smoke, such as those fueled by alcohol or gasoline.

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with hearing loss, and those who are intoxicated, may have a more difficult time using sound-based detectors. Between 2005 and 2007, research sponsored by the United States

209:(USAEC) granted the first license to distribute smoke detectors that used radioactive material. In 1965, the first low-cost smoke detector for domestic use was developed by 2027: 1468:

In the United States, the first standard for home smoke alarms was established in 1967. In 1969, the USAEC allowed homeowners to use smoke detectors without a license. The

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Inside a basic ionization smoke detector. The black, round structure at the right is the ionization chamber. The white, round structure at the upper left is the

2591: 1472:(NFPA 101), passed by the US National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) in 1976, first required smoke alarms in homes. Smoke alarm sensitivity requirements in 2143: 2389: 1614: 711:

reports that the ionization detector is the best at detecting incipient-stage fires with invisibly small particles, fast-flaming fires with smaller 0.01–0.4

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Chiefs' Association endorses the use of photoelectric smoke alarms in both new construction and when replacing old smoke alarms or purchasing new alarms."

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which may be undesirable and harmful, but not indicative of a fire. This type of sensor can also be used to detect and warn of the much higher levels of

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as part of a fire alarm system. Usually, an individual commercial smoke detector unit does not issue an alarm; some, however, have built-in sounders.

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enacted Australia's first residential photoelectric legislation mandating the use of photoelectric smoke alarms in all new Northern Territory homes.

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The first single-station smoke detector was invented in 1970 and was brought out the next year. It was an ionization detector powered by a single

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considers ionizing smoke detectors safe to dispose with household trash. Alternatively, smoke detectors can be returned to the manufacturer.

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detectors are not susceptible to false alarms due to particles making them particularly suitable for use in dusty and dirty environments.

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An integrated locking mechanism for commercial building doors. Inside an enclosure are a locking device, smoke detector and power supply.

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The photoelectric (optical) smoke detector was invented by Donald Steele and Robert Emmark from Electro Signal Lab and patented in 1972.

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In new construction, minimum requirements are typically more stringent. For example, all smoke detectors must be hooked directly to the

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for backup with a life of typically ten years. After this, it is recommended that the detector be replaced. User-replaceable disposable

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that is a mandatory standard for every product that is going to be delivered and installed in any country in the European Union (EU).

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ionization and photoelectric smoke sensing methods. Some combination alarms may also include a carbon monoxide detection capability.

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Photoelectric detectors and ionization detectors differ in their performance depending on the type of smoke generated by a fire.

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tube that could amplify the small signal generated by the detection mechanism so that it was strong enough to activate an alarm.

97:. Some smoke alarms use a combination of the 2; usually using the 9V battery as an extra power source in the event of an outage. 1493:(UL) changed smoke alarm labeling requirements so that all smoke alarms must have a manufactured date written in plain English. 757:

In June 2014, tests by the Northeastern Ohio Fire Prevention Association (NEOFPA) on residential smoke alarms were broadcast on

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Tactile stimulation (e.g. bed or pillow shaker), although no standards existed as of 2008 for tactile stimulation alarm devices

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A 2007 U.S. guide to placing smoke detectors, suggesting that one be placed on every floor of a building, and in each bedroom

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battery permanently to avoid the annoyance of false alarms, preventing the alarm from detecting a fire should one break out.

3262: 3151: 2397: 5474: 4566: 4560: 3354: 2421: 2202: 1115: 1019: 429: 108: 2678: 2260:"Performance of Home Smoke Alarms Analysis of the Response of Several Available Technologies in Residential Fire Settings" 439:

The type and sensitivity of light source and photoelectric sensor and type of smoke chamber differ between manufacturers.

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reports 0.53 deaths per 100 fires in homes with working smoke detectors compared to 1.18 deaths without (2009–2013).

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the light emitted by the light source passes through the air being tested and reaches the photosensor. The received

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use traditional smoke detectors that do not connect to the internet, to completely avoid these privacy concerns.

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District Court for the Northern District of New York decided that First Alert, and its then parent company,

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Optical smoke detector with the cover removed; the angled plastic in an arc across the top is a light baffle

5723: 5576: 5571: 5551: 4619: 4457: 2106:, Donald F. Steele & Robert B. Enemark, "Optical Smoke Detector", issued 1975-01-28 1039:, campaigns may suggest that people change their batteries when they change their clocks or on a birthday. 2891: 5346: 5301: 4490: 4422: 4239: 4072: 1718: 1620: 1601: 405: 17: 1752: 5594: 5326: 5265: 4750: 4057: 3997: 1114:

regarding the required number and placement of smoke detectors are based upon standards established in

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Francis R. Upton of Newark, Mr. Edison's oldest associate, has been elected President of the Pioneers.

5306: 4837: 4572: 4407: 4067: 3539:"Compliance of Smoke Alarm Devices to EN 14604 - Statistical Analysis of Market Surveillance Results" 2292: 1695: 970:

due to component constraints (Audio advancements for persons with hearing impairments have been made)

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have to open the sealed chamber and ingest or inhale the americium for the dose to be comparable to

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The risk of dying in a residential fire is cut in half in houses with working smoke detectors. The

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evaluates the exposure risk as low but cites 33 keV as the primary component of gamma radiation.

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Information that is in bold is the standard coverage of the detector. Smoke detector coverage is

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Several smoke detection methods are used and documented in industry specifications published by

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Systematic Radiological Assessment of Exemptions for Source and Byproduct Materials, NUREG-1717

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Australian government agencies when undergoing scientific testing of ionization smoke alarms.

5642: 5494: 5076: 4842: 4743: 4687: 4661: 4614: 4229: 4117: 4097: 3008: 2133:"The Effects of High Air Velocity and Complex Airflow Patterns on Smoke Detector Performance" 1699: 892: 178: 5535: 5489: 5376: 4913: 4908: 4807: 4384: 4244: 3952: 3521:"CE marking to Smoke Alarm Device–EN 14604_Firefighting Device_Fire test center_FireTC.net" 1036: 762: 517: 389: 2530: 1719:"Birthday Party to Edison; Men Associated with Him in the Early 80s Organize the Pioneers" 1549:

potentially providing them with access to users' data without their knowledge or consent.

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is a unit of measurement that has become the standard way of specifying smoke detectors'

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Commercial smoke detectors are either conventional or addressable, and are connected to

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to be carried out at least once per month by pressing the "test" button on the alarm.

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requiring the replacement of smoke detectors after ten years in 1999. In 1999, the

1469: 1108: 533: 470: 2382: 1570: 801: 5399: 5291: 5260: 5245: 5041: 4923: 4868: 4802: 4782: 4319: 4254: 4193: 4162: 4137: 4087: 4082: 3896: 3856: 3258: 3163: 2569: 2209: 2018: 1043: 1003: 869: 603: 1776:. H.M. Patent Office (originally 1881) later published by S.R. Publishers 1970. 5479: 5429: 5331: 5255: 5180: 5102: 5021: 4953: 4485: 4447: 4309: 4249: 4219: 4188: 4132: 4092: 4027: 4017: 3912: 2677:. Australasian Fire & Emergency Service Authorities Council. Archived from 2562:

Smoke Detector Sensitivity testing: Siemens and Canadian Fire Alarm Association

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Smoke alarm research from the National Institute of Standards and Technology

3743:"How to secure IoT devices and protect them from cyber attacks | TechTarget" 2646:. Confederation of Fire Protection Associations in Europe. 2008. p. 5. 2226:. Quincy, Massachusetts: National Fire Protection Association. p. 249. 5525: 5510: 5409: 5200: 5165: 5051: 5026: 5011: 4986: 4981: 4958: 4885: 4812: 4792: 4766: 4609: 4495: 4374: 4364: 4299: 4264: 4224: 4183: 4147: 3937: 3932: 3902: 1975:

White Paper: Home Smoke Alarms and Other Fire Detection and Alarm Equipment

1476:

were modified in 1985 to reduce susceptibility to nuisance alarms. In 1988

1456:. The height from the ground is an important issue for correct protection. 989: 727: 614: 490: 198: 3592:"Albany, California Ordinance 2010-06 Photoelectric Specific Requirements" 2960:"Why are interconnected smoke alarms better than standalone smoke alarms?" 1755:, George Andrew Darby, "An Electric Heat-indicator and Fire-alarm" 1071:

false alarms in locations such as near a kitchen producing cooking fumes.

93:

Residential smoke alarms are usually powered with a 9-volt battery, or by

5530: 5205: 5190: 5097: 5071: 5061: 4996: 4976: 4918: 4863: 4817: 4774: 4329: 4284: 4274: 4167: 4112: 4077: 3972: 2728:"Position Statement – Selection of Residential Smoke Alarms – clause 5.0" 1079: 1074:

On the night of May 31, 2001, Bill Hackert and his daughter Christine of

977: 569: 381: 239:

In 1995, the 10-year-lithium-battery-powered smoke alarm was introduced.

2531:"Disposing of Smoke Detectors | Radiation Protection | US EPA" 5439: 5225: 5195: 5175: 5112: 5082: 5046: 4890: 4797: 4589: 4442: 3942: 3927: 3907: 1520: 1241:

Coverage of smoke and temperature detectors with European standard EN54

1104: 1084: 577: 422: 414: 401: 337: 301: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 230: 190: 71: 67: 1095: 735:

operate in time to alert occupants to escape from a smoldering fire."

549: 185:. In 1902, George Andrew Darby patented the first European electrical 50:

Knowing this sound could save your life - it means replace the battery

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generated by a fire. Some manufacturers say that detectors based on

276: 5520: 5515: 5356: 4928: 4827: 4604: 4314: 4269: 3992: 3982: 3881: 3152:"Federal appeals court upholds $ 2.8M award for faulty smoke alarm" 2815:"'GMA' Investigates: Will Your Smoke Detector Respond Fast Enough?" 2705:. The International Association of Fire Fighters, California, USA. 2321: 1135: 554: 513: 373: 3825: 2222:

Cote, Arthur; Bugbee, Percy (1988). "Ionization smoke detectors".

794:

cloud from open fire can usually be detected before particulates.

726:

Some European countries, including France, and some US states and

2102: 1813:. United States Nuclear Regulation Commission. 4 September 2013. 1139: 1131: 995: 974: 704: 509: 260: 256: 194: 30: 1977:(Technical report). Public/Private Fire Safety Council. 2006. 1. 1042:

Some mains-powered detectors are fitted with a non-rechargeable

671:

mixed with titanium dioxide onto a cylindrical alumina surface.

477: 177:

The first automatic electric fire alarm was patented in 1890 by

4735: 860: 712: 2733:. Fire Protection Association Australia. May 2011. p. 7. 5087: 4645: 4599: 3794:"IoT Security: Risks, Examples, and Solutions | IoT Glossary" 3713:"Law bans sale of smoke detectors with replaceable batteries" 1529: 1227: 967: 779: 769:

Australasian Fire & Emergency Service Authorities Council

465: 86: 59: 3001:"Alarm concern from the Hearing Loss Association of America" 1535: 720: 329: 27:

Device that detects smoke, typically as an indicator of fire

4594: 4555:

National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying

3619:. Australia: Northern Territory Fire & Rescue Service. 3571:"Can Australian and U.S. Smoke Alarm Standards be Trusted?" 3159: 2478:. Australia: New South Wales Government. 26 November 2012. 1150:

practical in new construction than for existing buildings.

1111: 1063: 63: 3617:"Northern Territory Photoelectric smoke alarm legislation" 2703:"International Association of Fire Fighters Resolution 15" 1645:, the primary component of the gamma radiation is 60 keV. 461:

A video overview of how an ionization smoke detector works

2925: 529: 425:

and some of it reaches the sensor, triggering the alarm.

2168:"Risk Analysis of Residential Fire Detector Performance" 576:

of 432.6 years. Alpha particle radiation, as opposed to

2672:"Position on Smoke Alarms in Residential Accommodation" 2588:"Fire and Life Safety in Mission-Critical Applications" 2892:"Low-Profile Plug-in Intelligent Laser Smoke Detector" 2476:"Safe disposal of smoke alarms – Fire and Rescue NSW" 2468: 2390:

United States Department of Health and Human Services

1615:

United States Department of Health and Human Services

771:(AFAC) and the October 2008 official position of the 145:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are 3594:. The Albany City Council, Albany, California, USA. 1225:Fire detection products have the European Standard 895:. Such sensors are often used to measure levels of 90:This happens even if household power has gone out. 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 233:along with a plastic shell encasing the detector. 214:respond to fires much faster than heat detectors. 4350:Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural) 2050:Voluntary Standards and Accreditation Act of 1977 1694: 1087:, was liable for millions of dollars in damages. 5705: 2394:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 2283:"Chemistry in Pictures: Americium the beautiful" 891:) may indicate a fire, and can be detected by a 2582: 2580: 2578: 2115: 1751: 1203:An addressable Simplex TrueAlarm smoke detector 255:process. Fire without smoke can be detected by 100:Commercial smoke detectors issue a signal to a 3222:Residential Construction Academy: House Wiring 2351:"Smoke detectors and americium-241 fact sheet" 1969: 1519:From January 1, 2017, the Australian state of 1463: 1441:Smax (square meters): Maximum surface coverage 4751: 3841: 3355:"Adding Smoke Detectors to a Security System" 3064:. Augusta Margaret River Mail. Archived from 2422:"Analysis of Soviet smoke detector plutonium" 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1846:50 Best Business Ideas That Changed the World 1090: 5485:Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel 2575: 2280: 861:Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide detection 481:An americium container from a smoke detector 2862: 2860: 2523: 2070: 1452:and temperature smoke detector coverage is 868:detect potentially fatal concentrations of 812:Typical smoke detector obscuration ratings 5317:International Association of Fire Fighters 4758: 4744: 4158:Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention 3848: 3834: 3145: 3143: 3141: 2613:"Lycée Blaise Pascal Rouen – Smoke alarms" 2557: 2555: 2380: 2221: 1946: 1220: 1078:, died when their house caught fire and a 773:International Association of Fire Fighters 740:International Association of Fire Fighters 695: 4543:Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3182: 3180: 3062:"Don't be a fool: change alarm batteries" 2957: 2784:"OFCA Position Statement on Smoke Alarms" 2501:"Americium in Ionization Smoke Detectors" 2195: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1641:According to the physical study cited at 1536:Safety concerns regarding smart detectors 317:Learn how and when to remove this message 165:Learn how and when to remove this message 81:Household smoke detectors, also known as 3876:Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3218: 3094:. National Fire Protection Association. 2857: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1198: 1161: 1094: 846:0.005–20.5% obs/m (0.0015–6.25% obs/ft) 617:) of radioactive element americium-241 ( 548: 476: 464: 446: 336: 328: 259:. Incomplete burning can be detected by 141:Relevant discussion may be found on the 37: 29: 4522:Listing and approval use and compliance 3138: 2552: 2381:Gerberding, Julie Louise (April 2004). 2254: 2252: 1771: 109:US National Fire Protection Association 85:, generally issue an audible or visual 14: 5706: 3710: 3671:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3410:"Contaminated (dirty) Smoke Detectors" 3200:from the original on 22 September 2014 3177: 3149: 2590:. Life Safety Magazine. Archived from 1869: 1842: 1635: 1617:Radiation Emergency Medical Management 1594: 1563: 778:According to fire tests conformant to 207:United States Atomic Energy Commission 4739: 4567:Society of Fire Protection Engineers 3829: 3764: 3762: 3387:. Westminster International Limited. 3277: 3212: 2383:"Toxicological Profile for Americium" 2083:from the original on 20 December 2015 1918: 1829: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1711: 1230:Fire Detection and Fire Alarm Systems 653:source, in the form of reactor-grade 5650: 5475:Modular Airborne FireFighting System 4718: 4561:National Fire Protection Association 3693:from the original on 29 October 2013 3544:. ANPI. October 2014. Archived from 3442:. Cen.eu. 2012-11-11. Archived from 3265:from the original on 2 December 2014 2842:. The World Fire Safety Foundation. 2761:. The World Fire Safety Foundation. 2759:"Ionization Smoke Alarms Are DEADLY" 2281:Bettenhausen, Craig (July 7, 2021). 2249: 2203:"Smoke Detector Technology Research" 2130: 1807:"NRC: Fact Sheet on Smoke Detectors" 1020:National Fire Protection Association 854:0.06–6.41% obs/m (0.02–2.0% obs/ft) 430:National Fire Protection Association 299:adding citations to reliable sources 270: 118: 3855: 3334:from the original on 29 August 2017 3059: 2175:Walker Property Evaluation Services 1774:Birmingham Inventors And Inventions 828:0.70–13.0% obs/m (0.2–4.0% obs/ft) 473:horn that produces the alarm sound. 34:Smoke detector mounted on a ceiling 24: 5123:Self-contained breathing apparatus 4823:Firefighter assist and search team 4063:Condensed aerosol fire suppression 3759: 3735: 3573:. The World Fire Safety Foundation 3352: 2482:from the original on 20 April 2013 2011: 1790: 1540:Smart smoke detectors, like other 248: 25: 5745: 4438:Fire alarm notification appliance 3814: 3420:from the original on 29 July 2014 3365:from the original on 14 July 2014 3219:Fletcher, Gregory (18 May 2011). 2970:from the original on 4 March 2016 2868:"Carbon Dioxide – Life and Death" 2789:. Ohio Fire Chief's Association. 2447:"Backgrounder on Smoke Detectors" 2030:from the original on 14 July 2014 2022:. No. ALL-TIME 100 Gadgets. 1817:from the original on 27 July 2014 1667:"Smoke Alarms in U.S. Home Fires" 836:2.6–5.0% obs/m (0.8–1.5% obs/ft) 5685: 5673: 5661: 5649: 5638: 5637: 4848:Fire department ranks by country 4765: 4717: 4706: 4705: 4036: 3723:from the original on 3 July 2017 3711:Finney, Michael (29 July 2015). 3225:. Technology & Engineering. 3117:"Cleaning Smoke and Heat Alarms" 2541:from the original on 2 June 2013 2270:from the original on 2010-08-22. 1919:Jones, Hilton Ira (April 1955). 1900:from the original on 7 June 2014 561:on a coin-sized aluminum button. 275: 266: 123: 5686: 5322:International Firefighters' Day 5282:Candidate Physical Ability Test 4199:Vehicle fire suppression system 3887:Combustibility and flammability 3786: 3704: 3679: 3654:from the original on 2017-02-18 3634: 3623:from the original on 2011-10-01 3609: 3598:from the original on 2012-02-03 3584: 3563: 3531: 3513: 3502:from the original on 2013-11-03 3482: 3471:from the original on 2014-10-18 3457: 3432: 3416:. Firewize Holdings Pty. 2012. 3402: 3391:from the original on 2009-11-24 3377: 3346: 3251: 3239:from the original on 8 May 2018 3127:from the original on 2015-09-25 3109: 3098:from the original on 2009-08-21 3080: 3053: 3023: 2993: 2982: 2951: 2940:from the original on 2012-01-31 2926:New York City Fire Department. 2919: 2908:from the original on 2014-05-02 2884: 2846:from the original on 2014-10-06 2832: 2821:from the original on 2014-09-03 2807: 2796:from the original on 2014-10-06 2776: 2765:from the original on 2014-04-16 2751: 2740:from the original on 2013-05-10 2720: 2709:from the original on 2013-08-28 2695: 2664: 2653:from the original on 2015-05-11 2629: 2605: 2493: 2439: 2414: 2403:from the original on 2009-09-06 2374: 2363:from the original on 2011-07-06 2343: 2314: 2288:Chemical & Engineering News 2274: 2240: 2215: 2160: 2140:AFCOM8-21.AFCOM-Miami-Admin.com 2096: 2064: 2042: 2005: 1981: 1935:from the original on 2018-05-08 1843:Wallis, Ian (1 November 2013). 1677:from the original on 2017-07-29 1185: 1126:, be interconnected and have a 709:Canadian Fire Alarm Association 411:light intensity will be reduced 286:needs additional citations for 252: 62:, typically as an indicator of 4833:Special operations firefighter 2330:Brookhaven National Laboratory 1912: 1765: 1745: 1688: 1659: 1500: 1194: 1057: 946: 767:2006 official position of the 247:Smoke can be detected using a 13: 1: 5372:Wildfire emergency management 4939:Hazardous materials apparatus 4549:Institution of Fire Engineers 4506:Fire Safety Evaluation System 4178:Personal protective equipment 3150:Segall, Bob (April 2, 2008). 2840:"Smoke Alarm Myths Explained" 2455:Nuclear Regulatory Commission 2224:Principles of fire protection 2012:Ha, Peter (25 October 2010). 1652: 1580:Nuclear Regulatory Commission 1248:Surface area (square meters) 1157: 1035:every year. In regions using 442: 4620:GHS precautionary statements 4458:Manual fire alarm activation 2356:. Canadian Nuclear Society. 2071:David Lucht (1 March 2013). 1989:"History of Smoke Detectors" 1890:"How smoke detector is made" 1435:EN54-5: Temperature detector 1215: 1025: 959:. Alerting methods include: 677:natural background radiation 544: 7: 5347:World Police and Fire Games 5302:Fire protection engineering 4491:Fire protection engineering 4423:Explosive gas leak detector 4240:Electromagnetic door holder 4073:External water spray system 2617:pascal-lyc.spip.ac-rouen.fr 1931:(4). Rotary International. 1621:Argonne National Laboratory 1602:Argonne National Laboratory 1464:Australia and United States 1410:EN54-5 Clase A2,B,C,D,E,F,G 682: 520:(voltage) between pairs of 500:The smoke detector has two 10: 5750: 5595:Glossary of wildfire terms 5327:List of firefighting films 4775:Personnel and organization 4667:Harry C. Bigglestone Award 4058:Automatic fire suppression 3998:K-factor (fire protection) 2958:Nest Labs (17 June 2015). 2637:"Smoke Alarms in the Home" 2093:With picture of SmokeGard. 1849:. Jaico Publishing House. 1103:In the United States most 1091:Installation and placement 508:into both chambers, which 114: 70:) or by physical process ( 5633: 5612: 5587: 5544: 5503: 5385: 5364: 5355: 5307:Geography of firefighting 5274: 5146: 4967: 4899: 4856: 4838:Volunteer fire department 4773: 4701: 4675: 4654: 4582: 4573:Underwriters Laboratories 4535: 4471: 4408:Aspirating smoke detector 4398: 4207: 4068:Detonation flame arrester 4045: 4034: 3863: 3088:"SMOKE ALARM SAFETY TIPS" 2293:American Chemical Society 1921:"Peeps at Things to Come" 1772:Prosser, Richard (1970). 1505:In June 2010 the City of 1386: 1367:EN54-5 Clase A2,B,C,D,F,G 1343: 1301: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1180:fire alarm control panels 966:Varies between 2900–3500 957:Underwriters Laboratories 487:ionization smoke detector 242: 5734:Fire detection and alarm 5625:Template:Fire protection 5342:World Firefighters Games 5236:Gaseous fire suppression 4517:Kitchen exhaust cleaning 4433:Fire alarm control panel 4413:Carbon monoxide detector 4390:Standpipe (firefighting) 4153:Gaseous fire suppression 3918:Enthalpy of vaporization 3440:"CEN – Technical Bodies" 3031:"All about Hearing Loss" 2928:"Carbon monoxide alarms" 2873:. senseair.se. p. 4 2817:. Good Morning America. 2426:Special Nuclear Material 1623:. August 2005. p. 5 1582:. June 2001. p. 2-3 1556: 1048:9-volt lithium batteries 102:fire alarm control panel 58:is a device that senses 5312:History of firefighting 4360:Pressurisation ductwork 4325:Firewall (construction) 4173:Passive fire protection 4123:Fire suppression system 3385:"Addressable Equipment" 2212:, retrieved 2011-11-07. 1491:Underwriters Laboratory 1444:Rmax (m): Maximum radio 1221:EN54 European standards 866:Carbon monoxide sensors 696:Performance differences 386:incandescent light bulb 372:, contains a source of 354:Photodiode (transducer) 261:sensing carbon monoxide 227:solid-state electronics 5714:Active fire protection 5450:Firefighting apparatus 5138:Thermal imaging camera 5118:Secure information box 4934:Firefighting apparatus 4536:Industry organizations 4501:Fire-resistance rating 4380:Smoke exhaust ductwork 4355:Penetration (firestop) 4345:Packing (firestopping) 4053:Active fire protection 4013:Spontaneous combustion 3035:www.hearinglossweb.com 2264:Bukowski, Cleary et al 2052:(S. 825). 1 March 1977 1512:In November 2011, the 1432:EN54-7: Smoke detector 1260:Ceiling slope >20° 1204: 1167: 1100: 562: 482: 474: 462: 398:photoelectric receiver 370:optical smoke detector 361: 341:Optical smoke detector 334: 257:sensing carbon dioxide 51: 35: 5495:Wildland water tender 5077:Hydraulic rescue tool 4843:Women in firefighting 4688:Template:Firefighting 4662:Arthur B. Guise Medal 4615:GHS hazard statements 4118:Fire sprinkler system 4098:Fire-retardant fabric 3467:. Shop.bsigroup.com. 2104:US patent 3863076 1700:Francis Robbins Upton 1600:A study published by 1202: 1165: 1098: 893:carbon dioxide sensor 559:americium-241 dioxide 552: 524:in the chambers; the 480: 468: 460: 340: 332: 179:Francis Robbins Upton 49: 33: 5536:Wildland fire module 5490:Wildland fire engine 5377:Wildfire suppression 4914:Fire command vehicle 4909:Airport crash tender 4808:Retained firefighter 4472:Professions, trades, 4385:Smokeproof enclosure 4245:Electromagnetic lock 3953:Flammability diagram 3864:Fundamental concepts 3774:World Economic Forum 3551:on December 22, 2018 3123:. Hav Direct. 2011. 3011:on 27 September 2007 2322:"NuDat 3.0 database" 2073:"Where Theres Smoke" 1271:Smax (square meters) 1265:Smax (square meters) 1037:daylight saving time 763:Good Morning America 738:In August 2008, the 518:potential difference 390:light-emitting diode 295:improve this article 134:factual accuracy is 5724:American inventions 5395:Aerial firefighting 5251:Stop, drop and roll 5241:Multiple-alarm fire 5108:Portable water tank 5017:Fire proximity suit 4428:Fire alarm call box 4335:Heat and smoke vent 3318:"Fire Alarm System" 3166:on December 7, 2008 1643:Americium-241#Decay 1257:Ceiling slope ≤20° 1076:Rotterdam, New York 813: 502:ionization chambers 384:light—typically an 5435:Fire retardant gel 5420:Fire lookout tower 5093:New York roof hook 4944:Light and air unit 4881:Fire lookout tower 4788:Chief fire officer 4400:Fire alarm systems 4215:Annulus (firestop) 4143:Flashback arrestor 4108:Fire-safe polymers 4103:Fire retardant gel 3958:Flammability limit 3121:SDFireAlarms.co.uk 3092:Safety Information 2568:2016-02-22 at the 2511:. 27 November 2018 2208:2016-04-20 at the 1730:. February 3, 1918 1727:The New York Times 1673:. September 2015. 1542:Internet of things 1514:Northern Territory 1507:Albany, California 1205: 1176:fire alarm systems 1168: 1101: 985:Spoken voice alert 980:loudness at 3 feet 811: 703:A presentation by 563: 483: 475: 463: 362: 335: 181:, an associate of 52: 36: 5701: 5700: 5608: 5607: 5600:List of wildfires 5460:Helicopter bucket 5455:Firefighting foam 5057:Hard suction hose 5002:Fire extinguisher 4992:Fire brigade keys 4733: 4732: 4641:Safety data sheet 4636:List of S-phrases 4631:List of R-phrases 4527:Sprinkler fitting 4418:Circuit integrity 4290:Fire extinguisher 4128:Firefighting foam 4023:Thermal radiation 3359:Wiki.hometech.com 3232:978-1-111-30621-2 3193:(72-2013). 2013. 3060:Beacham, Janine. 2594:on April 16, 2012 1856:978-81-8495-284-1 1429: 1428: 1251:Type of detector 1124:electrical wiring 858: 857: 526:electrical charge 458: 428:According to the 327: 326: 319: 211:Duane D. Pearsall 175: 174: 167: 95:mains electricity 76:fire alarm system 47: 16:(Redirected from 5741: 5689: 5688: 5677: 5676: 5665: 5664: 5653: 5652: 5641: 5640: 5362: 5361: 5297:Fire photography 5079:("Jaws of life") 5037:Fireman's switch 4760: 4753: 4746: 4737: 4736: 4721: 4720: 4709: 4708: 4625:Life Safety Code 4230:Compartmentation 4040: 3963:Flammable liquid 3850: 3843: 3836: 3827: 3826: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3804: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3780: 3766: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3753: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3698: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3670: 3662: 3660: 3659: 3653: 3646: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3628: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3603: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3578: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3550: 3543: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3507: 3501: 3494: 3490:"AENOR Noticias" 3486: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3476: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3451: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3396: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3333: 3322: 3314: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3261:(5839-6). 2013. 3255: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3199: 3192: 3184: 3175: 3174: 3172: 3171: 3162:. 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Archived from 2172: 2164: 2158: 2157: 2155: 2154: 2148: 2142:. Archived from 2137: 2128: 2113: 2112: 2111: 2107: 2100: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2068: 2062: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2046: 2040: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2014:"Smoke Detector" 2009: 2003: 2002: 2000: 1999: 1993:The Daily Secure 1985: 1979: 1978: 1971: 1944: 1943: 1941: 1940: 1916: 1910: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1886: 1867: 1866: 1864: 1863: 1840: 1827: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1803: 1788: 1787: 1769: 1763: 1761: 1760: 1756: 1749: 1743: 1742: 1737: 1735: 1723: 1715: 1709: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1692: 1686: 1685: 1683: 1682: 1663: 1646: 1639: 1633: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1611: 1598: 1592: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1577: 1567: 1470:Life Safety Code 1454:20 square meters 1450:60 square meters 1438:SA: Surface area 1245: 1244: 1033:April Fools' Day 1006:for illumination 942: 941: 940: 930: 929: 928: 918: 917: 916: 906: 905: 904: 890: 889: 888: 814: 810: 793: 792: 791: 670: 669: 668: 661: 660: 652: 651: 650: 643: 642: 634: 633: 632: 625: 624: 601: 600: 599: 592: 591: 534:electric current 459: 322: 315: 311: 308: 302: 279: 271: 224: 221:. It cost about 170: 163: 159: 156: 150: 147:reliably sourced 127: 126: 119: 48: 21: 5749: 5748: 5744: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5739: 5738: 5704: 5703: 5702: 5697: 5674: 5662: 5629: 5604: 5583: 5540: 5499: 5400:Controlled burn 5387: 5381: 5351: 5292:Fire engine red 5270: 5261:Two-in, two-out 5216:Fireman's carry 5142: 5042:Flame retardant 4963: 4924:Fire motorcycle 4895: 4869:Fire department 4852: 4803:Station officer 4783:Battalion chief 4769: 4764: 4734: 4729: 4697: 4671: 4650: 4578: 4531: 4473: 4467: 4394: 4320:Firestop pillow 4255:Emergency light 4208:Building design 4203: 4194:Tank blanketing 4163:Inerting system 4138:Flame retardant 4088:Fire protection 4083:Fire prevention 4041: 4032: 3897:Dangerous goods 3859: 3857:Fire protection 3854: 3817: 3812: 3811: 3802: 3800: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3778: 3776: 3768: 3767: 3760: 3751: 3749: 3741: 3740: 3736: 3726: 3724: 3709: 3705: 3696: 3694: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3664: 3663: 3657: 3655: 3651: 3644: 3642:"Archived copy" 3640: 3639: 3635: 3626: 3624: 3615: 3614: 3610: 3601: 3599: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3576: 3574: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3554: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3474: 3472: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3449: 3447: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3394: 3392: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3368: 3366: 3351: 3347: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3320: 3316: 3315: 3278: 3268: 3266: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3242: 3240: 3233: 3217: 3213: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3190: 3186: 3185: 3178: 3169: 3167: 3148: 3139: 3130: 3128: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3101: 3099: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3071: 3069: 3068:on 3 April 2011 3058: 3054: 3044: 3042: 3041:on 18 June 2010 3029: 3028: 3024: 3014: 3012: 3005:hearingloss.org 2999: 2998: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2973: 2971: 2956: 2952: 2943: 2941: 2937: 2930: 2924: 2920: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2894: 2890: 2889: 2885: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2865: 2858: 2849: 2847: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2824: 2822: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2786: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2768: 2766: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2730: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2712: 2710: 2701: 2700: 2696: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2674: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2639: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2621: 2619: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2597: 2595: 2586: 2585: 2576: 2570:Wayback Machine 2560: 2553: 2544: 2542: 2529: 2528: 2524: 2514: 2512: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2485: 2483: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2459: 2457: 2445: 2444: 2440: 2431: 2429: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2385: 2379: 2375: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2353: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2334: 2332: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2305: 2303: 2279: 2275: 2258: 2257: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2234: 2220: 2216: 2210:Wayback Machine 2200: 2196: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2170: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2135: 2129: 2116: 2109: 2101: 2097: 2086: 2084: 2069: 2065: 2055: 2053: 2048: 2047: 2043: 2033: 2031: 2010: 2006: 1997: 1995: 1987: 1986: 1982: 1973: 1972: 1947: 1938: 1936: 1917: 1913: 1903: 1901: 1888: 1887: 1870: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1841: 1830: 1820: 1818: 1805: 1804: 1791: 1784: 1770: 1766: 1758: 1750: 1746: 1733: 1731: 1721: 1717: 1716: 1712: 1704: 1693: 1689: 1680: 1678: 1665: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1649: 1640: 1636: 1626: 1624: 1609: 1605: 1599: 1595: 1585: 1583: 1575: 1569: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1538: 1503: 1466: 1390:EN54-5 Clase A1 1347:EN54-5 Clase A1 1243: 1223: 1218: 1197: 1188: 1160: 1093: 1060: 1044:lithium battery 1028: 1004:Emergency light 949: 939: 936: 935: 934: 932: 927: 924: 923: 922: 920: 915: 912: 911: 910: 908: 903: 900: 899: 898: 896: 887: 884: 883: 882: 880: 875:High levels of 870:carbon monoxide 863: 790: 787: 786: 785: 783: 698: 685: 667: 665: 664: 663: 659: 657: 656: 655: 654: 649: 647: 646: 645: 641: 639: 638: 637: 636: 631: 629: 628: 627: 623: 621: 620: 619: 618: 604:gamma radiation 598: 596: 595: 594: 590: 588: 587: 586: 585: 580:(electron) and 547: 506:alpha particles 447: 445: 360: 345:Optical chamber 323: 312: 306: 303: 292: 280: 269: 245: 222: 171: 160: 154: 151: 140: 132:This section's 128: 124: 117: 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5747: 5737: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5695: 5683: 5671: 5659: 5647: 5634: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5627: 5622: 5616: 5614: 5610: 5609: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5602: 5597: 5591: 5589: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5581: 5580: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5559: 5554: 5548: 5546: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5507: 5505: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5430:Fire retardant 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5391: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5379: 5374: 5368: 5366: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5278: 5276: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5256:Structure fire 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5181:Door breaching 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5152: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5140: 5135: 5133:Smoke detector 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5032:Fireman's pole 5029: 5024: 5022:Fire retardant 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4973: 4971: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4961: 4956: 4954:Rescue vehicle 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4905: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4877: 4876: 4866: 4860: 4858: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4779: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4763: 4762: 4755: 4748: 4740: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4727: 4715: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4679: 4677: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4664: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4586: 4584: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4486:Fire insurance 4483: 4477: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4465: 4463:Smoke detector 4460: 4455: 4450: 4448:Flame detector 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4404: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4310:Fire sprinkler 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4250:Emergency exit 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4220:Area of refuge 4217: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4189:Spark arrestor 4186: 4181: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4133:Flame arrester 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4093:Fire retardant 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4049: 4047: 4043: 4042: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4030: 4028:Water pressure 4025: 4020: 4018:Structure fire 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3913:Dust explosion 3910: 3905: 3900: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3865: 3861: 3860: 3853: 3852: 3845: 3838: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3816: 3815:External links 3813: 3810: 3809: 3798:www.emnify.com 3785: 3758: 3734: 3703: 3687:"Smoke Alarms" 3678: 3633: 3608: 3583: 3562: 3530: 3512: 3481: 3456: 3431: 3401: 3376: 3353:Fisher, Jeff. 3345: 3276: 3250: 3231: 3211: 3176: 3137: 3108: 3079: 3052: 3022: 2992: 2981: 2950: 2918: 2883: 2856: 2831: 2806: 2775: 2750: 2719: 2694: 2663: 2628: 2604: 2574: 2551: 2522: 2492: 2467: 2438: 2413: 2373: 2342: 2313: 2273: 2248: 2239: 2232: 2214: 2201:Fleming, Jay. 2194: 2159: 2114: 2095: 2063: 2041: 2004: 1980: 1945: 1911: 1868: 1855: 1828: 1789: 1782: 1764: 1744: 1710: 1687: 1657: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1634: 1593: 1561: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1537: 1534: 1502: 1499: 1465: 1462: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1427: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1299: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1262: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1242: 1239: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1196: 1193: 1187: 1184: 1178:controlled by 1172:security alarm 1159: 1156: 1128:battery backup 1092: 1089: 1059: 1056: 1027: 1024: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1001: 1000: 999: 986: 983: 982: 981: 971: 963:Audible tones 948: 945: 937: 925: 913: 901: 885: 877:carbon dioxide 862: 859: 856: 855: 852: 848: 847: 844: 838: 837: 834: 830: 829: 826: 825:Photoelectric 822: 821: 818: 817:Detector type 788: 728:municipalities 697: 694: 684: 681: 666: 658: 648: 640: 630: 622: 597: 589: 546: 543: 444: 441: 359: 358: 355: 352: 349: 346: 342: 325: 324: 283: 281: 274: 268: 265: 244: 241: 219:9-volt battery 173: 172: 155:September 2021 131: 129: 122: 116: 113: 56:smoke detector 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5746: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5694: 5693: 5684: 5682: 5681: 5672: 5670: 5669: 5660: 5658: 5657: 5648: 5646: 5645: 5636: 5635: 5632: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5620:Template:Fire 5618: 5617: 5615: 5611: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5586: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5564: 5563: 5562:United States 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5543: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5354: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5337:Saint Florian 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5275:Miscellaneous 5273: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5211:Fire triangle 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5171:Dead man zone 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5067:Heat detector 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4966: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4898: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4875: 4872: 4871: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4761: 4756: 4754: 4749: 4747: 4742: 4741: 4738: 4726: 4725: 4716: 4714: 4713: 4704: 4703: 4700: 4694: 4693:Template:HVAC 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4683:Template:Fire 4681: 4680: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4653: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4581: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4534: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4481:Duct cleaning 4479: 4478: 4476: 4470: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4453:Heat detector 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4397: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4370:Smoke control 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4044: 4039: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3988:Heat transfer 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3978:Friction loss 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3948:Fire triangle 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3892:Conflagration 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3851: 3846: 3844: 3839: 3837: 3832: 3831: 3828: 3822: 3819: 3818: 3799: 3795: 3789: 3775: 3771: 3765: 3763: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3707: 3692: 3688: 3682: 3674: 3668: 3650: 3643: 3637: 3622: 3618: 3612: 3597: 3593: 3587: 3572: 3566: 3547: 3540: 3534: 3526: 3522: 3516: 3498: 3491: 3485: 3470: 3466: 3460: 3446:on 2013-05-20 3445: 3441: 3435: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3405: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3349: 3330: 3326: 3319: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3264: 3260: 3254: 3238: 3234: 3228: 3224: 3223: 3215: 3196: 3189: 3183: 3181: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3083: 3067: 3063: 3056: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3026: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2985: 2969: 2965: 2964:Nest Web site 2961: 2954: 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