Snake River - Knowledge

3122: 3239: 3596: 3046: 1333: 1170: 4023: 3520: 2512: 2239: 2708: 4102: 2330: 3970: 964: 2148: 3337: 2956:– anadromous fish which spend their adult lives in the ocean, returning to fresh water to spawn – were a key food source for indigenous peoples, and were of great cultural importance. Rituals such as the first salmon ceremony were widely observed along the Columbia, Snake and other Northwest rivers, and so were strict catch limits, such that a healthy number of salmon would survive to reach their natal streams. The Nez Perce had more than seventy permanent villages among their fishing grounds on the Snake, Clearwater and Salmon Rivers. Clans gathered at communal fishing sites starting about May or June. Fishing moved from the lower rivers to higher elevation streams throughout the summer, while fall-run fish were preserved for winter use. 1966: 2763: 36: 1185:, or flow rate, of the Snake River at Ice Harbor Dam since 1962. The mean annual discharge for the 61-year period between 1962 and 2023 was 49,580 cubic feet per second (1,404 m/s), with a maximum recorded daily mean of 305,000 cu ft/s (8,600 m/s) on June 19, 1974, and a minimum daily mean of 2,000 cu ft/s (57 m/s) on November 29, 1961. A historic June 1894 flood at the Ice Harbor site reached an estimated peak of 409,000 cu ft/s (11,600 m/s). In terms of discharge, the Snake River is the twelfth largest river in the United States, and it contributes about one-fifth of the Columbia's total outflow into the Pacific. 2694: 1693: 3424: 2861: 2603: 1224: 2421: 2057: 3812: 3716:– turned the project's focus towards hydropower. By 1948, the Army Corps estimated that over 80 percent of the economic benefits would come from power, and only 15 percent from navigation. Dam opponents countered that if the primary objective was now power, other dam sites existed in the Northwest that would have less impact on fish. These objections proved futile, as the lower Snake River dams were already authorized, and the federal government had little interest in studying alternatives. While opponents continued to stall the project for a few more years, Washington Senator 3512: 3540:

River. While that location offered greater power potential, the fishery supported by the Salmon River was considered too economically valuable to wipe out, and in 1964 the Commission chose to authorize the High Mountain Sheep project. By then, significant public opposition had formed against the high dam, as it would still block salmon migration to the upper Snake, and adversely affect wildlife and recreational values in Hells Canyon. It was also challenged by Washington Public Power, which argued that the commission should give priority to public utilities over private ones.

4184: 3077:(HBC) reached the Snake River watershed in 1819. As American fur trappers kept coming to the region, the HBC ordered the Canadians to kill as many beavers as they could, under the rationale that "if there are no beavers, there will be no reason for the Yanks to come," and even if the Americans did ultimately gain control, the HBC would already have taken all the profit. Focused primarily on the upper Snake River region, the "fur desert" policy was carried out in nine expeditions from about 1824–1831 and aimed to decrease the Americans' economic interest in the 4125:, argue that the most economical way to restore the fishery is to remove the dams, rather than continuing recovery efforts at great expense. As of 2023, over $ 17 billion had been spent on Snake River salmon recovery and hatchery operations. There are other economic arguments for dam removal, particularly that the annual cost of maintaining the barge channel exceeds the economic benefits provided by shipping, and the freight can be moved by rail instead. Furthermore, the dams only account for a small percentage of the total hydropower in the Northwest. A 1875: 4110:

juvenile fish experienced significant mortality passing through the dams. In 1980 Congress passed the Northwest Power Act, which requires federal agencies in the Northwest to mitigate the impact of their dams on fish and wildlife. While installation of fish screens and bypasses have improved survival rates for juvenile fish, efforts to capture fish and transport them around the dams have seen little success. Although wild salmonid returns have seen a positive trend since their nadir in the 1990s, they remain well below pre-dam levels.

1329:, with about 9 in (230 mm) of rain and 13 in (330 mm) of snow. Monthly mean temperatures range from 29.4 °F (−1.4 °C) in January to 73.1 °F (22.8 °C) in July. The Columbia Basin around the river's mouth also has a semi-arid climate, with about 10 in (250 mm) of rain and 5 in (130 mm) of snow as measured at Ice Harbor Dam. January is the coldest month with a mean temperature of 34.3 °F (1.3 °C), and July is the hottest month at 74.6 °F (23.7 °C). 1264:. As the Continental Divide also forms the Idaho–Montana border south of Lost Trail Pass, the Snake watershed touches Montana for a long distance, but does not extend into it. The Snake drains by far the largest area of any Columbia River tributary, making up about 40 percent of the entire Columbia River watershed. Compared with the Columbia above their confluence, the Snake River is about 180 miles (290 km) longer and drains a similarly sized area, though the Columbia carries more than twice the volume of water. 3223:. The situation became so unstable that Fort Boise was abandoned, and the Army had to escort wagon trains through the area. While early settlers had simply passed through this area on their way to Oregon, gold strikes brought renewed interest in the 1860s. The Army rebuilt Fort Boise further east of the original site in 1863. A military detachment was stationed there to quell any further violence; however, tensions continued to increase, and more wagon trains and mining parties were attacked. Starting in 1864, the 3571:, though the question of fish passage still remained. From 1956 to 1964, returning adult salmon had been trapped at the base of Brownlee Dam (whose height made a fish ladder impractical) and released upstream. Downstream passage of juvenile salmon posed a much bigger problem; many were killed passing through the hydroelectric turbines, and efforts to trap and release them downstream met with failure. In 1960, Idaho Power proposed abandoning fish passage altogether and compensating for the loss by building 1784: 65: 3728: 2813:

the Buffalo glaciation filled Jackson Hole to a depth of 2,000 feet (610 m). Ice flowed down the Snake River Canyon all the way to Idaho. The Bull Lake glaciation, about 80,000–35,000 years ago, and the Pinedale glaciation, ending about 15,000 years ago, were much smaller and did not fill the entire valley. These glaciations carved the distinctive peaks of the Tetons into their present form and scoured lake basins in the valley floor, including modern-day Jackson Lake.

2796:, although the Columbia itself still flowed somewhere to the west. The last of the Columbia basalt flows occurred around 6 Ma; by then, the present-day confluence of the Columbia River and Salmon-Clearwater had been established, with the combined flow draining through Wallula Gap. About 2.5 Ma, Lake Idaho reached a maximum elevation of 3,600 feet (1,100 m) above modern sea level, and overflowed northward into the Salmon-Clearwater drainage near present-day 3333:("Idaho potato"). The dry climate made irrigation necessary, and numerous private irrigation companies were formed. Private canal systems around Boise and Idaho Falls saw some success, but all the easily farmable land was soon developed, and they could not raise the capital for further expansion. In addition, low water by late summer posed a challenge to farmers, and the irrigation companies could not afford to build dams to provide water storage. 2722:

ancestral Columbia River to the Pacific was established about 40 Ma. By about 17 Ma, the "Salmon-Clearwater River", or the modern day lower Snake River, flowed west into the Columbia and on to the Pacific. Another ancient river system drained what is now the western Snake River Plain. Some geologists propose that this flowed to the Columbia on a course south of the present-day Blue Mountains, while others propose it drained towards

3775:. Grain accounts for the majority of barge traffic on the river; other shipments include forestry products, fuel, chemicals and fertilizers. In 2020, a total of 4.2 million short tons (3,800,000 t) of cargo were barged on the Snake River. Since 2000, the tonnage of commercial shipping on the Snake River has declined, due mostly to the loss of petroleum products after a pipeline was constructed. After the general decline of the 11275: 4170: 3978:

and Hells Canyon Dam blocked access to the upper Snake. Wild Snake River spring and summer chinook returns declined from 130,000 in the 1950s to less than 5,000 in the 1990s. Wild steelhead returns followed a similar pattern, falling from 110,000 in the 1960s to less than 10,000 in the 1990s. Spring, summer and fall-run chinook were all listed as threatened in 1992. Snake River steelhead were also listed as threatened in 1997.

3013:, although William Clark later erased mentions of the name to replace with "Lewis's". Six days later they reached the confluence of the Snake and Columbia Rivers, after noting a number of dangerous rapids as well as many native fishing sites on the lower Snake. The expedition established friendly relations with the Nez Perces, who they visited again on their return trip in 1806. 3966:

mountain rivers that have few natural nutrient sources. Tributaries below Hells Canyon, particularly the Salmon River, held the richest spawning grounds, although substantial numbers also made it above Hells Canyon as far as Shoshone Falls. The Snake River produced about 40 percent of all chinook salmon and 50 percent of all steelhead in the Columbia River watershed.

4198: 3315:. Countering the reputation of southern Idaho as a wasteland, a brochure described Shoshone Falls: "Shoshone differs from every other waterfall in this or the old country. It is its lonely grandeur that impresses one so deeply; all of the other historic places have the adjuncts of civilization, and one is almost overshadowed by a city while in their presence." 4006:, to supplement wild fish populations. Hatcheries release about 33 million salmon and steelhead smolt into the Snake River watershed each year. However, the survival rate for hatchery fish is poor. Just 0.4 percent of hatchery chinook and 1.5 percent of hatchery steelhead returned as adults, as measured at Lower Granite Dam between 2007 and 2016. 3575:. By 1966 it reached an agreement with the Federal Power Commission to move forward with the hatchery plan, and by 1967 both Oxbow and Hells Canyon dams had been completed, neither with provision for fish passage. Idaho Power was tasked with building and operating the Oxbow, Rapid River, Niagara Springs and Pahsimeroi fish hatcheries at its own expense. 1189:

highest in May and June at over 100,000 cu ft/s (2,800 m/s), and lowest in September and October at less than 25,000 cu ft/s (710 m/s). Mean annual discharge also fluctuates significantly, from a record high of 86,240 cu ft/s (2,442 m/s) in 1965, to a low of 27,890 cu ft/s (790 m/s) in 1997.

4080:, which the National Park Service describes as "one of the largest nearly intact temperate-zone ecosystems on Earth." The region is home to some of the largest wild elk and bison populations in the US, and provides habitat for grizzly bear, wolverine and lynx. The other major wild area in the Snake River watershed centers on Idaho's extremely rugged 5712: 1362:. About 30 percent of the watershed is farmland; irrigated farming of potatoes, sugar beets, onions, cereal grains and alfalfa are dominant in the Snake River Plain, while the Palouse Hills of the northwest host mainly dryland wheat and legume production. About 15 percent of the watershed is forested, distributed across two 4084:, the largest federally designated wilderness in the contiguous US. Although the Snake River watershed remains lightly populated, most of its landscape has seen significant human impact since the 19th century. Heavy logging has historically occurred in the Boise area and on the Clearwater River, which hosted the last whitewater 2895:– has yielded archeological evidence of continuous human occupation from about 9000 BCE until about 1300 CE. Starting about 2200 BCE, people in the western Snake River basin began to adopt a semi-sedentary lifestyle, with an increased reliance on fish (primarily salmon) and food preservation and storage. 3307:. Boise, initially bypassed due to a steep grade, was connected three years later. In addition to commerce, the railroad also opened the Snake River region – which just a few years ago had been seen as a remote, rough frontier – to recreation. The Union Pacific heavily promoted tourism in places like Shoshone Falls, 3070:

water is now proved to be safe and practicable for loaded boats, without one single carrying place or portage; therefore, the doubtful question is set at rest forever. Yet from the force of the current and the frequency of rapids, it may still be advisable, and perhaps preferable, to continue the land transport."

4133:(R-ID) has been a major supporter of dam removal, and in 2021 put forth an ambitious proposal to remove the dams, though Simpson's plan has come under scrutiny as among other actions, it would also impose "a 35-year moratorium on litigation related to anadromous fish" at federal Columbia River Basin dams. 4088:

in the US in 1971. Logging is still a major industry in the region, though since the 1990s, logging south of the Clearwater has decreased. Large areas of native sagebrush-steppe ecosystems, mostly in the Snake River Plain and Palouse, have been developed for agriculture. About two-thirds of the Snake

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The Fort Hall Bottoms in the southern Snake River Plain are an important wetland along the river, and create a major wintering and nesting site for waterfowl, shorebirds and raptors, including bald eagles and trumpeter swans. Part of these wetlands were flooded with the construction of American Falls

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Upstream of the four lower dams, the Snake River watershed contains some of the best remaining spawning habitat in the Columbia River system, particularly along the Clearwater and Salmon Rivers; the latter is one of the longest undammed rivers in the continental US. A much depleted sockeye salmon run

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Once the railroads monopolized grain shipments, they raised shipping rates, to farmers' consternation. In 1934, political activist Herbert G. West organized the Inland Empire Waterways Association (IEWA), to promote an "open river" – a deep-water shipping channel on the Snake and Columbia Rivers that

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combined and produce about 6,053 gigawatt hours per year. Idaho Power's hatcheries produce almost seven million salmon and steelhead smolt to release in the Snake River system each year. Since the completion of the Hells Canyon complex, with the exception of the lower Snake River dams, only one major

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In the 1870s, Boise (to which Idaho's capital was moved in 1866) expanded rapidly as growth slowed in Lewiston. Gold drew more than 25,000 prospectors to the Boise Valley, and a new city quickly grew around the U.S. Army post at Fort Boise. With Hells Canyon impractical for river navigation, interest

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against the Shoshone, Bannock and Northern Paiute, and stopped the latter from expanding their territory towards the Columbia Plateau. Both the Nez Perce and Shoshone acquired horses in the late 1600s or early 1700s, enabling far-reaching trade and hunting expeditions. With horses, the Nez Perce were

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initially shunned the dry and rocky Snake River region, a flood of settlers followed gold discoveries in the 1860s, leading to decades of military conflict and the eventual expulsion of tribes to reservations. At the turn of the 20th century, some of the first large irrigation projects in the western

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Populations of anadromous fish began to decline in the late 1800s due to the impact of commercial fishing, logging, mining and agriculture, but even in the 1930s, returning fall chinook alone numbered 500,000. Populations further collapsed once dams were built on the lower Snake and Columbia Rivers,

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By the 1940s, following the construction of massive hydropower dams on the Columbia River such as Grand Coulee, interest turned to the considerable untapped power potential of the Snake River in Hells Canyon. In 1947, Idaho Power set its sights on the upper section of the canyon, where it proposed a

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writes that "Perrine’s venture contrasted remarkably with private canal company failures that led to congressional provision for federal reclamation projects after 1902. As a rare successful example of state supervised private irrigation development provided for in of 1894, Milner Dam and its canal

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Tribal resistance would continue for years to come. In 1877 the US government attempted to force the remaining Nez Perce onto their reservation, at which point Chief Joseph's band and several others opted to seek refuge elsewhere. After a treacherous crossing of the Snake at Dug Bar, Hells Canyon on

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attempted to find a route from Henrys Fork to the Columbia River. After suffering a wreck in the falls of the Snake River Canyon, they took an overland route through the Snake River Plain, through what is now the Boise Valley or Treasure Valley, then crossed the Blue Mountains to bypass Hells Canyon

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The Teton Range, a defining topographic feature of the modern Snake River headwaters, first began to rise about 10 Ma as the Teton Fault began to move, displacing the mountain block upward as the surrounding land dropped. About 2 Ma, the Hoback Fault formed east of the Tetons, and a graben

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events that engulfed the Columbia Basin and surrounding lands, reshaped the landscape and erased most evidence of the pre-volcanic river channels starting about 17 Ma. Erupting from fissures in the southern Columbia Basin, the first basalt flows pushed the ancient Salmon-Clearwater much further

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The volume of the Snake River peaks in late spring and early summer as snow melts in the Rocky Mountains, and reaches its lowest point in the fall. Despite the numerous dams regulating its flow, its discharge into the Columbia remains highly seasonal. At Ice Harbor Dam, the mean monthly discharge is

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Wild chinook salmon and steelhead continued to decline into the 1990s, but have begun an unsteady recovery since 2000, with both chinook and steelhead returns up to 20,000–30,000 in some years. Coho salmon had disappeared from the Snake River by the 1980s, they were reintroduced to the watershed in

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describes the Snake as a "wild salmon factory;" prior to the 19th century, between two and six million adult salmon and steelhead returned each year from the Pacific to spawn in the Snake River watershed. Salmon die after spawning, and their carcasses represent a crucial influx of organic matter to

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on the Columbia, which would improve navigation to the mouth of the Snake. In 1941 a bill was first introduced in Congress authorizing the Army Corps to develop the lower Snake River. The 1941 bill failed, but after several years of debate, Congress finally authorized the Snake River development in

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wrote that in licensing projects, the Commission must consider "future power demand and supply, alternate sources of power, the public interest in preserving reaches of wild rivers and wilderness areas, the preservation of anadromous fish for commercial and recreational purposes, and the protection

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The Pacific Northwest Power Company, a consortium of four private utilities, proposed the "High Mountain Sheep Dam" on the Snake River just upstream of the Salmon River. The even bigger "Nez Perce Dam", proposed by the Washington Public Power Supply System, would be located downstream of the Salmon

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granted large tracts of dry federal land to western states, which then sold the land to farmers and solicited private investors to organize irrigation districts. Investors would then recoup their capital by selling water rights to farmers. Irrigation plans were reviewed by engineers, who determined

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system. About 1 Ma, the Snake River captured the Jackson Hole watershed, draining Lake Teewinot and finally connecting the modern-day Snake headwaters to the rest of the river. This landscape around the Snake headwaters was sculpted by multiple Ice Age glaciations. Starting about 200,000 years ago,

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referred to the Shoshone people as "Snake People" while the Shoshone are believed to have referred to themselves as "People of the River of Many Fish" as the Shoshone sign for "salmon" was the same or similar to their common sign for "snake." In 1805, while searching for a route from the eastern US

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expressed its support for the Columbia Basin Restoration Initiative, which would develop a strategy to replace the power and navigation benefits provided by the Snake River dams, and explore options for post-dam river restoration. The initiative is an agreement between the federal government, four

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was incorporated in 1915, and acquired all the aforementioned plants the following year. It proceeded to build a second, larger plant at Shoshone Falls in 1921, and another plant at Twin Falls in 1935. The advent of electric pumps opened up large new areas to agriculture, which had previously been

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Agriculture has significantly impacted water quality in the Snake River upstream of Hells Canyon. Water removed from the river for irrigation becomes contaminated with chemical fertilizers and manure, and percolates into the Snake River Aquifer. Pollutants collect in the groundwater and eventually

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was also built to provide water for this area. In 1976, the Teton Dam failed catastrophically, killing eleven people and causing at least $ 400 million in damage along the Henrys Fork and Snake Rivers. The political fallout from this disaster marked the end of large new irrigation developments not

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near the confluence of the Snake and Columbia Rivers. The following year, Mackenzie traveled up the Snake River and reached Boise Valley by making the first recorded river ascent of Hells Canyon. Mackenzie's goal was to bypass the arduous trek over the Blue Mountains. He wrote that "the passage by

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While the Snake River course beyond Jackson Hole was not directly impacted by glaciations, its landscape was dramatically changed by Ice Age flooding events. About 30,000 years ago, the climate of western North America was much wetter than today. The Great Salt Lake Basin filled with water to form

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in 1902. Many other projects followed, particularly around Shoshone Falls where the natural drop of the river offered great energy potential. After developing the Milner Dam irrigation scheme, I. B. Perrine built a hydroelectric plant at Shoshone Falls in 1907. Small private utilities built power

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Most travelers on the Oregon Trail regarded the arid Snake River Plain as an obstacle to be crossed, not a land to be settled. This began to change with the Boise gold strikes, where the demands of the mining industry and the difficulty of importing goods set off an agricultural boom in the Boise

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while the southern route continued into what is now the eastern Oregon desert. While the northern route passed through more favorable country, the Snake River posed a formidable barrier; during high water, many travelers were forced to take the hot, dry southern route, or risk drowning. Travelers

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that engulfed the Columbia Basin during the same period. Caused by the repeated collapse of an ice dam in western Montana, dozens of floods overflowed into the lower Snake River from the north, backing water as far upstream as Lewiston. The formerly west-flowing Palouse River was rerouted to flow

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system. The migrating Continental Divide tilted the regional slope such that drainage flowed west into Lake Idaho, whose water levels saw a significant increase about 4.5 Ma. The Snake River Plain drainage system continued to expand east, towards what is now Yellowstone National Park. During

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The Snake River provides important wildlife habitat along much of its course, particularly in the arid Snake River Plain where it is the only source of water for many miles. The upper reaches of the Snake River, including in Jackson Hole and the floodplain north of Idaho Falls where it joins the

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made it much easier for boats from the upper Columbia and Snake to reach Portland, and the Columbia River Transportation Company began operating a water route between Lewiston and Portland. Still, steamboats were unable to compete with railroads on speed and efficiency. The last steamboat on the

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discovered gold to the east on Nez Perce treaty land. As thousands of fortune seekers flocked to the area, the city of Lewiston was founded in 1861, in violation of the 1855 treaty. The US government sided with the settlers, and pressured some Nez Perce leaders into signing a second treaty which

4141:, they are crucial to managing peak demand on a daily basis, as hydropower can be ramped up and down quickly. As more wind and solar energy is added to the Northwest grid, more load balancing will be needed to compensate for the intermittent nature of those sources. Although Washington governor 2833:

abruptly collapsed, releasing a tremendous volume of water from Lake Bonneville into the Snake River Plain. The peak of the flood was about 500 times bigger than the largest recorded flood of the Snake at Idaho Falls in modern times. The flood completely altered the landscape of the Snake River

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The present-day course of the Snake River was pieced together over millions of years from several formerly disconnected drainage systems. Much of what would become the Pacific Northwest lay under shallow seas until it was uplifted starting about 60 million years ago (Ma). The outlet of the

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The lower Snake River dams have remained controversial since their construction, and in the 21st century there has been increased debate over potentially removing the dams. Although the dams were built with fish ladders, the warm, slow-moving water in reservoirs disoriented migrating fish, and

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The Shoshone, Bannock and Northern Paiute were referred to by Great Plains tribes as the "Snakes", possibly in reference to the use of snake heads in war or because the Plains tribes referred to these groups with a snake-like hand gesture, possibly originally intended to indicate a salmon. The

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caused the continental crust to rise, forming highlands in a similar fashion to the modern Yellowstone plateau and leaving behind enormous basalt flows in its wake. As the hotspot migrated east relative to the North American Plate, the land behind it collapsed and sank, creating the geographic

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Opponents of dam removal include farmers, local governments such as the city of Lewiston, congressional representatives in eastern Washington and the Bonneville Power Administration, which manages federal hydroelectric dams in the Northwest. In the context of shipping, while river traffic has

3854:. At least 21 snail and clam species are of special concern, including 15 that appear to exist only in single clusters. There are 14 fish species found in the Upper Snake region that do not occur elsewhere in the Columbia's watershed, but which do occur in some western Utah watersheds and the 2964:

in 1832 observed that "Indians at Salmon Falls on the Snake River took several thousand salmon in one afternoon by means of spears." To the east and upriver of the falls, many Shoshone and Bannock lived in more nomadic groups, traveling to the falls during the spring salmon run then gathering

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population once numbering up to 100,000 was blocked by the Black Canyon Dam in 1924. Sockeye in the Yellowbelly, Stanley, and Pettit Lakes of the Sawtooth basin were eradicated by management actions of the Idaho Department of Fish and Game in the 1950s, and irrigation diversions lead to the

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up Hells Canyon, making it 80 miles (130 km) upriver before hitting rocks in a rapid, forcing their retreat. On the Snake River above Hells Canyon, several steamboats were built at great expense (as manufactured parts such as engines had to be hauled in overland), the first being the

1215:, 247 miles (398 km) from the mouth, the mean annual discharge is about 19,000 cu ft/s (540 m/s) – just over a third of the discharge at the mouth. Just two downstream tributaries, the Clearwater and Salmon Rivers, contribute about half of the total flow of the Snake. 1196:. One of the largest groundwater reserves in the US, the aquifer is founded in porous volcanic rock underneath the plain. It absorbs and stores large volumes of water from the Snake River in the eastern Plain to re-emerge further west as springs in the Snake River Canyon. Water from the 3500:

limited to land where water could flow by gravity. The Minidoka Project, which included the Bureau of Reclamation's first hydroelectric plant in Idaho, was an early adopter of this system. The project generated more power than it needed, and surplus was sold to nearby towns such as

3009:(Clearwater River), they reached the junction with the Snake and camped there with the Nez Perces on October 10, 1805. They correctly surmised that the river coming from the south was a continuation of "Lewis's" or Salmon River. The expedition journals note the Nez Perce called it 6984:

History of the Expedition Under the Command of Lewis and Clark To the Sources of the Missouri River, Thence Across the Rocky Mountains and Down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean, Performed During the Years 1804-5-6, by Order of the Government of the United States · Volume

3835:) is also included in the Upper Snake ecoregion, due to the presence of a separate natural waterfall barrier. As a result, only 35 percent of the fish fauna above Shoshone falls, and 40 percent of the Big Wood River's fish fauna, are shared with the lower Snake River. 1145:– which have transformed the once fast-flowing lower Snake River into a series of lakes, enabling heavy barges to travel between the Columbia River and the Port of Lewiston. About 10 miles (16 km) downstream from Ice Harbor Dam, the Snake empties into the Columbia River at 10219:

A significant amount of water is diverted just above the mouth of Malad River for hydropower generation and discharged into the Snake River. Malad River discharge is calculated by the sum of USGS gage # 13153500 (Malad River near Bliss) and #13152940 (Malad River hydropower

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In the Columbia Basin about 10.5 Ma, the Elephant Mountain basalt eruption forced the Salmon-Clearwater River into roughly its present course through southeast Washington. By 8.5 Ma the Salmon-Clearwater was established in the Columbia River's modern path through

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1945. Early plans included anywhere from six to ten low dams for the lower Snake. Eventually this was reduced to four bigger dams, which would lower costs, but would require what at the time were the tallest navigation locks in the world, at over 100 feet (30 m).

1208:, about 50 miles (80 km) northwest of Twin Falls, water levels remain about 10,000 cu ft/s (280 m/s) for most of the year, increasing about 20 percent during snowmelt and decreasing about 20 percent with late summer irrigation diversions. 3247:

May 31, the Nez Perce were pursued by the Army for over 1,000 miles (1,600 km) east, through Yellowstone before turning north through Montana, fighting several battles along the way. On October 5, 1877, Chief Joseph surrendered to US forces. thus ending the

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Shoshones in the western part of the Snake River Plain also depended heavily on the salmon run. At Shoshone Falls and the smaller cataracts downstream, fishing platforms, temporary brush weirs, spears, baskets and fish traps were employed at large scale. Captain

1320:, precipitation as a whole is scant, averaging 14 inches (360 mm) across the entire watershed. Most precipitation falls at higher elevations as snow, thus, most runoff in the Snake River watershed derives from snowmelt. Jackson Hole, Wyoming experiences an 800:

While dam construction, commercial fishing and other human activities have greatly reduced anadromous fish populations since the late 19th century, the Snake River watershed is still considered important habitat for these fish. The Snake and its tributary, the

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archeological site. Although the Army Corps agreed to build a dike around the site, it began to leak as the reservoir filled and the site was inundated. By the 1970s, the environmental movement in the US had become significantly larger, and groups such as the

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the economic feasibility of the projects. Although the Carey Act saw little success in most states, it greatly benefited Idaho. Some 60 percent of all lands developed under the Carey Act were in Idaho, and almost all of that utilized Snake River water.

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going via Fort Boise had to cross the river one more time to rejoin the trail heading west. A ferry existed at Fort Boise since at least 1843; the Three Island crossing was also replaced by a ferry in 1869. A new wave of travelers came in the 1860s with the

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group that became culturally associated with the Shoshone, occupied an area stretching from the Snake River Plain east to the Rocky Mountains and south towards the Great Basin, as well as valleys of the upper Salmon River. A Nez Perce name for the river was

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with an average of 30 in (760 mm) of rain and 252 in (6,400 mm) of snow. The coldest month is January, with a mean temperature of 13 °F (−11 °C), and the hottest is July at 57.7 °F (14.3 °C). Twin Falls experiences a

3363:, who homesteaded near Shoshone Falls in the 1880s, went on to develop one of the most successful Carey Act projects. In 1900 Perrine filed a claim for water from the Snake River, and backed by significant private capital, oversaw the construction of 1200:, several rivers that disappear underground in the eastern Plain, travels through the aquifer to reach the Snake River, as does excess irrigation water absorbed into the ground. The major spring complexes at American Falls and Thousand Springs (near 3985:

Snake River sockeye once numbered to up 150,000 adults. Between 24,000 and 30,000 sockeye returned to Wallowa Lake in the Grande Ronde River watershed, but the run was eliminated by 1905 due to overharvest and unscreened irrigation diversions. The

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land includes Craters of the Moon National Monument and Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks. Large areas of privately owned farmland are concentrated in the Snake River Plain and the Palouse, though the majority of the Snake River Plain is

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and a canal system to irrigate some 250,000 acres (100,000 ha) of the Snake River Plain. Completed in 1905, the project was an immediate success. The rapid transformation of the barren landscape into productive farmland led to the moniker

2906:(Nimiipuu) stretched across what is now north-central Idaho, southeast Washington and northeast Oregon, including much of the lower Snake River below Hells Canyon, most of the Clearwater and Grande Ronde River, and the lower Salmon River. The 3827:– the Upper Snake and Columbia Unglaciated – with Shoshone Falls marking the boundary between the two. Shoshone Falls has presented a total barrier to the upstream movement of fish at least since the Bonneville flood 15,000 years ago. The 3679:, which was building a line along the north bank, to build the shared Camas Prairie Railroad the rest of the way to Lewiston, which it reached in 1908. The Open River Transportation Company, which operated steamboats between Lewiston and 3587:(1973), in the Clearwater River basin. Like the Hells Canyon dams, Dworshak also generated controversy over its impact on fisheries, and also made no provision for fish passage; rather, a hatchery was built at the base of the dam. 3667:

suffered a boiler explosion and sank on the Snake below Lewiston, killing five people. Starting in the 1880s, the Army Corps began dredging the Snake River below Lewiston to maintain a 5-foot (1.5 m) deep navigation channel.

3532:(Army Corps) proposed a single massive dam, over 700 feet (210 m) high, to be built in lower Hells Canyon. In 1955 the Federal Power Commission authorized the Idaho Power project, but initially only one of the three dams, 10169:

The Treasure Valley was historically known as the Boise Valley or Snake River Valley, and was only given the modern name in 1959. Uses of the name "Boise Valley" in this article, in a historical context, refer to the Treasure

3372:", and led to massive growth of the city of Twin Falls. During certain times of the year, almost all the Snake River's flow was diverted at Milner Dam, and since then, Shoshone Falls has regularly run dry in the summer. The 3766:

Once the dams were completed, barges up to 12,000 tonnes and drawing 14 feet (4.3 m) of water were able to reach Lewiston. Today, multiple barge terminals operate along the lower Snake, including Lewiston, Clarkston,

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has established water quality guidelines for Snake River flows entering Hells Canyon, which cover bacteria, mercury, excess nutrients, pesticides, sediments and water temperature. Implementation of the guidelines include

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While Lewiston was now well connected by river, travel to Boise and other points upstream on the Snake River remained difficult due to the formidable obstacle of Hells Canyon. In 1865, Thomas Stump attempted to pilot the

3215:. The river's rapids posed a major navigation hazard, and from November to April the river was generally too low for ships. Despite these challenges, the water transport of freight and passengers was greatly profitable. 1308:

underlie the western part of the watershed. The Snake River Plain is the largest area without mountains, but it still features rugged terrain, being crisscrossed by canyons formed by the Snake River and its tributaries.

1239:

The 107,500-square-mile (278,000 km) Snake River watershed drains about 87 percent of the state of Idaho, 18 percent of Washington and 17 percent of Oregon, in addition to small portions of Wyoming,

3779:, other sectors have been slow to recover. As of 2015, grain tonnage had fallen about a third from 2000 levels, while forestry products had fallen by nearly three-quarters, with many shipments switching back to rail. 9533: 1275:

along the Idaho–Montana border. The Blue Mountains form much of the western boundary of the Snake watershed from southeast Washington down into Oregon. To the south are numerous small isolated mountain ranges of the

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The Trail of Lewis and Clark, 1804-1904: A Story of the Great Exploration Across the Continent in 1804-6; with a Description of the Old Trail, Based Upon Actual Travel Over It, and of the Changes Found a Century

4056:

describes these as "some of the most important cottonwood gallery forests in the Intermountain West". Seasonal floods scour and change the shoreline, clearing areas of older trees and making way for new growth.

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Up river, the Shoshone and other tribes were also becoming increasingly wary of settlers; in 1854 a Shoshone war party attacked a wagon train in the Boise Valley, and the U.S. Army mounted a counterattack, the

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have tentatively endorsed dam removal, they stressed that hydropower must be replaced by other renewable sources, and economic impacts such as the loss of the ship channel should be "mitigated or replaced."

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The gradual eastward migration of this topographic high had the effect of pushing the Continental Divide to the east. Prior to the formation of the eastern Snake River Plain, the drainage area east of about

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explored and named the Henrys Fork of the Snake River. He established Fort Henry, the first American fur trading post west of the Rocky Mountains, but abandoned it after that year's harsh winter. The 1811

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decided to move her to the lower Snake River, and in April 1870, they made the first successful river descent of Hells Canyon, a harrowing ride that skirted disaster several times. In 1895 the steamboat

3251:. The survivors were distributed to various reservations across the western US. In 1878, an uprising occurred in response to overcrowding and food shortages at the Fort Hall Reservation, leading to the 3991:

extirpation of the Pettit Lake population. Snake River sockeye returns declined to 4,500 in the 1950s and only a few dozen by the late 1960s. Snake River sockeye were listed as endangered in 1991.

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River Plain remains grassland or shrubland; however, much of this acreage is impacted by livestock grazing, and fire regimes have become more severe with the proliferation of invasive species like

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The Snake River below Shoshone Falls is home to about 35 native fish species, of which 12 are also found in the Columbia River and four of which are endemic to the Snake or nearby watersheds: the

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was split from Oregon, and Lewiston became its capital. More than 60,000 prospectors and others entered the Lewiston Valley by 1863. Many new steamboats were pressed into service, including the

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Fifty-four named tributaries of the Snake River drain more than 100 square miles (260 km). Of these, the twelve listed below drain an area greater than 2,000 square miles (5,200 km).

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in the upper reaches of the canyon. Since its construction in 1967, Hells Canyon Dam has been the upriver limit for migrating salmon; in the past, salmon swam as far upriver as Shoshone Falls.

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declined in recent years, it remains important to the area's economy, and moving cargo by barge is cheaper and twice as fuel-efficient as diesel trains. While the dams do not generate much

3901:, introduced to the Snake River in the 19th century, were once widespread in the Snake River below Shoshone Falls; due to dam construction, only a few fragmented populations remain. The 3486:

Power development of the Snake River began in the early 20th century as cities, farms, mines and industry grew around the river. The first small hydroelectric plant on the Snake River,

793:" with the rapid transformation of desert into farmland. Numerous hydroelectric dams were also constructed, and four navigation dams on its lower section created a shipping channel to 4070: 3434:

Starting around the 1950s, farmers made heavy use of the Snake River aquifer, bringing large new areas into production. Surface water development also increased with projects such as

3404:, and a large network of canals and pump stations. The Minidoka Project would eventually bring water to a million acres (2,500 km) of the Magic Valley. During World War II, many 984: 968: 4158:

tribal nations, the states of Washington and Oregon, and several conservation groups. It would not authorize the removal of the dams, which would require a separate act of Congress.

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was built in 1956, providing flood control and irrigation for the Snake River above Idaho Falls, an area which the Bureau of Reclamation had previously overlooked. Near Rexburg, the

3005:, naming the stream "Lewis's River". Thwarted by the river's rapids, they were forced to cross the Bitterroot Mountains via the Nez Perce trail at Lolo Pass. After paddling down the 3113:

providing access to gold strikes in Montana Territory. This crossed the Snake River by the Eagle Rock Ferry and later a bridge which the city of Idaho Falls would soon grow around.

3759:. These efforts were unsuccessful, and the dam was completed in 1975. The first upriver barge reached Lewiston on April 10 of that year. The Army Corps had planned one more dam at 2738:

About 12–10 Ma, the Blue Mountains region began to experience uplift, raising the basalt layers to form a plateau. From about 11–9 Ma, crustal deformation related to the

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were the largest of several tribes that lived along the river by the turn of the 19th century. The river's modern name comes from a misunderstanding of the Shoshone Tribal Sign in

2800:. Over a period of about two million years, the outflow carved Hells Canyon, emptying Lake Idaho and integrating the upper Snake and Salmon-Clearwater into a single river system. 4129:

analysis estimated that over a 20-year period, removing the dams would be less expensive than the cost of continuing fish recovery efforts with the dams in place. Representative

889:. The Henrys Fork is sometimes called the "North Fork" of the Snake River, while the section of the main Snake River above their confluence is sometimes called the "South Fork". 10057: 2711:

Hells Canyon, the connection between the Snake River Plain and the lower Snake River drainage systems, formed about 2.5 million years ago from the overflow of Lake Idaho.

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valley developed between the Hoback and Teton fault zones, creating Jackson Hole. As the valley dropped, water filled it to create Lake Teewinot, which drained east into the

3536:(completed 1958), was built. The other dams, located downstream, would have been in the flood zone of not only the Army Corps' high dam, but two other competing proposals. 817:

programs, with limited success. The proposed removal of the four lower Snake River dams for fish passage is a significant ongoing policy debate in the Pacific Northwest.

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As of 2007, the Hells Canyon Hydroelectric Complex was responsible for 40 percent of Idaho Power's total power generation. The three dams have a capacity of 1,167

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was fought across much of southern Idaho, with numerous battles between the U.S. Army and the Shoshone, Bannock and Paiute. By 1868, exhausted after years of fighting,

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The Snake River at Hells Canyon formed a natural dividing line between the Nez Perce and Shoshone, who considered each other enemies. The Nez Perce allied with the

2746:-type valley between parallel fault zones to the northeast and southwest. The outlet of the ancient Snake River was blocked, and water accumulated to form the vast 3412:, which would ultimately water 500,000 acres (200,000 ha) in and around the Boise Valley, was another major early reclamation undertaking. At its completion, 1161:

on the Columbia, 341 feet (104 m) above sea level. From there, the Columbia River flows another 325 miles (523 km) west to empty into the Pacific Ocean.

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Shoshone Falls forms a complete barrier to upstream movement of fish in the Snake River, and was the historical upper limit of Snake River salmon and steelhead.

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The cataracts of the Snake River forced early explorers and settlers to travel overland. This is Twin Falls, upstream of Shoshone Falls, as it appeared c. 1871.

8316: 4014:, more than 900 miles (1,400 km) inland from the Pacific Ocean. This represents the southernmost, highest elevation and longest sockeye run in the world. 3141:

came under pressure to cede portions of their territory. Tensions flared in 1855 after tribes were coerced into relinquishing huge amounts of territory in the

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Valley. By the 1880s, settlers also came to the upper Snake River north of Idaho Falls, where fertile, sandy soils presented ideal conditions for the iconic

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With many private irrigation companies verging on insolvency, the federal government began to explore programs assisting agricultural development. The 1894

3038:, a member of the Hunt expedition, returned eastward across the plain the following year. The route they mapped would eventually become that section of the 11341: 10525: 8841:"Public Law 94-199, 94th Congress: An act to establish the Hells Canyon National Recreation Area in the States of Oregon and Idaho, and for other purposes" 4834: 3556:

of wildlife." This was the first time the court cited environmental protection as a consideration for whether to approve a dam project. In 1975, President

8815: 8744: 6921: 9939: 9309: 3416:(1915) on the Boise River was the tallest dam in the world, and its construction process was an important prototype for future federal projects such as 10686: 1547:, both part of the Columbia River system. To the northwest it borders several other tributary watersheds of the Columbia River, including those of the 8894: 5349: 2997:

The first Euro-Americans to reach the Snake River watershed were the Lewis and Clark Expedition, who in August 1805 crossed the Continental Divide at

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rising up to 8,000 feet (2,400 m) above the river, Hells Canyon is one of the deepest canyons in North America, almost one-third deeper than the

3081:, the vast region of the Pacific Northwest centering on modern-day British Columbia, Washington, Oregon and Idaho. By the time the Americans annexed 3647:. In the 1890s, a huge copper deposit was discovered at Eureka Bar in Hells Canyon. Several ships transported ore from there to Lewiston, including 3088:

Starting in the 1840s, the Oregon Trail became well established, and thousands of settlers passed through the Snake River Plain on their way to the

2838:. The floodwaters then emptied through Hells Canyon; however, most evidence of their effects on the lower Snake River was erased by the much larger 2788:, which was only rerouted towards its modern outlet in the Great Salt Lake Basin about 50,000 or 60,000 years ago by lava flows in southeast Idaho. 8640: 6890: 3794:

As dam opponents had feared, Snake River salmon returns declined greatly after the dams were built. Since 2000, there have been renewed calls for

3734:(1962) was the first of four Army Corps dams constructed along the lower Snake River, and the final dam on the river before it joins the Columbia. 3238: 2989:

English name for the river was likely derived from an interpretation of this hand gesture, although it is uncertain when the name was first used.

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The Snake River watershed is very mountainous, with the northern two-thirds of it occupied by vast mountain ranges of the Rockies, primarily the

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Adult salmon and steelhead returning to the Snake River must surmount fish ladders at several dams, including this one at Lower Monumental Dam.

3763:, which would have extended navigation to mines upstream of Lewiston. Faced with public opposition, Congress deauthorized the project in 1975. 5141: 3595: 924:, where the river narrows, forming rapids and waterfalls. In the 70-mile (110 km) stretch between Milner Dam and the confluence with the 4069:, are also heavily used by both migratory and resident birds. On the Snake River south of Boise is the nearly 500,000-acre (200,000 ha) 10009: 1460:

that cover much of the northern and eastern parts of the watershed. The forests contain numerous designated wilderness areas, including the

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migrate from the main stem of the Snake to spawn in several tributary basins, including the Bruneau, Imnaha and Grande Ronde Rivers. Large

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River traffic declined rapidly once railroads arrived. By 1899, the Union Pacific line along the south bank of the Snake River had reached

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about 8 miles (13 km) upstream of its confluence with the Snake. The Lower Snake River Project consists of four dams equipped with

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Once construction began in 1956, Congress quickly approved more money to finish the project. Ice Harbor Dam was completed in 1962, and

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enter the river via spring flows. Excess nitrogen, phosphorus and bacterial loads occur in many locations across southern Idaho. Large

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By the time of first European contact, the Snake River watershed was populated by several Native American tribes. The territory of the

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Tribes, state wildlife agencies and the fishing industry opposed the dams, arguing that they would kill too many salmon. In 1947, the

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As gold mining declined in the late 19th century, the wheat industry boomed in the Palouse of southeast Washington. By the 1870s, the

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Despite its great length, the Snake River accumulates most of its water in the lower one-fourth of its course. By the time it reaches

11371: 11361: 10397: 4216: 1564: 1332: 1169: 813:, Idaho. Since the 1950s, public agencies, tribal governments and private utilities have invested heavily in fishery restoration and 10109: 10083: 9534:"Putting the Red Back in Redfish Lake, 20 Years of Progress Toward Saving the Pacific Northwest's Most Endangered Salmon Population" 9380: 8789: 8390: 3157:

entered the lower Snake River country in 1859 and constructed Fort Taylor at the confluence of the Tucannon River below present-day

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Dam, and large portions of the remainder have been degraded by cattle grazing. Ponds and wetlands in the Hagerman Valley, near the

4053: 3863: 3787:, no longer receiving containers. From 2015 to 2023, grain exports from the Port of Lewiston have remained relatively steady while 3161:. Over several months Wright fought the natives along the river, killing their horses and destroying stored food. The sternwheeler 11456: 11436: 11421: 11401: 11366: 10799: 10382: 9022: 6380: 3284: 1059: 9758: 5558: 3905:

has occasionally recorded sturgeon more than 10 feet (3.0 m) long in Hells Canyon. Other common introduced species include

3279:, which had been built to haul copper ore on the Snake River above Hells Canyon, also made the run under similar circumstances. 11451: 11446: 11386: 11356: 9888: 9121: 9091: 7965: 6701: 5492: 5462: 4066: 2805: 1512: 929: 589: 340: 11316: 10723: 9914: 9792:

U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1794–A, Status and Trends of Land Change in the Western United States, 1973 to 2000

7208: 7026: 6685: 3752: 3519: 3045: 2342: 1301: 1296:, the highest point in the Snake River basin at 13,816 feet (4,211 m). Surface volcanic features – such as lava fields, 1063: 956:

operates several small hydroelectric plants along this stretch of the river. The largest single drop is 212-foot (65 m)

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was commissioned to haul supplies up the Snake River to Fort Taylor. Captained by veteran Oregon river pilot Len White, the

932:, the Snake River descends a total of 1,300 feet (400 m) over a series of cataracts and rapids, chief of which include 11396: 10392: 10377: 8115: 4231: 4211: 3838:

Compared to the lower Snake River and the rest of the Columbia River system, the Upper Snake ecoregion has a high level of

3460: 3255:. The US army defeated the Bannock and their Paiute allies and proceeded to restrict travel in and out of the reservation. 3016:

Other explorers quickly followed, many of them fur trappers who began scouting the upper Snake River watershed for beaver.

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Starting around the end of the last glacial period, the Snake River Plain was inhabited by hunter-gatherers of the ancient

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Southwestern Idaho Class I Cultural Resources Overview, Boise and Shoshone Districts, Part 5: Cultural Resources Narrative

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before turning north to form the Oregon–Idaho border. It is joined by several major tributaries in quick succession – the

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Simmons, Eric A.; Morgan, Todd A.; Berg, Erik C.; Zarnoch, Stanley J.; Hayes, Steven W.; Thompson, Mike T. (March 2014).

8974: 6638:"The Bear River's History and Diversion: Constraints, Unsolved Problems, and Implications for the Lake Bonneville Record" 6316: 6248: 6180: 6112: 6044: 5976: 5908: 5840: 5772: 5681: 5613: 5431: 4547: 4285: 3832: 3266: 2329: 1791: 1453: 1433: 925: 878: 553: 549: 7666: 8590: 4809: 3242:

A train crosses the Snake River at American Falls, c. 1915. Railroads first reached the Snake River Plain in the 1880s.

1445: 1261: 1036: 706: 10134: 9070: 5371: 5045: 4602:"Concepts, practices and procedures used to distribute water within Water District #1, Upper Snake River Basin, Idaho" 748:. For thousands of years, salmon fishing has played a central role in the culture and diet of indigenous peoples. The 9585: 9171: 8723: 8449: 8269: 7753: 7452: 7363: 6834: 6447: 6413: 5115: 4865: 4767: 4601: 4418: 4251: 4118: 3902: 3611:

was operating seven steamboats transporting grain from the Snake River to lower Columbia River ports. These were the

2622: 2531: 2440: 2349: 2258: 2167: 2076: 1985: 1894: 1803: 1712: 1621: 1457: 251: 8999: 4958: 4908: 10510: 10433: 10413: 9863:"Revenue Stream: An Economic Analysis of the Costs and Benefits of Removing the Four Dams on the Lower Snake River" 7482: 7419: 7045:

Reminiscences of Early Days, A Series of Historical Sketches and Happenings in the Early Days of Snake River Valley

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and reach the lower Snake River. After the hazardous experience, Hunt gave it the name "Mad River". A group led by

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or variations thereof, meaning "the stream/place of the hemp weed". Another Nez Perce name for the Snake River was

2716: 2238: 1465: 10287: 6510: 3746:

were completed in 1969 and 1970. The Lower Monumental project generated controversy as it threatened to flood the

11336: 10671: 10633: 10545: 10535: 9381:"Snake River Adult Returns for wild Spring/Summer Chinook Salmon, Sockeye Salmon and Steelhead: 1950s to Present" 8368: 6321: 6253: 6185: 6117: 6049: 5981: 5913: 5845: 5777: 5686: 5618: 5436: 4980: 4552: 4290: 3995: 3705: 3608: 3481: 3405: 3384:) in 1902, the federal government began to play a more direct role in water resources development. The expansive 7505: 7262: 7193:"Skeletal evidence of pre-contact conflict among native groups in the Columbia Plateau of the Pacific Northwest" 5537:"Bureau of Land Management public lands and administrative jurisdictions : [western United States]" 3708:

proposed a ten-year moratorium on dam construction while the fishery problem was studied. With the onset of the

8740: 6913: 4003: 3373: 3211: 1494: 41: 8840: 7877: 6311: 6175: 5971: 5835: 5426: 4280: 10701: 10599: 10520: 7578: 6637: 6243: 6107: 6039: 5903: 5767: 5676: 5608: 4542: 4101: 4077: 4031: 3999: 3163: 2982: 1500:

The Snake River watershed borders several other major North American watersheds. To the south it borders the

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Cáw Pawá Láakni, They Are Not Forgotten: Sahaptian Place Names Atlas of the Cayuse, Umatilla and Walla Walla

5536: 5167: 4455: 1066:

are a popular location for whitewater boating, fishing, horseback riding and backpacking. With the adjacent

10313: 9187: 8919: 7016: 3954: 3637: 3613: 3529: 3232: 2985:, which the Lewis and Clark expedition would later follow in order to reach the Snake and Columbia Rivers. 2785: 1178: 963: 960:, which in the spring flows with such force that 19th-century writers called it the "Niagara of the West". 862: 20: 9654: 6729: 721:

covered vast areas of the western Snake River watershed, while the Snake River Plain was a product of the

10718: 10562: 10418: 9676: 7795: 6532: 3859: 3772: 3655: 3228: 3058: 3054: 2727: 1363: 1305: 757: 718: 8766: 8565: 8478: 638:

region of the United States. About 1,080 miles (1,740 km) long, it is the largest tributary of the

11351: 11321: 10691: 10588: 10490: 8685: 4525: 4503: 3820: 3627: 1489: 1425: 1421: 949: 921: 766: 730: 7168:

Gehr, Elliott A.; Lee, Evelyn; Johnson, Gretchen; Merritt, J. Donald; Nelson, Steven (December 1982).

3104:. Here the trail diverged, with the northern route fording the river to reach the HBC trading post at 3020:, a former member of the Lewis and Clark expedition, explored the Jackson Hole area in 1808. In 1810, 1409:. About 4 percent of the watershed is barren desert, and only about 1 percent is urbanized. 11346: 11311: 11037: 10887: 10713: 10495: 7086: 4236: 3969: 3784: 3676: 3021: 2147: 1609: 1417: 834: 826: 647: 233: 8501:"Mountain Sheep-Pleasant Valley Hydroelectric Project on the Middle Snake River in Idaho and Oregon" 7321: 4026:

Riparian forest and floodplain habitat lines the Snake River in Swan Valley, east of Rexburg, Idaho.

3523:

Hells Canyon Dam is the lowermost of three dams in Idaho Power's Hells Canyon hydroelectric complex.

3270:

in 1866. However, running the upper Snake proved unprofitable, due to lack of demand. The owners of

11306: 11260: 11250: 11130: 11090: 10708: 10252: 10058:"For first time in 20 years, feds take deep look at hydroelectric dam removal on Lower Snake River" 8041: 7552: 6948: 6677:

Floods, Faults, and Fire: Geological Field Trips in Washington State and Southwest British Columbia

4226: 4061:, a rare orchid, are found in riparian wetlands along with willows, rushes, sedges and horsetails. 3035: 2519: 1449: 1429: 1277: 1099: 901: 892:

Turning southwest, the river begins its long journey across the Snake River Plain, passing through

770: 573: 9991: 7392: 6865: 11215: 11170: 11060: 10977: 10937: 10897: 10807: 10744: 10306: 10230: 9862: 9784: 8591:"Final Environmental Impact Statement for Hydropower License, Hells Canyon Hydroelectric Project" 6808: 4221: 4154: 3336: 3154: 3074: 1437: 1126: 897: 501: 9209: 9157: 8285: 7603: 7288: 5398:"USGS Gage #12472800 on the Columbia River below Priest Rapids Dam, WA (Water-Data Report 2013)" 11240: 11210: 11180: 11145: 11095: 10540: 9756: 8663:"Jim Chandler on Idaho Power's Plans to Improve Fisheries and Water Quality in the Snake River" 7061:"Characterization and Assessment of Economic Systems in the Interior Columbia Basin: Fisheries" 4415:"Boundary Descriptions and Names of Regions, Subregions, Accounting Units and Cataloging Units" 3878: 3768: 3288: 2433: 1485: 1473: 1281: 1268: 1228: 1150: 1110: 1067: 1062:

rapids historically posed a major barrier to navigation. Today, the canyon and the surrounding

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is endemic to the small portion of the Snake River between Shoshone Falls and the Wood River.

1965: 11230: 11205: 11200: 11160: 11150: 11115: 11070: 11065: 11055: 10530: 5218: 4058: 3649: 3491: 3381: 3201: 3142: 2826: 2693: 1441: 1197: 1182: 1024: 909: 774: 525: 198: 178: 7906: 4882: 3692:

could compete with rail. The IEWA initially pushed for improvements such as bigger locks at

11301: 11255: 11225: 11220: 11175: 11140: 11135: 11120: 11110: 11085: 11075: 11002: 10784: 10567: 10423: 10179:

The Columbia River above the Snake has a length of approximately 900 miles (1,400 km).

9548: 8237: 7769: 6347: 6279: 6211: 6143: 6075: 6007: 5939: 5871: 5803: 5644: 5576: 5397: 5320: 5291: 5134: 4049: 3824: 3739: 3158: 3150: 3129:(illustration by Major Osborne Cross, c. 1849) was an key supply point on the Oregon Trail. 2978: 2892: 2834:

Plain, creating the Snake River Canyon and its waterfalls, vast boulder fields, cliffs and

2751: 2615: 2337: 1887: 1350:

covers about 50 percent of the Snake River watershed. Natural vegetation is primarily

1232: 1138: 1079: 1028: 933: 920:, where large volumes of water are diverted for irrigation. Below Milner Dam it enters the 802: 710: 569: 521: 497: 9287: 9044: 6786: 6008:"USGS Gage #13233300 Malheur River below Nevada Dam near Vale, OR: Water-Data Report 2013" 5003: 4696: 4673: 4650: 4627: 1102:, its largest tributary by volume. The Snake then turns sharply west to enter Washington. 8: 11245: 11235: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11165: 11125: 11105: 11100: 11080: 11050: 10847: 10626: 10500: 9156:

Abell, Robin A.; David M. Olsen; Eric Dinerstein; Patrick T. Hurley; et al. (2000).

4320: 4126: 4045: 3672: 3430:(1956) provides irrigation and flood control for the Snake River upstream of Idaho Falls. 3392:

in 1906, the project would grow over the next few decades to include major reservoirs at

3312: 3101: 3026: 2961: 2739: 2723: 1692: 1461: 1413: 1146: 874: 726: 722: 318: 9698: 9552: 9210:"Hells Canyon sturgeon are so big that anglers don't need to lie about how big they are" 8317:"Pollution Science: Understanding the building blocks for restoring Idaho's Snake River" 8165: 7987: 7818: 7713: 7232: 3187:'s band refused to leave, calling the new treaty the "thief treaty". In March 1863, the 11017: 10922: 10867: 10774: 10593: 10515: 10438: 10356: 8215: 8016: 7017:

Hunn, Eugene S.; Morning Owl, E. Thomas; Cash, Phillip E Cash; Engum, Karson Jennifer.

6653: 5244: 5190: 3906: 3867: 3843: 3780: 3760: 3747: 3717: 3552: 3544: 3439: 3397: 3341: 3300: 3172: 3138: 3066: 2932: 2888: 2868: 2797: 2762: 2428: 1700: 1540: 1091: 1087: 1083: 937: 905: 893: 671: 533: 419: 322: 170: 146: 89: 35: 19:

This article is about the river in the northwestern United States. For other uses, see

8142: 7667:"Controversy, Conflict and Compromise: A History of the Lower Snake River Development" 6760: 6376: 3994:

Numerous hatcheries are operated by agencies such as the Army Corps, Idaho Power, the

3062: 2860: 2766:

The Columbia River Basalt Province covers a vast area of the inland Pacific Northwest.

1300:, and thermal springs – are replete in the southern part of the Snake watershed, from 11155: 11045: 10952: 10942: 10882: 10779: 10739: 9167: 8719: 8445: 8265: 7749: 7448: 7204: 7022: 6681: 6443: 6409: 5111: 4861: 4763: 3882: 3855: 3756: 3220: 3089: 3030: 2907: 2896: 2780: 2602: 1532: 1524: 1340: 1326: 1130: 854: 655: 635: 493: 186: 156: 104: 9992:"GOP reps ramp up fight on 'hypocritical assault' on Snake River dams in Eastern WA" 9129: 9099: 6635: 5488: 5466: 1304:

northeast of Twin Falls to the Yellowstone caldera, while ancient lava flows of the

11012: 10927: 10837: 10822: 10754: 10696: 10663: 10556: 10469: 10351: 9556: 9431: 9155: 6649: 6636:

Pederson, J.L.; Janecke, S.U.; Reheis, M.C.; Kaufman, D.S.; Oaks, R.Q. Jr. (2016).

5562: 5182: 4203: 3958: 3886: 3871: 3743: 3568: 3560:

signed the Hells Canyon Wilderness into law, ending the high dam project for good.

3393: 3385: 3345: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3093: 3082: 2927:, specifically referring to the stretch upstream of the Clearwater confluence. The 2830: 1481: 1394: 1378: 1289: 1285: 1272: 1223: 1212: 1205: 1134: 1058:, where the majority of the river corridor is accessible only by boat and numerous 1048: 858: 842: 778: 683: 174: 166: 9610: 7060: 6584:"Geologic and Tectonic History of the Western Snake River Plain, Idaho and Oregon" 5645:"USGS Gage #13108150 Salmon Falls Creek near Hagerman, ID: Water-Data Report 2013" 4386:"National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data from The National Map" 3720:

pushed through a budget amendment in 1955 to start construction on the first dam,

3712:, rising electricity demand in the Pacific Northwest – particularly at the nearby 789:

US were developed along the Snake River. South-central Idaho earned the nickname "

10997: 10947: 10932: 10917: 10872: 10852: 10454: 10428: 9940:"Rep. Simpson's Concept for the Lower Snake River Dams and Environmental Justice" 9560: 8439: 8346: 8259: 7743: 7506:"Clearing the Country: A History of the Hudson's Bay Company's Fur Desert Policy" 7442: 7192: 7169: 7138: 7111: 7043: 7000: 6982: 6675: 6464: 6437: 6403: 5514: 5026: 4757: 3914: 3788: 3776: 3401: 3188: 3179: 2953: 2915: 2899:-speaking peoples arrived in the Snake River Plain between 600 and 1500 CE. 2839: 2818: 2775:– the modern headwaters and upper course of the Snake River – flowed towards the 2524: 2160: 1796: 1705: 1508: 1249: 1201: 1095: 1020: 988: 794: 745: 698: 221: 194: 190: 10681: 6734:

Creation of the Teton Landscape: The Geologic Story of Grand Teton National Park

5739:"USGS Gage #13152940 Malad River Power Flume near Bliss, ID: Monthly Statistics" 3451:

only for the Snake River system, but for the Bureau of Reclamation as a whole.

10957: 10862: 10749: 10619: 10505: 10329: 10207: 10188:

Measured to the head of the longest tributary beyond the head of the main stem.

9449:

Feasibility for Reintroducing Sockeye and Coho Salmon in the Grande Ronde Basin

8166:"Arrowrock Dam, Engineering Innovation and Building Block to Boise's Expansion" 5804:"USGS Gage #13168500 Bruneau River near Hot Spring, ID: Water-Data Report 2013" 4138: 4041: 4011: 3898: 3828: 3731: 3721: 3693: 3557: 3511: 3487: 3146: 3078: 2928: 2911: 2880: 2876: 2867:

hunting party fording the Snake River southwest of the Tetons, illustration by

2864: 2809: 2776: 2251: 1614: 1552: 1548: 1536: 1528: 1516: 1386: 1321: 1257: 1114: 957: 886: 882: 806: 761: 741: 734: 690: 639: 537: 415: 302: 10281: 8188: 7393:"Close Encounters: The Fur Trade in the Craters of the Moon Region, 1820-1856" 6280:"USGS Gage #13342500 Clearwater River at Spalding, ID: Water-Data Report 2013" 2750:

starting about 10 Ma. The eastern half of the Snake River Plain formed as the

2420: 1105:

The final stretch of the Snake River flows through steep-sided valleys in the

1039:

of Oregon and Washington. The Hells Canyon Hydroelectric Complex includes the

678:

of southeast Washington. It joins the Columbia River just downstream from the

11295: 11027: 11022: 11007: 10962: 10877: 10827: 10817: 5321:"USGS Gage #13213100 Snake River at Hells Canyon Dam: Water-Data Report 2013" 4578: 4189: 4038: 3918: 3811: 3798:, which have become a significant political issue for the Pacific Northwest. 3583:

hydroelectric dam has been built in the Snake River system – the Army Corps'

3572: 3505: 3501: 3443: 3427: 3423: 3413: 3409: 3360: 3330: 3248: 3134: 3110: 3002: 2973: 2884: 2822: 2637: 2624: 2610: 2546: 2533: 2455: 2442: 2364: 2351: 2273: 2260: 2246: 2182: 2169: 2155: 2091: 2078: 2000: 1987: 1978: 1909: 1896: 1882: 1818: 1805: 1727: 1714: 1636: 1623: 1544: 1520: 1406: 1382: 1317: 1297: 1253: 1122: 1118: 1106: 1012: 1008: 980: 870: 814: 675: 643: 577: 561: 517: 509: 355: 342: 266: 253: 182: 124: 10292: 9586:"Habitat Restoration/Enhancement, Fort Hall Reservation: 2008 Annual Report" 6212:"USGS Gage #13333000 Grande Ronde River at Troy, OR: Water-Data Report 2013" 6144:"USGS Gage #13317000 Salmon River at White Bird, ID: Water-Data Report 2013" 6076:"USGS Gage #13251000 Payette River near Payette, ID: Water-Data Report 2013" 2056: 829:, about 9,200 feet (2,800 m) above sea level in the Rocky Mountains of 725:. The river was further altered by catastrophic flooding in the most recent 64: 11279: 10992: 10967: 10912: 10907: 10842: 10812: 10653: 10583: 10550: 10464: 10459: 10265: 9163: 5041: 4414: 4385: 4175: 4146: 4130: 3987: 3949: 3713: 3684: 3680: 3584: 3533: 3389: 3369: 3308: 3184: 3085:

in 1848, beaver were nearly extirpated across much of the Rocky Mountains.

3039: 2731: 2069: 1973: 1874: 1398: 1293: 1154: 1075: 1071: 1040: 1032: 1016: 1004: 992: 945: 913: 846: 810: 809:

run in the world, stretching 900 miles (1,400 km) from the Pacific to

790: 785: 663: 565: 529: 513: 306: 50: 10759: 8946:"Review of Comments Regarding the Economics of Lower Snake River Dredging" 8531:"U.S. Supreme Court Halts the Construction of the High Mountain Sheep Dam" 5577:"USGS Gage #13056500 Henrys Fork near Rexburg, ID: Water-Data Report 2013" 5292:"USGS Gage #13154500 Snake River at King Hill, ID: Water-Data Report 2013" 4113:

Supporters of dam removal, which include tribal organizations such as the

1288:. To the east are more ranges of the Rockies including the Tetons and the 10987: 10832: 8070: 7933:"Tourists in Wonderland: Early Railroad Tourism in the Pacific Northwest" 7848: 7397:

Historic Context Statements: Craters of the Moon National Monument, Idaho

6870:

Historic Context Statements: Craters of the Moon National Monument, Idaho

6730:"Quaternary – Time of Ice, More Lakes, and Continued Crustal Disturbance" 6348:"USGS Gage #13351000 Palouse River at Hooper, WA: Water-Data Report 2013" 4122: 4085: 3926: 3922: 3890: 3496: 3456: 3435: 3252: 3171:

was the first steamboat to run on the Snake River and the Columbia above

3133:

As the flow of settlers increased, the Nez Perce and their neighbors the

3017: 2945: 2887:(8600–5800 BCE) cultures. Along the lower Snake River in Washington, the 2844: 2793: 2772: 2064: 1504: 1374: 1313: 1192:

In southern Idaho, Snake River flows are significantly influenced by the

1000: 953: 850: 825:

The Snake River begins on Two Oceans Plateau near the southern border of

702: 557: 297: 46: 9263:"Snake River Spring and Summer Chinook Salmon - The Choice for Recovery" 8816:"Site unseen: Floodwaters buried a treasure trove at Marmes Rockshelter" 7474: 5940:"USGS Gage #13213000 Boise River near Parma, ID: Water-Data Report 2013" 5872:"USGS Gage #13181000 Owyhee River near Rome, OR: Water-Data Report 2013" 10769: 10676: 10342: 8261:

The Bureau of Reclamation: From Developing to Managing Water, 1945-2000

5194: 5027:

Ice Harbor Dam, Snake River, Washington: Hydraulic Model Investigations

4142: 4090: 3941: 3930: 3910: 3894: 3847: 3783:

at the Port of Lewiston ceased in 2015, due to its primary source, the

3697: 3417: 3364: 3126: 3105: 2998: 2747: 1402: 1359: 1355: 1158: 1142: 1054:

Emerging from Hells Canyon Dam, the Snake surges northward through the

917: 740:

The Snake River once hosted some of the largest North American runs of

694: 10789: 10010:"Legislation Supports Barge Transportation and Lower Snake River Dams" 9726: 6673: 5515:"Ice Harbor Dam, Washington: Period of Record General Climate Summary" 4785:"How a Caldwell businessman in 1959 gave the Treasure Valley its name" 4073:, which hosts the densest concentration of nesting raptors in the US. 3183:

shrank their reservation by 90 percent. Many Nez Perce including

10764: 7691: 7525: 7523: 5165: 4933: 3643: 3564: 3447: 3353: 3224: 2903: 2742:

caused the western half of the Snake River Plain to sink, creating a

1501: 1366: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1044: 753: 714: 9465:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. February 22, 2023 9260: 5713:"USGS Gage #13153500 Malad River near Bliss, ID: Monthly Statistics" 5186: 5168:"Distribution of Benthic Invertebrates in the Lost Streams of Idaho" 4526:

https://archive.org/details/indiansignlangua0000clar/page/8/mode/2up

4504:

https://archive.org/details/shoshonissentine0000tren/page/4/mode/2up

4321:"U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Map: Badger Creek, Wyoming quad" 4105:

Map showing locations of dams on the lower Snake and Columbia rivers

3957:

and steelhead trout, were historically the most abundant fish and a

3468:

for agriculture and forestry, and regular water quality monitoring.

3344:(1927, rebuilt 1978) was constructed to store water for the federal 1336:

Fall colors along the Snake River upstream of the Henrys Fork, Idaho

1204:) keep the river flowing steadily even in the driest of summers. At 777:

to near extinction as the Americans and British vied for control of

9813: 9406:"Nez Perce Tribal Program Resurrects Snake River Basin Coho Salmon" 9334:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. January 22, 2024 9312:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. November 8, 2023 8889: 8887: 5105: 3944: 3851: 3839: 3709: 3683:

on the Columbia, went bankrupt in 1912. The 1915 completion of the

3579: 3092:. Coming from Wyoming, the Oregon Trail reached the Snake River at 2966: 941: 749: 9356:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. August 17, 2023 7520: 4071:

Morley Nelson Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area

3388:

was the first federal reclamation project in Idaho. Starting with

2843:

south into the Snake River, forming Palouse Falls, whose outsized

985:

Morley Nelson Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area

969:

Morley Nelson Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area

642:, which is the largest North American river that empties into the 10857: 10611: 10298: 10110:"Lower Snake River dams closer to coming down with new agreement" 9965:"Lewiston City Council Votes to Support Keeping Snake River Dams" 9487:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2 October 2019 9159:

Freshwater Ecoregions of North America: A Conservation Assessment

5213: 5211: 3442:(1950), which provided additional storage for the Boise Project. 830: 651: 237: 134: 54: 9071:"In the Columbia–Snake River Basin, Salmon Are Losing Their Way" 8884: 8846:. U.S. National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. December 31, 1975 6581: 5561:. Commission for Environmental Cooperation. 2006. Archived from 5267:"Eastern Snake River Plain Surface and Ground Water Interaction" 5004:"U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Map: Pasco, Washington quad" 4651:"U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Map: Twin Falls, Idaho quad" 4468:

Data collected at this station must be downloaded in CSV format.

877:. From there it flows northwest through Swan Valley to join the 10361: 9290:. Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission. November 9, 2012 8621:. Idaho Governor's Office of Energy and Mineral Resources. 2021 8560: 8558: 8556: 8554: 8552: 8441:

The Wired Northwest: The History of Electric Power, 1870s-1970s

7190: 5463:"Snake River, Wyoming Period of Record General Climate Summary" 2835: 2743: 1245: 996: 667: 142: 9531: 6401: 5208: 4697:"U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Map: Hagerman, Idaho quad" 4628:"U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Map: Kimberly, Idaho quad" 3551:

issued an injunction temporarily halting the project. Justice

3515:

Rendering of the Army Corps' proposed high dam in Hells Canyon

2969:

bulbs and hunting bison through the summer and autumn months.

2952:

Downriver of Shoshone Falls, salmon and their cousins such as

1783: 10643: 9000:"Port of Lewiston loses 100 percent of its container traffic" 5284: 5237: 3727: 2755: 866: 659: 138: 9886: 9432:

National Marine Fisheries Service West Coast Region (2003).

9375: 9373: 9371: 8549: 8369:"Snake River - Hells Canyon Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL)" 7907:"A Brief History of Union Pacific Railroad's Idaho Division" 7362:. Idaho State Historical Society. April 1992. Archived from 5489:"Twin Falls, Idaho Period of Record General Climate Summary" 4674:"U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Map: Jerome, Idaho quad" 3377:

system have national significance in agricultural history."

1260:, the eastern edge of the Snake River watershed follows the 1035:, which slices between the Rocky Mountains of Idaho and the 900:

from the left before entering the 20-mile (32 km)-long

8790:"Lower Snake River dams have a long history of controversy" 7664: 6976: 6974: 6972: 6970: 4858:

Paddling Idaho: A Guide to the State's Best Paddling Routes

4718: 4716: 4714: 4515:

http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.na.105

3495:

plants at Salmon Falls (1910) and Thousand Springs (1912).

1412:

Most of the Snake River watershed is public land, with the

1241: 8900:. Office of the Governor, State of Washington. August 2022 8473: 8471: 8469: 8467: 8465: 8463: 8461: 6170: 6168: 5603: 5601: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5083: 4478: 4242:

List of longest rivers of the United States (by main stem)

10084:"Inslee and Murray would support Snake River dam removal" 9368: 6556:"Neogene Snake River Plain-Yellowstone Volcanic Province" 5390: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5063: 9511:"Hatcheries can't save Snake River salmon and steelhead" 8686:"Dworshak Dam: The 'last of its kind' reaches milestone" 7172:(Report). U.S. Bureau of Land Management. pp. 39–44 6967: 6238: 6236: 4810:"Hells Canyon Complex FERC No. 1971 License Application" 4711: 3528:

series of three medium-sized dams. Two years later, the

987:

before entering farmland on the western side of Idaho's

9759:"Logging Utilization in Idaho: Current and Past Trends" 9261:

Nemeth, Douglas J.; Kiefer, Russell B. (October 1999).

8867:"Idaho Gets a Seaport, Capping a Costly 10-Year Effort" 8458: 7139:"The Shoshone-Bannock: An Anthropological Reassessment" 6727: 6723: 6721: 6719: 6674:

Tucker, David Samuel; Stelling, Peter L., eds. (2007).

6165: 5598: 5272:. Idaho Department of Water Resources. January 18, 2002 2754:

moved westward over the Yellowstone hotspot. Upwelling

1231:

crosses the lower Snake River via the Joso Bridge near

436:

miles (15.3 km) above the mouth, 1962–2023 average

9212:. Idaho Department of Fish and Game. December 27, 2021 8525: 8523: 8521: 7660: 7658: 7656: 7654: 7652: 7650: 7648: 7444:

The Nez Perce Indians and the Opening of the Northwest

6866:"Native Inhabitants of the Craters of the Moon Region" 5060: 3508:, which created their own municipal electric systems. 3380:

With the creation of the Reclamation Service (now the

2684: 2676: 2668: 2660: 2652: 2593: 2585: 2577: 2569: 2561: 2502: 2494: 2486: 2478: 2470: 2411: 2403: 2395: 2387: 2379: 2320: 2312: 2304: 2296: 2288: 2229: 2221: 2213: 2205: 2197: 2138: 2130: 2122: 2114: 2106: 2047: 2039: 2031: 2023: 2015: 1956: 1948: 1940: 1932: 1924: 1865: 1857: 1849: 1841: 1833: 1774: 1766: 1758: 1750: 1742: 1683: 1675: 1667: 1659: 1651: 1074:. Within the canyon it is joined from the left by the 9579: 9577: 9188:"Bull Trout Redd Monitoring in the Wallowa Mountains" 9126:

World Wide Fund for Nature and the Nature Conservancy

9096:

World Wide Fund for Nature and the Nature Conservancy

7646: 7644: 7642: 7640: 7638: 7636: 7634: 7632: 7630: 7628: 7136: 6405:

Rocks, Minerals, and Geology of the Pacific Northwest

6306: 6304: 6233: 6034: 6032: 5966: 5964: 5762: 5760: 5129: 5127: 10526:

Steamboats of the upper Columbia and Kootenay Rivers

9782: 9128:. Freshwater Ecoregions of the World. Archived from 9098:. Freshwater Ecoregions of the World. Archived from 8895:"Lower Snake River Dams: Benefit Replacement Report" 8585: 8583: 7930: 7872: 7870: 7868: 7866: 7571: 6998: 6716: 6102: 6100: 5830: 5828: 5106:

Benke, Arthur C.; Cushing, Colbert E., eds. (2005).

4959:"Hells Canyon National Recreation Area - Fast Facts" 4953: 4951: 4165: 3953:), including chinook, coho, and sockeye salmon, and 3755:

lobbied to stop the construction of the fourth dam,

1078:, then from the right by its longest tributary, the 975:

The Snake River continues flowing west, through the

9231: 9229: 9227: 8518: 8414:"Hidden History: The Power Plant at Shoshone Falls" 8116:"The power of water: Making the Magic Valley magic" 7503: 6891:"The Marmes Rockshelter Site: Site Interpretations" 6577: 6575: 6573: 6462: 5898: 5896: 5671: 5669: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4314: 4312: 4017: 3893:, which also occurs in a few other Oregon streams. 3801: 9887:Austin, Hayley; Smith, Anna V. (January 1, 2023). 9857: 9855: 9853: 9574: 8345:. Central Washington Native Plants. Archived from 8216:"The Palisades Dam: Irrigation of the Snake River" 7958: 7625: 7084: 7058: 6483:. Washington State Department of Natural Resources 6435: 6301: 6029: 5961: 5757: 5124: 5029:(Report). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. p. 1. 5001: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4694: 4671: 4648: 4625: 4318: 3283:grew in connecting the area by rail. By 1884, the 2935:called the lower Snake River below the Clearwater 1031:from the left. Continuing north, the river enters 9727:McCollister, Charles; McCollister, Sarah (2000). 9504: 9502: 9434:Status of the Species. Snake River Sockeye Salmon 8864: 8580: 7980: 7863: 7440: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6097: 5825: 5465:. Western Regional Climate Center. Archived from 5372:"USGS Gage #12514000 Columbia River at Pasco, WA" 4948: 4755: 3231:and many others surrendered and relocated to the 3001:and descended to the Salmon River at what is now 1539:). On the north it borders the watersheds of the 797:– the furthest inland seaport on the West Coast. 11293: 9224: 9190:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. March 31, 2021 8411: 8137: 8135: 8133: 6570: 5893: 5666: 5166:Andrews, Douglas A.; Minshall, G. Wayne (1979). 4880: 4530: 4309: 10434:Bonneville Slide/Bridge of the Gods land bridge 10055: 9912: 9850: 9706:Idaho State Historical Society Reference Series 9237:"America's Most Endangered Rivers: Snake River" 9020: 8925:. Pacific Northwest Waterways Association. 2023 8049:Idaho State Historical Society Reference Series 7995:Idaho State Historical Society Reference Series 7885:Idaho State Historical Society Reference Series 7846: 7816: 7721:Idaho State Historical Society Reference Series 7611:Idaho State Historical Society Reference Series 7360:Idaho State Historical Society Reference Series 7296:Idaho State Historical Society Reference Series 7230: 7041: 6918:The Prehistory of the Western Snake River Basin 4738: 4642: 4599: 4456:"Data Query: Ice Harbor Dam and Lake Sacajawea" 3961:of the Snake River system. Benke and Cushing's 1511:. To the east it borders the watersheds of the 1090:from the left. From the end of Hells Canyon at 769:became the first non-natives to see the river. 81: 10107: 9508: 9499: 9310:"Snake River Spring/Summer-run Chinook Salmon" 9023:"Lower Snake River commerce hits all-time low" 8972: 8968: 8966: 8683: 8036: 8034: 8019:. U.S. National Park Service. January 13, 2017 7988:"Early Irrigation Canals Pre-Project Ventures" 7417: 6980: 6936: 6748: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4117:and environmental advocacy groups such as the 3563:Meanwhile, Idaho Power moved forward with the 3318: 845:. It flows south through the alpine valley of 713:to the west. The region has a long history of 96: 10627: 10314: 9989: 9657:. U.S. National Park Service. August 21, 2020 9408:. Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission 9068: 9064: 9062: 8787: 8732: 8437: 8130: 8113: 7842: 7840: 7838: 7836: 7741: 7531:"History of Three Island Crossing State Park" 7420:"Trailing Wilson Price Hunt's Astorians West" 7390: 7347: 7345: 7343: 6863: 6511:"The Snake River Plain: A Tale of Two Basins" 6466:Plants of the Seven Devils Mountains of Idaho 5551: 5140:. Northwest Watershed Council. May 28, 2004. 5024: 4928: 4926: 4837:. Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission 4782: 4688: 4619: 3599:Bags of grain are loaded on the sternwheeler 2759:depression of the eastern Snake River Plain. 1082:. Further north, it begins to form the Idaho– 967:The Snake River flows through canyons in the 16:Major river in the northwestern United States 9677:"Frank Church River of No Return Wilderness" 8943: 8371:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2004 8186: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6508: 5018: 4909:"Wild and Scenic Snake River- Trip Planning" 3478:List of dams in the Columbia River watershed 3116: 2992: 2891:– flooded in 1968 after the construction of 2784:this expansion, the Snake also captured the 833:. From there, it flows west then south into 11342:Wild and Scenic Rivers of the United States 10081: 9915:"Northwest In Transition: The Simpson Plan" 9583: 9446: 8963: 8314: 8240:. Association of State Dam Safety Officials 8031: 7584:. Idaho Transportation Department. Jan 2017 7087:"The Southern Nez Perce Trail, Wise'isskit" 6612:"Snake River Plain Topographic Development" 6582:Wood, Spencer H.; Clemens, Drew M. (2002). 5352:. Idaho Department of Environmental Quality 4855: 4665: 4433: 4115:Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission 4076:The Snake River headwaters are part of the 2949:plant that grew profusely along its banks. 1098:, where it is joined from the right by the 10634: 10620: 10321: 10307: 9059: 8769:. Northwest Power and Conservation Council 8709: 8707: 8568:. Northwest Power and Conservation Council 8481:. Northwest Power and Conservation Council 7887:. Idaho State Historical Society. Jun 1971 7833: 7613:. Idaho State Historical Society. Jan 1993 7533:. Idaho Department of Parks and Recreation 7340: 7191:Harrod, Ryan P.; Tyler, Donald E. (2016). 6377:"The Geologic Story of the Columbia Basin" 5033: 4995: 4923: 4082:Frank Church–River of No Return Wilderness 773:explored more of the watershed, and drove 466:305,000 cu ft/s (8,600 m/s) 10012:. U.S. Wheat Associates. December 9, 2022 9633:"Morley Nelson Snake River Birds of Prey" 9532:Kline, Paul A.; Flagg, Thomas A. (2014). 9151: 9149: 9147: 8813: 8738: 8537:. Portland State University. June 4, 2017 8264:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 2013. 8213: 7819:"1878 Bannock War and Chief Buffalo Horn" 6852: 6535:. NASA Earth Observatory. August 29, 2008 6504: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6402:Moclock, Leslie; Selander, Jacob (2021). 5219:"Eastern Snake River Plain- Hydrogeology" 4217:List of tributaries of the Columbia River 1565:List of tributaries of the Columbia River 446:49,580 cu ft/s (1,404 m/s) 393:107,500 sq mi (278,000 km) 10295:- National Wild and Scenic Rivers System 8975:"Lower Snake River Dam Navigation Study" 7386: 7384: 7143:Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 6905: 6840:. Washington State Parks. April 13, 2022 6439:The Columbia River Flood Basalt Province 6326:United States Department of the Interior 6258:United States Department of the Interior 6190:United States Department of the Interior 6122:United States Department of the Interior 6054:United States Department of the Interior 5986:United States Department of the Interior 5918:United States Department of the Interior 5850:United States Department of the Interior 5782:United States Department of the Interior 5691:United States Department of the Interior 5623:United States Department of the Interior 5441:United States Department of the Interior 5039: 4936:. National Wild and Scenic Rivers System 4557:United States Department of the Interior 4485:. National Wild and Scenic Rivers System 4479:"National Wild and Scenic Rivers System" 4295:United States Department of the Interior 4100: 4054:Northwest Power and Conservation Council 4021: 4010:continues to spawn in Redfish Lake near 3968: 3864:Snake River fine-spotted cutthroat trout 3810: 3726: 3594: 3518: 3510: 3490:, was built in 1901, followed by one at 3422: 3335: 3285:Oregon Railroad & Navigation Company 3237: 3120: 3044: 2859: 2761: 2706: 1507:, including the area draining to Utah's 1331: 1222: 1168: 991:. Passing 30 miles (48 km) west of 979:where it is joined from the left by the 962: 10135:"Columbia Basin Restoration Initiative" 9889:"Can dam removal save the Snake River?" 9447:Cramer, Steven; Witty, Kenneth (1998). 9254: 8704: 7798:. U.S. Geological Survey. July 18, 2022 7579:"Research Guide on Snake River Ferries" 7485:from the original on September 28, 2012 7468: 7466: 7464: 6642:Developments in Earth Surface Processes 4096: 3858:. These include healthy populations of 3823:(WWF) divides the Snake River into two 3547:, which in the landmark 1967 ruling of 3406:Japanese Americans interned at Minidoka 3235:on the Snake River in southeast Idaho. 3073:Canadian fur trappers with the British 11294: 9427: 9425: 9423: 9144: 8713: 8412:Matthews, Mychel (December 20, 2012). 8163: 8051:. Idaho State Historical Society. 1985 7723:. Idaho State Historical Society. 1966 6911: 6702:"Geology of Grand Teton National Park" 6606: 6604: 6553: 6495: 6422: 5350:"Snake River – Hells Canyon Subbasins" 4409: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4067:Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument 3408:were made to work on the project. The 3096:, and stayed south of the river until 930:Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument 604:Recreational 33.8 miles (54.4 km) 10615: 10302: 10056:Mapes, Lynda V. (February 27, 2020). 9485:"Snake River Basin Hatchery Programs" 9332:"Snake River Fall-run Chinook Salmon" 8973:Jones, Anthony (September 30, 2015). 8820:Pacific NW Magazine/The Seattle Times 8238:"Case Study: Teton Dam (Idaho), 1976" 8193:Bureau of Reclamation History Program 7381: 6589:. Idaho Department of Water Resources 6442:. The Geological Society of America. 5147:from the original on October 18, 2021 5048:from the original on January 29, 2017 5042:"Largest Rivers in the United States" 4356: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 3753:Association of Northwest Steelheaders 3459:are a recurring issue in summer. The 2855: 1575:Major tributaries of the Snake River 1302:Craters of the Moon National Monument 1064:Hells Canyon National Recreation Area 841:, a natural glacial lake enlarged by 729:, which created such features as the 456:2,000 cu ft/s (57 m/s) 10108:Smith, Anna V. (December 15, 2023). 8865:Blumenthal, Ralph (April 13, 1975). 8747:from the original on August 18, 2009 7461: 4232:List of rivers of Washington (state) 4212:List of crossings of the Snake River 3461:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2847:attests to the force of the floods. 2825:. About 15,000 years ago the lip of 1558: 1113:, it is joined from the left by the 11327:Rivers of Yellowstone National Park 10032:"Lower Snake River Dams Fact Sheet" 9764:. U.S. Government Publishing Office 9420: 9288:"Snake River Fall Chinook Recovery" 9268:. Idaho Department of Fish and Game 9021:Laughy, Linwood (January 4, 2017). 8506:. Idaho Department of Fish and Game 8292:. Idaho Museum of Natural History. 7847:Long, Priscilla (January 7, 2021). 7322:"Lewis and Clark and the Nez Perce" 6809:"Palouse and glacial Lake Missoula" 6601: 6379:. Bonneville Power Administration. 6317:Geographic Names Information System 6249:Geographic Names Information System 6181:Geographic Names Information System 6113:Geographic Names Information System 6045:Geographic Names Information System 5977:Geographic Names Information System 5909:Geographic Names Information System 5841:Geographic Names Information System 5773:Geographic Names Information System 5682:Geographic Names Information System 5614:Geographic Names Information System 5491:. Western Regional Climate Center. 5432:Geographic Names Information System 4881:Sowards, Adam M. (August 9, 2023). 4548:Geographic Names Information System 4421:from the original on April 27, 2012 4400: 4286:Geographic Names Information System 4264: 3806: 3796:removing the lower Snake River dams 3471: 13: 11442:Rivers of Washington County, Idaho 11392:Rivers of Twin Falls County, Idaho 11377:Rivers of Bonneville County, Idaho 10641: 10328: 9990:Cary, Annette (January 24, 2024). 8788:Kramer, Becky (October 24, 2016). 8684:Hedberg, Kathy (October 1, 2023). 8296:from the original on June 25, 2010 7665:Petersen, Keith C.; Reed, Mary E. 7553:"Three Island Crossing State Park" 7418:Moulton, Candy (October 1, 2005). 7267:Nez Perce National Historical Park 7116:Nez Perce National Historical Park 7021:. University of Washington Press. 6924:from the original on June 26, 2012 6728:Love, J.D.; Reed, John C. (1971). 6654:10.1016/B978-0-444-63590-7.00002-0 6509:Lifton, Zach (November 21, 2022). 5495:from the original on April 4, 2012 4783:Holmes, Brian (October 22, 2021). 4600:Olenichak, Tony (April 14, 2023). 4335: 3936: 3870:is endemic to the Wood River. The 2981:to hunt bison, via the trail over 602:Scenic 186.4 miles (300.0 km) 14: 11468: 11407:Rivers of Nez Perce County, Idaho 11332:Tributaries of the Columbia River 10275: 10140:. EarthJustice. December 14, 2023 9729:"The Clearwater River Log Drives" 8739:Dougherty, Phil (April 9, 2006). 7849:"Salmon in the Pacific Northwest" 7231:Haines, Francis (February 1964). 7197:Journal of Northwest Anthropology 7059:Fluharty, David L. (April 2000). 6680:. Geological Society of America. 6469:. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 6383:from the original on July 8, 2017 6355:National Water Information System 6287:National Water Information System 6219:National Water Information System 6151:National Water Information System 6083:National Water Information System 6015:National Water Information System 5947:National Water Information System 5879:National Water Information System 5811:National Water Information System 5743:National Water Information System 5717:National Water Information System 5652:National Water Information System 5584:National Water Information System 5517:. Western Regional Climate Center 5405:National Water Information System 5376:National Water Information System 5328:National Water Information System 5299:National Water Information System 5135:"Upper Snake Province Assessment" 4835:"Columbia Basin Passage Barriers" 4252:List of longest streams of Oregon 4119:Natural Resources Defense Council 3903:Idaho Department of Fish and Game 3675:. It then joined forces with the 3549:Udall v. Federal Power Commission 1194:Eastern Snake River Plain Aquifer 634:is a major river in the interior 49:, 1942) shows the Snake River in 11372:Rivers of Malheur County, Oregon 11362:Rivers of Wallowa County, Oregon 11273: 10511:Steamboats of the Columbia River 10414:Geology of the Pacific Northwest 10127: 10101: 10075: 10049: 10024: 10002: 9983: 9957: 9932: 9906: 9880: 9828: 9806: 9776: 9750: 9720: 9708:. Idaho State Historical Society 9691: 9669: 9647: 9635:. U.S. Bureau of Land Management 9625: 9611:"Birding in the Hagerman Valley" 9603: 9525: 9477: 9455: 9440: 9398: 9346: 9324: 9302: 9280: 9202: 9180: 9114: 9084: 9037: 9014: 8992: 8937: 8912: 8858: 8833: 8807: 8781: 8759: 8677: 8655: 8633: 8608: 8493: 8431: 8405: 8383: 8361: 8331: 8315:Black, Lexi (January 26, 2024). 8308: 8278: 8252: 8230: 8207: 8180: 8157: 8107: 8085: 8063: 8009: 7997:. Idaho State Historical Society 7924: 7899: 7810: 7788: 7774:Nez Perce National Historic Park 7762: 7735: 7706: 7694:. The Historical Marker Database 7684: 7596: 7545: 7497: 7472: 7434: 7411: 7326:Nez Perce National Historic Park 7314: 7281: 7255: 7224: 7184: 7161: 7130: 7104: 7078: 7052: 7035: 7010: 6992: 6953:Nez Perce National Historic Park 6883: 6436:Reidel, Stephen P., ed. (2013). 4581:. U.S. Bureau of Land Management 4247:List of longest streams of Idaho 4196: 4182: 4168: 4018:Terrestrial and wetland habitats 3802:Ecology and environmental issues 3795: 3696:in 1938 and the construction of 2939:. The Shoshone called the river 2717:Geology of the Pacific Northwest 2692: 2601: 2510: 2419: 2328: 2237: 2146: 2055: 1964: 1873: 1782: 1691: 849:, which is situated between the 600:Wild 260.8 miles (419.7 km) 69:Map of the Snake River watershed 63: 34: 11432:Rivers of Gooding County, Idaho 11427:Rivers of Payette County, Idaho 11417:Rivers of Fremont County, Idaho 11412:Rivers of Bingham County, Idaho 11382:Rivers of Madison County, Idaho 10546:Bonneville Power Administration 10536:Historic Columbia River Highway 10258: 10245: 10236: 10223: 10213: 10200: 10191: 10182: 10173: 10163: 10082:Hunt, Chris (August 30, 2022). 9836:"Recovering Snake River Salmon" 9655:"Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem" 9509:McMillan, John (July 1, 2021). 9069:Helmer, Jodie (July 18, 2018). 8814:Judd, Ron (November 22, 2017). 8114:Urbanek, Abby (March 7, 2023). 6827: 6801: 6779: 6694: 6667: 6629: 6547: 6525: 6473: 6456: 6395: 6369: 6340: 6322:United States Geological Survey 6272: 6254:United States Geological Survey 6204: 6186:United States Geological Survey 6136: 6118:United States Geological Survey 6068: 6050:United States Geological Survey 6000: 5982:United States Geological Survey 5932: 5914:United States Geological Survey 5864: 5846:United States Geological Survey 5796: 5778:United States Geological Survey 5731: 5705: 5687:United States Geological Survey 5637: 5619:United States Geological Survey 5569: 5529: 5507: 5481: 5455: 5437:United States Geological Survey 5419: 5364: 5342: 5313: 5259: 5175:The American Midland Naturalist 5159: 4973: 4901: 4874: 4849: 4827: 4802: 4776: 4593: 4571: 4553:United States Geological Survey 4291:United States Geological Survey 3996:Bonneville Power Administration 3706:U.S. Department of the Interior 3609:Oregon Steam Navigation Company 3482:Bonneville Power Administration 3295:, to the Union Pacific line at 2821:, about the size of modern-day 2735:north than its present course. 1470:Frank Church-River of No Return 1173:The Snake River in Hells Canyon 1153:. The confluence is located on 912:it turns west, flowing through 11457:Rivers of Jerome County, Idaho 11437:Rivers of Canyon County, Idaho 11422:Rivers of Elmore County, Idaho 11402:Rivers of Owyhee County, Idaho 11367:Rivers of Baker County, Oregon 9838:. National Wildlife Federation 8716:Steamboats on Northwest Rivers 8444:. University Press of Kansas. 8339:"Pollution of the Snake River" 7557:Oregon National Historic Trail 7233:"How the Indian Got The Horse" 7137:Walker, Deward E. Jr. (1993). 6357:. U.S. Geological Survey. 2013 6289:. U.S. Geological Survey. 2013 6221:. U.S. Geological Survey. 2013 6153:. U.S. Geological Survey. 2013 6085:. U.S. Geological Survey. 2013 6017:. U.S. Geological Survey. 2013 5949:. U.S. Geological Survey. 2013 5881:. U.S. Geological Survey. 2013 5813:. U.S. Geological Survey. 2013 5654:. U.S. Geological Survey. 2013 5586:. U.S. Geological Survey. 2013 5330:. U.S. Geological Survey. 2013 5301:. U.S. Geological Survey. 2013 4519: 4508: 4497: 4471: 4458:. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 4004:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 3374:Idaho State Historical Society 1458:Bridger–Teton National Forests 1109:of southeast Washington. Near 865:, turns west and crosses into 590:National Wild and Scenic River 334: • coordinates 245: • coordinates 42:The Tetons and the Snake River 1: 11452:Rivers of Idaho County, Idaho 11447:Rivers of Adams County, Idaho 11387:Rivers of Power County, Idaho 11357:Borders of Washington (state) 10600:The Columbia River Collection 10521:Steamboats of the Arrow Lakes 9945:. Wild Fish Conservancy. 2022 9785:"Snake River Basin Ecoregion" 9783:Sleeter, Benjamin M. (2012). 9451:. BPA. Report DOE/BP 30423 1. 9354:"Snake River Basin Steelhead" 8944:Fruits, Eric (October 2014). 8741:"Steamers on the Lower Snake" 7966:"Idaho Falls Power – History" 7931:Schwantes, Carlos A. (1994). 7796:"The Flight of the Nez Perce" 7748:. National Geographic Books. 7263:"Lolo Trail and Pass History" 7048:. Vol. 2. Idaho Citizen. 6999:Wheeler, Olin Dunbar (1904). 6893:. Washington State University 4981:"Columbia-Snake River System" 4257: 4078:Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem 4032:Snake River Plain (ecoregion) 4000:U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs 3590: 3323: 1391:North Central Rockies forests 1371:South Central Rockies forests 1256:to Tri-Basin Divide south of 1117:, then from the right by the 863:Snake River Canyon of Wyoming 385:1,080 mi (1,740 km) 209:Physical characteristics 11317:Rivers of Washington (state) 9913:Wilson, Patrick (Aug 2021). 9814:"The Lower Snake River Dams" 9699:"Lumber in the Boise Region" 9561:10.1080/03632415.2014.966087 9463:"Snake River Sockeye Salmon" 8195:. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation 8145:. U.S. National Park Service 7776:. U.S. National Park Service 7559:. U.S. National Park Service 7504:Ott, Jennifer Susan (1997). 7399:. U.S. National Park Service 7328:. U.S. National Park Service 7269:. U.S. National Park Service 7118:. U.S. National Park Service 6981:Coues, Elliott, ed. (1893). 6955:. U.S. National Park Service 6736:. U.S. National Park Service 6463:Bingham, Richard T. (1987). 5040:Kammerer, J. C. (May 1990). 4037:Henrys Fork, have extensive 3530:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 3233:Fort Hall Indian Reservation 1595:Length (to furthest source) 1218: 1179:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1164: 723:Yellowstone volcanic hotspot 693:, which drains parts of six 373: • elevation 288:9,200 ft (2,800 m) 284: • elevation 21:Snake River (disambiguation) 7: 11397:Rivers of Ada County, Idaho 10419:Columbia River Basalt Group 10293:Wild and Scenic Snake River 10282:Snake River flow conditions 9613:. U.S National Park Service 9591:. University of North Texas 8319:. Idaho Conservation League 8118:. Idaho Conservation League 8093:"The History of Twin Falls" 7085:Schacher, Cindy L. (2004). 6787:"The Lake Bonneville Flood" 5539:. Library of Congress. 2005 5245:"Snake River Plain aquifer" 5110:. Elsevier Academic Press. 4889:. Oregon Historical Society 4161: 3860:Yellowstone cutthroat trout 3831:(the main tributary of the 3319:Reclamation and development 2977:able to travel east of the 1571: 1535:system which drains to the 1519:system which drains to the 1364:temperate coniferous forest 922:Snake River Canyon of Idaho 701:to the north and east, the 654:, it flows across the arid 411: • location 314: • location 229: • location 10: 11473: 10589:Roll On, Columbia, Roll On 10491:Lewis and Clark Expedition 10242:To the head of Lake Creek. 10037:. Northwest River Partners 8665:. Hydro Leader. 9 May 2022 8596:. Idaho Power. August 2007 8073:. Twin Falls Canal Company 7714:"The Snake War, 1864–1868" 7441:Josephy, Alvin M. (1997). 6920:. Digital Atlas of Idaho. 6912:Meatte, Daniel S. (1990). 6533:"Snake River Plain, Idaho" 5044:. U.S. Geological Survey. 4756:Williamson, Darcy (1997). 4417:. U.S. Geological Survey. 4029: 3821:World Wide Fund for Nature 3475: 2850: 2714: 2702: 1562: 1373:, consisting primarily of 995:, it crosses briefly into 784:Although travelers on the 697:, is situated between the 674:, and finally the rolling 462: • maximum 452: • minimum 442: • average 18: 11269: 11036: 10976: 10896: 10798: 10732: 10662: 10650: 10576: 10478: 10447: 10406: 10370: 10336: 10197:To the head of Sun Creek. 9002:. DamSense. April 8, 2015 8690:Moscow-Pullman Daily News 8218:. Intermountain Histories 8168:. Intermountain Histories 7821:. Intermountain Histories 7481:. University of Houston. 4579:"South Fork of the Snake" 4237:List of rivers of Wyoming 3688:lower Snake ran in 1920. 3677:Northern Pacific Railroad 3466:best management practices 3117:Colonization and conflict 2993:Exploration and fur trade 1574: 1495:Bureau of Land Management 1271:of central Idaho and the 1157:, the impoundment behind 1086:border, and receives the 835:Grand Teton National Park 827:Yellowstone National Park 820: 717:; millions of years ago, 666:on the borders of Idaho, 648:Yellowstone National Park 624: 620: 616: 608: 596: 587: 583: 543: 487: 479: 474: 470: 460: 450: 440: 409: 401: 397: 389: 381: 371: 332: 312: 296: 292: 282: 243: 234:Yellowstone National Park 227: 217: 213: 208: 162: 152: 130: 120: 115: 74: 62: 33: 28: 10253:South Fork Payette River 10156: 9794:. U.S. Geological Survey 9738:. Forest History Society 8616:"Idaho Energy Landscape" 8343:Ecology and Conservation 7479:Engines of our Ingenuity 7042:Walgamott, C.S. (1927). 6815:. Idaho State University 6813:Digital Geology of Idaho 6789:. Idaho State University 6767:. Idaho State University 6765:Digital Geology of Idaho 6704:. U.S. Geological Survey 6617:. Idaho State University 6558:. Idaho State University 6513:. U.S. Geological Survey 5745:. U.S. Geological Survey 5719:. U.S. Geological Survey 5407:. U.S. Geological Survey 5378:. U.S. Geological Survey 5247:. Idaho State University 5225:. Idaho State University 5002:U.S. Geological Survey. 4695:U.S. Geological Survey. 4672:U.S. Geological Survey. 4649:U.S. Geological Survey. 4626:U.S. Geological Survey. 4607:. Idaho Water District 1 4388:. U.S. Geological Survey 4319:U.S. Geological Survey. 4227:List of rivers of Oregon 1278:Basin and Range Province 902:American Falls Reservoir 612:P.L. 94-199; P.L. 111-11 545: • right 377:341 ft (104 m) 10808:Boise metropolitan area 10486:Robert Gray exploration 10231:Middle Fork Boise River 9242:. American Rivers. 2022 8286:"Groundwater Resources" 8071:"History of Milner Dam" 7745:Atlas of Indian Nations 7508:. University of Montana 7353:"Snake River Explorers" 6761:"Lake Bonneville flood" 5108:Rivers of North America 4222:List of rivers of Idaho 4145:and Washington Senator 3963:Rivers of North America 3287:(later integrated into 3147:Lt. Col. Edward Steptoe 2343:Hells Canyon NRA, Idaho 1586:Confluence coordinates 1056:Hells Canyon Wilderness 489: • left 97: 82: 11337:Physiographic sections 10823:Columbia River Plateau 10541:Columbia Basin Project 9386:. Save Our Wild Salmon 9092:"Columbia Unglaciated" 8980:. Save Our Wild Salmon 8920:"Snake River Dredging" 8641:"Our Hatchery Program" 8566:"Fish passage at dams" 8438:Hirt, Paul W. (2012). 8290:Digital Atlas of Idaho 8017:"Idaho: Arrowrock Dam" 7742:Treuer, Anton (2013). 7475:"Hudson's Bay Company" 7391:Louter, David (1995). 6864:Louter, David (1995). 5223:Digital Atlas of Idaho 5025:Perkins, L.Z. (1973). 4724:"Hydroelectric Plants" 4153:In December 2023, the 4106: 4027: 3974: 3816: 3735: 3604: 3524: 3516: 3431: 3349: 3243: 3149:'s defeat at the 1858 3130: 3050: 2872: 2767: 2730:, a series of massive 2728:Columbia River basalts 2712: 2638:46.59000°N 118.21528°W 2547:46.42500°N 117.03722°W 2456:46.08028°N 116.97972°W 2434:Rogersburg, Washington 2365:45.85639°N 116.79361°W 2274:44.09222°N 116.95250°W 2183:44.05917°N 116.97528°W 2092:43.82083°N 117.02611°W 2001:43.81278°N 117.02556°W 1910:42.94917°N 115.96194°W 1819:42.86250°N 114.90500°W 1728:42.71528°N 114.85333°W 1637:43.75278°N 111.95778°W 1337: 1306:Columbia River basalts 1292:; the latter includes 1269:Salmon River Mountains 1236: 1229:Union Pacific Railroad 1174: 1111:Lyons Ferry State Park 1068:Seven Devils Mountains 977:C. J. Strike Reservoir 972: 853:(to the west) and the 719:Columbia River basalts 705:to the south, and the 680:Tri-Cities, Washington 356:46.18611°N 119.02861°W 267:44.13028°N 110.21944°W 203:Tri-Cities, Washington 10568:Vanport flood of 1948 10531:Columbia River Treaty 10407:Geology and geography 9920:. University of Idaho 9868:. University of Idaho 9816:. Idaho Rivers United 9679:. U.S. Forest Service 9025:. Idaho Rivers United 8714:Gulick, Bill (2004). 8187:Simonds, Joe (1997). 8143:"Idaho: Minidoka Dam" 7968:. City of Idaho Falls 7878:"Irrigation in Idaho" 7817:Richardson, Camilla. 7092:. U.S. Forest Service 7066:. U.S. Forest Service 7006:. G.P. Putnam's Sons. 6914:"The Fremont Culture" 4961:. U.S. Forest Service 4911:. U.S. Forest Service 4104: 4050:narrowleaf cottonwood 4025: 3972: 3825:freshwater ecoregions 3814: 3730: 3603:at Lewiston, c. 1906. 3598: 3543:The case reached the 3522: 3514: 3426: 3382:Bureau of Reclamation 3339: 3241: 3145:. In retaliation for 3143:Treaty of Walla Walla 3124: 3098:Three Island Crossing 3048: 2863: 2829:south of present-day 2765: 2710: 1589:Confluence elevation 1490:National Park Service 1335: 1226: 1198:lost streams of Idaho 1172: 966: 199:Clarkston, Washington 179:American Falls, Idaho 10424:Columbia River Gorge 9736:Forest History Today 8794:The Spokesman-Review 8095:. City of Twin Falls 7447:. Houghton Mifflin. 6328:. September 10, 1979 6192:. September 10, 1979 6176:"Grande Ronde River" 5609:"Salmon Falls Creek" 4856:Stahl, Greg (2016). 4759:River Tales of Idaho 4155:Biden administration 4097:Proposed dam removal 3771:, Central Ferry and 3714:Hanford nuclear site 3159:Starbuck, Washington 3151:Battle of Pine Creek 3075:Hudson's Bay Company 2979:Bitterroot Mountains 2893:Lower Monumental Dam 2883:(9000–8000 BCE) and 2752:North American Plate 2643:46.59000; -118.21528 2616:Starbuck, Washington 2552:46.42500; -117.03722 2461:46.08028; -116.97972 2370:45.85639; -116.79361 2279:44.09222; -116.95250 2188:44.05917; -116.97528 2097:43.82083; -117.02611 2006:43.81278; -117.02556 1915:42.94917; -115.96194 1888:Mountain Home, Idaho 1824:42.86250; -114.90500 1733:42.71528; -114.85333 1642:43.75278; -111.95778 1583:Confluence location 1233:Starbuck, Washington 1094:, it flows north to 1019:from the right near 1003:from the right, the 857:. Below the town of 361:46.18611; -119.02861 272:44.13028; -110.21944 10848:North Central Idaho 10724:Tourist attractions 10577:Ecology and culture 10501:Pacific Fur Company 9971:. November 15, 2022 9553:2014Fish...39..488K 8349:on October 23, 2009 8189:"The Boise Project" 7692:"The Ward Massacre" 6949:"The Treaty Period" 6124:. December 31, 1992 6056:. December 31, 1992 5988:. November 28, 1980 5852:. November 28, 1980 5469:on January 17, 2022 5443:. December 31, 1981 4887:Oregon Encyclopedia 4297:. December 31, 1981 4127:University of Idaho 3844:freshwater molluscs 3842:, especially among 3673:Riparia, Washington 3313:Soda Springs, Idaho 3027:Pacific Fur Company 2962:Benjamin Bonneville 2740:Yellowstone hotspot 2724:Northern California 2634: / 2543: / 2452: / 2361: / 2270: / 2179: / 2088: / 1997: / 1906: / 1815: / 1724: / 1633: / 1414:U.S. Forest Service 1149:, southeast of the 1147:Burbank, Washington 1011:from the left, the 983:, then through the 875:Palisades Reservoir 805:, host the longest 475:Basin features 352: / 263: / 10868:Southwestern Idaho 10594:Confluence Project 10516:Big Bend Gold Rush 10439:Columbia Mountains 9047:. Port of Lewiston 9045:"Shipping Reports" 8951:. Port of Lewiston 8871:The New York Times 8535:Public History PDX 7302:: 2. February 1964 6244:"Clearwater River" 5565:on August 7, 2008. 5559:"Watersheds (map)" 4983:. Port of Lewiston 4107: 4059:Ute lady's tresses 4028: 3975: 3868:Wood River sculpin 3817: 3781:Container shipping 3748:Marmes Rockshelter 3736: 3718:Warren G. Magnuson 3605: 3553:William O. Douglas 3525: 3517: 3440:Anderson Ranch Dam 3432: 3350: 3342:American Falls Dam 3244: 3155:Col. George Wright 3131: 3067:North West Company 3051: 3029:expedition led by 2933:Walla Walla people 2889:Marmes Rockshelter 2879:(10000–9000 BCE), 2873: 2869:Frederic Remington 2856:Indigenous peoples 2798:Huntington, Oregon 2768: 2713: 2429:Grande Ronde River 1701:Salmon Falls Creek 1592:Length (mainstem) 1338: 1262:Continental Divide 1237: 1175: 1092:Asotin, Washington 1088:Grande Ronde River 973: 906:American Falls Dam 896:and receiving the 731:Snake River Canyon 711:Oregon high desert 682:, in the southern 609:Reference no. 534:Grande Ronde River 171:Idaho Falls, Idaho 11352:Borders of Oregon 11322:Rivers of Wyoming 11287: 11286: 10883:Wood River Valley 10609: 10608: 10114:High Country News 10062:The Seattle Times 9893:High Country News 9584:Osborne, Hunter. 9513:. Trout Unlimited 8391:"Swan Falls Park" 7940:Columbia Magazine 7237:American Heritage 7210:978-1-5391-2889-2 7028:978-0-295-99026-2 6687:978-0-8137-0009-0 4860:. Falcon Guides. 3883:shorthead sculpin 3856:Yellowstone River 3744:Little Goose Dams 3569:Hells Canyon Dams 3221:Winnas Expedition 3178:Two years later, 3153:, a force led by 3090:Willamette Valley 3031:Wilson Price Hunt 2908:Northern Shoshone 2781:Mississippi River 2700: 2699: 2590:(24,420 km) 2499:(10,710 km) 2408:(36,290 km) 2226:(12,210 km) 2135:(10,390 km) 2044:(28,380 km) 1559:Major tributaries 1533:Mississippi River 1466:Selway–Bitterroot 1327:semi-arid climate 1181:has measured the 1049:Hells Canyon Dams 971:, south of Boise. 855:Gros Ventre Range 837:, where it feeds 656:Snake River Plain 636:Pacific Northwest 628: 627: 494:Gros Ventre River 187:Twin Falls, Idaho 157:Pacific Northwest 45:(photographed by 11464: 11347:Borders of Idaho 11312:Rivers of Oregon 11280:Idaho portal 11278: 11277: 11276: 10636: 10629: 10622: 10613: 10612: 10557:Sohappy v. Smith 10470:Dalles des Morts 10448:Falls and rapids 10352:British Columbia 10323: 10316: 10309: 10300: 10299: 10269: 10262: 10256: 10249: 10243: 10240: 10234: 10227: 10221: 10217: 10211: 10204: 10198: 10195: 10189: 10186: 10180: 10177: 10171: 10167: 10150: 10149: 10147: 10145: 10139: 10131: 10125: 10124: 10122: 10120: 10105: 10099: 10098: 10096: 10094: 10079: 10073: 10072: 10070: 10068: 10053: 10047: 10046: 10044: 10042: 10036: 10028: 10022: 10021: 10019: 10017: 10006: 10000: 9999: 9987: 9981: 9980: 9978: 9976: 9969:Big Country News 9961: 9955: 9954: 9952: 9950: 9944: 9936: 9930: 9929: 9927: 9925: 9919: 9910: 9904: 9903: 9901: 9899: 9884: 9878: 9877: 9875: 9873: 9867: 9859: 9848: 9847: 9845: 9843: 9832: 9826: 9825: 9823: 9821: 9810: 9804: 9803: 9801: 9799: 9789: 9780: 9774: 9773: 9771: 9769: 9763: 9754: 9748: 9747: 9745: 9743: 9733: 9724: 9718: 9717: 9715: 9713: 9703: 9695: 9689: 9688: 9686: 9684: 9673: 9667: 9666: 9664: 9662: 9651: 9645: 9644: 9642: 9640: 9629: 9623: 9622: 9620: 9618: 9607: 9601: 9600: 9598: 9596: 9590: 9581: 9572: 9571: 9569: 9567: 9538: 9529: 9523: 9522: 9520: 9518: 9506: 9497: 9496: 9494: 9492: 9481: 9475: 9474: 9472: 9470: 9459: 9453: 9452: 9444: 9438: 9437: 9429: 9418: 9417: 9415: 9413: 9402: 9396: 9395: 9393: 9391: 9385: 9377: 9366: 9365: 9363: 9361: 9350: 9344: 9343: 9341: 9339: 9328: 9322: 9321: 9319: 9317: 9306: 9300: 9299: 9297: 9295: 9284: 9278: 9277: 9275: 9273: 9267: 9258: 9252: 9251: 9249: 9247: 9241: 9233: 9222: 9221: 9219: 9217: 9206: 9200: 9199: 9197: 9195: 9184: 9178: 9177: 9153: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9137: 9132:on July 26, 2011 9118: 9112: 9111: 9109: 9107: 9102:on July 26, 2011 9088: 9082: 9081: 9079: 9077: 9066: 9057: 9056: 9054: 9052: 9041: 9035: 9034: 9032: 9030: 9018: 9012: 9011: 9009: 9007: 8996: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8985: 8979: 8970: 8961: 8960: 8958: 8956: 8950: 8941: 8935: 8934: 8932: 8930: 8924: 8916: 8910: 8909: 8907: 8905: 8899: 8891: 8882: 8881: 8879: 8877: 8862: 8856: 8855: 8853: 8851: 8845: 8837: 8831: 8830: 8828: 8826: 8811: 8805: 8804: 8802: 8800: 8785: 8779: 8778: 8776: 8774: 8763: 8757: 8756: 8754: 8752: 8736: 8730: 8729: 8718:. Caxton Press. 8711: 8702: 8701: 8699: 8697: 8681: 8675: 8674: 8672: 8670: 8659: 8653: 8652: 8650: 8648: 8637: 8631: 8630: 8628: 8626: 8620: 8612: 8606: 8605: 8603: 8601: 8595: 8587: 8578: 8577: 8575: 8573: 8562: 8547: 8546: 8544: 8542: 8527: 8516: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8505: 8497: 8491: 8490: 8488: 8486: 8475: 8456: 8455: 8435: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8424: 8409: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8398: 8387: 8381: 8380: 8378: 8376: 8365: 8359: 8358: 8356: 8354: 8335: 8329: 8328: 8326: 8324: 8312: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8301: 8282: 8276: 8275: 8256: 8250: 8249: 8247: 8245: 8234: 8228: 8227: 8225: 8223: 8211: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8200: 8184: 8178: 8177: 8175: 8173: 8161: 8155: 8154: 8152: 8150: 8139: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8123: 8111: 8105: 8104: 8102: 8100: 8089: 8083: 8082: 8080: 8078: 8067: 8061: 8060: 8058: 8056: 8046: 8038: 8029: 8028: 8026: 8024: 8013: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8002: 7992: 7984: 7978: 7977: 7975: 7973: 7962: 7956: 7955: 7953: 7951: 7937: 7928: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7917: 7911: 7903: 7897: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7882: 7874: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7856: 7844: 7831: 7830: 7828: 7826: 7814: 7808: 7807: 7805: 7803: 7792: 7786: 7785: 7783: 7781: 7766: 7760: 7759: 7739: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7728: 7718: 7710: 7704: 7703: 7701: 7699: 7688: 7682: 7681: 7679: 7677: 7671: 7662: 7623: 7622: 7620: 7618: 7608: 7600: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7589: 7583: 7575: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7564: 7549: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7538: 7527: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7513: 7501: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7490: 7470: 7459: 7458: 7438: 7432: 7431: 7429: 7427: 7415: 7409: 7408: 7406: 7404: 7388: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7374: 7368: 7357: 7349: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7333: 7318: 7312: 7311: 7309: 7307: 7293: 7285: 7279: 7278: 7276: 7274: 7259: 7253: 7252: 7250: 7248: 7228: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7217: 7188: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7177: 7165: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7154: 7134: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7123: 7108: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7097: 7091: 7082: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7071: 7065: 7056: 7050: 7049: 7039: 7033: 7032: 7014: 7008: 7007: 6996: 6990: 6989: 6978: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6945: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6909: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6887: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6861: 6850: 6849: 6847: 6845: 6839: 6835:"Ice Age Floods" 6831: 6825: 6824: 6822: 6820: 6805: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6783: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6772: 6757: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6725: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6698: 6692: 6691: 6671: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6633: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6616: 6608: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6588: 6579: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6551: 6545: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6529: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6506: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6488: 6481:"Blue Mountains" 6477: 6471: 6470: 6460: 6454: 6453: 6433: 6420: 6419: 6399: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6352: 6344: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6308: 6299: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6284: 6276: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6240: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6226: 6216: 6208: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6172: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6148: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6104: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6080: 6072: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6061: 6036: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6012: 6004: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5968: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5944: 5936: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5900: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5876: 5868: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5832: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5808: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5764: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5735: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5709: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5673: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5649: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5605: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5581: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5402: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5325: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5296: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5271: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5215: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5172: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5146: 5139: 5131: 5122: 5121: 5103: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5037: 5031: 5030: 5022: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5011: 4999: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4955: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4930: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4853: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4814: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4762:. Caxton Press. 4753: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4720: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4692: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4623: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4606: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4539: 4528: 4523: 4517: 4512: 4506: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4475: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4452: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4411: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4382: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4316: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4277: 4206: 4204:Geography portal 4201: 4200: 4199: 4192: 4187: 4186: 4185: 4178: 4173: 4172: 4171: 4046:black cottonwood 3959:keystone species 3887:margined sculpin 3872:Shoshone sculpin 3807:Aquatic habitats 3785:Port of Portland 3740:Lower Monumental 3472:Hydroelectricity 3386:Minidoka Project 3346:Minidoka Project 3297:Granger, Wyoming 3293:Portland, Oregon 3291:) had connected 3100:near modern-day 3094:Fort Hall, Idaho 3083:Oregon Territory 3055:Donald Mackenzie 2831:Pocatello, Idaho 2696: 2686: 2681:(8,610 km) 2678: 2673:(267.9 km) 2670: 2665:(267.9 km) 2662: 2654: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2645: 2644: 2639: 2635: 2632: 2631: 2630: 2627: 2605: 2595: 2587: 2582:(319.2 km) 2579: 2574:(120.4 km) 2571: 2563: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2554: 2553: 2548: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2539: 2536: 2520:Clearwater River 2514: 2504: 2496: 2491:(338.7 km) 2488: 2483:(338.7 km) 2480: 2472: 2467: 2466: 2464: 2463: 2462: 2457: 2453: 2450: 2449: 2448: 2445: 2423: 2413: 2405: 2400:(684.7 km) 2397: 2392:(684.7 km) 2389: 2381: 2376: 2375: 2373: 2372: 2371: 2366: 2362: 2359: 2358: 2357: 2354: 2332: 2322: 2317:(8,550 km) 2314: 2309:(262.4 km) 2306: 2301:(133.1 km) 2298: 2290: 2285: 2284: 2282: 2281: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2268: 2267: 2266: 2263: 2241: 2231: 2223: 2218:(331.2 km) 2215: 2210:(305.6 km) 2207: 2199: 2194: 2193: 2191: 2190: 2189: 2184: 2180: 2177: 2176: 2175: 2172: 2150: 2140: 2132: 2127:(250.4 km) 2124: 2119:(166.0 km) 2116: 2108: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2099: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2086: 2085: 2084: 2081: 2059: 2049: 2041: 2036:(557.9 km) 2033: 2028:(557.9 km) 2025: 2017: 2012: 2011: 2009: 2008: 2007: 2002: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1990: 1968: 1958: 1953:(8,530 km) 1950: 1945:(246.2 km) 1942: 1937:(246.2 km) 1934: 1926: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1917: 1916: 1911: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1899: 1877: 1867: 1862:(8,420 km) 1859: 1854:(239.9 km) 1851: 1843: 1835: 1830: 1829: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1811: 1808: 1786: 1776: 1771:(5,500 km) 1768: 1763:(245.7 km) 1760: 1755:(195.0 km) 1752: 1744: 1739: 1738: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1720: 1717: 1695: 1685: 1680:(8,450 km) 1677: 1672:(208.1 km) 1669: 1664:(208.1 km) 1661: 1653: 1648: 1647: 1645: 1644: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1572: 1395:mountain hemlock 1393:, which include 1379:Engelmann spruce 1290:Wind River Range 1286:Albion Mountains 1273:Bitterroot Range 1213:Hells Canyon Dam 1139:Lower Monumental 1127:navigation locks 1100:Clearwater River 843:Jackson Lake Dam 779:Oregon Territory 765:to the Pacific, 574:Clearwater River 546: 490: 463: 453: 443: 435: 434: 430: 427: 412: 367: 366: 364: 363: 362: 357: 353: 350: 349: 348: 345: 285: 278: 277: 275: 274: 273: 268: 264: 261: 260: 259: 256: 246: 230: 175:Blackfoot, Idaho 167:Jackson, Wyoming 108: 100: 93: 85: 67: 38: 26: 25: 11472: 11471: 11467: 11466: 11465: 11463: 11462: 11461: 11307:Rivers of Idaho 11292: 11291: 11288: 11283: 11274: 11272: 11265: 11032: 10979: 10972: 10899: 10892: 10873:Treasure Valley 10853:Idaho Panhandle 10794: 10728: 10658: 10646: 10640: 10610: 10605: 10572: 10474: 10455:Cascades Rapids 10443: 10429:Missoula Floods 10402: 10366: 10341: 10332: 10327: 10278: 10273: 10272: 10264:To the head of 10263: 10259: 10251:To the head of 10250: 10246: 10241: 10237: 10229:To the head of 10228: 10224: 10218: 10214: 10206:To the head of 10205: 10201: 10196: 10192: 10187: 10183: 10178: 10174: 10168: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10153: 10143: 10141: 10137: 10133: 10132: 10128: 10118: 10116: 10106: 10102: 10092: 10090: 10080: 10076: 10066: 10064: 10054: 10050: 10040: 10038: 10034: 10030: 10029: 10025: 10015: 10013: 10008: 10007: 10003: 9996:Tri-City Herald 9988: 9984: 9974: 9972: 9963: 9962: 9958: 9948: 9946: 9942: 9938: 9937: 9933: 9923: 9921: 9917: 9911: 9907: 9897: 9895: 9885: 9881: 9871: 9869: 9865: 9861: 9860: 9851: 9841: 9839: 9834: 9833: 9829: 9819: 9817: 9812: 9811: 9807: 9797: 9795: 9787: 9781: 9777: 9767: 9765: 9761: 9755: 9751: 9741: 9739: 9731: 9725: 9721: 9711: 9709: 9701: 9697: 9696: 9692: 9682: 9680: 9675: 9674: 9670: 9660: 9658: 9653: 9652: 9648: 9638: 9636: 9631: 9630: 9626: 9616: 9614: 9609: 9608: 9604: 9594: 9592: 9588: 9582: 9575: 9565: 9563: 9547:(11): 488–500. 9536: 9530: 9526: 9516: 9514: 9507: 9500: 9490: 9488: 9483: 9482: 9478: 9468: 9466: 9461: 9460: 9456: 9445: 9441: 9436:. pp. 1–2. 9430: 9421: 9411: 9409: 9404: 9403: 9399: 9389: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9378: 9369: 9359: 9357: 9352: 9351: 9347: 9337: 9335: 9330: 9329: 9325: 9315: 9313: 9308: 9307: 9303: 9293: 9291: 9286: 9285: 9281: 9271: 9269: 9265: 9259: 9255: 9245: 9243: 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HistoryLink. 8737: 8733: 8726: 8712: 8705: 8695: 8693: 8682: 8678: 8668: 8666: 8661: 8660: 8656: 8646: 8644: 8639: 8638: 8634: 8624: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8613: 8609: 8599: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8588: 8581: 8571: 8569: 8564: 8563: 8550: 8540: 8538: 8529: 8528: 8519: 8509: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8498: 8494: 8484: 8482: 8477: 8476: 8459: 8452: 8436: 8432: 8422: 8420: 8410: 8406: 8396: 8394: 8389: 8388: 8384: 8374: 8372: 8367: 8366: 8362: 8352: 8350: 8337: 8336: 8332: 8322: 8320: 8313: 8309: 8299: 8297: 8284: 8283: 8279: 8272: 8258: 8257: 8253: 8243: 8241: 8236: 8235: 8231: 8221: 8219: 8214:Franzen, Josh. 8212: 8208: 8198: 8196: 8185: 8181: 8171: 8169: 8162: 8158: 8148: 8146: 8141: 8140: 8131: 8121: 8119: 8112: 8108: 8098: 8096: 8091: 8090: 8086: 8076: 8074: 8069: 8068: 8064: 8054: 8052: 8044: 8040: 8039: 8032: 8022: 8020: 8015: 8014: 8010: 8000: 7998: 7990: 7986: 7985: 7981: 7971: 7969: 7964: 7963: 7959: 7949: 7947: 7935: 7929: 7925: 7915: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7904: 7900: 7890: 7888: 7880: 7876: 7875: 7864: 7854: 7852: 7845: 7834: 7824: 7822: 7815: 7811: 7801: 7799: 7794: 7793: 7789: 7779: 7777: 7770:"Visit Dug Bar" 7768: 7767: 7763: 7756: 7740: 7736: 7726: 7724: 7716: 7712: 7711: 7707: 7697: 7695: 7690: 7689: 7685: 7675: 7673: 7669: 7663: 7626: 7616: 7614: 7606: 7602: 7601: 7597: 7587: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7576: 7572: 7562: 7560: 7551: 7550: 7546: 7536: 7534: 7529: 7528: 7521: 7511: 7509: 7502: 7498: 7488: 7486: 7471: 7462: 7455: 7439: 7435: 7425: 7423: 7416: 7412: 7402: 7400: 7389: 7382: 7372: 7370: 7369:on May 15, 2012 7366: 7355: 7351: 7350: 7341: 7331: 7329: 7320: 7319: 7315: 7305: 7303: 7291: 7287: 7286: 7282: 7272: 7270: 7261: 7260: 7256: 7246: 7244: 7229: 7225: 7215: 7213: 7211: 7189: 7185: 7175: 7173: 7166: 7162: 7152: 7150: 7135: 7131: 7121: 7119: 7110: 7109: 7105: 7095: 7093: 7089: 7083: 7079: 7069: 7067: 7063: 7057: 7053: 7040: 7036: 7029: 7015: 7011: 6997: 6993: 6979: 6968: 6958: 6956: 6947: 6946: 6937: 6927: 6925: 6910: 6906: 6896: 6894: 6889: 6888: 6884: 6874: 6872: 6862: 6853: 6843: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6832: 6828: 6818: 6816: 6807: 6806: 6802: 6792: 6790: 6785: 6784: 6780: 6770: 6768: 6759: 6758: 6749: 6739: 6737: 6726: 6717: 6707: 6705: 6700: 6699: 6695: 6688: 6672: 6668: 6658: 6656: 6634: 6630: 6620: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6609: 6602: 6592: 6590: 6586: 6580: 6571: 6561: 6559: 6552: 6548: 6538: 6536: 6531: 6530: 6526: 6516: 6514: 6507: 6496: 6486: 6484: 6479: 6478: 6474: 6461: 6457: 6450: 6434: 6423: 6416: 6400: 6396: 6386: 6384: 6375: 6374: 6370: 6360: 6358: 6350: 6346: 6345: 6341: 6331: 6329: 6312:"Palouse River" 6310: 6309: 6302: 6292: 6290: 6282: 6278: 6277: 6273: 6263: 6261: 6260:. June 21, 1979 6242: 6241: 6234: 6224: 6222: 6214: 6210: 6209: 6205: 6195: 6193: 6174: 6173: 6166: 6156: 6154: 6146: 6142: 6141: 6137: 6127: 6125: 6106: 6105: 6098: 6088: 6086: 6078: 6074: 6073: 6069: 6059: 6057: 6040:"Payette River" 6038: 6037: 6030: 6020: 6018: 6010: 6006: 6005: 6001: 5991: 5989: 5972:"Malheur River" 5970: 5969: 5962: 5952: 5950: 5942: 5938: 5937: 5933: 5923: 5921: 5920:. June 21, 1979 5902: 5901: 5894: 5884: 5882: 5874: 5870: 5869: 5865: 5855: 5853: 5834: 5833: 5826: 5816: 5814: 5806: 5802: 5801: 5797: 5787: 5785: 5784:. June 21, 1979 5768:"Bruneau River" 5766: 5765: 5758: 5748: 5746: 5737: 5736: 5732: 5722: 5720: 5711: 5710: 5706: 5696: 5694: 5675: 5674: 5667: 5657: 5655: 5647: 5643: 5642: 5638: 5628: 5626: 5625:. June 21, 1979 5607: 5606: 5599: 5589: 5587: 5579: 5575: 5574: 5570: 5557: 5556: 5552: 5542: 5540: 5535: 5534: 5530: 5520: 5518: 5513: 5512: 5508: 5498: 5496: 5487: 5486: 5482: 5472: 5470: 5461: 5460: 5456: 5446: 5444: 5425: 5424: 5420: 5410: 5408: 5400: 5396: 5395: 5391: 5381: 5379: 5370: 5369: 5365: 5355: 5353: 5348: 5347: 5343: 5333: 5331: 5323: 5319: 5318: 5314: 5304: 5302: 5294: 5290: 5289: 5285: 5275: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5264: 5260: 5250: 5248: 5243: 5242: 5238: 5228: 5226: 5217: 5216: 5209: 5199: 5197: 5187:10.2307/2425075 5170: 5164: 5160: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5137: 5133: 5132: 5125: 5118: 5104: 5061: 5051: 5049: 5038: 5034: 5023: 5019: 5009: 5007: 5000: 4996: 4986: 4984: 4979: 4978: 4974: 4964: 4962: 4957: 4956: 4949: 4939: 4937: 4932: 4931: 4924: 4914: 4912: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4892: 4890: 4879: 4875: 4868: 4854: 4850: 4840: 4838: 4833: 4832: 4828: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4807: 4803: 4793: 4791: 4781: 4777: 4770: 4754: 4739: 4729: 4727: 4722: 4721: 4712: 4702: 4700: 4693: 4689: 4679: 4677: 4670: 4666: 4656: 4654: 4647: 4643: 4633: 4631: 4624: 4620: 4610: 4608: 4604: 4598: 4594: 4584: 4582: 4577: 4576: 4572: 4562: 4560: 4559:. June 21, 1979 4541: 4540: 4531: 4524: 4520: 4513: 4509: 4502: 4498: 4488: 4486: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4461: 4459: 4454: 4453: 4434: 4424: 4422: 4413: 4412: 4401: 4391: 4389: 4384: 4383: 4336: 4326: 4324: 4317: 4310: 4300: 4298: 4279: 4278: 4265: 4260: 4202: 4197: 4195: 4188: 4183: 4181: 4174: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4099: 4042:gallery forests 4034: 4020: 3939: 3937:Anadromous fish 3915:smallmouth bass 3809: 3804: 3791:has increased. 3789:breakbulk cargo 3777:Great Recession 3593: 3573:fish hatcheries 3484: 3474: 3326: 3321: 3229:Chief Pocatello 3212:Nez Perce Chief 3189:Idaho Territory 3180:Elias D. Pierce 3119: 3063:Fort Nez Percés 2995: 2954:steelhead trout 2916:Northern Paiute 2858: 2853: 2840:Missoula Floods 2819:Lake Bonneville 2719: 2705: 2688: 2680: 2672: 2664: 2656: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2633: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2620: 2597: 2589: 2581: 2573: 2565: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2542: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2529: 2525:Lewiston, Idaho 2506: 2498: 2490: 2482: 2474: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2451: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2438: 2415: 2407: 2399: 2391: 2383: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2360: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2347: 2324: 2316: 2308: 2300: 2292: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2269: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2256: 2233: 2225: 2217: 2209: 2201: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2178: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2165: 2161:Ontario, Oregon 2142: 2134: 2126: 2118: 2110: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2087: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2074: 2051: 2043: 2035: 2027: 2019: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1996: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1983: 1960: 1952: 1944: 1936: 1928: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1905: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1892: 1869: 1861: 1853: 1846:(19.3 km) 1845: 1837: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1801: 1797:Hagerman, Idaho 1778: 1770: 1762: 1754: 1746: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1723: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1710: 1706:Hagerman, Idaho 1687: 1679: 1671: 1663: 1655: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1619: 1567: 1561: 1553:Umatilla Rivers 1529:Missouri Rivers 1509:Great Salt Lake 1454:Caribou–Targhee 1434:Wallowa–Whitman 1250:Lost Trail Pass 1221: 1202:Hagerman, Idaho 1167: 1096:Lewiston, Idaho 1021:Ontario, Oregon 989:Treasure Valley 898:Blackfoot River 823: 795:Lewiston, Idaho 767:Lewis and Clark 746:anadromous fish 699:Rocky Mountains 646:. Beginning in 603: 601: 592: 544: 502:Blackfoot River 488: 461: 451: 441: 432: 428: 425: 423: 410: 374: 360: 358: 354: 351: 346: 343: 341: 339: 338: 335: 315: 283: 271: 269: 265: 262: 257: 254: 252: 250: 249: 244: 228: 222:Rocky Mountains 195:Lewiston, Idaho 191:Ontario, Oregon 111: 102: 87: 70: 58: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11470: 11460: 11459: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11304: 11285: 11284: 11270: 11267: 11266: 11264: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11178: 11173: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11042: 11040: 11034: 11033: 11031: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10984: 10982: 10974: 10973: 10971: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10904: 10902: 10894: 10893: 10891: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10863:Southern Idaho 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10804: 10802: 10796: 10795: 10793: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10767: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10745:Climate change 10742: 10736: 10734: 10730: 10729: 10727: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10705: 10704: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10668: 10666: 10660: 10659: 10651: 10648: 10647: 10639: 10638: 10631: 10624: 10616: 10607: 10606: 10604: 10603: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10584:Pacific salmon 10580: 10578: 10574: 10573: 10571: 10570: 10565: 10563:Boldt Decision 10560: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10506:Fort Vancouver 10503: 10498: 10496:David Thompson 10493: 10488: 10482: 10480: 10476: 10475: 10473: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10451: 10449: 10445: 10444: 10442: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10410: 10408: 10404: 10403: 10401: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10374: 10372: 10368: 10367: 10365: 10364: 10359: 10354: 10348: 10346: 10334: 10333: 10330:Columbia River 10326: 10325: 10318: 10311: 10303: 10297: 10296: 10290: 10285: 10277: 10276:External links 10274: 10271: 10270: 10257: 10244: 10235: 10222: 10212: 10208:Big Wood River 10199: 10190: 10181: 10172: 10161: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10152: 10151: 10126: 10100: 10074: 10048: 10023: 10001: 9982: 9956: 9931: 9905: 9879: 9849: 9827: 9805: 9775: 9749: 9719: 9690: 9668: 9646: 9624: 9602: 9573: 9524: 9498: 9476: 9454: 9439: 9419: 9397: 9367: 9345: 9323: 9301: 9279: 9253: 9223: 9201: 9179: 9172: 9143: 9113: 9083: 9058: 9036: 9013: 8991: 8962: 8936: 8911: 8883: 8857: 8832: 8806: 8780: 8758: 8731: 8724: 8703: 8676: 8654: 8632: 8607: 8579: 8548: 8517: 8492: 8479:"Hells Canyon" 8457: 8450: 8430: 8418:The Times-News 8404: 8382: 8360: 8330: 8307: 8277: 8270: 8251: 8229: 8206: 8179: 8156: 8129: 8106: 8084: 8062: 8030: 8008: 7979: 7957: 7923: 7898: 7862: 7832: 7809: 7787: 7761: 7754: 7734: 7705: 7683: 7624: 7595: 7570: 7544: 7519: 7496: 7460: 7453: 7433: 7410: 7380: 7339: 7313: 7280: 7254: 7223: 7209: 7203:(2): 228–264. 7183: 7160: 7129: 7103: 7077: 7051: 7034: 7027: 7009: 6991: 6988:. F.P. Harper. 6966: 6935: 6904: 6882: 6851: 6826: 6800: 6778: 6747: 6715: 6693: 6686: 6666: 6628: 6600: 6569: 6546: 6524: 6494: 6472: 6455: 6448: 6421: 6414: 6394: 6368: 6339: 6300: 6271: 6232: 6203: 6164: 6135: 6108:"Salmon River" 6096: 6067: 6028: 5999: 5960: 5931: 5892: 5863: 5836:"Owyhee River" 5824: 5795: 5756: 5730: 5704: 5665: 5636: 5597: 5568: 5550: 5528: 5506: 5480: 5454: 5427:"Gannett Peak" 5418: 5389: 5363: 5341: 5312: 5283: 5258: 5236: 5207: 5181:(1): 140–148. 5158: 5123: 5116: 5059: 5032: 5017: 4994: 4972: 4947: 4922: 4900: 4883:"Hells Canyon" 4873: 4866: 4848: 4826: 4801: 4775: 4768: 4737: 4710: 4687: 4664: 4641: 4618: 4592: 4570: 4529: 4518: 4507: 4496: 4470: 4432: 4399: 4334: 4308: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4255: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4193: 4179: 4163: 4160: 4139:baseload power 4098: 4095: 4019: 4016: 4012:Stanley, Idaho 3938: 3935: 3899:white sturgeon 3829:Big Wood River 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3732:Ice Harbor Dam 3694:Bonneville Dam 3663:. In 1893 the 3633:Mountain Queen 3592: 3589: 3558:Gerald R. Ford 3492:American Falls 3488:Swan Falls Dam 3473: 3470: 3398:American Falls 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3261:Colonel Wright 3164:Colonel Wright 3118: 3115: 3079:Oregon Country 3059:Alexander Ross 2994: 2991: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2810:Colorado River 2777:Atlantic Ocean 2704: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2690: 2682: 2674: 2666: 2658: 2650: 2618: 2613: 2607: 2606: 2599: 2591: 2583: 2575: 2567: 2559: 2527: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2508: 2500: 2492: 2484: 2476: 2468: 2436: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2417: 2409: 2401: 2393: 2385: 2377: 2345: 2340: 2334: 2333: 2326: 2318: 2310: 2302: 2294: 2286: 2254: 2252:Payette, Idaho 2249: 2243: 2242: 2235: 2227: 2219: 2211: 2203: 2195: 2163: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2144: 2136: 2128: 2120: 2112: 2104: 2072: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2053: 2045: 2037: 2029: 2021: 2013: 1981: 1976: 1970: 1969: 1962: 1954: 1946: 1938: 1930: 1922: 1890: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1871: 1863: 1855: 1847: 1839: 1831: 1799: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1780: 1772: 1764: 1756: 1748: 1740: 1708: 1703: 1697: 1696: 1689: 1681: 1673: 1665: 1657: 1649: 1617: 1615:Rexburg, Idaho 1612: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1576: 1560: 1557: 1545:Spokane Rivers 1537:Gulf of Mexico 1517:Colorado River 1446:Salmon–Challis 1387:lodgepole pine 1322:alpine climate 1316:effect of the 1280:, such as the 1258:Afton, Wyoming 1220: 1217: 1166: 1163: 1121:, which forms 1115:Tucannon River 1037:Blue Mountains 1009:Malheur Rivers 958:Shoshone Falls 910:American Falls 883:alluvial plain 822: 819: 807:sockeye salmon 762:Plains Indians 735:Shoshone Falls 707:Blue Mountains 684:Columbia Basin 640:Columbia River 626: 625: 622: 621: 618: 617: 614: 613: 610: 606: 605: 598: 594: 593: 588: 585: 584: 581: 580: 547: 541: 540: 538:Tucannon River 506:Portneuf River 491: 485: 484: 481: 477: 476: 472: 471: 468: 467: 464: 458: 457: 454: 448: 447: 444: 438: 437: 416:Ice Harbor Dam 413: 407: 406: 403: 399: 398: 395: 394: 391: 387: 386: 383: 379: 378: 375: 372: 369: 368: 336: 333: 330: 329: 316: 313: 310: 309: 303:Columbia River 300: 294: 293: 290: 289: 286: 280: 279: 247: 241: 240: 231: 225: 224: 219: 215: 214: 211: 210: 206: 205: 164: 160: 159: 154: 150: 149: 132: 128: 127: 122: 118: 117: 113: 112: 110: 109: 94: 78: 76: 72: 71: 68: 60: 59: 39: 31: 30: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11469: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11299: 11297: 11290: 11282: 11281: 11268: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11043: 11041: 11039: 11035: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11003:Mountain Home 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10985: 10983: 10981: 10975: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10938:Coeur d'Alene 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10905: 10903: 10901: 10895: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10878:Wasatch Range 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10838:Inland Empire 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10828:Eastern Idaho 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10818:Central Idaho 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10805: 10803: 10801: 10797: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10737: 10735: 10731: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10703: 10700: 10699: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10669: 10667: 10665: 10661: 10656: 10655: 10649: 10645: 10637: 10632: 10630: 10625: 10623: 10618: 10617: 10614: 10602: 10601: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10581: 10579: 10575: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10558: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10483: 10481: 10477: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10452: 10450: 10446: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10411: 10409: 10405: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10375: 10373: 10369: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10339: 10335: 10331: 10324: 10319: 10317: 10312: 10310: 10305: 10304: 10301: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10283: 10280: 10279: 10267: 10261: 10254: 10248: 10239: 10232: 10226: 10216: 10209: 10203: 10194: 10185: 10176: 10166: 10162: 10136: 10130: 10115: 10111: 10104: 10089: 10085: 10078: 10063: 10059: 10052: 10033: 10027: 10011: 10005: 9997: 9993: 9986: 9970: 9966: 9960: 9941: 9935: 9916: 9909: 9894: 9890: 9883: 9864: 9858: 9856: 9854: 9837: 9831: 9815: 9809: 9793: 9786: 9779: 9760: 9753: 9737: 9730: 9723: 9707: 9700: 9694: 9678: 9672: 9656: 9650: 9634: 9628: 9612: 9606: 9587: 9580: 9578: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9546: 9542: 9535: 9528: 9512: 9505: 9503: 9486: 9480: 9464: 9458: 9450: 9443: 9435: 9428: 9426: 9424: 9407: 9401: 9382: 9376: 9374: 9372: 9355: 9349: 9333: 9327: 9311: 9305: 9289: 9283: 9264: 9257: 9238: 9232: 9230: 9228: 9211: 9205: 9189: 9183: 9175: 9173:1-55963-734-X 9169: 9165: 9161: 9160: 9152: 9150: 9148: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9122:"Upper Snake" 9117: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9087: 9072: 9065: 9063: 9046: 9040: 9024: 9017: 9001: 8995: 8976: 8969: 8967: 8947: 8940: 8921: 8915: 8896: 8890: 8888: 8872: 8868: 8861: 8842: 8836: 8821: 8817: 8810: 8795: 8791: 8784: 8768: 8767:"Visionaries" 8762: 8746: 8742: 8735: 8727: 8725:0-87004-438-9 8721: 8717: 8710: 8708: 8691: 8687: 8680: 8664: 8658: 8643:. Idaho Power 8642: 8636: 8617: 8611: 8592: 8586: 8584: 8567: 8561: 8559: 8557: 8555: 8553: 8536: 8532: 8526: 8524: 8522: 8502: 8496: 8480: 8474: 8472: 8470: 8468: 8466: 8464: 8462: 8453: 8451:9780700618736 8447: 8443: 8442: 8434: 8419: 8415: 8408: 8393:. Idaho Power 8392: 8386: 8370: 8364: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8334: 8318: 8311: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8281: 8273: 8271:9780160913648 8267: 8263: 8262: 8255: 8239: 8233: 8217: 8210: 8194: 8190: 8183: 8167: 8160: 8144: 8138: 8136: 8134: 8117: 8110: 8094: 8088: 8072: 8066: 8050: 8043: 8037: 8035: 8018: 8012: 7996: 7989: 7983: 7967: 7961: 7945: 7941: 7934: 7927: 7908: 7902: 7886: 7879: 7873: 7871: 7869: 7867: 7851:. HistoryLink 7850: 7843: 7841: 7839: 7837: 7820: 7813: 7797: 7791: 7775: 7771: 7765: 7757: 7755:9781426211607 7751: 7747: 7746: 7738: 7722: 7715: 7709: 7693: 7687: 7668: 7661: 7659: 7657: 7655: 7653: 7651: 7649: 7647: 7645: 7643: 7641: 7639: 7637: 7635: 7633: 7631: 7629: 7612: 7605: 7599: 7580: 7574: 7558: 7554: 7548: 7532: 7526: 7524: 7507: 7500: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7473:Kaza, Roger. 7469: 7467: 7465: 7456: 7454:9780395850114 7450: 7446: 7445: 7437: 7421: 7414: 7398: 7394: 7387: 7385: 7365: 7361: 7354: 7348: 7346: 7344: 7327: 7323: 7317: 7301: 7297: 7290: 7289:"Snake River" 7284: 7268: 7264: 7258: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7227: 7212: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7187: 7171: 7164: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7133: 7117: 7113: 7107: 7088: 7081: 7062: 7055: 7047: 7046: 7038: 7030: 7024: 7020: 7013: 7005: 7004: 6995: 6987: 6986: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6971: 6954: 6950: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6908: 6892: 6886: 6871: 6867: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6836: 6830: 6814: 6810: 6804: 6788: 6782: 6766: 6762: 6756: 6754: 6752: 6735: 6731: 6724: 6722: 6720: 6703: 6697: 6689: 6683: 6679: 6678: 6670: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6632: 6613: 6607: 6605: 6585: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6557: 6550: 6534: 6528: 6512: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6482: 6476: 6468: 6467: 6459: 6451: 6449:9780813724973 6445: 6441: 6440: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6417: 6415:9781604699159 6411: 6407: 6406: 6398: 6382: 6378: 6372: 6356: 6349: 6343: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6318: 6313: 6307: 6305: 6288: 6281: 6275: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6250: 6245: 6239: 6237: 6220: 6213: 6207: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6182: 6177: 6171: 6169: 6152: 6145: 6139: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6114: 6109: 6103: 6101: 6084: 6077: 6071: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6046: 6041: 6035: 6033: 6016: 6009: 6003: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5978: 5973: 5967: 5965: 5948: 5941: 5935: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5910: 5905: 5904:"Boise River" 5899: 5897: 5880: 5873: 5867: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5831: 5829: 5812: 5805: 5799: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5774: 5769: 5763: 5761: 5744: 5740: 5734: 5718: 5714: 5708: 5693:. May 1, 1989 5692: 5688: 5684: 5683: 5678: 5677:"Malad River" 5672: 5670: 5653: 5646: 5640: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5615: 5610: 5604: 5602: 5585: 5578: 5572: 5564: 5560: 5554: 5538: 5532: 5516: 5510: 5494: 5490: 5484: 5468: 5464: 5458: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5433: 5428: 5422: 5406: 5399: 5393: 5377: 5373: 5367: 5351: 5345: 5329: 5322: 5316: 5300: 5293: 5287: 5268: 5262: 5246: 5240: 5224: 5220: 5214: 5212: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5169: 5162: 5143: 5136: 5130: 5128: 5119: 5117:0-12-088253-1 5113: 5109: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5047: 5043: 5036: 5028: 5021: 5005: 4998: 4982: 4976: 4960: 4954: 4952: 4935: 4934:"Snake River" 4929: 4927: 4910: 4904: 4888: 4884: 4877: 4869: 4867:9781493027088 4863: 4859: 4852: 4836: 4830: 4815:. Idaho Power 4811: 4805: 4790: 4786: 4779: 4771: 4769:9780870045318 4765: 4761: 4760: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4726:. Idaho Power 4725: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4698: 4691: 4675: 4668: 4652: 4645: 4629: 4622: 4603: 4596: 4580: 4574: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4549: 4544: 4543:"Henrys Fork" 4538: 4536: 4534: 4527: 4522: 4516: 4511: 4505: 4500: 4484: 4480: 4474: 4457: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4420: 4416: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4387: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4322: 4315: 4313: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4287: 4282: 4281:"Snake River" 4276: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4263: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4194: 4191: 4190:Rivers portal 4180: 4177: 4166: 4159: 4156: 4151: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4111: 4103: 4094: 4092: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4060: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4044:dominated by 4043: 4040: 4033: 4024: 4015: 4013: 4007: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3989: 3983: 3979: 3971: 3967: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3951: 3946: 3943: 3934: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3813: 3799: 3797: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3764: 3762: 3758: 3757:Lower Granite 3754: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3699: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3657: 3652: 3651: 3646: 3645: 3640: 3639: 3638:R.R. Thompson 3634: 3630: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3615: 3614:Harvest Queen 3610: 3602: 3597: 3588: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3545:Supreme Court 3541: 3537: 3535: 3531: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3483: 3479: 3469: 3467: 3462: 3458: 3452: 3449: 3445: 3444:Palisades Dam 3441: 3437: 3429: 3428:Palisades Dam 3425: 3421: 3419: 3415: 3414:Arrowrock Dam 3411: 3410:Boise Project 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3362: 3361:I. B. Perrine 3358: 3355: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3332: 3331:russet potato 3316: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3289:Union Pacific 3286: 3280: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3249:Nez Perce War 3240: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3216: 3214: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3128: 3123: 3114: 3112: 3111:Montana Trail 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3047: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3036:Robert Stuart 3032: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3003:Salmon, Idaho 3000: 2990: 2986: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2968: 2963: 2957: 2955: 2950: 2948: 2947: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2848: 2846: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2828: 2827:Red Rock Pass 2824: 2823:Lake Michigan 2820: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2789: 2787: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2764: 2760: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2718: 2709: 2695: 2691: 2683: 2675: 2667: 2659: 2651: 2647: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2611:Palouse River 2609: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2592: 2584: 2576: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2501: 2493: 2485: 2477: 2469: 2465: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2410: 2402: 2394: 2386: 2378: 2374: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2319: 2311: 2303: 2295: 2287: 2283: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2247:Payette River 2245: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2228: 2220: 2212: 2204: 2196: 2192: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2156:Malheur River 2154: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2137: 2129: 2121: 2113: 2105: 2101: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2046: 2038: 2030: 2022: 2014: 2010: 1982: 1980: 1979:Nyssa, Oregon 1977: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1955: 1947: 1939: 1931: 1923: 1919: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1883:Bruneau River 1881: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1864: 1856: 1848: 1840: 1832: 1828: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1773: 1765: 1757: 1749: 1741: 1737: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1682: 1674: 1666: 1658: 1650: 1646: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1531:(part of the 1530: 1526: 1522: 1521:Sea of Cortez 1518: 1515:(part of the 1514: 1510: 1506: 1503: 1498: 1496: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1416:managing the 1415: 1410: 1408: 1407:western larch 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1383:subalpine fir 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1354:, mixed with 1353: 1349: 1345: 1342: 1334: 1330: 1328: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1254:Salmon, Idaho 1251: 1247: 1243: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1216: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1171: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1131:Lower Granite 1128: 1124: 1123:Palouse Falls 1120: 1119:Palouse River 1116: 1112: 1108: 1107:Palouse Hills 1103: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1017:Weiser Rivers 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 981:Bruneau River 978: 970: 965: 961: 959: 955: 951: 948:, Auger, and 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 871:Palisades Dam 868: 864: 861:it forms the 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 818: 816: 812: 808: 804: 798: 796: 792: 787: 782: 780: 776: 772: 768: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 738: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 687: 685: 681: 677: 676:Palouse Hills 673: 669: 665: 662:, the rugged 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 644:Pacific Ocean 641: 637: 633: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 599: 595: 591: 586: 582: 579: 578:Palouse River 575: 571: 567: 563: 562:Payette River 559: 555: 551: 548: 542: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 518:Malheur River 515: 511: 510:Bruneau River 507: 503: 499: 495: 492: 486: 482: 478: 473: 469: 465: 459: 455: 449: 445: 439: 421: 417: 414: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 370: 365: 337: 331: 328: 324: 320: 317: 311: 308: 304: 301: 299: 295: 291: 287: 281: 276: 248: 242: 239: 235: 232: 226: 223: 220: 216: 212: 207: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 183:Burley, Idaho 180: 176: 172: 168: 165: 161: 158: 155: 151: 148: 144: 140: 136: 133: 129: 126: 125:United States 123: 119: 114: 106: 99: 95: 91: 84: 80: 79: 77: 73: 66: 61: 56: 52: 48: 44: 43: 37: 32: 27: 22: 11289: 11271: 10843:Magic Valley 10813:Cache Valley 10760:Demographics 10702:Bibliography 10652: 10598: 10555: 10551:Hanford Site 10465:Kettle Falls 10460:Celilo Falls 10266:Selway River 10260: 10247: 10238: 10225: 10215: 10202: 10193: 10184: 10175: 10165: 10142:. 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Retrieved 4284: 4176:Idaho portal 4152: 4147:Patty Murray 4135: 4131:Mike Simpson 4112: 4108: 4075: 4063: 4035: 4008: 3993: 3988:Payette Lake 3984: 3980: 3976: 3962: 3950:Oncorhynchus 3948: 3940: 3876: 3837: 3818: 3793: 3765: 3737: 3703: 3690: 3685:Celilo Canal 3681:Celilo Falls 3670: 3664: 3660: 3656:Mountain Gem 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3632: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3585:Dworshak Dam 3577: 3562: 3548: 3542: 3538: 3526: 3485: 3457:algae blooms 3453: 3433: 3394:Jackson Lake 3390:Minidoka Dam 3379: 3370:Magic Valley 3359: 3351: 3327: 3309:Payette Lake 3281: 3276: 3271: 3265: 3260: 3257: 3245: 3217: 3210: 3206: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3185:Chief Joseph 3177: 3168: 3162: 3132: 3102:Glenns Ferry 3087: 3072: 3061:established 3052: 3040:Oregon Trail 3022:Andrew Henry 3015: 3010: 3006: 2996: 2987: 2971: 2958: 2951: 2944: 2943:, after the 2940: 2937:Naxíyam Wána 2936: 2924: 2920: 2901: 2874: 2817:the massive 2815: 2802: 2790: 2769: 2737: 2732:flood basalt 2720: 2598:(420.8 m/s) 2416:(314.0 m/s) 2338:Salmon River 2070:Parma, Idaho 1974:Owyhee River 1568: 1499: 1478:Hells Canyon 1411: 1399:white spruce 1360:bunchgrasses 1356:wheatgrasses 1339: 1311: 1294:Gannett Peak 1282:Independence 1266: 1238: 1210: 1191: 1187: 1176: 1155:Lake Wallula 1135:Little Goose 1104: 1080:Salmon River 1076:Imnaha River 1072:Grand Canyon 1060:Class III-IV 1053: 1033:Hells Canyon 1029:Burnt Rivers 974: 950:Salmon Falls 934:Caldron Linn 914:Minidoka Dam 904:, formed by 891: 869:, where the 847:Jackson Hole 839:Jackson Lake 824: 811:Redfish Lake 803:Salmon River 799: 791:Magic Valley 786:Oregon Trail 783: 771:Fur trappers 739: 689:The river's 688: 664:Hells Canyon 658:of southern 631: 629: 570:Salmon River 566:Weiser River 530:Imnaha River 526:Powder River 514:Owyhee River 307:Lake Wallula 51:Jackson Hole 40: 11302:Snake River 11018:Garden City 10923:Idaho Falls 10888:Yellowstone 10833:Great Basin 10785:LGBT rights 10687:Delegations 10398:Tributaries 10288:Idaho Power 10144:January 31, 10119:January 31, 10093:February 3, 10067:February 3, 10041:February 3, 10016:February 3, 9975:February 3, 9898:January 24, 9872:January 21, 9842:February 2, 9820:February 2, 9798:February 2, 9768:February 3, 9742:February 3, 9712:February 3, 9683:February 2, 9661:January 24, 9639:January 24, 9617:January 20, 9595:January 20, 9566:January 22, 9517:January 22, 9491:February 4, 9469:January 24, 9412:January 22, 9360:January 24, 9338:January 24, 9316:January 24, 9272:February 4, 9216:February 4, 9076:February 4, 9051:February 4, 9029:February 4, 9006:February 4, 8984:February 4, 8955:February 4, 8929:February 4, 8904:February 4, 8876:February 4, 8850:February 4, 8825:January 17, 8799:January 16, 8773:February 4, 8625:February 4, 8572:January 24, 8375:January 31, 8353:October 11, 8323:February 3, 8300:October 11, 8244:January 10, 8023:December 9, 8001:December 9, 7972:December 9, 7891:December 9, 7537:February 4, 7426:February 1, 7422:. True West 7273:February 4, 7176:February 2, 7122:February 5, 7070:February 3, 6487:January 20, 6361:January 15, 6332:January 15, 6293:January 15, 6264:January 15, 6225:January 15, 6196:January 15, 6157:January 15, 6128:January 15, 6089:January 15, 6060:January 15, 6021:January 15, 5992:January 15, 5953:January 15, 5924:January 15, 5885:January 15, 5856:January 15, 5817:January 15, 5788:January 15, 5749:January 16, 5723:January 15, 5697:January 15, 5658:January 15, 5629:January 15, 5590:January 15, 5543:January 24, 5521:February 2, 5473:February 2, 5447:January 27, 5356:February 2, 5334:February 3, 5305:January 17, 5276:January 17, 5251:January 17, 5229:January 17, 5200:January 17, 5010:January 27, 5006:. TopoQuest 4987:January 27, 4965:January 27, 4915:January 15, 4893:February 2, 4841:January 27, 4819:January 27, 4794:January 27, 4703:January 27, 4699:. TopoQuest 4680:January 27, 4676:. TopoQuest 4657:January 27, 4653:. TopoQuest 4634:January 27, 4630:. TopoQuest 4611:January 27, 4585:January 15, 4563:January 15, 4462:January 31, 4327:January 27, 4323:. TopoQuest 4301:January 27, 4123:Sierra Club 3891:Oregon chub 3879:sand roller 3833:Malad River 3665:Annie Faxon 3628:Annie Faxon 3497:Idaho Power 3438:(1948) and 3436:Cascade Dam 3402:Island Park 3253:Bannock War 3139:Walla Walla 3018:John Colter 3007:Kooskooskee 2845:plunge pool 2806:Green River 2794:Wallula Gap 2773:Arco, Idaho 2689:(17.0 m/s) 2641: / 2629:118°12′55″W 2550: / 2538:117°02′14″W 2507:(85.7 m/s) 2459: / 2447:116°58′47″W 2368: / 2356:116°47′37″W 2325:(83.8 m/s) 2277: / 2265:116°57′09″W 2186: / 2174:116°58′31″W 2143:(44.6 m/s) 2095: / 2083:117°01′34″W 2065:Boise River 2052:(26.0 m/s) 2004: / 1992:117°01′32″W 1961:(10.6 m/s) 1913: / 1901:115°57′43″W 1870:(42.5 m/s) 1822: / 1810:114°54′18″W 1792:Malad River 1731: / 1719:114°51′12″W 1688:(59.7 m/s) 1640: / 1628:111°57′28″W 1610:Henrys Fork 1525:Yellowstone 1513:Green River 1505:Great Basin 1486:Gros Ventre 1474:Gospel Hump 1375:Douglas fir 1314:rain shadow 1312:Due to the 1248:. From the 1023:, then the 1001:Boise River 954:Idaho Power 926:Malad River 894:Idaho Falls 879:Henrys Fork 851:Teton Range 703:Great Basin 695:U.S. states 632:Snake River 558:Boise River 554:Malad River 550:Henrys Fork 522:Burnt River 480:Tributaries 359: / 325:, near the 270: / 258:110°13′10″W 75:Native name 47:Ansel Adams 29:Snake River 11296:Categories 11261:Washington 11251:Twin Falls 11131:Clearwater 11091:Bonneville 10953:Post Falls 10943:Twin Falls 10682:Government 10357:Washington 10220:diversion) 9949:January 5, 9924:January 5, 9390:January 8, 9294:January 8, 9246:January 8, 9194:January 8, 8751:October 5, 7676:January 6, 7672:. DamSense 7588:January 6, 7512:January 6, 7489:October 5, 6928:October 5, 5151:January 6, 4489:January 5, 4483:rivers.gov 4425:August 22, 4258:References 4143:Jay Inslee 4091:cheatgrass 4030:See also: 3942:Anadromous 3931:lake trout 3911:pikeminnow 3895:Bull trout 3722:Ice Harbor 3698:McNary Dam 3619:John Gates 3591:Navigation 3476:See also: 3418:Hoover Dam 3365:Milner Dam 3340:The first 3324:Irrigation 3301:Huntington 3197:Cascadilla 3173:The Dalles 3127:Fort Boise 3125:The first 3106:Fort Boise 2999:Lemhi Pass 2786:Bear River 2748:Lake Idaho 2715:See also: 2626:46°35′24″N 2535:46°25′30″N 2444:46°04′49″N 2353:45°51′23″N 2262:44°05′32″N 2234:(5.9 m/s) 2171:44°03′33″N 2080:43°49′15″N 1989:43°48′46″N 1898:42°56′57″N 1807:42°51′45″N 1779:(4.3 m/s) 1716:42°42′55″N 1656:(1,463 m) 1625:43°45′10″N 1601:Discharge 1598:Watershed 1563:See also: 1541:Clark Fork 1527:and upper 1523:) and the 1426:Bitterroot 1422:Clearwater 1403:alpine fir 1367:ecoregions 1159:McNary Dam 1151:Tri-Cities 1143:Ice Harbor 1084:Washington 918:Milner Dam 744:and other 672:Washington 650:, western 498:Salt River 420:Washington 390:Basin size 347:119°1′43″W 344:46°11′10″N 327:Tri-Cities 323:Washington 255:44°07′49″N 147:Washington 11216:Nez Perce 11171:Jefferson 11061:Bear Lake 11013:Blackfoot 10928:Pocatello 10775:Elections 10770:Education 10692:Governors 10677:Geography 10657:(capital) 10642:State of 10383:Crossings 10345:traversed 10338:Provinces 10284:at SnoFlo 9541:Fisheries 9136:April 14, 9106:April 14, 6648:: 28–59. 5382:April 28, 4086:log drive 3945:salmonids 3907:whitefish 3644:Wide West 3580:megawatts 3448:Teton Dam 3354:Carey Act 3305:Pocatello 3225:Snake War 3011:Kimooenim 2983:Lolo Pass 2921:Kimooenim 2904:Nez Perce 1502:endorheic 1418:Nez Perce 1352:sagebrush 1348:rangeland 1344:shrubland 1341:Semi-arid 1252:north of 1219:Watershed 1206:King Hill 1183:discharge 1165:Discharge 754:Nez Perce 715:volcanism 691:watershed 402:Discharge 90:Nez Perce 83:Kimooenim 11241:Shoshone 11211:Minidoka 11181:Kootenai 11146:Franklin 11096:Boundary 11038:Counties 10998:Chubbuck 10948:Lewiston 10933:Caldwell 10918:Meridian 10790:Politics 10780:Gun laws 10740:Abortion 8745:Archived 8294:Archived 7483:Archived 7373:June 24, 6922:Archived 6387:June 20, 6381:Archived 5493:Archived 5142:Archived 5052:April 1, 5046:Archived 4419:Archived 4162:See also 4121:and the 4039:riparian 4002:and the 3889:and the 3846:such as 3840:endemism 3710:Cold War 3534:Brownlee 3272:Shoshone 3267:Shoshone 3207:Okanogan 3065:for the 3053:In 1818 2941:Yampapah 2925:Pikúunen 2910:and the 2897:Shoshoni 2779:via the 2657:(165 m) 2566:(220 m) 2475:(250 m) 2384:(280 m) 2293:(648 m) 2202:(650 m) 2111:(666 m) 2020:(666 m) 1929:(749 m) 1838:(810 m) 1747:(879 m) 1604:Picture 1549:John Day 1462:Sawtooth 1450:Sawtooth 1430:Umatilla 1318:Cascades 1041:Brownlee 942:Shoshone 815:hatchery 750:Shoshone 116:Location 105:Shoshoni 98:Yampapah 11231:Payette 11206:Madison 11201:Lincoln 11161:Gooding 11151:Fremont 11116:Caribou 11071:Bingham 11066:Benewah 11056:Bannock 10978:Smaller 10958:Rexburg 10858:Palouse 10800:Regions 10765:Economy 10755:Culture 10733:Society 10719:Symbols 10697:History 10479:History 10170:Valley. 9549:Bibcode 5195:2425075 3955:redband 3919:rainbow 3623:Spokane 3601:Spokane 2929:Wanapum 2912:Bannock 2871:c. 1895 2865:Bannock 2851:History 2836:coulees 2703:Geology 2687:cu ft/s 2596:cu ft/s 2505:cu ft/s 2414:cu ft/s 2323:cu ft/s 2232:cu ft/s 2141:cu ft/s 2050:cu ft/s 1959:cu ft/s 1868:cu ft/s 1777:cu ft/s 1686:cu ft/s 1438:Payette 1013:Payette 908:. From 887:Rexburg 859:Jackson 831:Wyoming 727:Ice Age 652:Wyoming 431:⁄ 319:Burbank 238:Wyoming 135:Wyoming 121:Country 55:Wyoming 11256:Valley 11226:Owyhee 11221:Oneida 11176:Jerome 11141:Elmore 11136:Custer 11121:Cassia 11111:Canyon 11086:Bonner 11076:Blaine 11028:Burley 11023:Jerome 11008:Hayden 10980:cities 10963:Moscow 10900:cities 10898:Larger 10714:People 10709:Images 10664:Topics 10393:Rapids 10378:Cities 10362:Oregon 10343:states 9170: 8722: 8448: 8268: 7752: 7451: 7207: 7112:"Fish" 7025: 6684: 6446: 6412: 5193: 5114: 4864: 4789:KTVB 7 4766: 4052:. The 3998:, the 3982:1995. 3917:, and 3866:. The 3848:snails 3773:Almota 3761:Asotin 3659:, and 3650:Imnaha 3641:, and 3506:Rupert 3502:Burley 3299:, via 3209:, and 3202:Tenino 3169:Wright 3135:Cayuse 2974:Cayuse 2946:yampah 2881:Folsom 2877:Clovis 2744:graben 2726:. The 2594:14,860 2412:11,090 2404:14,000 2040:10,950 1497:land. 1389:, and 1385:, and 1246:Nevada 1025:Powder 1005:Owyhee 997:Oregon 946:Pillar 881:on an 873:forms 821:Course 775:beaver 760:. The 742:salmon 668:Oregon 483: 405: 382:Length 218:Source 163:Cities 153:Region 143:Oregon 101: 86: 11246:Teton 11236:Power 11196:Lewis 11191:Lemhi 11186:Latah 11166:Idaho 11126:Clark 11106:Camas 11101:Butte 11081:Boise 11051:Adams 10993:Ammon 10968:Eagle 10913:Nampa 10908:Boise 10750:Crime 10672:Index 10654:Boise 10644:Idaho 10371:Lists 10157:Notes 10138:(PDF) 10088:Hatch 10035:(PDF) 9943:(PDF) 9918:(PDF) 9866:(PDF) 9788:(PDF) 9762:(PDF) 9732:(PDF) 9702:(PDF) 9589:(PDF) 9537:(PDF) 9384:(PDF) 9266:(PDF) 9240:(PDF) 8978:(PDF) 8949:(PDF) 8923:(PDF) 8898:(PDF) 8844:(PDF) 8619:(PDF) 8594:(PDF) 8504:(PDF) 8045:(PDF) 7991:(PDF) 7936:(PDF) 7910:(PDF) 7881:(PDF) 7717:(PDF) 7670:(PDF) 7607:(PDF) 7582:(PDF) 7367:(PDF) 7356:(PDF) 7292:(PDF) 7090:(PDF) 7064:(PDF) 7003:Later 6838:(PDF) 6615:(PDF) 6587:(PDF) 6351:(PDF) 6283:(PDF) 6215:(PDF) 6147:(PDF) 6079:(PDF) 6011:(PDF) 5943:(PDF) 5875:(PDF) 5807:(PDF) 5648:(PDF) 5580:(PDF) 5401:(PDF) 5324:(PDF) 5295:(PDF) 5270:(PDF) 5191:JSTOR 5171:(PDF) 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