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village level, the highest ranking family head served as the village chief. There were four districts: Monroe, Tolt, Fall City, and North Bend. Each district had its own role in the administration and defense of the
Snoqualmie drainage system. The Monroe district guarded the mouth of the Snoqualmie River, the North Bend district guarded the mountain passes, the Fall City district was the military headquarters of the region, and the Tolt district functioned as a de-facto capitol of the region. Patkanim appointed four of his relatives to be head chief of each district. Patkanim made himself the head chief of all the districts, traveling throughout the year to administer the various villages in the drainage system. Sonowa and the upriver Snoqualmie remained quite powerful and Sonowa was given the status of sub-chief of the North Bend district by Patkanim.
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tasks, they could not force anyone to come with them or finish the job. Rather, a leader merely supervised the tasks and made suggestions which were often heeded because of their wisdom. Respected leaders were held in very high esteem by others, who often would donate portions of their food or gave other gifts to the leader as a token of respect. On the other hand, leaders which were not respected could simply be ignored with no threat of punishment. As the world began to change drastically during the early colonial period with the introduction of the fur trade, Snoqualmie leader
Patkanim used the changing circumstances to his advantage to greatly increase his influence and authority, becoming a highly-powerful leader and controlling much of the trade on Puget Sound, paving the way for the later centralization of the Snoqualmie around his descendants.
379:, first intended to be a general reservation for all peoples west of the Cascades. A temporary reservation on the then-named Snohomish Bay was to be established solely for the Snohomish, Snoqualmie, Skykomish, and Stillaguamish, as well as their several subgroups. These lands were wholly unsuitable for the Snoqualmie, an inland people. Not only were the Snoqualmie not suited for a saltwater lifestyle, but the treaty commission vastly underestimated the number of people who lived in the area. Early estimates by the commission in 1854 suggested that only 300-400 people lived on the entire Snohomish and Stillaguamish watersheds. By 1856, American estimates reached as high as 1800. On the other hand, the US government would grant the same amount of land intended for 1800 people to just four white settlers (if they were married) under the
944:, the route passed around Lake Washington towards Issaquah and into the Snoqualmie Valley, where it continued along the Snoqualmie River and across the mountains. Another major trade route to the northern Puget Sound between the Snohomish and Yakama peoples passed through Snoqualmie territory, via the Snoqualmie River. Due to being directly on the path of trade between the east and west sides of the mountains, the Snoqualmie directly controlled trade flowing across the mountains, allowing them to become very powerful in relation to other Puget Sound peoples.
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racks for the berries, as well as any fish caught or meat gathered from animals during the trip. Berries were collected and brought back to the camp for drying and storage. Berries gathered include huckleberries, blackberries, elderberries, salmonberries, cranberries, and strawberries. Some berries were gathered in the marshes and lakes and prairies of the lowlands. Others were gathered high up on the mountains and in the passes, which were the favored gathering areas of many
Snoqualmie women.
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1006:). Within the high-class families, there was also differences in the elite-ness of various families. Most families were upper class, with few lower class families and even fewer slaves, owned by the wealthiest of the wealthy. Recognition of class rank was regional and based on one's family. While it was possible to move up and down the social ladder, it was uncommon, and most people inherited their high-class status from their families.
1096:. They gained federal recognition in 1999. The Snoqualmie Tribe was originally recognized by the BIA as some kind of tribal entity for about 100 years, until around the 1950s. Around that time, the federal government ceased to recognize the tribe, however, it is not clear why or when this recognition ceased to exist. In 1927, the Snoqualmie Tribe joined many other Western Washington tribes in a lawsuit against the federal government,
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1047:, to begin large-scale annual raiding of peoples to the south for slaves, including the Snoqualmie. This resulted in a massive expansion of warfare and military capabilities among the Snoqualmie in order to defend against these raiders. Patkanim, a prominent leader of the time, used the expansion in trade and military to centralize and ferment his authority among the many Snoqualmie villages. Patkanim selected the village at
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long, lasting upwards of 2–3 weeks. Deer were hunted everywhere, from their homelands in the valley to the islands in the Sound. Elk hunters traveled to the territory of the neighboring
Skykomish people. Mountain goats were hunted in the Cascade Mountains. While the best spot in Snoqualmie territory for goat hunting was at the headwaters of the South Fork, people also hunted at the headwaters of the North Fork and at
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land to support the
Snoqualmie in addition to the many other peoples on the reservation, so most returned to their homelands. In 1856 and in 1858, Indian Agents requested multiple times for a reservation to be created near Snoqualmie Falls, however, no reservation was created. Most Snoqualmie could not obtain land at Tulalip either, resulting in the Snoqualmie becoming practically landless.
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organization above the village level, going as high as the drainage system in which one lived. This analysis of traditional society is supported by most anthropologists today, however, there has been considerable debate on the nature of
Snoqualmie traditional society, and the nature of Coast Salish societies as a whole, during the chaotic and fluid 19th and 20th centuries.
1100:. At that time, Jerry Kanim, treaty rights activist and nephew of Patkanim, was the chief of the Snoqualmie Tribe. The non-recognized Snoqualmie eventually reorganized as the Snoqualmie Tribal Organization, whose membership was primarily composed of non-reservation Snoqualmie listed on 1919 and 1923 lists.
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Patkanim also innovated a new system of political organization around him and his family throughout the villages of the
Snoqualmie drainage system. There were three levels: the village, the district, and the chiefdom. Each level of organization had a chief, a subchief, and a council of chiefs. On the
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Particularly prestigious members of high-class families, such as powerful warriors or religious leaders, often became prominent leaders in their village and in broader society. Although they could wield great influence, they had no real authority over anyone else. While they organized and led various
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Certain types of property were owned privately, while others were owned by anyone who helped steward them. High value or rare resources, including root-digging plots, were private property, inherited from one's family. Other properties, such as houses, weirs, forts, and canoes, were available to use
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Nobility was traditionally displayed in many ways. Having an important or famous name, a powerful spirit power, and proper behavior (such as generosity and diligence) were clear indications of high-class status. Class was also indicated by the size of one's house, or by one's wealth and prestige. On
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system was historically the foundation of
Snoqualmie society, and the basis for higher social organization like that of the village. Coast Salish societies, including that of the Snoqualmie, were historically dominated by the village and the extended family. However, there was also some identity and
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Berries and other plant resources were traditionally gathered by women. Gathering trips consisted of traveling to a creek or other location near the berry grounds, sometimes in tandem with a hunting group, where a camp was set up. Camps often had temporary dwellings, as well as drying and processing
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In the early 20th century, the system developed by
Patkanim continued to evolve further. Political systems which more closely resemble modern-day tribes began to emerge as a necessity to engage with the U.S. government for treaty rights. Following the loss of land of the Snoqualmie, the descendants
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Known to their saltwater-dwelling neighbors as some of the best hunters, the
Snoqualmie primarily hunted deer, elk, bear, goat, beaver, grouse, and duck for their meat, pelts, and other resources. Hunting was a large part of the traditional Snoqualmie lifestyle, and hunting trips were frequent and
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After the signing of the treaty, the Snoqualmie did make an attempt to move to the reservation as indicated in the treaty. Sonowa may have initially left with his people to the Tulalip Reservation, but they ended up back to the Snoqualmie Valley. The Tulalip Reservation did not have enough food or
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Although usage of Lushootseed has declined in recent years, now mainly restricted to cultural and ceremonial uses, the Snoqualmie Tribe has a language program dedicated to revitalizing the language. The department aims to increase the language's use in daily life, as well as use it in conjunction
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The Snoqualmie traditionally constructed several types of housing. The largest, most important, and most famous building in Snoqualmie culture is the longhouse. A large longhouse could be 120 feet long and support up to 20 families. Each longhouse had a leader and a council made up of the various
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Slaves were prisoners of war and their descendants. Not all families owned slaves, although the wealthiest person in a village would always have at least more than two. Slaves often did menial work such as collecting water, cleaning, or cutting firewood. In some families, master and slave worked
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Around the time of the treaty, the Snoqualmie had around 16 villages consisting of at least 58 longhouses, although the exact number of villages is hard to determine. The Snoqualmie built their villages along the Snoqualmie River and its tributaries, primarily at the mouth of the main tributary
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The traditional territory of the Snoqualmie consists of the Snoqualmie River watershed, from North Bend downriver to its confluence with the Skykomish. Although it is difficult to determine the exact locations and boundaries, the Snoqualmie also traveled widely throughout the Cascade mountains
308:, a prominent Snoqualmie leader during the 19th century, began to create several systems to defend the Snoqualmie and centralize his own power. He later led the Snoqualmie on several raids against the U.S. government and for a time was one of the main resistors of U.S. influence in the region.
335:' policy was to amalgamate as many independent groups into as few tribes as possible to make the signing of treaties easier. Prior treaties made with other groups in the area had negotiated with each independent village and were signed by all adult men, rather than just a few assigned chiefs.
967:, which could also be used on journeys to the Sound. Even today, canoes are important to the culture of the Snoqualmie. Every year, the Snoqualmie take part in Canoe Journey, a festival intended to maintain friendships between tribes from Puget Sound and beyond.
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the other hand, laziness, selfishness, unruliness, as well as a general lack of prosperity, wisdom, and knowledge were seen as evidence of low-class status. Low class families were identified as those who had "lost their history," as described by anthropologist
890:. The most common fishing method was with large river-spanning weirs which served to control the stream of fish. Dip nets could be easily dropped into the water and raised to gather great amounts of fish. Fish were primarily dried and stored for the winter.
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Seafood, primarily fish, was another highly important resource of the Snoqualmie. Fisheries were located at every village location up to the falls, as well as other important locations on smaller streams and lakes. There were six common methods of fishing:
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The Snoqualmie also constructed temporary structures of several designs. Some temporary mat houses were shaped in a conical design. The Snoqualmie also had a semi-permanent longhouse along Lake Sammamish. The Snoqualmie also sometimes built sweat lodges.
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of Patkanim reorganized the Snoqualmie political system into three villages at Lake Sammamish, Tolt, and Meadowbrook. The new system continued to be centered around Tolt and governed by the Kanim family under Jerry Kanim until his death in 1956.
328:). Fourteen Snoqualmie men signed the treaty. "Chiefs" and "subchiefs" were arbitrarily assigned to be representative of various tribes and subgroups, which solidified the power of singular men, leaving out other traditional community leaders.
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Around the beginning of the colonial period in the early 19th century, the Snoqualmie experienced a massive increase in slave raids targeting them from northern peoples. The Snoqualmie began to rapidly expand their own military capabilities.
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with teaching the cultural practices of the Snoqualmie people. The website of the Snoqualmie Language Program features many resources available for learning Lushootseed, such as lists of vocabulary, phrases, and links to helpful websites.
383:. Multiple people, including Sonowa and Agent Simmons, pleaded to the U.S. Government to establish a reservation inland for the Snoqualmie, on the basis that they would not be able to live on the saltwater due to their inland lifestyle.
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Lushootseed (sometimes called Twulshootseed or Whulshootseed) and Northern Lushootseed. Unlike their downriver neighbors, the Snohomish, the Snoqualmie speak a subdialect of Southern Lushootseed similar to the Muckleshoot and Duwamish.
929:. The Snoqualmie regularly crossed over the mountains using several passes, which connected the vast trade networks of the Puget Sound to the other side of the mountains. The oldest pass used to cross the mountains was
749:. They operated on a yearly pattern revolving around the different seasons. In the spring and summer, hunting and gathering was the most common activity. In the fall and early winter, the focus shifted towards fishing.
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were historically a sub-group of the Snoqualmie. However, most experts today agree that, although they were closely allied and intermarried, the Skykomish were completely separate and autonomous from the Snoqualmie.
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Snoqualmie villages were not united under a single leader. Instead, each village was completely sovereign and autonomous, allied together through shared dialect, kin, and culture. Although some leaders (such as
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In the early contact period, the Snoqualmie began growing and harvesting potatoes at the prairies in their territory. Snoqualmie Prairie was one such location, which produced impressive quantities of potatoes.
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may instead have the connotation of "fearless," resulting in the name meaning "fearless people," which is a more likely meaning than "worthless people," according to linguists Dawn Bates and Thom Hess.
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The Snoqualmie also made great use of canoes, like other Indigenous peoples on the Northwest Coast. Although there were major barriers to river travel like Snoqualmie Falls, it was common to simply
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782:, a type of small forest spirit who were said to live in a community nearby to the village. The village at what is now Fall City also had resident spirits which made warriors there much stronger.
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peoples. Although most Snoqualmie stayed in their homelands, many Snoqualmie were able to gain land on the Tulalip Reservation, whose descendants make up the Snoqualmie community at Tulalip.
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to be his administrative center, while the village at what is now Fall City became his military center, strategically located and well defended by forts up and down the river.
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Snoqualmie traditional religion, was, like other Coast Salish societies, based on the belief in powerful spirits and powers which were bound to the land. The village at
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Snoqualmie has also historically been spelled many ways, including Snoqualmu, Snoqualmoo, Snoquelolmi, Snoqualmick, Snoqualamuke, Snoqualmi, and Snuqualmi.
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by anyone who helped in the construction. This resulted in most labor being voluntary, as participating in labor only served to help yourself and others.
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The Snoqualmie traveled widely throughout their territory and beyond. Living in the foothills of the Cascades, they had close relations with several
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meaning "worthless," the name a result of the coast dwelling peoples low opinion of the inland Snoqualmie. It has also been proposed that the root
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The Snoqualmie traditionally had a well-rounded diet consisting of many plant and animal resources from the diverse ecosystem of their homelands.
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was one of the last locations where the once-prolific Soul Recovery Ceremony was practiced in Puget Sound. The ceremony summoned help from the
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canoes around the falls to continue along the river. The Snoqualmie used canoes in their own territory, and they also kept canoes near
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In the 1940s, the Superintendent of the Tulalip Agency again recommended the purchase of a separate reservation for the Snoqualmie.
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The Snoqualmie were on the path of several major trade routes across the Cascades. One major route, starting near what is now the
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The etymology of the root is contested. According to the Snoqualmie Tribe, the name means "people of the moon," with the root
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493:) were highly influential and wielded great influence, they traditionally had no actual authority over any other village.
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at the time, Sonowa was seen as "one of the very best Indians in district," whereas Patkanim was seen as a troublemaker.
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After the signing of the treaty, many Snoqualmie began to make their living by working in logging camps or sawmills.
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The 60th annual Treaty Day celebration at Tulalip, with members of the Snoqualmie in attendance (c. Jan 22, 1914)
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In the early colonial period, the fur trade created circumstances enabling peoples far to the north, such as the
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A Cultural Resource Overview: Prehistory, Ethnography, and History: Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest
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Eventually, the Snoqualmie Tribe of Indians purchased land for and were granted a Reservation near
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By 1919, many Snoqualmie still lived in their communities in or near pioneer settlements such as
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Around this time, there had emerged two highly important leaders of the Snoqualmie, Patkanim and
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on the state of the Snoqualmie. Around this time, the Snoqualmie population was around 4,000.
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and all related villages located on it, not the name of a united ethnic group as it is today.
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peoples across the Cascades, some Snoqualmie were bi-lingual in Lushootseed and Sahaptin.
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An 1857 map showing the location of the Snoqualmie, here marked as "Snoqualmoo"
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1481:. Civilization of the American Indian. Vol. 173 (3rd ed.). Norman:
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The Tulalip Tribes of Washington is a federally recognized tribe based in
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5 longhouses; common gathering place for winter ceremonies and potlatches
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Identity, Treaty Status and Fisheries of the Snoqualmie Tribe of Indians
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Today, there are many places which carry the Snoqualmie name, including
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techniques were used to maintain the ecosystem and promote growth.
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Snoqualmie society was stratified into three classes: high-class (
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sdaʔdaʔ gʷəɬ dibəɬ ləšucid ʔacaciɬtalbixʷ - Puget Sound Geography
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Largest village on the Snoqualmie River; central village of the
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18 longhouses; second-largest village on the Snoqualmie River
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Washington state Office of Indian Affairs - Tribal Directory
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1600:"Snoqualmie Tribe's big bet: The casino that almost wasn't"
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Between the South and Middle Forks of the Snoqualmie River
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Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon
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Ruby, Robert H.; Brown, John A.; Collins, Cary C. (2010).
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In 1855, the Snoqualmie were party to the signing of the
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alongside each other, but slaves always did more work.
2022:"In Defense of a Snoqualmie Political Chiefdom Model"
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University of Washington Publications in Anthropology
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Mapes, Lynda V.; Miletich, Steve (November 2, 2008).
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A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest
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1160:), prominent Snoqualmie leader in the 19th century
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810:which was historically spoken from what is now
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1569:"Snoqualmie Tribe on road to self-sufficiency"
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1327:"Snoqualmie Indian Tribe Culture Department"
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806:in the Snoqualmie dialect. Lushootseed is a
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1410:"Creating Chiefdoms: The Puget Sound Case"
1382:
1359:
1289:"Back to Basics: Chiefdoms in Puget Sound"
1259:
1077:
311:
193:The name "Snoqualmie" is derived from the
48:
2019:
1900:
1782:
1617:
1230:
1184:
1073:Government campus of the Snoqualmie Tribe
424:
1785:"The Snoqualmie: A Puget Sound Chiefdom"
1566:
1499:
1463:
1169:
1102:
1068:
428:
337:
16:For the federally recognized tribe, see
3347:Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs
3337:South Puget Intertribal Planning Agency
3507:
1286:
3332:Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission
2476:
2091:
1714:. Lushootseed Press. pp. 182–5.
1706:; Miller, Jay; Zahir, Zalmai (2001).
1239:
1145:
726:, on the South Fork Snoqualmie River
3342:Washington Indian Gaming Association
2058:
1968:
1956:
1906:
1677:
1662:
1585:
1554:
1542:
1530:
1510:
740:
60:Regions with significant populations
3221:Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis
1857:Snoqualmie Tribe Culture Department
1567:Krishnan, Sonia (January 4, 2005).
1331:Snoqualmie Tribe Culture Department
1098:Duwamish et al v. the United States
1064:
908:
13:
1511:Lane, Barbara (October 15, 1975).
1026:Property ownership and stewardship
818:. Lushootseed is divided into two
497:List of known Snoqualmie villages
441:According to some historians, the
386:
14:
3536:
3311:Swinomish Indian Tribal Community
2380:Swinomish Indian Tribal Community
2071:
1245:"The Coast Salish of Puget Sound"
1088:The Snoqualmie Indian Tribe is a
2502:
417:, on which the tribe opened the
298:
173:Today, they are enrolled in the
2436:Port Madison Indian Reservation
2013:
1919:(9): 403–419 – via JSTOR.
1870:
1591:
1560:
1255:(2): 197–211 – via JSTOR.
983:
747:complex hunter-gatherer society
345:, a prominent Snoqualmie leader
3325:Organizations and institutions
3301:Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians
2375:Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians
2020:Tollefson, Kenneth D. (1996).
1878:"About dxʷləšucid Lushootseed"
1783:Tollefson, Kenneth D. (1987).
1319:
1206:University of Washington Press
849:
814:to the head of Puget Sound at
405:Commissioner of Indian Affairs
1:
3216:Confederated Tribes of Siletz
1178:
1035:Centralization under Patkanim
521:At the mouth of Cherry Creek
438:adjacent to their territory.
3046:Sto꞉lo Nation Chiefs Council
2981:Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt First Nation
2431:Swinomish Indian Reservation
2385:Tulalip Tribes of Washington
2083:Snoqualmie Tribe Information
1886:Tulalip Tribes of Washington
1630:"The Indians of Puget Sound"
1483:University of Oklahoma Press
1368:US Department of Agriculture
1128:1855 Treaty of Point Elliott
1112:Tulalip Tribes of Washington
573:Griffin Creek, on a prairie
206:. The name is composed of a
183:Tulalip Tribes of Washington
152:Southern Coast Salish people
116:Lushootseed-speaking peoples
7:
3246:Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe
3171:Tsleil-Waututh First Nation
3076:Tsleil-waututh First Nation
2358:Federally recognized tribes
1913:Anthropological Linguistics
1710:. Original manuscript from
1360:Hollenbeck, Jan L. (1987).
785:
765:
449:
175:federally recognized tribes
25:Snoqualmie (disambiguation)
10:
3541:
3276:Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe
3161:Yakweakwioose First Nation
3066:Yakweakwioose First Nation
3021:Shxw'ow'hamel First Nation
2370:Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe
2061:, p. 2, 15-16, 20-21.
1115:
1107:Flag of the Tulalip Tribes
1090:federally recognized tribe
1081:
970:
789:
752:
735:
293:
22:
15:
3381:
3355:
3324:
3241:Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe
3236:Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe
2948:
2510:
2449:
2423:
2405:Puyallup Tribe of Indians
2365:Upper Skagit Indian Tribe
2357:
2292:
2241:
2230:
2192:
2181:
2160:
2144:
2133:
1196:Bates, Dawn; Hess, Thom;
166:counties in the state of
113:
108:
96:
91:
80:
75:
64:
59:
47:
41:
40:
3261:Muckleshoot Indian Tribe
2400:Muckleshoot Indian Tribe
2200:Salishan oral narratives
1130:as the successor to the
667:Below Snoqualmie Falls (
3398:Sliammon/Mainland Comox
3291:Snoqualmie Indian Tribe
3151:Tsawwassen First Nation
3146:Snuneymuxw First Nation
3091:Kwikwetlem First Nation
3026:Skawahlook First Nation
2395:Snoqualmie Indian Tribe
1335:Snoqualmie Indian Tribe
1249:American Anthropologist
1156:
1084:Snoqualmie Indian Tribe
1078:Snoqualmie Indian Tribe
1049:
1002:
996:
990:
960:
802:
778:
772:
713:
682:
669:
658:
640:
549:
540:
530:
481:
467:
461:
381:Donation Land Claim Act
361:
355:
325:
312:Treaty of Point Elliott
259:
253:
237:
231:
218:
212:
202:
188:
179:Snoqualmie Indian Tribe
144:
18:Snoqualmie Indian Tribe
3286:Skokomish Indian Tribe
3271:Quinault Indian Nation
3266:Nisqually Indian Tribe
3196:Esquimalt First Nation
3181:Union Bar First Nation
3101:Chemainus First Nation
3096:Semiahmoo First Nation
3061:Tzeachten First Nation
3036:Soowahlie First Nation
3001:Sq'éwlets First Nation
2986:Leq'á:mel First Nation
2961:Chawathil First Nation
2410:Nisqually Indian Tribe
1909:"Lushootseed Dialects"
1202:Lushootseed Dictionary
1175:
1108:
1094:Snoqualmie, Washington
1074:
758:heads of each family.
434:
425:Territory and villages
415:Snoqualmie, Washington
346:
272:Snoqualmie, Washington
97:Traditional religion;
3116:Klahoose First Nation
3051:Stó꞉lō Tribal Council
3031:Skowkale First Nation
2971:Kwantlen First Nation
2450:Non-recognized groups
2441:Nisqually Reservation
2123:-speaking peoples of
1173:
1106:
1072:
820:mutually-intelligible
808:Coast Salish language
432:
341:
109:Related ethnic groups
3296:Squaxin Island Tribe
3281:Samish Indian Nation
3226:Cowlitz Indian Tribe
3201:Tsawout First Nation
3166:Tseycum First Nation
3126:Nanoose First Nation
3121:Malahat First Nation
3111:Homalco First Nation
3081:Musqueam Indian Band
3041:Squiala First Nation
2991:Matsqui First Nation
2415:Squaxin Island Tribe
2136:Lushootseed language
1624:Haeberlin, Hermann;
1287:Miller, Jay (1997).
1000:), and slave class (
330:Territorial Governor
318:Point Elliott Treaty
149:Lushootseed-speaking
23:For other uses, see
3356:Culture and society
3131:Peters First Nation
3106:Halalt First Nation
3086:Katzie First Nation
3006:Seabird Island Band
2976:Katzie First Nation
2210:Transformer/Changer
2152:Lushootseed grammar
1907:Hess, Thom (1977).
1882:Tulalip Lushootseed
691:Snoqualmie Prairie
498:
377:Tulalip Reservation
200:of the Snoqualmie:
37:
3056:Sumas First Nation
3016:Skway First Nation
3011:Skwah First Nation
2966:Cheam First Nation
1888:. December 5, 2014
1853:"Language Program"
1485:. pp. 307–9.
1208:. pp. 84–85.
1176:
1146:Notable Snoqualmie
1138:, Snoqualmie, and
1109:
1075:
942:Seattle Waterfront
496:
435:
347:
158:, located in east
154:indigenous to the
35:
3502:
3501:
3156:Yale First Nation
2470:
2469:
2353:
2352:
2179:
2178:
1604:The Seattle Times
1215:978-0-295-97323-4
977:bilateral kinship
741:Seasonal patterns
733:
732:
505:Anglicization(s)
471:), Cherry Creek,
419:Snoqualmie Casino
288:Snoqualmie Valley
216:, and the suffix
156:Snoqualmie Valley
137:Snoqualmie people
133:
132:
3532:
3071:Sts'ailes Nation
2497:
2490:
2483:
2474:
2473:
2462:Steilacoom Tribe
2293:Southern peoples
2242:Northern peoples
2239:
2238:
2234:
2187:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2127:
2121:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2089:
2088:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1996:
1995:, p. 176-8.
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1959:, p. 33-36.
1954:
1948:
1942:
1933:
1932:, p. 173-4.
1927:
1921:
1920:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1849:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1827:, p. 173-5.
1822:
1813:
1812:
1780:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1726:
1725:
1700:
1681:
1680:, p. 27-30.
1675:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1564:
1558:
1557:, p. 11-12.
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1508:
1497:
1496:
1472:
1461:
1455:
1438:
1437:
1405:
1380:
1379:
1357:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1284:
1257:
1256:
1241:Smith, Marian W.
1237:
1228:
1227:
1193:
1159:
1065:Successor tribes
1052:
1005:
999:
993:
915:interior peoples
909:Travel and trade
874:, with baskets,
864:Granite Mountain
805:
781:
775:
716:
685:
672:
661:
643:
586:Patterson Creek
552:
543:
533:
499:
495:
484:
470:
464:
457:Snoqualmie Falls
364:
358:
280:Snoqualmie Falls
276:Snoqualmie River
262:
256:
242:
234:
224:Snoqualmie River
221:
215:
205:
52:
38:
34:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3377:
3351:
3320:
3306:Suquamish Tribe
3231:Suquamish Tribe
3206:Cowichan Tribes
3191:T'Sou-ke Nation
3176:Squamish Nation
3141:shíshálh Nation
3136:Tla'amin Nation
2956:Aitchelitz Band
2944:
2506:
2501:
2471:
2466:
2445:
2419:
2390:Suquamish Tribe
2349:
2288:
2232:
2226:
2188:
2175:
2156:
2135:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2074:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2018:
2014:
2008:Hollenbeck 1987
2006:
1999:
1993:Hollenbeck 1987
1991:
1987:
1981:Hollenbeck 1987
1979:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1945:Hollenbeck 1987
1943:
1936:
1930:Hollenbeck 1987
1928:
1924:
1905:
1901:
1891:
1889:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1859:
1851:
1850:
1843:
1837:Hollenbeck 1987
1835:
1831:
1825:Hollenbeck 1987
1823:
1816:
1801:10.2307/3773450
1781:
1758:
1752:Hollenbeck 1987
1750:
1746:
1740:Hollenbeck 1987
1738:
1729:
1722:
1701:
1684:
1676:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1651:Hollenbeck 1987
1649:
1645:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1596:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1565:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1517:
1509:
1500:
1493:
1473:
1464:
1458:Hollenbeck 1987
1456:
1441:
1406:
1383:
1358:
1349:
1339:
1337:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1285:
1260:
1238:
1231:
1216:
1194:
1185:
1181:
1148:
1120:
1114:
1086:
1080:
1067:
1037:
1028:
986:
973:
965:Lake Washington
931:Snoqualmie Pass
911:
852:
822:main dialects,
794:
788:
768:
755:
743:
738:
646:Tokul, Toquill
452:
427:
389:
387:Reservation Era
370:Michael Simmons
314:
301:
296:
284:Snoqualmie Pass
191:
103:syncretic forms
55:
43:
33:
28:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3538:
3528:
3527:
3525:Tulalip Tribes
3522:
3517:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3468:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3395:Island Comox †
3387:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3316:Tulalip Tribes
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2719:Seabird Island
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2674:Tsleil-Waututh
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2619:Kwa-kwa-a-pilt
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2500:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2477:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2457:Duwamish Tribe
2453:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2249:Skagit peoples
2245:
2243:
2236:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2216:Spirit Powers
2214:
2213:
2212:
2202:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2148:
2146:
2139:
2131:
2130:
2115:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2073:
2072:External links
2070:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2051:
2038:10.2307/483347
2032:(1): 145–171.
2012:
2010:, p. 178.
1997:
1985:
1983:, p. 180.
1973:
1961:
1949:
1947:, p. 175.
1934:
1922:
1899:
1869:
1841:
1839:, p. 173.
1829:
1814:
1795:(2): 121–136.
1756:
1754:, p. 172.
1744:
1742:, p. 171.
1727:
1721:979-8750945764
1720:
1682:
1667:
1655:
1653:, p. 161.
1643:
1616:
1590:
1578:
1559:
1547:
1545:, p. 8-9.
1535:
1533:, p. 3-5.
1523:
1498:
1491:
1462:
1460:, p. 179.
1439:
1426:10.2307/482835
1420:(2): 267–293.
1381:
1347:
1318:
1305:10.2307/483373
1299:(2): 375–387.
1258:
1229:
1214:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1168:
1167:
1161:
1147:
1144:
1118:Tulalip Tribes
1116:Main article:
1113:
1110:
1082:Main article:
1079:
1076:
1066:
1063:
1036:
1033:
1027:
1024:
994:), low-class (
985:
982:
972:
969:
917:, such as the
910:
907:
896:Slash-and-burn
851:
848:
790:Main article:
787:
784:
767:
764:
754:
751:
742:
739:
737:
734:
731:
730:
727:
720:
717:
714:səxʷq̓ʷuʔq̓ʷuʔ
709:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
695:
692:
689:
686:
678:
677:
674:
665:
662:
654:
653:
650:
647:
644:
636:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
609:
606:
597:
594:
591:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
564:
562:
561:Stossel Creek
559:
557:
554:
553:
545:
536:
534:
526:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
512:
509:
506:
503:
451:
448:
426:
423:
388:
385:
320:at Muckilteo (
313:
310:
300:
297:
295:
292:
190:
187:
131:
130:
111:
110:
106:
105:
94:
93:
89:
88:
78:
77:
73:
72:
62:
61:
57:
56:
53:
45:
44:
31:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3537:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3475:Northern and
3474:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3429:North Straits
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3186:Nuxalk Nation
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2884:Stillaquamish
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2854:Sauk-Suiattle
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2774:Yakweakwioose
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2739:Shxw'ow'hamel
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2629:Kway-quit-lam
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2539:Clemclemaluts
2537:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2493:
2491:
2486:
2484:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2279:Stillaguamish
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2229:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2113:
2108:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2067:
2066:
2060:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1994:
1989:
1982:
1977:
1970:
1965:
1958:
1953:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1931:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1846:
1838:
1833:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1753:
1748:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1712:T.T. Waterman
1709:
1705:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1679:
1674:
1672:
1665:, p. 30.
1664:
1659:
1652:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1626:Gunther, Erna
1620:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1551:
1544:
1539:
1532:
1527:
1516:
1515:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1494:
1492:9780806124797
1488:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1183:
1172:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1140:Stillaguamish
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1071:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1045:Kwakwaka'wakw
1042:
1032:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1012:Wayne Suttles
1007:
1004:
998:
992:
981:
978:
968:
966:
963:) for use on
962:
958:
954:
953:Mercer Slough
950:
945:
943:
938:
936:
935:Interstate 90
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
906:
903:
899:
897:
891:
889:
885:
884:with dip nets
881:
877:
876:with gillnets
873:
867:
865:
861:
860:Stampede Pass
855:
847:
845:
841:
837:
832:
828:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
804:
799:
793:
783:
780:
774:
763:
759:
750:
748:
728:
725:
722:1 mile below
721:
718:
715:
711:
710:
707:5 longhouses
706:
703:
700:
698:
697:
694:8 longhouses
693:
690:
687:
684:
680:
679:
676:3 longhouses
675:
671:
666:
663:
660:
656:
655:
652:7 longhouses
651:
648:
645:
642:
638:
637:
634:4 longhouses
633:
630:
627:
625:
624:
621:9 longhouses
620:
617:
614:
612:
611:
607:
605:
601:
598:
595:
593:
592:
589:8 longhouses
588:
585:
582:
580:
579:
576:5 longhouses
575:
572:
569:
567:
566:
563:
560:
558:
556:
555:
551:
550:x̌alalʔtxʷabš
546:
542:
537:
535:
532:
528:
527:
523:
520:
517:
515:
514:
510:
507:
504:
501:
500:
494:
492:
486:
483:
478:
474:
469:
463:
458:
447:
444:
439:
431:
422:
420:
416:
411:
408:
406:
402:
398:
393:
384:
382:
378:
373:
371:
368:
363:
357:
352:
344:
340:
336:
334:
333:Isaac Stevens
331:
327:
323:
319:
309:
307:
299:Early history
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
265:
261:
255:
250:
246:
241:
240:
235:referring to
233:
227:
225:
220:
214:
209:
204:
199:
196:
186:
184:
180:
176:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
150:
146:
142:
138:
129:
125:
121:
117:
112:
107:
104:
100:
95:
90:
87:
83:
79:
74:
71:
70:United States
67:
63:
58:
51:
46:
39:
30:
26:
19:
3520:Coast Salish
3251:Lummi Nation
2863:
2829:Upper Skagit
2824:Lower Skagit
2504:Coast Salish
2424:Reservations
2304:
2054:
2029:
2026:Ethnohistory
2025:
2015:
1988:
1976:
1971:, p. 6.
1964:
1952:
1925:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1890:. Retrieved
1881:
1872:
1860:. Retrieved
1856:
1832:
1792:
1788:
1747:
1707:
1658:
1646:
1637:
1633:
1619:
1607:. Retrieved
1603:
1593:
1588:, p. 2.
1581:
1572:
1562:
1550:
1538:
1526:
1513:
1477:
1417:
1414:Ethnohistory
1413:
1366:. Portland:
1362:
1338:. Retrieved
1330:
1321:
1296:
1293:Ethnohistory
1292:
1252:
1248:
1201:
1121:
1097:
1087:
1059:
1055:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1016:
1008:
987:
984:Class system
974:
946:
939:
912:
904:
900:
892:
868:
856:
853:
833:
829:
795:
779:swaw̓tixʷtəd
769:
760:
756:
744:
649:Tokul Creek
615:Yahakabulch
604:Raging River
524:1 longhouse
487:
453:
440:
436:
412:
409:
394:
390:
374:
367:Indian Agent
348:
315:
302:
269:
266:
228:
192:
172:
136:
134:
99:Christianity
32:Ethnic group
29:
3471:Lushootseed
3256:Makah Tribe
2996:Popkum Band
2949:Governments
2926:(Tillamook)
2839:Muckleshoot
2126:Puget Sound
2120:Lushootseed
1704:Hilbert, Vi
1204:. Seattle:
1198:Hilbert, Vi
1124:Tulalip Bay
957:Lushootseed
872:with spears
850:Subsistence
798:Lushootseed
792:Lushootseed
326:bək̓ʷəɬtiwʔ
322:Lushootseed
203:sdukʷalbixʷ
195:Lushootseed
145:sdukʷalbixʷ
141:Lushootseed
118:, esp. the
84:, now also
82:Lushootseed
42:sdukʷalbixʷ
3509:Categories
3409:Halkomelem
2909:Sahewamish
2864:Snoqualmie
2744:Skawahlook
2669:Tsawwassen
2664:Snuneymuxw
2584:Humptulips
2534:Stz'uminus
2345:Sahewamish
2335:Steilacoom
2305:Snoqualmie
1892:January 7,
1862:January 4,
1573:nathpo.org
1340:January 7,
1179:References
925:, and the
888:with weirs
880:with traps
838:-speaking
812:Bellingham
803:txʷəlšucid
724:North Bend
531:x̌alalʔtxʷ
286:, and the
251:root word
168:Washington
66:Washington
36:Snoqualmie
3449:Semiahmoo
3404:Pentlatch
3383:Languages
3368:Mythology
2935:Quamichan
2914:Wynoochee
2894:Swinomish
2889:Suquamish
2874:Nisqually
2869:Skykomish
2859:Snohomish
2844:Sammamish
2834:Skokomish
2799:Penelakut
2794:Quamichan
2769:Tzeachten
2754:Soowahlie
2734:Shilshole
2709:Leq'á:mel
2704:Sts'ailes
2699:Sq'éwlets
2689:Semiahmoo
2599:Kilpahlas
2594:Khenipsen
2564:Esquimalt
2528:Sts'ailes
2518:Chawathil
2340:Nisqually
2325:Suquamish
2320:Sammamish
2310:Shilshole
2300:Skykomish
2284:Snohomish
2269:Kikiallus
2259:Swinomish
2059:Lane 1975
2046:0014-1801
1969:Lane 1975
1957:Lane 1975
1809:0014-1828
1789:Ethnology
1678:Lane 1975
1663:Lane 1975
1586:Lane 1975
1555:Lane 1975
1543:Lane 1975
1531:Lane 1975
1434:0014-1801
1376:892024380
1313:0014-1801
1136:Skykomish
1132:Snohomish
1092:based in
1041:Lekwiltok
927:Klickitat
800:, calləd
670:šəqaʔɬdaɬ
602:, on the
600:Fall City
508:Location
477:Carnation
473:Fall City
462:šəqaʔɬdaɬ
443:Skykomish
421:in 2008.
401:Fall City
249:homonymic
164:Snohomish
128:Sammamish
120:Skykomish
76:Languages
3494:Quinault
3477:Southern
3459:T'sou-ke
3454:Songhees
3424:Nooksack
3419:Squamish
3414:shíshálh
2904:Quinault
2879:Puyallup
2819:Nooksack
2804:Lamalcha
2784:Tsartlip
2779:T'souk-e
2749:Skowkale
2684:Squamish
2679:shíshálh
2659:Sliammon
2639:Musqueam
2624:Kwantlen
2614:Koksilah
2604:Klahoose
2559:Duwamish
2544:Comiaken
2330:Puyallup
2315:Duwamish
2205:dukʷibəɬ
2171:Southern
2167:Northern
2161:Dialects
1628:(1930).
1609:March 6,
1243:(1941).
1224:29877333
1200:(1994).
1157:paƛ̕adib
1152:Patkanim
997:p̓aƛ̕aƛ̕
961:saʔcaqaɬ
923:Wenatchi
844:Wenatchi
836:Sahaptin
824:Southern
786:Language
766:Religion
719:Sotsoks
701:Tswodum
641:dəxʷq̓al
631:Unknown
628:Schwalp
618:Unknown
583:Toquiki
570:Skashia
491:Patkanim
468:dəxʷq̓al
450:Villages
343:Patkanim
306:Patkanim
239:dukʷibəɬ
147:) are a
124:Duwamish
101:, incl.
92:Religion
3489:Cowlitz
3466:Klallam
3439:Saanich
2924:Nehalem
2899:Tulalip
2809:Saanich
2759:Squiala
2654:Malahat
2644:Nanoose
2634:Matsqui
2609:Klallam
2579:Homalco
2554:Cowlitz
2549:Copalis
2511:Peoples
2264:Nuwhaha
2233:Peoples
2193:Culture
2145:Grammar
1640:(1): 7.
1043:of the
971:Society
949:portage
816:Olympia
753:Housing
736:Culture
688:Bokwab
518:Stapts
294:History
245:Changer
219:=albixʷ
198:endonym
86:English
3444:Samish
2940:Somena
2930:Siletz
2919:Satsop
2849:Samish
2789:Somena
2764:Stó꞉lō
2714:Popkum
2649:Nuxalk
2589:Katzie
2569:Halalt
2254:Skagit
2220:Ayahos
2044:
1807:
1718:
1489:
1432:
1374:
1311:
1222:
1212:
1164:Sonowa
1050:tultxʷ
1003:studəq
919:Yakama
886:, and
840:Yakama
773:tultxʷ
683:baqʷab
664:Skwut
596:Yetsk
541:tultxʷ
511:Notes
482:tultxʷ
475:, and
362:tultxʷ
356:tultxʷ
351:Sonowa
274:, the
243:, the
126:, and
114:Other
3484:Twana
3434:Lummi
3391:Comox
3363:Music
2814:Lummi
2729:Skway
2724:Skwah
2694:Sumas
2523:Cheam
1518:(PDF)
991:siʔab
659:sgʷəd
502:Name
365:. To
260:√dukʷ
254:√dukʷ
232:√dukʷ
213:√dukʷ
2530:(WA)
2274:Sauk
2042:ISSN
1894:2024
1864:2024
1805:ISSN
1716:ISBN
1611:2019
1487:ISBN
1430:ISSN
1372:OCLC
1342:2024
1309:ISSN
1220:OCLC
1210:ISBN
975:The
862:and
842:and
399:and
397:Tolt
208:root
189:Name
181:and
162:and
160:King
135:The
3373:Art
2574:Hoh
2034:doi
1797:doi
1422:doi
1301:doi
485:).
3511::
2040:.
2030:43
2028:.
2024:.
2000:^
1937:^
1917:19
1915:.
1911:.
1884:.
1880:.
1855:.
1844:^
1817:^
1803:.
1793:26
1791:.
1787:.
1759:^
1730:^
1685:^
1670:^
1636:.
1632:.
1602:.
1571:.
1501:^
1465:^
1442:^
1428:.
1418:41
1416:.
1412:.
1384:^
1350:^
1333:.
1329:.
1307:.
1297:44
1295:.
1291:.
1261:^
1253:43
1251:.
1247:.
1232:^
1218:.
1186:^
1134:,
1014:.
959::
921:,
882:,
878:,
866:.
673:)
544:)
324::
290:.
282:,
278:,
210:,
185:.
177::
170:.
143::
122:,
68:,
2496:e
2489:t
2482:v
2111:e
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