777:. The only structural difference between this organelle and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the composition of proteins they have, both bound to their membranes and drifting within the confines of their lumens. This fundamental difference is indicative of their functions: The endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes molecules, while the sarcoplasmic reticulum stores calcium ions and pumps them out into the sarcoplasm when the muscle fiber is stimulated. After their release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium ions interact with contractile proteins that utilize ATP to shorten the muscle fiber. The sarcoplasmic reticulum plays a major role in
672:
416:
443:. The functions of the endoplasmic reticulum can be summarized as the synthesis and export of proteins and membrane lipids, but varies between ER and cell type and cell function. The quantity of both rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum in a cell can slowly interchange from one type to the other, depending on the changing metabolic activities of the cell. Transformation can include embedding of new proteins in membrane as well as structural changes. Changes in protein content may occur without noticeable structural changes.
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148:
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53:
683:) is scarce. Instead there are areas where the ER is partly smooth and partly rough, this area is called the transitional ER. The transitional ER gets its name because it contains ER exit sites. These are areas where the transport vesicles which contain lipids and proteins made in the ER, detach from the ER and start moving to the
483:. However, the ribosomes are not a stable part of this organelle's structure as they are constantly being bound and released from the membrane. A ribosome only binds to the RER once a specific protein-nucleic acid complex forms in the cytosol. This special complex forms when a free ribosome begins
737:
and consists of tubules that are located near the cell periphery. These tubes sometimes branch forming a network that is reticular in appearance. In some cells, there are dilated areas like the sacs of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum allows for an increased
947:
Increased and supraphysiological ER stress in pancreatic β cells disrupts normal insulin secretion, leading to hyperinsulinemia and consequently peripheral insulin resistance associated with obesity in humans. Human clinical trials also suggested a causal link between obesity-induced increase in
2366:
Klein, Marie-Christine; Zimmermann, Katharina; Schorr, Stefan; Landini, Martina; Klemens, Patrick A. W.; Altensell, Jacqueline; Jung, Martin; Krause, Elmar; Nguyen, Duy; Helms, Volkhard; Rettig, Jens; Fecher-Trost, Claudia; Cavalié, Adolfo; Hoth, Markus; Bogeski, Ivan; Neuhaus, H. Ekkehard;
2794:
Moreno JA, Halliday M, Molloy C, Radford H, Verity N, Axten JM, Ortori CA, Willis AE, Fischer PM, Barrett DA, Mallucci GR (October 2013). "Oral treatment targeting the unfolded protein response prevents neurodegeneration and clinical disease in prion-infected mice".
923:
The endoplasmic reticulum does not harbor an ATP-regeneration machinery, and therefore requires ATP import from mitochondria. The imported ATP is vital for the ER to carry out its house keeping cellular functions, such as for protein folding and trafficking.
1792:
Kannan, Muthukumar; Riekhof, Wayne R.; Voelker, Dennis R. (February 2015). "Transport of
Phosphatidylserine from the Endoplasmic Reticulum to the Site of Phosphatidylserine Decarboxylase2 in Yeast: Phosphatidylserine Transport to the Locus of Psd2p".
894:
for transmembrane proteins. However, variations of KDEL and KKXX do occur, and other sequences can also give rise to endoplasmic reticulum retention. It is not known whether such variation can lead to sub-ER localizations. There are three KDEL
711:
have an abundance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. It also carries out the metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of natural metabolism products and of alcohol and drugs, attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins, and
877:
toward their destination. In human fibroblasts, the ER is always co-distributed with microtubules and the depolymerisation of the latter cause its co-aggregation with mitochondria, which are also associated with the ER.
881:
The endoplasmic reticulum is also part of a protein sorting pathway. It is, in essence, the transportation system of the eukaryotic cell. The majority of its resident proteins are retained within it through a retention
2140:
Ozcan U, Cao Q, Yilmaz E, Lee AH, Iwakoshi NN, Ozdelen E, Tuncman G, Görgün C, Glimcher LH, Hotamisligil GS (October 2004). "Endoplasmic reticulum stress links obesity, insulin action, and type 2 diabetes".
720:
concentration. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is found in a variety of cell types (both animal and plant), and it serves different functions in each. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum also contains the enzyme
234:
contain different ratios of the two types of ER depending on the activities of the cell. RER is found mainly toward the nucleus of cell and SER towards the cell membrane or plasma membrane of cell.
1315:
Görlich D, Prehn S, Hartmann E, Kalies KU, Rapoport TA (October 1992). "A mammalian homolog of SEC61p and SECYp is associated with ribosomes and nascent polypeptides during translocation".
519:), which removes the signal peptide. Ribosomes at this point may be released back into the cytosol; however, non-translating ribosomes are also known to stay associated with translocons.
452:
2229:"KDEL and KKXX retrieval signals appended to the same reporter protein determine different trafficking between endoplasmic reticulum, intermediate compartment, and Golgi complex"
853:, are moved across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Proteins that are transported by the endoplasmic reticulum throughout the cell are marked with an address tag called a
2192:
Soltys BJ, Gupta RS (1992). "Interrelationships of endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, intermediate filaments, and microtubules--a quadruple fluorescence labeling study".
1042:
526:. The double membrane sheets are stacked and connected through several right- or left-handed helical ramps, the "Terasaki ramps", giving rise to a structure resembling a
2583:
van Vliet, Stephan; Koh, Han-Chow E.; Patterson, Bruce W.; Yoshino, Mihoko; LaForest, Richard; Gropler, Robert J.; Klein, Samuel; Mittendorfer, Bettina (1 October 2020).
907:) receptors in mammalian cells, and they have a very high degree of sequence identity. The functional differences between these receptors remain to be established.
522:
The membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is in the form of large double-membrane sheets that are located near, and continuous with, the outer layer of the
825:, and the peptidylprolyl isomerase family. Only properly folded proteins are transported from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus – unfolded proteins cause an
801:. Rough endoplasmic reticulum is also involved in protein synthesis. Correct folding of newly made proteins is made possible by several endoplasmic reticulum
562:, where the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and other organelles are held closely together, allowing the transfer of lipids and other small molecules.
2327:"Translocation of ATP into the lumen of rough endoplasmic reticulum-derived vesicles and its binding to luminal proteins including BiP (GRP 78) and GRP 94"
1836:
Friedman, Jonathan R.; Kannan, Muthukumar; Toulmay, Alexandre; Jan, Calvin H.; Weissman, Jonathan S.; Prinz, William A.; Nunnari, Jodi (January 2018).
1576:
1484:
Terasaki M, Shemesh T, Kasthuri N, Klemm RW, Schalek R, Hayworth KJ, Hand AR, Yankova M, Huber G, Lichtman JW, Rapoport TA, Kozlov MM (July 2013).
939:
mechanism shows sensitivity to cytosolic Ca ranging from high nM to low μM range, with the Ca-sensing element yet to be identified and validated.
2097:
Kober L, Zehe C, Bode J (October 2012). "Development of a novel ER stress based selection system for the isolation of highly productive clones".
199:). The endoplasmic reticulum is found in most eukaryotic cells and forms an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs known as
2730:
Kaser A, Lee AH, Franke A, Glickman JN, Zeissig S, Tilg H, Nieuwenhuis EE, Higgins DE, Schreiber S, Glimcher LH, Blumberg RS (September 2008).
1945:
Toyoshima C, Nakasako M, Nomura H, Ogawa H (June 2000). "Crystal structure of the calcium pump of sarcoplasmic reticulum at 2.6 A resolution".
1997:
869:, a membrane-embedded multiprotein complex. Proteins that are destined for places outside the endoplasmic reticulum are packed into transport
459:
is synthesized and secreted into the rough endoplasmic reticulum, which appears at the upper right approximately halfway through the animation
2895:
17:
687:. Specialized cells can have a lot of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and in these cells the smooth ER has many functions. It synthesizes
2424:
Yong, Jing; Bischof, Helmut; Burgstaller, Sandra; Siirin, Marina; Murphy, Anne; Malli, Roland; Kaufman, Randal J (9 September 2019).
865:
that work as an address tag, which are removed when the polypeptide reaches its destination. Nascent peptides reach the ER via the
535:
1038:
927:
The ER ATP transporter, SLC35B1/AXER, was recently cloned and characterized, and the mitochondria supply ATP to the ER through a
2585:"Obesity Is Associated With Increased Basal and Postprandial β-Cell Insulin Secretion Even in the Absence of Insulin Resistance"
1591:
1612:
Levine T (September 2004). "Short-range intracellular trafficking of small molecules across endoplasmic reticulum junctions".
1682:Čaval, Tomislav; Zhu, Jing; Tian, Weihua; Remmelzwaal, Sanne; Yang, Zhang; Clausen, Henrik; Heck, Albert J. R. (2019-01-01).
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marks them to be brought back to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The rough endoplasmic reticulum works in concert with the
479:
giving it a "rough" appearance (hence its name). The binding site of the ribosome on the rough endoplasmic reticulum is the
2864:
1254:
994:, degrading misfolded proteins, and activating the signaling pathways that lead to increasing the production of molecular
515:(new) protein forming into the RER lumen and/or membrane. The protein is processed in the ER lumen by an enzyme (a signal
2475:
Yong, Jing; Bischof, Helmut; Burgstaller, Sandra; Siirin, Marina; Murphy, Anne; Malli, Roland; Kaufman, Randal J (2019).
886:. This motif is composed of four amino acids at the end of the protein sequence. The most common retention sequences are
539:
833:
regulation, calcium regulation, glucose deprivation, and viral infection or the over-expression of proteins can lead to
2032:
841:. This stress is emerging as a potential cause of damage in hypoxia/ischemia, insulin resistance, and other disorders.
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2007:
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to their proper destinations. The second method of transport out of the endoplasmic reticulum involves areas called
982:
related to the endoplasmic reticulum. The UPR is activated in response to an accumulation of unfolded or misfolded
789:
The endoplasmic reticulum serves many general functions, including the folding of protein molecules in sacs called
2852:
1684:"Targeted Analysis of Lysosomal Directed Proteins and Their Sites of Mannose-6-phosphate Modification*[S]"
2957:
778:
764:
76:
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Mittendorfer, Bettina; Patterson, Bruce W.; Smith, Gordon I.; Yoshino, Mihoko; Klein, Samuel (1 February 2022).
3312:
2732:"XBP1 links ER stress to intestinal inflammation and confers genetic risk for human inflammatory bowel disease"
814:
512:
3059:
2681:
Casas-Tinto S, Zhang Y, Sanchez-Garcia J, Gomez-Velazquez M, Rincon-Limas DE, Fernandez-Funez P (June 2011).
2881:
2845:
97:
1533:
Guven J, Huber G, Valencia DM (October 2014). "Terasaki spiral ramps in the rough endoplasmic reticulum".
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of the endoplasmic reticulum. The UPR functions to restore normal function of the cell by halting protein
1838:"Lipid Homeostasis Is Maintained by Dual Targeting of the Mitochondrial PE Biosynthesis Enzyme to the ER"
1019:
806:
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81:
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and subsequently causes a higher susceptibility for inflammatory processes that may even contribute to
891:
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203:(in the RER), and tubular structures in the SER. The membranes of the ER are continuous with the outer
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surface area to be devoted to the action or storage of key enzymes and the products of these enzymes.
1647:
Levine T, Loewen C (August 2006). "Inter-organelle membrane contact sites: through a glass, darkly".
975:
838:
826:
794:
625:
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2634:"β Cell function and plasma insulin clearance in people with obesity and different glycemic status"
979:
1741:
Kannan, Muthukumar; Lahiri, Sujoy; Liu, Li-Ka; Choudhary, Vineet; Prinz, William A. (March 2017).
588:
proteins, either secreted constitutively with no tag or secreted in a regulatory manner involving
956:
834:
3019:
2994:
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Raykhel I, Alanen H, Salo K, Jurvansuu J, Nguyen VD, Latva-Ranta M, Ruddock L (December 2007).
991:
960:
758:
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Stornaiuolo M, Lotti LV, Borgese N, Torrisi MR, Mottola G, Martire G, Bonatti S (March 2003).
1367:
1360:
1138:"A study of tissue culture cells by electron microscopy: methods and preliminary observations"
3258:
3044:
2534:
Yong, Jing; Johnson, James D.; Arvan, Peter; Han, Jaeseok; Kaufman, Randal J. (August 2021).
1743:"Phosphatidylserine synthesis at membrane contact sites promotes its transport out of the ER"
722:
559:
484:
432:
306:, which means "network", was applied by Porter in 1953 to describe this fabric of membranes.
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1954:
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155:(shown in the lower right-hand area of the picture). Dark small circles in the network are
8:
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Electron micrograph showing smooth ER (arrow) in mouse tissue, at 110,510× magnification
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837:(ER stress), a state in which the folding of proteins slows, leading to an increase in
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2477:"Mitochondria supply ATP to the ER through a mechanism antagonized by cytosolic Ca2+"
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2003:
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1393:"The fate of membrane-bound ribosomes following the termination of protein synthesis"
1371:
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555:
530:. Although there is no continuous membrane between the endoplasmic reticulum and the
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246:
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The general structure of the endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes called
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2702:
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2653:
2645:
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2555:
2547:
2506:
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2437:
2426:"Mitochondria supply ATP to the ER through a mechanism antagonized by cytosolic Ca"
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204:
1486:"Stacked endoplasmic reticulum sheets are connected by helicoidal membrane motifs"
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684:
603:
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388:
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262:
176:
86:
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2536:"Therapeutic opportunities for pancreatic β-cell ER stress in diabetes mellitus"
2905:
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2747:
2551:
2392:
1501:
1453:
1436:
1238:
967:, XBP1 anomalies have been linked to the inflammatory bowel diseases including
854:
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that stay embedded in the membrane as vesicles exit and bind to new membranes.
593:
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266:
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208:
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shuttle proteins between these two compartments. Vesicles are surrounded by
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2932:
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2765:
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2618:
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2410:
2369:"AXER is an ATP/ADP exchanger in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum"
2311:
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1974:
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and the inhibition of the UPR could become a treatment for those diseases.
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428:
332:
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156:
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92:
65:
33:
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Ca2+-antagonized transport into the endoplasmic reticulum (CaATiER) model
858:
774:
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as assembly continues. This is N-linked (O-linking occurs in the Golgi).
227:
222:
and engage in certain common activities such as the synthesis of certain
212:
42:
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2442:
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147:
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258:
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131:
2649:
2600:
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1806:
644:(with the S/T residue phosphorylated) and adds a 14-sugar backbone (2-
451:
435:
encloses the cisternal space (or lumen), which is continuous with the
3286:
3248:
3221:
3193:
3086:
3069:
3004:
2977:
2909:
2278:"A molecular specificity code for the three mammalian KDEL receptors"
2065:
1966:
1913:
641:
585:
516:
288:. The lacy membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum were first seen by
180:
172:
120:
116:
60:
2205:
1187:"Observations on a submicroscopic basophilic component of cytoplasm"
507:(SRP). Translation pauses and the ribosome complex binds to the RER
3231:
2987:
2972:
2967:
2840:
2367:
Zimmermann, Richard; Lang, Sven; Haferkamp, Ilka (28 August 2018).
1237:
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2002).
1066:"Les filaments basaux des cellules glandulaires. Note préliminaire"
818:
790:
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The surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (often abbreviated
3253:
3153:
3106:
2982:
2631:
1582:"Answers - the Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions"
983:
704:
653:
649:
607:
440:
367:
238:
219:
112:
107:
2683:"The ER stress factor XBP1s prevents amyloid-beta neurotoxicity"
911:
Bioenergetics regulation of ER ATP supply by a CaATiER mechanism
3096:
904:
900:
896:
700:
688:
633:
2325:
Clairmont, CA; De Maio, A; Hirschberg, CB (25 February 1992).
2226:
565:
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is key in multiple functions:
52:
2050:"Endoplasmic reticulum stress: cell life and death decisions"
1095:
Buvat, R. (1963). "Electron
Microscopy of Plant Protoplasm".
1003:
1002:. Sustained overactivation of the UPR has been implicated in
830:
810:
611:
543:
274:
270:
254:
223:
151:
Micrograph of rough endoplasmic reticulum network around the
27:
Cell organelle that synthesizes, folds and processes proteins
2582:
2474:
2423:
2365:
1944:
1483:
679:
In most cells the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (abbreviated
455:
A 2-minute animation showing how a protein destined for the
2793:
1579:. Retrieved September 13, 2006, from Answers.com Web site:
952:
699:. Cells which secrete these products, such as those in the
624:
N-linked glycosylation: If the protein is properly folded,
547:
488:
2324:
2275:
1314:
3226:
1885:"Functions of Smooth ER". University of Minnesota Duluth.
2862:
Animations of the various cell functions referenced here
1835:
1740:
503:, a molecular message that is recognized and bound by a
2903:
2841:
Endoplasmic
Reticulum- Structure, Types & Functions
1681:
1236:
2853:
2729:
2022:
1434:
948:
insulin secretion and peripheral insulin resistance.
769:
The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), from the Greek σάρξ
427:. These sac-like structures are held together by the
1791:
1430:
1428:
2533:
2047:
249:. The RER is especially prominent in cells such as
1577:McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology
1532:
1477:
1359:
1269:
1135:
753:fiber, with sarcoplasmic reticulum colored in blue
2139:
1435:Shibata Y, Voeltz GK, Rapoport TA (August 2006).
1425:
175:, and has many other important functions such as
3304:
829:as a stress response in the ER. Disturbances in
2048:Xu C, Bailly-Maitre B, Reed JC (October 2005).
1895:
1390:
666:
2781:"Peter Walter's Short Talk: Unfolding the UPR"
1232:
1230:
446:
269:. The SER is especially abundant in mammalian
171:) is a part of a transportation system of the
2889:
2096:
1136:Porter KR, Claude A, Fullam EF (March 1945).
793:and the transport of synthesized proteins in
2723:
2674:
2090:
2002:(3rd ed.). Academic Press. p. 69.
1938:
1646:
1276:(2nd ed.). Washington (DC): ASM Press.
606:proteins are key in targeting the membrane;
546:targets vesicles to the Golgi apparatus and
207:. The endoplasmic reticulum is not found in
2191:
1243:(4th ed.). New York: Garland Science.
1227:
1178:
1088:
253:. The SER lacks ribosomes and functions in
218:The two types of ER share many of the same
2896:
2882:
1384:
1097:International Review of Cytology Volume 14
1039:"Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough and Smooth)"
2755:
2706:
2657:
2608:
2559:
2510:
2492:
2451:
2441:
2400:
2342:
2301:
2252:
2073:
2023:Martini F, Nath J, Bartholomew E (2014).
1921:
1861:
1768:
1758:
1717:
1699:
1509:
1452:
1408:
1210:
1161:
741:
1391:Seiser RM, Nicchitta CV (October 2000).
1366:(5th ed.). W. H. Freeman. pp.
942:
914:
745:
670:
475:) is studded with protein-manufacturing
450:
414:
348: Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
313:
300:, and Ernest F. Fullam. Later, the word
284:by Garnier in 1897, who coined the term
146:
1995:
1896:Maxfield FR, Wüstner D (October 2002).
1063:
861:chain (i.e., a protein) contains a few
404: Trans face of the Golgi apparatus
341: Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
14:
3305:
2025:Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology
1611:
1357:
1351:
1267:
1184:
1129:
411: Cisternae of the Golgi apparatus
2877:
2054:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
1902:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
1898:"Intracellular cholesterol transport"
1526:
1094:
1045:from the original on 24 November 2015
957:endoplasmic reticulum stress response
835:endoplasmic reticulum stress response
614:proteins are key in the fusion event.
511:where translation continues with the
419:3D rendering of endoplasmic reticulum
397: Cis face of the Golgi apparatus
57:Components of a typical animal cell:
1191:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
1142:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
929:Ca-antagonized transport into the ER
844:
592:and paired basic amino acids in the
2331:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1688:Molecular & Cellular Proteomics
1397:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1041:. British Society of Cell Biology.
1031:
24:
2778:
1006:diseases as well as several other
241:) face of the RER is studded with
25:
3324:
2834:
2638:Journal of Clinical Investigation
1437:"Rough sheets and smooth tubules"
1099:. Vol. 14. pp. 41–155.
773:("flesh"), is smooth ER found in
2099:Biotechnology and Bioengineering
1257:from the original on 2017-10-03.
857:. The N-terminus (one end) of a
716:. In muscle cells, it regulates
648:-acetylglucosamine, 9-branching
51:
2787:
2772:
2625:
2576:
2527:
2468:
2417:
2359:
2318:
2269:
2220:
2185:
2133:
2041:
2016:
1989:
1889:
1878:
1829:
1785:
1734:
1675:
1649:Current Opinion in Cell Biology
1640:
1605:
1594:from the original on 2006-11-16
1575:Endoplasmic reticulum. (n.d.).
1569:
890:for lumen-located proteins and
779:excitation-contraction coupling
765:Calcium-induced calcium release
2797:Science Translational Medicine
1555:10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.188101
1358:Lodish H, et al. (2003).
1308:
1290:
1272:The cell: a molecular approach
1261:
1057:
656:at the end) to the side-chain
491:of a protein destined for the
473:granular endoplasmic reticulum
13:
1:
3060:Microtubule organizing center
2344:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)50622-6
2233:Molecular Biology of the Cell
2194:Biochemistry and Cell Biology
1240:Molecular biology of the cell
1105:10.1016/S0074-7696(08)60021-2
1025:
2809:10.1126/scitranslmed.3006767
2540:Nature Reviews Endocrinology
1854:10.1016/j.devcel.2017.11.023
1329:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90517-G
784:
667:Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
309:
193:smooth endoplasmic reticulum
98:Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
18:Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
7:
2282:The Journal of Cell Biology
1020:Ribosome-associated vesicle
1013:
849:Secretory proteins, mostly
807:protein disulfide isomerase
628:recognizes the AA sequence
505:signal recognition particle
447:Rough endoplasmic reticulum
185:rough endoplasmic reticulum
82:Rough endoplasmic reticulum
10:
3329:
2748:10.1016/j.cell.2008.07.021
2552:10.1038/s41574-021-00510-4
2393:10.1038/s41467-018-06003-9
2027:(10th ed.). Pearson.
1502:10.1016/j.cell.2013.06.031
1454:10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.019
1008:neurodegenerative diseases
762:
756:
600:Integral membrane proteins
183:made up of two subunits –
3279:
3214:
3139:
3030:
2916:
1996:Goodman SR (2007-11-26).
1747:Journal of Lipid Research
1661:10.1016/j.ceb.2006.06.011
1626:10.1016/j.tcb.2004.07.017
976:unfolded protein response
827:unfolded protein response
733:. It is connected to the
626:oligosaccharyltransferase
50:
41:
32:
3055:Prokaryotic cytoskeleton
2687:Human Molecular Genetics
1701:10.1074/mcp.RA118.000967
1070:Bibliographie Anatomique
980:cellular stress response
119:; with which, comprises
2245:10.1091/mbc.E02-08-0468
2163:10.1126/science.1103160
1535:Physical Review Letters
542:called COPI and COPII.
280:The ER was observed by
1614:Trends in Cell Biology
1410:10.1074/jbc.M004462200
1362:Molecular Cell Biology
1185:PORTER KR (May 1953).
920:
759:Sarcoplasmic reticulum
754:
742:Sarcoplasmic reticulum
729:to glucose, a step in
676:
560:membrane contact sites
460:
439:but separate from the
420:
412:
245:that are the sites of
160:
3313:Endoplasmic reticulum
3045:Intermediate filament
2938:Endoplasmic reticulum
2846:Endoplasmic Reticulum
2373:Nature Communications
2294:10.1083/jcb.200705180
955:lead to a heightened
943:Clinical significance
918:
749:
723:glucose-6-phosphatase
674:
499:polymerized encode a
454:
433:phospholipid membrane
418:
317:
230:. Different types of
165:endoplasmic reticulum
150:
115:(fluid that contains
3292:Extracellular matrix
1999:Medical Cell Biology
1203:10.1084/jem.97.5.727
1154:10.1084/jem.81.3.233
1064:Garnier, C. (1897).
873:and moved along the
805:proteins, including
577:marker added in the
370:that are transported
261:, the production of
2995:Cytoplasmic granule
2494:10.7554/eLife.49682
2443:10.7554/eLife.49682
2385:2018NatCo...9.3489K
2155:2004Sci...306..457O
1959:2000Natur.405..647T
1760:10.1194/jlr.M072959
1547:2014PhRvL.113r8101G
1302:The Free Dictionary
961:Alzheimer's disease
727:glucose-6-phosphate
575:mannose-6-phosphate
556:target new proteins
290:electron microscopy
73:(dots as part of 5)
44:Animal cell diagram
3020:Weibel–Palade body
2904:Structures of the
2867:2008-04-22 at the
2699:10.1093/hmg/ddr100
2200:(10–11): 1174–86.
1842:Developmental Cell
1268:Cooper GM (2000).
921:
809:(PDI), ERp29, the
755:
714:steroid metabolism
677:
536:transport vesicles
461:
421:
413:
257:synthesis but not
179:. It is a type of
161:
3300:
3299:
3080:Spindle pole body
2803:(206): 206ra138.
2650:10.1172/JCI154068
2601:10.2337/db20-0377
2595:(10): 2112–2119.
2111:10.1002/bit.24527
1848:(2): 261–270.e6.
1807:10.1111/tra.12236
1377:978-0-7167-4366-8
1283:978-0-87893-106-4
1250:978-0-8153-3218-3
1114:978-0-12-364314-8
951:Abnormalities in
935:) mechanism. The
845:Protein transport
839:unfolded proteins
725:, which converts
534:, membrane-bound
495:. The first 5–30
493:secretory pathway
457:secretory pathway
437:perinuclear space
247:protein synthesis
145:
144:
16:(Redirected from
3320:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2875:
2874:
2829:
2828:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2759:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2710:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2661:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2612:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2563:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2514:
2496:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2455:
2445:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2404:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2346:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2305:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2256:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2149:(5695): 457–61.
2137:
2131:
2130:
2105:(10): 2599–611.
2094:
2088:
2087:
2077:
2066:10.1172/JCI26373
2045:
2039:
2038:
2020:
2014:
2013:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1967:10.1038/35015017
1953:(6787): 647–55.
1942:
1936:
1935:
1925:
1914:10.1172/JCI16500
1893:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1865:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1772:
1762:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1721:
1703:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1513:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1456:
1432:
1423:
1422:
1412:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1365:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1275:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1234:
1225:
1224:
1214:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1165:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1035:
735:nuclear envelope
709:sebaceous glands
540:coating proteins
524:nuclear envelope
407:
400:
393:
383:
377: Transport
373:
362:
351:
344:
337:
327:
282:light microscopy
263:steroid hormones
205:nuclear membrane
89:(or, Golgi body)
55:
45:
36:
30:
29:
21:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3275:
3210:
3135:
3026:
2943:Golgi apparatus
2919:
2912:
2902:
2869:Wayback Machine
2837:
2832:
2792:
2788:
2779:Walter, Peter.
2777:
2773:
2728:
2724:
2693:(11): 2144–60.
2679:
2675:
2630:
2626:
2581:
2577:
2532:
2528:
2473:
2469:
2422:
2418:
2364:
2360:
2323:
2319:
2288:(6): 1193–204.
2274:
2270:
2225:
2221:
2206:10.1139/o92-163
2190:
2186:
2138:
2134:
2095:
2091:
2060:(10): 2656–64.
2046:
2042:
2035:
2021:
2017:
2010:
1994:
1990:
1943:
1939:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1834:
1830:
1790:
1786:
1739:
1735:
1680:
1676:
1645:
1641:
1610:
1606:
1597:
1595:
1580:
1574:
1570:
1531:
1527:
1482:
1478:
1433:
1426:
1403:(43): 33820–7.
1389:
1385:
1378:
1356:
1352:
1313:
1309:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1266:
1262:
1251:
1235:
1228:
1183:
1179:
1134:
1130:
1115:
1093:
1089:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1016:
1000:protein folding
969:Crohn's disease
945:
913:
855:signal sequence
847:
799:Golgi apparatus
787:
767:
761:
751:Skeletal muscle
744:
731:gluconeogenesis
685:Golgi apparatus
669:
584:Manufacture of
581:-Golgi network.
573:enzymes with a
569:Manufacture of
532:Golgi apparatus
449:
405:
398:
391:
389:Golgi apparatus
381:
371:
360:
359:on the rough ER
349:
342:
335:
325:
312:
294:Keith R. Porter
209:red blood cells
177:protein folding
173:eukaryotic cell
141:
87:Golgi apparatus
43:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3326:
3316:
3315:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3215:Other internal
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3151:
3145:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3089:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3036:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2924:
2922:
2914:
2913:
2901:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2859:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2836:
2835:External links
2833:
2831:
2830:
2786:
2771:
2722:
2673:
2644:(3): e154068.
2624:
2575:
2546:(8): 455–467.
2526:
2467:
2416:
2358:
2337:(6): 3983–90.
2317:
2268:
2239:(3): 889–902.
2219:
2184:
2132:
2089:
2040:
2034:978-0321909077
2033:
2015:
2008:
1988:
1937:
1888:
1877:
1828:
1801:(2): 123–134.
1784:
1753:(3): 553–562.
1733:
1674:
1639:
1604:
1568:
1541:(18): 188101.
1525:
1476:
1424:
1383:
1376:
1350:
1323:(3): 489–503.
1307:
1289:
1282:
1260:
1249:
1226:
1177:
1128:
1113:
1087:
1056:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1012:
944:
941:
912:
909:
846:
843:
813:family member
786:
783:
757:Main article:
743:
740:
668:
665:
664:
663:
662:
661:
615:
597:
594:signal peptide
582:
528:parking garage
501:signal peptide
471:; also called
448:
445:
311:
308:
267:detoxification
143:
142:
140:
139:
134:
129:
124:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
84:
79:
74:
68:
63:
56:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3325:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3189:Proteinoplast
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3149:Mitochondrion
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3141:Endosymbionts
3138:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:Lamellipodium
3122:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3040:Microfilament
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2953:Autophagosome
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2928:Cell membrane
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2918:Endomembrane
2915:
2911:
2907:
2899:
2894:
2892:
2887:
2885:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2790:
2782:
2775:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2742:(5): 743–56.
2741:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2628:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2362:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2036:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2011:
2009:9780080919317
2005:
2001:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1881:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1620:(9): 483–90.
1619:
1615:
1608:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1496:(2): 285–96.
1495:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1429:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1379:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1285:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1233:
1231:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1197:(5): 727–50.
1196:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1148:(3): 233–46.
1147:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
949:
940:
938:
934:
930:
925:
917:
908:
906:
902:
898:
893:
889:
885:
879:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
851:glycoproteins
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
782:
780:
776:
772:
766:
760:
752:
748:
739:
736:
732:
728:
724:
719:
715:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
693:phospholipids
690:
686:
682:
673:
659:
655:
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623:
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619:glycosylation
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103:Mitochondrion
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31:
19:
3169:Gerontoplast
3119:Pseudopodium
3112:Radial spoke
3092:Undulipodium
3032:Cytoskeleton
2948:Parenthesome
2937:
2857:OPM database
2800:
2796:
2789:
2774:
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2102:
2098:
2092:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2024:
2018:
1998:
1991:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1908:(7): 891–8.
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1891:
1880:
1845:
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1596:. Retrieved
1585:
1571:
1538:
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1479:
1447:(3): 435–9.
1444:
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1069:
1059:
1047:. Retrieved
1033:
998:involved in
973:
950:
946:
936:
932:
928:
926:
922:
880:
875:cytoskeleton
848:
823:calreticulin
788:
775:muscle cells
770:
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645:
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521:
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429:cytoskeleton
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333:Nuclear pore
328:
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286:ergastoplasm
285:
279:
236:
217:
196:
192:
188:
184:
168:
164:
162:
157:mitochondria
93:Cytoskeleton
35:Cell biology
3271:Magnetosome
3237:Spliceosome
3164:Chromoplast
3159:Chloroplast
3050:Microtubule
2783:. iBiology.
2379:(1): 3489.
1587:Answers.com
1298:"reticulum"
1076:: 278–289.
1049:21 November
992:translation
978:(UPR) is a
863:amino acids
859:polypeptide
718:calcium ion
497:amino acids
485:translating
292:in 1945 by
251:hepatocytes
237:The outer (
228:cholesterol
213:spermatozoa
3266:Proteasome
3259:Inclusions
3206:Nitroplast
3199:Apicoplast
3184:Elaioplast
3179:Amyloplast
3174:Leucoplast
3129:Filopodium
3075:Basal body
3065:Centrosome
3015:Peroxisome
3010:Glyoxysome
3000:Melanosome
2910:organelles
2487:: e49682.
1598:2006-09-13
1026:References
996:chaperones
963:. In the
867:translocon
763:See also:
509:translocon
481:translocon
259:metabolism
132:Centrosome
117:organelles
3287:Cell wall
3249:Cytoplasm
3222:Nucleolus
3194:Tannosome
3102:Flagellum
3087:Myofibril
3070:Centriole
3005:Microbody
2978:Phagosome
2503:2050-084X
1710:1535-9476
1082:493441682
815:BiP/Grp78
803:chaperone
791:cisternae
785:Functions
571:lysosomal
517:peptidase
477:ribosomes
425:cisternae
310:Structure
303:reticulum
243:ribosomes
239:cytosolic
201:cisternae
181:organelle
121:cytoplasm
61:Nucleolus
3307:Category
3280:External
3232:Ribosome
2988:Acrosome
2973:Endosome
2968:Lysosome
2865:Archived
2825:25570626
2817:24107777
2766:18775308
2717:21389082
2668:34905513
2619:32651241
2589:Diabetes
2570:34163039
2521:31498082
2462:31498082
2411:30154480
2312:18086916
2263:12631711
2179:22517395
2171:15486293
2127:25858120
2119:22510960
2084:16200199
1975:10864315
1932:12370264
1872:29290583
1815:25355612
1779:28119445
1728:30237200
1669:16806880
1634:15350976
1592:Archived
1563:25396396
1520:23870120
1471:16107069
1463:16901774
1419:10931837
1345:19078317
1255:Archived
1221:13052830
1172:19871454
1123:14283576
1043:Archived
1014:See also
984:proteins
871:vesicles
819:calnexin
795:vesicles
697:steroids
658:nitrogen
652:, and 3-
617:Initial
590:clathrin
586:secreted
469:rough ER
368:Proteins
357:Ribosome
220:proteins
127:Lysosome
71:Ribosome
3254:Cytosol
3154:Plastid
3107:Axoneme
2983:Vacuole
2963:Exosome
2958:Vesicle
2933:Nucleus
2757:2586148
2708:3090193
2659:8803344
2610:7506835
2561:8765009
2512:6763289
2453:6763289
2402:6113206
2381:Bibcode
2353:1740446
2303:2140024
2214:1363623
2151:Bibcode
2143:Science
2075:1236697
1983:4316039
1955:Bibcode
1863:5975648
1795:Traffic
1770:5335585
1719:6317476
1543:Bibcode
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1368:659–666
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986:in the
937:CaATiER
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705:ovaries
660:of Asn.
654:glucose
650:mannose
513:nascent
441:cytosol
379:vesicle
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277:cells.
191:), and
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2123:S2CID
1979:S2CID
1823:34302
1819:S2CID
1467:S2CID
1341:S2CID
1004:prion
988:lumen
965:colon
884:motif
831:redox
811:Hsp70
612:SNARE
544:COPII
275:gonad
271:liver
255:lipid
232:cells
211:, or
2906:cell
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2762:PMID
2736:Cell
2713:PMID
2664:PMID
2615:PMID
2566:PMID
2517:PMID
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2458:PMID
2407:PMID
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2259:PMID
2210:PMID
2167:PMID
2115:PMID
2080:PMID
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1168:PMID
1119:PMID
1109:ISBN
1078:OCLC
1051:2015
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953:XBP1
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892:KKXX
888:KDEL
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610:and
608:SNAP
548:COPI
489:mRNA
487:the
273:and
226:and
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3227:RNA
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2805:doi
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