Snorkel (swimming)

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the valve, but the pressure required is slightly less, and effective blast clearing may require a higher flow rate. When the water level in the snorkel drops sufficiently for exhaled air to bypass over the water, much of the effectiveness of the drain valve is lost, and the remaining water may not all be ejected. The full-face snorkel mask may have a double airflow passage with non-return valves to reduce dead space in the tubes, one tube providing inflow and the other for outflow, but the interior of the mask remains a large dead space unless an orinasal pocket is included. The full-face mask encloses the nose and mouth in the same volume which is connected to the snorkel tube or tubes, which allows breathing through the nose in addition to the mouth. A few models of separate snorkel have float-operated valves attached to the top end of the tube to keep water out when a wave passes, but these cause problems when diving as the snorkel must then be equalized during descent, using part of the diver's inhaled air supply. Some recent designs have a splash deflector on the top end that reduces entry of water that splashes over the top of the tube, thereby keeping it relatively free from water at the surface.

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snorkel, or to exhaust ports in the body of the mask, and out into the surroundings, either above or into the water. If there are functioning non-return valves in the exhaust ducting at any point, and no leaks to other air spaces, the exhaled air will not return to the orinasal pocket by this route on inhalation. The exact positioning of the non-return valves in the inhalation and exhalation parts of the circuit may affect the effective dead space to some extent, but their presence in both parts, and a small orinasal pocket volume, are critical to minimising carbon dioxide buildup, and consequent hypercapnia. It is also necessary that the orinasal pocket skirt seal against the face between the two inner compartments is effective if the mask relies on non-return valves in the orinasal moulding to prevent backflow to the upper compartment.

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sides of the mask. An exhaust port at the bottom of the orinasal pocket can drain moderate quantities of water from inside the orinasal chamber. Other positions for exhaust ports have been through alternative snorkel channels, and at the temples, which reduce hydrostatic back pressure at the cost of a longer flow path with more frictional resistance. Manually blocking temple exhaust ports and forcibly exhaling will drain water from the mask interior through a chin drain port. Design details of ducting and valves will affect breathing effort at different flow rates. Variations on this system are used by several manufacturers with a history of manufacturing breathing apparatus for scuba diving and industrial breathing apparatus. They generally provide warnings that the masks are not suitable for freediving or extended exertion.

611:(1940), medical researcher and amateur spearfisherman Raymond Pulvénis illustrates his "Tuba", a breathing tube he designed to be worn on the front of the head over a single-lens diving mask enclosing the eyes and the nose. Francophone swimmers and divers have called their breathing tube "un tuba" ever since. In 1943, Raymond Pulvénis and his brother Roger obtain a Spanish patent for their improved breathing tube mouthpiece design. In 1956, the UK diving equipment manufacturer E. T. Skinner (Typhoon) marketed a "frontal" breathing tube with a bracket attachable to the screw at the top of an oval diving mask. Although it eventually fell out of favour with underwater swimmers, the front-mounted snorkel remains the breathing tube of choice in competitive 480:. Many dives do not require the use of a snorkel at all, and some scuba divers do not consider a snorkel a necessary or even useful piece of equipment, and it can be a snagging hazard in some environments, so the usefulness of a snorkel depends on the dive plan and the dive site. If there is no requirement to swim face down at the surface and see what is happening underwater, then a snorkel is not useful. If it is necessary to swim over heavy seaweed which can entangle the pillar valve and regulator if the diver swims face upward, to get to and from the dive site, then a snorkel is useful to conserve breathing gas. A scuba diver may carry a collapsible snorkel in a pocket to keep it safely out of the way when not in use during a dive. 272:

carbon dioxide, and may help in keeping the mask clear of water, but in cold water it will increase fogging of the inside of the mask. Twin integrated snorkels with one-way valves eliminate the dead-space of the snorkels themselves, but are usually used on a full-face mask, and even if it has an inner orinasal section, there will be some dead space, and the valves will impede airflow through the loop to some extent. Integrated two-way snorkels include the internal volume of the mask as dead space in addition to the volume of the snorkels unless there is a one way flow enforced by non-return valves and internal ducting. To some extent the effect of dead space can be counteracted by breathing more deeply, as this reduces the

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one's face, there is no mouthpiece to bite on, and one can breathe through either nose or mouth". Another concluded that "built-in snorkel masks are the best" and "a must for those who have sinus trouble." Yet others, including a co-founder of the British Sub-Aqua Club, deemed masks with integrated snorkels to be complicated and unreliable: "Many have the breathing tube built in as an integral part of the mask. I have never seen the advantage of this, and this is the opinion shared by most experienced underwater swimmers I know". These designs tend to have a large dead space in the mask in addition to the dead space of the snorkels. Six decades on, a new generation of snorkel-masks has come to the marketplace.

1485:, but the snorkel mask does not contain a pressure reducing mechanism for breathing gas, and is not intended for use at significant depths underwater. The safety and ergonomic requirements for gas masks are logically the most directly applicable, and some of the requirements for snorkels, such as EN 1972 (Diving equipment - Snorkels - Requirements and test methods), will also apply. Specifically, the maximum dead space volume of 230 cc is relevant, as tube bore and length are not relevant if the breathing passage is a one-way circuit for the tube component, and breathing effort limit of 10 mbar (100 mm water column, 0.1 256:

fairly large but comfortable exhaled volume, mostly fairly slowly for low work of breathing, followed by an immediate slow inhalation, which reduces entrainment of any residual water, to a comfortable but relatively large inhaled volume, repeated without delay. Elastic recoil of the lungs is used to assist with the initial puff, which can be made sharper by controlling the start of exhalation with the tongue. This technique is most applicable to relaxed cruising on the surface. Racing finswimmers may use a different technique as they need a far greater level of ventilation when working hard.

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used in cases of snorkeling fatalities. Besides the possibility that the masks, or at least some makes of the masks, have excessive dead space and are difficult to quickly remove in an emergency, other theories include the possibility that the masks make snorkeling accessible to people who have difficulty with traditional snorkeling equipment, and that ease of access may result in more snorkelers who lack basic skills and experience or have underlying medical conditions, possibly exacerbating problems that are unrelated to the type of equipment being used.

1304: 1428:. By creating an airspace in front of the cornea, the mask enables the snorkeler to see clearly underwater. Scuba- and freediving masks consist of flat lenses, also known as a faceplate, a soft rubber skirt, which encloses the nose and seals against the face, and a head strap to hold the mask in place. There are different styles and shapes, which range from oval shaped models to lower internal volume masks and may be made from different materials; common choices are silicone and rubber. A snorkeler who remains at the surface can use swimmer's 1146: 1043: 1154:

mouth, or a full-face snorkel mask, which covers the eyes, nose, and mouth. Early designs of snorkel-mask typically comprised a tube for breathing with an immersion-activated shut-off valve at the top, and the bottom opening into the mask, which might cover the mouth as well as the nose and eyes. Such snorkels tended to be permanent fixtures, but a minority could be detached from their sockets and replaced with plugs allowing the masks to be used without their snorkels.

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to the exhaust valve of a diving demand valve, so the dead space is restricted to the mouthpiece volume; another is a "restrictor cap" placed inside a snorkel barrel "restricting breathing by 40% to increase cardiovascular strength and build lung capacity". Some additional snorkel features such as shut-off and drain valves fell out of favour decades ago, only to return in the contemporary era as more reliable devices for incorporation into "dry" and "semi-dry" snorkels.

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1950s, when they were largely superseded by side-mounted snorkels for general use. Front-mounted snorkels experienced a comeback a decade later as competitive swimming equipment to be used in pool workouts and in finswimming races, where they outperform side-mounted snorkels in streamlining and load balance. Front-mounted snorkels are attached to the head with a forehead bracket fitted with adjustable straps to be buckled around the head.

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speeds. They do not normally use snorkels with a sump valve, as they learn to blast clear the tube on most if not all exhalations, which keeps the water content in the tube to a minimum, and the tube can be shaped for lower work of breathing, and elimination of water traps, allowing greater speed and lowering the stress of eventual swallowing of small quantities of water, which would impede their competition performance. .

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mask volume. Most second-generation snorkel-masks are full-face masks covering the eyes, nose and mouth. The integral snorkel of a second generation full-face snorkel mask may have separate channels for inhaled and exhaled air to minimise mechanical dead space, which is the volume of exhaled air inhaled on the next breath. It is not practicable to eliminate all mechanical dead space.

120:, or light metal. The snorkel may have a loop or a clip to attach it to the head strap of the diving mask or swimming goggles, or may be tucked between the mask-strap and the head. Some snorkels are fitted with a float valve at the top to prevent flooding if the top opening is immersed, and some are fitted with a water trap and purge valve, intended for draining water from the tube. 1348:

conditions the untrained and unskilled user may react inappropriately or panic, with a risk of drowning. FFSMs are considerably bulkier than half masks, and quite light for their size because of the tough plastic viewport, but the viewport is also easily scratched. Some models can be fitted with optional frames with corrective lenses, and wireless voice communications systems.

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the stroke being used." His invention was registered as US patent 1,845,263 on 16 February 1932. On 30 July 1932, Joseph L. Belcher filed a patent application for "breathing apparatus" delivering air to a submerged person by suction from the surface of the water through hoses connected to a float; US patent 1,901,219 was awarded on 14 March 1933.

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the internal volume. These dimensions also have implications for the user's ability to blow residual water out of the tube when surfacing. A long or narrow snorkel tube, or a tube with abrupt changes in direction, or internal surface irregularities will have greater breathing resistance due to friction, while a wide tube will have a larger

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specification". There is currently (2023) no definitive standard for performance of full-face snorkel masks or other forms of integrated mask and snorkel, but there are standards for similar equipment which may be partially applicable, and may be useful to estimate probable safety in the absence of legal requirements.

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which was granted US patent 2,317,237 of 20 April 1943. The device resembles a full-face diving mask incorporating two breathing tubes topped with valves projecting above the surface for inhalation and exhalation purposes. On 11 July 1944, he obtained US design patent 138,286 for a simpler version of this mask with a

252:) and facing forward or down again before inhaling the next breath. The displacement method expels water by filling the snorkel with air; it is a technique that takes practice but clears the snorkel with less effort, but only works when surfacing. Clearing splash water while at the surface requires blast clearing. 770:. A separate snorkel, or tube snorkel, typically comprises a tube for breathing and a means of attaching the tube to the head of the wearer. The tube has an opening at the top and a mouthpiece at the bottom. Some tubes are topped with a valve to prevent water from entering the tube when it is submerged. 1318:

Some first-generation snorkel masks were full-face masks covering the eyes, nose and mouth, while others excluded the mouth, covering the eyes and the nose only. They did not use an orinasal pocket, and had a two-directional airflow, with a large dead space, and mixing of fresh and exhaled air in the

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Half-face snorkel-masks, or integrated snorkel half-masks, are based on standard diving half-masks with built-in breathing tubes topped with float valves. They cover the eyes and the nose only, excluding the mouth altogether. The integral snorkels enable swimmers to keep their mouths closed, inhaling

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The skirt of the diving mask attached to the snorkel is made of rubber, a synthetic elastomer, or latterly a silicone elastomer. First-generation snorkel masks have a single oval, round or rounded triangular lens retained in a groove in the skirt of the mask by a metal clamp. An adjustable head strap

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Among recent innovations is the "collapsible snorkel", which can be folded up in a pocket for emergencies for scuba divers who may not need a snorkel on every dive. One for competitive swimmers is a lightweight training snorkel with twin inlet tubes, which exhausts through a valve underwater, similar

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on snorkel requirements and test methods appeared in July 1997 and December 2015. This European standard refines snorkel dimension, airflow and joint-strength testing and matches snorkel measurements to the user's height and lung capacity. The snorkels regulated by these British, German, Austrian and

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entitled "Tauch-Zubehör; Schnorchel; Abmessungen, sicherheitstechnische Anforderungen, Prüfung, Normkennzeichnung" in German, subtitled "Diving accessories; snorkel; dimensions, safety requirements, testing, marking of conformity" in English and closely resembling German Standard DIN 7878 of February

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were represented. This British standard sets different maximum and minimum snorkel dimensions for adult and child users, specifies materials and design features for tubes and mouthpieces and requires a warning label and a set of instructions to be enclosed with each snorkel. In February 1980 and June

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First front-mounted swimmer's breathing tube patent was filed. In December 1938, French spearfisherman Maxime Forjot and his business partner Albert Méjean filed a patent application in France for a breathing tube worn on the front of the head over a single-lens diving mask enclosing the eyes and the

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introduced his "Nautilus" full-face diving mask with hoses emerging from the sides and leading upwards to an air inlet with a ball valve which opens when it is above water and closes when it is submerged. In November 1940, American spearfisherman Charles H. Wilen filed his "swimmer's mask" invention,

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Finswimming is competitive swimming using fins. The surface disciplines also use a snorkel. Finswimmers generally use a front-mounted snorkel for lower drag and stability at speed. The rigid forehead bracket and central position minimise off-centre loads and keep the snorkel stable at relatively high

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Experienced users tend to develop a breathing style which minimises work of breathing, carbon dioxide buildup and risk of water inspiration, while optimising water removal. This involves a sharp puff in the early stage of exhalation, which is effective for clearing the tube of remaining water, and a

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Just then as divers are sometimes provided with instruments for respiration, through which they can draw air from above the water, and thus may remain for a long time under the sea, so also have elephants been furnished by nature with their lengthened nostril; and, whenever they have to traverse the

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As a result of an unusually high number of snorkeling deaths in Hawaii in 2019, there is some suspicion that the design of the masks can result in buildup of excess carbon dioxide, particularly in cheaper versions of full-face snorkel masks marketed by manufacturers with no track record in breathing

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Full-face masks are easy to use in ideal conditions, without special knowledge or training, so the user may not learn the skills of quick removal and clearing which may be necessary when conditions are less ideal, and the mask floods or necessary exertion increases carbon dioxide levels. Under these

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Unless the snorkeler is able to equalize their ears without pinching their nose, a full-face snorkel mask can only be used at or near the surface, since the design makes it impossible to pinch the nose. A full-face snorkel mask with an orinasal pocket using non-return valves in the ports between the

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There are numerous mid-twentieth-century examples of commercially available snorkel-masks covering the eyes and the nose only, requiring the user to breathe through the nose while face down on the surface, but allowing immediate mouth breathing in an emergency if the head is lifted so that the mouth

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First swimmers' breathing tube patent application filed. On 9 December 1929, Barney B. Girden filed a patent application for a "swimming device" enabling a swimmer under instruction to be supplied with air through a tube to the mouth "whereby the wearer may devote his entire time to the mechanics of

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was formerly used, but slowly oxidizes and breaks down due to ultraviolet light exposure from the sun. It eventually loses its flexibility, becomes brittle and cracks, which can cause clearing valves to stick in the open or closed position, and float valves to leak due to a failure of the valve seat

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The basic snorkel types are those which are completely separate from the mask, which are variously called "separate", "simple", "plain", "tube", "pipe", or "independent" snorkels, or just "snorkels", and which are curved tubes with a bite-grip mouthpiece, and "integrated" snorkels, which are part of

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of breathing, the more this problem is exacerbated. Including the internal volume of the mask in the breathing circuit greatly increases the dead space. Occasional exhalation through the nose while snorkeling with a separate snorkel will slightly reduce the buildup of carbon dioxide, and may help in

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It is common for snorkellers to wear protection against exposure to cold water and the ultra-violet in sunlight. A wetsuit is most popular for thermal protection, and a wetsuit, diving skins or a rash vest provide various levels of UV protection. Often worn by snorkellers during the 1950s and early

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are known to induce discomfort, a feeling of suffocation, an urgent need to breathe, and panic, which may be combined with irrational responses and a high risk of drowning. It is not certain that the masks are at fault, or which models, but the state of Hawaii has begun to track the equipment being

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with the blood occurs. On exhalation, air passes back into the orinasal pocket, and if there are non-return valves on the inlet ports, and the orinasal pocket seals correctly against the user's face, it is constrained to pass through the exhaust ducting, either to an alternative exhaust tube in the

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In all cases fresh air enters through the snorkel tube at the top of the mask when the user inhales. This passes into the upper part of the mask and over the inner face of the viewport. If there is an inner divider isolating an orinasal pocket, air from the upper section will pass into it via holes

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Apart from the integral tubes and their sockets, older snorkel-half-masks generally used the same lenses, skirts and straps used for standard diving masks without snorkels. Several models of this kind could be converted to standard masks by replacing their detachable tubes with air- and water-tight

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Some designs had unusual features. One design separated the eyes and the nose into separate mask compartments to reduce fogging and dead space. Others enabled the user to remove integrated snorkels and insert plugs instead, converting the snorkel-mask into an ordinary diving mask. Second generation

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Integrated snorkels are single or multiple tubular devices integrated with, and opening into, a swim or dive mask, and a snorkel-mask is a swim or dive mask with single or multiple integrated snorkels. The integrated snorkel mask may be a half-mask, which encloses the eyes and nose but excludes the

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A disadvantage of mouthpieces with lugs is the presence of the teeth when breathing. The tighter the teeth grip the mouthpiece lugs, the smaller the air gap between the teeth and the harder it will be to breathe.The lugs are meant to hold the teeth apart allowing the passage of air through the gap.

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Flexible-hose snorkels are preferred by some scuba divers because the flexible hose between the tube and the mouthpiece causes the lower part of the snorkel to drop out of the way of the demand valve when it is not in use. However, a freediver equipped with this snorkel design must have a hand free

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To date, all national and international standards on snorkels specify two ranges of tube dimensions to meet the health and safety needs of their end-users, whether young or old, short or tall, with low or high lung capacity. These dimensions are the total length, the inner diameter and/or the inner

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The total length, inner diameter and internal volume of a snorkel tube are important because they affect the user's ability to breathe normally and ventilate adequately through the tube. Internal volume represents the dead space of the snorkel, and inside diameter and length are used as proxies for

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in the sump, to drain water from the tube when the diver exhales. The water is pushed out through the valve when the tube is blocked by water and the exhalation pressure exceeds the water pressure on the outside of the valve. This is similar to the mechanism of blast clearing which does not require

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Snorkels are made for two orientations: Front-mounted and side-mounted. The first snorkel to be patented in 1938 was front-mounted, worn with the tube over the front of the face and secured with a bracket to the diving mask. Front-mounted snorkels were popular in European snorkeling until the late

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Different snorkel dimension limits have evolved for different users (first specified as adults/children; then taller/shorter heights; then larger/smaller lung capacities, all of them used as proxies for expected tidal volume, as the ratio of tidal volume to dead space controls the amount of carbon

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magazine in December 1951 used the alternative spelling "snorkles" to denote swimmers' breathing tubes. In 1955, Albert VanderKogel classed stand-alone breathing tubes and swim masks with integrated breathing tubes as "pipe snorkels" and "mask snorkels" respectively. In 1957, the British Sub-Aqua

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drew designs for an underwater breathing device consisting of cane tubes with a mask to cover the mouth at the diver end and a float to keep the tubes above water at the surface end. The following timeline traces the history of the swimmers' snorkel during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.

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A common problem with all mechanical clearing mechanisms is their tendency to fail if infrequently used, or if stored for long periods, or through environmental fouling, or owing to lack of maintenance. Many also either slightly increase the flow resistance of the snorkel, or provide a small water

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The 1950s were the heyday of older-generation snorkel-masks, first for the pioneers of underwater hunting and then for the general public who swam in their wake. One authority of the time declared that "the advantage of this kind of mask is mainly from the comfort point of view. It fits snugly to

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The barrel is the hollow tube leading from the supply end at the top of the snorkel to the demand end at the bottom where the mouthpiece is attached. The barrel is made of a relatively rigid material such as plastic, light metal or hard rubber. The bore is the interior chamber of the barrel; bore

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diving equipment company, listing "snorkles (rubber breathing tubes)" among the manufacturer's underwater hunting products. In November of the same year, the Honolulu Sporting Goods Co. introduced a "swim-pipe" resembling Kramarenko and Wilen's side-mounted ball-float- and flutter-valve breathing

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of breathing, the more this problem is exacerbated. A smaller diameter tube reduces the dead space, but also increases resistance to airflow and so increases the work of breathing. Occasional exhalation through the nose while snorkeling with a separate snorkel will slightly reduce the buildup of

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To comply with the current European standard EN 1972 (2015), a tube snorkel for users with larger lung capacities should not exceed 38 centimeters (15") in length and 230 cubic centimeters (14 cu. in.) in internal volume, while the corresponding figures for users with smaller lung capacities are

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The orinasal pocket and one way airflow prevent warm, moisture saturated, exhaled air from flowing over the inside surface of the viewport, which reduces the amount of fogging. The exhaust ports lead from the orinasal pocket to the outside of the mask, either directly, or through ducting in the

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The top of the barrel may be open to the elements or fitted with a valve designed to shut off the air supply from the atmosphere when the top is submerged. There may be a red or orange band around the top to alert other water users of the snorkeller's presence. The simplest way of attaching the

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on snorkel safety and testing. This German standard sets safety and testing criteria comparable to British standard BS 4532 with an additional requirement that every snorkel must be topped with a fluorescent red or orange band to alert other water users of the snorkeller's presence. In November

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in December 1973, "the mask with inbuilt snorkel is doubly dangerous (...) A ban on the manufacture and import of these masks is long overdue in Britain". In a decree of 2 August 1989, the French government suspended the manufacture, importation and marketing of ball-valve snorkel-masks. By the

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concludes that "snorkel-masks have some value for swimmers lying on the surface while watching the depths in water free of vegetation and other similar hazards, but they are not recommended for a dive 'into the blue'". According to an underwater swimming equipment review in the British national

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Dead space reduces the amount of fresh air which reaches the alveoli during each breath. This reduces the oxygen available for gas exchange, and the amount of carbon dioxide that can be removed. The buildup of carbon dioxide is usually the more noticeable effect. The body can compensate to some

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A problem with all full-face breathing masks is that the skirt must fit around the whole face well enough to form a reliable watertight seal, and since no two faces are the same shape, it is necessary for each user to test each model of mask for a good fit. Small amounts of water can be purged

263:. Including the internal volume of the mask in the breathing circuit greatly increases the dead space. When the user inhales, some of the previously exhaled air which remains in the dead space is inhaled again, reducing the amount of fresh air in the inhaled volume, which increases the risk of 169:

when their face is immersed in water while swimming or floating at the surface. To work effectively, the snorkel must allow the user to inhale and exhale comfortably over an extended period, and provide a sufficient volume of air with appropriate oxygen and carbon dioxide content to maintain a

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gum rubber and medical-grade silicone mouthpieces. For underwater swimming and diving, the side-mounted snorkel has long been the norm, although new-generation full-face swim masks with integrated snorkels are beginning to grow in popularity for use while floating and swimming at the surface.

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launched a "wraparound big-barrel" contoured snorkel, which closely follows the surface of the wearer's head and has a wider bore to improve airflow. The findings of the 1977 report "Allergic reactions to mask skirts, regulator mouthpieces and snorkel mouthpieces" encouraged diving equipment

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First side-mounted swimmers’ breathing tube patent filed. In December 1939, expatriate Russian spearfisherman Alexandre Kramarenko filed a patent in France for a breathing tube worn at the side of the head with a ball float valve at the top to exclude water and a flutter valve at the bottom.

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at the top. Throughout their heyday of the 1950s and early 1960s, masks with integrated tubes appear in the inventories of American, Australian, British, Danish, French, German, Greek, Hong Kong, Israeli, Italian, Japanese, Polish, Spanish, Taiwanese, Turkish and Yugoslav swimming and diving

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Integrated snorkel masks were specifically excluded from the scope of the world's first national standard on snorkels and face masks, British Standard BS 4532 of 1969: "Combined masks and snorkels in which the snorkel tubes open into the face masks are not acceptable under the terms of this

545:] ( "Jacques Aumaréchal" is the name of a 1932 French swim mask patentee) could be seen using the first face mask and the first breathing tube. He exhibited them, in fact, in 1931, at the International Nautical Show. On his feet, moreover, he wore the first 'flippers' designed by 1509:(OSHA) has set limits for the acceptable concentration of carbon dioxide in workplace environments. These are 0.5% by volume (5000 ppm) for continuous exposure, (10 hour shift periods in 40 hour working weeks), and a short term exposure limit of 3% (for periods of up to 15 minutes). 1188:

Early manufacturers and retailers generally classed integrated snorkel masks by the number of breathing tubes projecting from their tops and sides. Their terse product descriptions often read: "single snorkel mask", "twin snorkel mask", "double snorkel mask" or "dual snorkel mask".

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J-shaped snorkels represent the original side-mounted snorkel design, cherished by some for their simplicity but eschewed by others because water accumulates in the U-bend at the bottom. They project further away from the face, which causes more drag load on the jaw to hold them in

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magazine published an article containing illustrations of a spearfisherman using a curved length of hosepipe as a front-mounted breathing tube and wearing a set of swimming goggles over his eyes and a pair of swimming fins on his feet. In the first French monograph on spearfishing

276:. Slower breathing will reduce the effort needed to move the air through the circuit. There is a danger that a snorkeler who can breathe comfortably in good conditions will be unable to ventilate adequately under stress or when working harder, leading to hypercapnia and possible 683:

Club journal features a lively debate about the standardisation of diving terms in general and the replacement of the existing British term "breathing tube" with the American term "snorkel" in particular. The following year saw the première of the 1958 British thriller film

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An integrated snorkel consists essentially of a tube topped with a shut-off valve to block water ingress during immersion, and opening at the bottom into the interior of a modified diving mask via sockets moulded into the rubber of the skirt or the plastic of the frame.

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may also be worn. The snorkel may be an independent item or integrated with the mask. The use of this equipment allows the snorkeler to observe the underwater environment for extended periods with relatively little effort, and to breathe while face-down at the surface.

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or harness ensures a snug fit on the wearer's face. The body of a mask with full-face coverage is fitted with a chinpiece to enable a complete leak-tight enclosure of the face, and to prevent the buoyancy of the mask from lifting it up the face and exposing the mouth.

623: 135:. When the user takes in a fresh breath, some of the previously exhaled air which remains in the snorkel is inhaled again, reducing the amount of fresh air in the inhaled volume, and increasing the risk of a buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood, which can result in 2256: 1271:

and exhaling air through their noses instead, while they are at, or just below, the surface of the water. When the snorkel tops submerge, their float activated valves are supposed to shut off automatically, blocking nasal respiration and preventing mask flooding.

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Integrated snorkel tubes are made of strong but lightweight rigid materials, usually a tough plastic. At the top end, they are fitted with valves made of plastic, rubber, or more recently, silicone. Three typical first generation shut-off valves are illustrated.

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snorkel to the head is to slip the top of the barrel between the mask strap and the head. This may cause the mask to leak if done carelessly, and alternative means of attachment of the barrel to the head can be seen in the illustration of connection methods.

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Contour snorkels represent the most recent design development. They have a "wraparound" shape with smooth curves closely following the outline of the wearer's head, which improves wearing comfort, because the lower hydrodynamic drag reduces the support

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adaptors and carrying out minimal modifications to the original mask. French sportwear and snorkel masks producer Decathlon temporarily discontinued its sale of snorkel masks, redirecting them toward medical staff, patients and 3D printer operations.

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Integrated snorkels must be fitted with valves to shut off the snorkel's air inlet when submerged or water will pour into the opening at the top and flood the interior of the mask. Snorkels are attached to sockets on the top or the sides of the mask.

673:, invented during World War II to enable them to operate just below the surface at periscope depth and recharge batteries while keeping a low profile. First recorded in 1940–45. In April 1950, a West-Coast American newspaper showcased the work of 993:

Side-mounted snorkels are generally worn by scuba divers on the left-hand side of the head because the scuba regulator hose is routed over the right shoulder. They come in at least four basic shapes: J-shaped; L-shaped; flexible-hose; contour.

789:) of the tube are important ergonomic considerations when matching a snorkel to the requirements of its user. The orientation and shape of the tube must also be taken into account when matching a snorkel to its use while seeking to optimise 2261: 195:, and is only effective when the ratio of dead space to tidal volume is reduced sufficiently to compensate for the additional carbon dioxide produced due to the increased work of breathing. Continued buildup of carbon dioxide will lead to 2229: 1496:(Respiratory equipment. Open-circuit self-contained compressed air diving apparatus. Requirements, testing, marking), are not logically relevant as the snorkel mask does not use compressed air or supply air at raised ambient pressures. 10663: 144:

keeping the mask clear of water, but in cold water it will increase fogging of the viewport. To some extent the effect of dead space can be counteracted by breathing more deeply and slowly, as this reduces the dead space ratio and

590:, just two swim masks with attached breathing tubes remained in production worldwide: the Majorca sub 107S single-snorkel model, and the Balco 558 twin-snorkel full-face model, both manufactured in Greece. In May 2014, the French 174:

in the lungs. Atmospheric air has a very consistent composition, so variations of inhaled air quality are almost entirely a consequence of how much exhaled air is inhaled on the next breath. The volume of air exchanged during a

316:

mounted to the upper open end of the tube to prevent water ingress. These are no longer sold or recommended because they are unreliable and considered hazardous, and are illegal to manufacture or sell in some countries.

1092:

Attached to the demand end of the snorkel at the bottom of the barrel, the mouthpiece serves to keep the snorkel in the mouth. It is made of soft and flexible material, typically natural rubber and latterly silicone or

127:

specifies limits for length, bore and internal volume for separate snorkels. Some types of integrated mask-snorkel combinations and anti-flooding valves are banned from manufacture and sale in some countries as unsafe.

1626: 1473:

Surface Finswimming Rules (2017) require snorkels used in official competitions to have a total length between 43 and 48 cm (17" and 19") and to have an inner diameter between 1.5 and 2.3 cm (½" and 1").

2631:"Forum der Historischen Tauchergesellschaft e.V. • Thema anzeigen – Erste Einglasmaske, ab wann? [Forum of the Historical Diving Society e.V. • Show topic – First single-lens mask, when?]" 594:

company filed its new-generation full-face snorkel-mask design, which was granted US design patent 775,722. on 3 January 2017, entering production as the "Easybreath" mask designated for surface snorkeling only.

1569:

Arrêté du 2 août 1989 portant suspension de la fabrication, de l'importation, de la mise sur le marché et ordonnant le retrait des masques de plongée comportant un tuba incorporé muni d'une balle de ping-pong

71:

is a device used for breathing atmospheric air when the wearer's head is face downwards in the water with the mouth and the nose submerged. It may be either a separate unit, or integrated into a swimming or

1571:[Order of August 2, 1989 suspending the manufacture, importation, placing on the market and ordering the withdrawal of diving masks containing an incorporated snorkel fitted with a ping-pong ball]" 1323:

provided for that purpose. These holes may be fitted with non-return valves. The air then enters the user's nose or mouth into the anatomical air passages, and some reaches the alveoli of the lungs, where

1217:

Ball valve using a ping-pong ball in a cage to prevent water ingress when submerged. This device may be the most common and familiar valve used on first-generation snorkels, whether separate or integrated.

1180:

A model enclosing the eyes and nose only. Removable twin snorkels emerge from either side of the mask and terminate above with ball float shut-off valves. Supplied with plugs for use without snorkels, as

3541: 10677: 3107:

Tauch-Zubehör; Schnorchel; Abmessungen, sicherheitstechnische Anforderungen, Prüfung, Normkennzeichnung. Diving accessories; snorkel; dimensions, safety requirements, testing, marking of conformity

2251: 3238: 638:, where their "underwater apparatus for swimmers" was granted US patent 2,317,236 on 20 April 1943; after entering production in France, the device was called "Le Respirator". The co-founder of 6913: 2221: 950:

The table above shows how snorkel dimension limits have changed over time in response to better understanding of the effects of dead space and breathing resistance on carbon dioxide retention.

10670: 11546: 2638: 1161:

Like separate snorkels, integrated snorkels come in a variety of forms. The assortment of older-generation masks with integrated snorkels highlights certain similarities and differences:

8318: 11394: 8074: 6954: 2727:"Embocadura hermetica para tubos respiratorios de caza submarina y otras aplicaciones [Airtight mouthpiece for respiratory tubes for underwater hunting and other applications]" 14423: 10684: 8313: 687:, whose title references a diving mask topped with two built-in breathing tubes. To date, every national and international standard on snorkels uses the term "snorkel" exclusively. 9617: 3400: 1336:

orinasal and main chambers to force a one-way flow of air to minimise dead space cannot be equalised by partially exhaling through the nose or mouth during descent, so will cause

1174:

A model with a chinpiece to enclose the eyes, the nose and the mouth. Permanent twin snorkels emerge from either side of the mask and terminate above with "gamma" shut-off valves.

9543: 1615: 10770: 3622:"Pourquoi ne pas distribuer des masques de plongée Décathlon? BFMTV répond à vos questions [Why not distribute Decathlon diving masks? BFMTV answers your questions]" 1344:

through the lower exhaust port where present, but in the event of major flooding, the whole mask must be removed to continue breathing, which requires quick release straps.

476:

supply while swimming face down at the surface for extended periods, or for use in a contingency situation at the surface when there is a problem with either gas supply or

649:

marketed an L-shaped snorkel intended to outperform J-shaped models by increasing breathing ease, cutting water drag and eliminating the "water trap". In the late 1960s,

434:

Freediving is a form of underwater diving that relies on breath-holding until resurfacing rather than the use of breathing apparatus. A snorkel is not generally used for

913:

Type 1 (Users 150 cm or less in height): 350 mm max. Type 2 (Users exceeding 150 cm in height): 380 mm max. Competitive finswimming: 480 mm max.

9517: 11943: 11578: 11382: 11317: 8062: 6949: 1470: 2974: 2668: 11291: 1016:

L-shaped snorkels represent an improvement on the J-shaped style. They are claimed to reduce breathing resistance, to cut water drag and to remove the "water trap".

14115: 11596: 11418: 7171: 14120: 2155: 11984: 11388: 8068: 3533: 1168:

A model enclosing the eyes and the nose only. A permanent single snorkel emerges from the top of the mask and terminates above with a ball float shut-off valve.

4493: 3371: 2781: 2547: 2425: 2398: 2287: 1910: 8365: 2878: 1875: 1315:

in response to standard snorkel mouthpieces. The breathing air path through a full-face snorkel mask can vary depending on basic layout and internal details.

10656: 9325: 7742: 2045:(2nd ed.). Silver Spring, Maryland: US Department of Commerce: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Ocean Engineering. p. 24. 516:

used hollowed out reeds to submerge and retrieve natural sponge for use in trade and commerce, though more recent breathhold sponge-diving practice used the

1844: 280:, and could get into serious difficulties if they are unable to swim effectively if they have to remove the snorkel or mask to breathe without restriction. 11186: 7366: 3168: 2712: 918:

Type 1 (Users 150 cm or less in height): 150 cc max. Type 2 (Users exceeding 150 cm in height): 230 cc max. Competitive finswimming: 230 cc max.

678:

tube design, urging children and adults to "try the human version of the submarine snorkel and be like a fish". Every advertisement in the first issue of

2204: 323:

with a built-in snorkel are not used for scuba diving. The snorkel is useless during the dive and increases the risk of dislodging and flooding the mask.

287:

at the lowest point to prevent a small volume of water remaining in the snorkel from being inhaled when the snorkeler breathes. Most of these also have a

12023: 9527: 3877: 3092:

Tauch-Zubehör: Schnorchel. Sicherheitstechnische Anforderungen und Prüfung (Diving accessories for skin divers; snorkel; safety requirements and testing)

1238: 818:

for the same length and may be hard to clear of water. A short tube or a tube aligned at the wrong angle, will be more susceptible to swamping by waves.

3510: 3230: 1279:

Super Star and the modern-retro Fish Brand M4D diving half-masks came with sealed but snorkel-ready sockets at the top of the skirt moulding. The 1950s

14253: 11989: 1361: 572: 273: 3334: 3267: 2332: 1122:

Flanged mouthpiece with twin lugs at the end of a flexible U-shaped elbow designed to be combined with a straight barrel to create a J-shaped snorkel.

11736: 9647: 3657: 2690: 11364: 746: 11412: 9607: 8080: 2366: 3478: 1185:

Integrated snorkels are tentatively classified here by their tube configuration and by the face coverage of the masks to which they are attached.

11209: 10710: 8822: 7779: 7361: 3889: 645:

is credited with the introduction of the flexible-hose snorkel in the mid-1950s and the exhaust valve to ease snorkel clearing in 1980. In 1964,

3452: 3075:

Tauch-Zubehör: Schnorchel. Maße. Anforderungen. Prüfung (Diving accessories for skin divers; snorkel; technical requirements of safety, testing)

2630: 14271: 11675: 11620: 11614: 11602: 11472: 11466: 11454: 11442: 8921: 2819: 14453: 14204: 11252: 10691: 3697: 1506: 725: 712:

entitled "Specification for snorkels and face masks" and prepared by a committee on which the British Rubber Manufacturers' Association, the

14353: 14229: 14165: 11198: 8827: 7701: 3781: 642: 2113: 14328: 13821: 12033: 11608: 11460: 11352: 10649: 9555: 9522: 9511: 8126: 4400: 4366: 3629: 2608: 1578: 1039:

An independent snorkel consists essentially of a curved tube with a mouthpiece to be inserted between the lips and gripped by the teeth.

438:, as the additional work of breathing and dead space reduce performance, but they are normally used for non-competitive snorkel-diving, 14413: 14196: 11994: 11713: 10915: 8776: 926:

Class A (Users with larger lung capacity): 380 mm max. Class B (Users with smaller lung capacity, e.g. children): 350 mm max.

737: 11590: 11400: 3207: 1432:

which do not enclose the nose, as there is no need to equalise the internal pressure. In this case a nose clip may be used if needed.

14550: 13577: 11225: 11204: 10787: 10720: 9537: 7391: 754: 709: 669:

and its English derivatives "snorkle" and "snorkel" originally referred to an air intake used to supply air to the diesel engines of

635: 218:

that expand the lungs. The pressure difference across the tissues in the lungs, between the blood capillaries and air spaces during

13483: 11192: 10526: 9662: 8208: 4498: 3396: 1499: 1493: 1237:

Sliding float valve to prevent water ingress when submerged. This device was used on Britmarine brand snorkels manufactured by the

790: 450:

where the ability to breathe while viewing the underwater scene from the surface is a big advantage for planning the next descent.

308:

to seal. Natural rubber can also cause an allergic reaction in some people. In older designs, some snorkels were made with small "

13956: 13582: 11669: 11540: 11035: 10444: 10119: 10022: 9687: 9549: 5355: 2514: 1068:

The mask strap is threaded through the separable rubber loop or plastic clip slid over the barrel and held in place by friction.

14468: 9592: 8263: 7341: 6330: 5840: 5614: 5415: 717: 354:

face down on or through a body of water while breathing the ambient air through a snorkel, usually with swimming goggles or a

931:

Class A (Users with larger lung capacity): 230 cc max. Class B (Users with smaller lung capacity, e.g. children): 150 cc max.

14046: 12028: 11974: 11830: 11246: 10093: 7281: 5845: 721: 157:

a "snorkel mask", which can be a half mask covering the eyes and nose or a full-face mask covering the eyes, nose and mouth.

14623: 14304: 13635: 12038: 11999: 11651: 11566: 11508: 11424: 11358: 11323: 9505: 8146: 8044: 7764: 6959: 6176: 6116: 6092: 4354: 2660: 6799: 3426: 2963: 1097:. The commonest of the multiple designs available features a curved flange with two lugs to be gripped between the teeth: 14489: 14463: 13704: 11436: 11268: 10124: 9298: 8798: 7166: 5980: 5750: 4210: 3933: 3573: 1943: 13615: 1453:

1960s, dry suits have seen something of a resurgence in the new millennium for surface snorkelling in lakes and rivers.

14538: 14266: 13995: 13867: 11220: 8136: 7947: 7691: 7351: 6523: 3807: 3742: 3599: 2911: 815: 260: 248:) or by tilting the head back shortly before reaching the surface and exhaling until reaching or breaking the surface ( 132: 2480: 2143: 2019: 1283:"Marino" hybrid comprised a single snorkel mask with eye and nose coverage only and a separate snorkel for the mouth. 14418: 9612: 9447: 8473: 8268: 8086: 7326: 7261: 7132: 6335: 5455: 5067: 4630: 4100: 3812: 3719: 3690: 10536: 3360: 2771: 2536: 2414: 2388: 2277: 1899: 1867: 730: 14558: 14289: 13620: 11959: 11853: 11448: 10032: 9196: 9073: 8653: 7937: 7276: 6939: 6378: 4260: 4245: 3834: 2871: 742: 223: 7226: 2849: 2734: 1104:

Flanged mouthpiece with twin lugs at end of length of flexible corrugated hose designed for flexible-hose snorkel.

14373: 14140: 11718: 10294: 9499: 9493: 7331: 7127: 4393: 1836: 76:. The integrated version is only suitable for surface snorkeling, while the separate device may also be used for 9771: 3176: 1287:

clears the water. New-generation versions remain relatively rare commodities in the early twenty-first century.

12900: 11964: 11915: 11899: 11808: 11681: 11257: 11180: 11016: 10310: 10074: 9231: 9191: 9090: 8810: 8213: 7729: 7562: 7530: 7336: 6944: 6699: 5918: 5584: 5229: 5178: 4918: 4069: 3996: 3819: 2201: 1967:

Alexander, John E. (1977). "Allergic reactions to mask skirts, regulator mouthpieces and snorkel mouthpieces".

1481:, and to a considerably lesser extent, of full-face scuba masks, which combine the technology of gas masks and 1080:

The mask strap is threaded through the rotatable plastic snorkel keeper positioned about halfway up the barrel.

1730: 13805: 13671: 13625: 13392: 13190: 12004: 11584: 11490: 9992: 9682: 9677: 9482: 9382: 9308: 9181: 8583: 8573: 8092: 7381: 7376: 7266: 7156: 7144: 7122: 6082: 5857: 5604: 4615: 3884: 3500: 1364:, some full-face snorkel masks were adapted to use as oxygen dispensing emergency respiratory masks by using 1224: 702: 1424:

If a separate snorkel is used, the user will usually wear a diving half mask or swimming goggles to improve

14628: 14584: 14368: 14363: 14191: 13472: 13295: 13210: 13115: 12840: 12061: 11969: 11825: 11286: 11215: 10893: 10286: 10278: 9636: 8872: 8663: 8371: 7696: 7346: 7311: 7271: 7097: 6476: 5062: 4342: 3730: 3683: 3338: 3259: 2320: 899:

Form A (Users over ten years of age): 350 mm max. Form C (Ten-year-olds and younger): 300 mm max.

489: 104:. A standard snorkel is a curved tube with a shape usually resembling the letter "L" or "J", fitted with a 3651: 267:, a buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood. The greater the volume of the dead space, and the smaller the 14618: 14443: 13889: 13657: 13010: 12845: 12619: 12173: 11813: 11663: 11632: 11502: 11406: 11329: 11262: 11166: 10905: 10853: 10302: 10012: 9402: 9267: 9216: 8233: 7839: 7439: 6934: 6729: 6287: 6033: 5539: 4430: 4255: 4240: 3912: 3872: 2082: 902:

Form A (Users over ten years of age): 18 mm min. Form C (Ten-year-olds and younger): 18 mm min.

219: 12081: 5778: 2354: 2196:

See, for example, Faustolo Rambelli: "Sulle maschere da sub, e qualche autorespiratore, ante II G. M.",

1074:

The rubber band knotted to this 1950s American snorkel barrel is stretched over the head above the mask.

14572: 14565: 14526: 14458: 14024: 13964: 13640: 13530: 13100: 13070: 12750: 11837: 11484: 10367: 9796: 9377: 8358: 7942: 7424: 7386: 7316: 6488: 6435: 4928: 4386: 4225: 4151: 3474: 1771: 244:. The snorkeler expels water from the snorkel either with a sharp exhalation on return to the surface ( 758:

European standards exclude combined masks and snorkels in which the snorkel tubes open into the mask.

14358: 13567: 11514: 11430: 11056: 10898: 10883: 10848: 10372: 10134: 10069: 9272: 9246: 9139: 9078: 8738: 8151: 7734: 7724: 7523: 7010: 6875: 6320: 6002: 5950: 5906: 4826: 4287: 3982: 3448: 2572: 10270: 2815: 1797: 14596: 14009: 13904: 12441: 12233: 11626: 10937: 10797: 10726:

ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers

10504: 10419: 10318: 10160: 9980: 9786: 9652: 8723: 8685: 8449: 7371: 7291: 7072: 6749: 6669: 5692: 5113: 4946: 3991: 3965: 1116:

Flanged mouthpiece with twin lugs positioned at a right angle and designed for an L-shaped snorkel.

674: 171: 6649: 1223:

Hinged "gamma" valve to prevent water ingress when submerged. This device was invented in 1954 by

905:

Form A (Users over ten years of age): 180 cc max. Form C (Ten-year-olds and younger): 120 cc max.

634:

Kramarenko and his business partner Charles H. Wilen refiled the invention in March 1940 with the

240:

The simplest type of snorkel is a plain tube that is held in the mouth, and allowed to flood when

14398: 14209: 13929: 13795: 13572: 13040: 12870: 12283: 12248: 11894: 10888: 10865: 10642: 10581: 10434: 10384: 9891: 9886: 9851: 9722: 9657: 9452: 9427: 9407: 9262: 8847: 8786: 8748: 8546: 8323: 8228: 7932: 7887: 7867: 7857: 7657: 7466: 7181: 6694: 6654: 6470: 5935: 5901: 5810: 5730: 5629: 5345: 5190: 5045: 4742: 4669: 4637: 4460: 4455: 4302: 4270: 4215: 4122: 4038: 3802: 3735: 184: 14002: 13972: 13800: 13681: 13361: 13000: 12684: 12659: 12263: 12096: 11496: 10184: 10002: 9901: 9841: 9387: 9236: 9068: 9063: 9001: 8514: 8509: 8490: 8419: 8338: 8243: 8223: 8121: 8013: 7574: 7557: 7545: 7518: 7251: 7117: 6028: 5815: 5288: 5013: 4846: 4689: 4642: 4597: 4577: 3854: 2121: 2041:

NOAA Diving Program (U.S.) (December 1979). "4 - Diving equipment". In Miller, James W. (ed.).

1651: 472:

A snorkel can be useful when scuba diving as it is a convenient way to conserve the compressed

435: 10556: 2596: 1566: 1533:

Basic Scuba: Self contained underwater breathing apparatus: Its operation, maintenance and use

1128:

Flanged mouthpiece with twin bite lugs offset at an angle with a drain valve at the low point.

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which may be directly connected to the single snorkel with its float valve at the upper end.

794: 713: 342: 303:

in the mouthpiece and valves due to its resistance to degradation and its long service life.

9372: 2774:, Alexandre Kramarenko, "Breathing apparatus for swimmers", issued 20 April 1943 1477:

A full-face snorkel mask may be considered as combining the technology of tube snorkels and

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Masque pour l'exploration sous-marine avec visibilité normale et toutes autres applications

1989: 665:

First use of the word "snorkel" to denote a breathing device for swimmers. The German word

650: 591: 200: 1492:

Most functional requirements for compressed air breathing apparatus, such as specified in

1295: 1201: 822:

volume of the tube. The specifications of the standardisation bodies are tabulated below.

690: 8: 14338: 14017: 13714: 13557: 13552: 13366: 13326: 13280: 13185: 12970: 12679: 12111: 11979: 11798: 11376: 11076: 11021: 11007: 10910: 10409: 10352: 10331: 10179: 9965: 9871: 9866: 9226: 9027: 8695: 8641: 8524: 8333: 8218: 8056: 8028: 7921: 7844: 7619: 7567: 7456: 7306: 7092: 7062: 6982: 6870: 6865: 6689: 6664: 6420: 6267: 6161: 6156: 5654: 5440: 5315: 5298: 5293: 5251: 5161: 4625: 4307: 4250: 4018: 4001: 3977: 3923: 3706: 1231:

mask with integrated breathing tubes and granted US patent 2,815,751 on 10 December 1957.

1110:

Flanged mouthpiece with twin lugs at the end of short neck designed for J-shaped snorkel.

960:

Capacity (or inner volume) has partly replaced inner diameter when dimensioning snorkels.

861:

15 mm – 22.5 mm. An inner diameter exceeding 20 mm is child-inappropriate.

535:

and cited elsewhere, "In 1927, and during each summer from 1927 to 1930, on the beach of

382: 206:

A longer tube would not allow breathing when snorkeling deeper, since it would place the

12141: 10586: 10474: 10424: 1303: 14393: 14239: 13981: 13894: 13766: 13754: 13630: 13075: 12654: 12584: 12421: 12386: 12371: 12343: 12303: 12293: 11938: 11889: 11858: 11520: 11311: 11086: 11071: 10987: 10635: 10449: 10377: 10249: 9997: 9821: 9597: 9532: 9457: 9422: 9417: 9397: 9337: 9277: 9176: 9058: 8842: 8675: 8551: 8288: 7824: 7552: 7513: 7451: 7186: 6929: 6819: 6744: 6674: 6383: 6262: 6077: 6067: 5869: 5664: 5268: 4679: 4647: 4265: 4080: 3841: 2933:

Kirby, Mary (2 April 1950). "Fins For Fishermen: Former Lifeguard Turns Manufacturer".

2181: 1311:

Full-face snorkel masks (FFSMs) allow users to breathe nasally or orally and can avoid

105: 6734: 2506: 14591: 14032: 13826: 13759: 13749: 13592: 13587: 13542: 13525: 13423: 13270: 13250: 13095: 13065: 12955: 12915: 12895: 12885: 12835: 12820: 12795: 12725: 12649: 12574: 12524: 12323: 12288: 12218: 12163: 11803: 11759: 11657: 11129: 11124: 11066: 11002: 10980: 10955: 10870: 10531: 10404: 10394: 9392: 9100: 9095: 9037: 8984: 8867: 8862: 8733: 8690: 8593: 8463: 8434: 8396: 8343: 8050: 7993: 7988: 7719: 7681: 7579: 7498: 7042: 7027: 6908: 6839: 6814: 6769: 6425: 6313: 6277: 6136: 6087: 6007: 5896: 5830: 5740: 5644: 5534: 5490: 5445: 5435: 5420: 5337: 5101: 5018: 4557: 4440: 4420: 4409: 4319: 4314: 4297: 4090: 4011: 3795: 2706: 2056: 1711: 1684: 1425: 1312: 888:

Form A (Children): 15 mm – 18 mm. Form B (Adults): 18 mm – 25 mm.

874:

Form A (Children): 15 mm – 18 mm. Form B (Adults): 18 mm – 25 mm.

802: 751: 576:

equipment manufacturers. Meanwhile, in 1957, the US monthly product-testing magazine

521: 447: 443: 192: 145: 124: 93: 77: 13336: 13220: 13215: 12366: 12338: 12318: 12223: 6759: 5375: 562:

First swimmers' mask with integrated breathing tubes. In 1938, French naval officer

14388: 14107: 14078: 14070: 13508: 13145: 13120: 13085: 13055: 13045: 12965: 12860: 12830: 12765: 12735: 12639: 12624: 12509: 12391: 12308: 12273: 12203: 12106: 11820: 11096: 11091: 11081: 11061: 10975: 10960: 10858: 10571: 10399: 10362: 10205: 9816: 9801: 9347: 9342: 8911: 8837: 8832: 8793: 8781: 8718: 8713: 8478: 8278: 8008: 7998: 7747: 7241: 7067: 7005: 6834: 6739: 6430: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5783: 5710: 5624: 5619: 5380: 5239: 5224: 5128: 5050: 4923: 4821: 4482: 4043: 2087: 1441: 706: 582: 577: 546: 531:

First use of swimmer's breathing tube and mask. According to Gilbert Doukan's 1957

500: 477: 313: 288: 113: 97: 59: 7221: 5549: 1935: 1868:"Full Face Snorkel Mask Reviews: Tribord EasyBreathe Alternatives and Best Prices" 13879: 13709: 13503: 13300: 13290: 13275: 13170: 13165: 13110: 13090: 13030: 13015: 13005: 12920: 12910: 12905: 12880: 12875: 12850: 12825: 12780: 12710: 12689: 12504: 12484: 12348: 12268: 12101: 10997: 10922: 10499: 10464: 10414: 10259: 10244: 10210: 10114: 9945: 9876: 9861: 9781: 9442: 9303: 9042: 8936: 8931: 8899: 8646: 8636: 8618: 8348: 7963: 7612: 7503: 7414: 7286: 7201: 7161: 7102: 7082: 6794: 6784: 6684: 6659: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6500: 6464: 6252: 6102: 5913: 5891: 5835: 5820: 5793: 5485: 5395: 5195: 4465: 3045:

British Standards Institution: BS 4532: Specification for snorkels and face masks

2785: 2402: 2291: 2265: 2208: 1482: 1145: 734: 603: 536: 385:

in a natural setting without the complicated equipment and training required for

300: 183:, and the volume of exhaled air that is inhaled on the next breath is called the 166: 101: 10234: 9836: 6704: 1676: 14234: 13734: 13493: 13428: 13402: 13356: 13265: 13260: 13235: 13175: 13155: 13140: 13130: 12990: 12960: 12890: 12664: 12534: 12529: 12479: 12416: 12278: 12258: 12168: 12131: 12121: 12116: 10835: 10546: 10479: 10469: 10229: 9906: 9896: 9856: 9462: 9437: 9432: 9367: 9357: 9241: 8753: 8680: 8568: 8253: 7807: 7589: 7434: 6809: 6764: 6754: 6583: 6551: 6494: 6236: 6226: 6211: 6181: 6126: 5992: 5755: 5599: 5325: 5303: 5283: 5217: 5146: 5094: 4863: 4836: 4791: 4620: 4165: 3972: 3943: 3824: 3501:"Increasingly popular full-face snorkel masks raise safety concerns - CBS News" 1242: 655: 563: 351: 304: 214:

is higher requiring significantly greater effort to inhale, and overtaxing the

12426: 6629: 3563: 3534:"Coronavirus : quand les inventeurs viennent à la rescousse des hôpitaux" 3422: 14612: 14499: 14181: 14173: 14054: 13729: 13652: 13562: 13387: 13285: 13255: 13240: 13230: 13205: 13195: 13135: 13080: 13060: 13050: 13020: 12995: 12940: 12925: 12785: 12730: 12674: 12644: 12629: 12594: 12554: 12514: 12494: 12489: 12436: 12333: 12313: 12243: 12238: 12198: 10927: 10875: 10763: 10756: 10561: 10551: 10239: 10007: 9970: 9937: 9776: 8979: 8974: 8959: 8541: 8531: 8273: 8197: 8141: 7769: 7627: 7605: 7508: 7483: 7478: 7446: 6829: 6779: 6719: 6714: 6679: 6619: 6614: 6482: 6456: 6398: 6303: 6191: 5725: 5350: 5212: 5141: 5123: 5118: 5089: 4896: 4831: 4816: 4719: 4699: 4552: 4534: 4205: 4175: 4085: 4006: 1663:

The composition of air is unchanged until elevation of approximately 10.000 m

1259: 1042: 773:

Although snorkels come in many forms, they are primarily classified by their

568: 517: 513: 473: 6171: 5589: 5430: 3621: 3595: 3200:"Folding Snorkel - is a Collapsible One for You? Fold It up and Put It Away" 2903: 2280:, Joseph L. Belcher, "Breathing apparatus", issued 14 March 1933 2202:

https://www.hdsitalia.org/sites/www.hdsitalia.org/files/documenti/HDSN28.pdf

1703: 602:

nose and it was granted French patent 847848 on 10 July 1939. In July 1939,

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A snorkel may be either separate from, or integrated into, a swim or dive

14333: 14294: 14216: 14062: 13934: 13862: 13771: 13739: 13724: 13200: 13160: 13035: 12945: 12930: 12855: 12720: 12715: 12669: 12604: 12589: 12564: 12549: 12446: 12381: 12328: 12228: 12136: 12091: 11954: 11777: 11112: 10591: 10576: 10541: 10514: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10389: 10129: 9713: 9171: 9116: 8705: 8608: 8603: 8502: 8485: 8439: 8429: 8353: 8298: 8169: 8111: 8003: 7983: 7973: 7968: 7797: 7759: 7665: 7649: 7429: 7301: 7052: 6887: 6882: 6724: 6546: 6541: 6451: 6257: 6201: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5720: 5609: 5310: 5156: 5133: 5074: 5023: 4956: 4951: 4891: 4853: 4764: 4734: 4709: 4704: 4657: 4542: 4514: 4425: 4292: 4235: 4033: 4028: 4023: 3948: 3928: 3231:"Ameo Powerbreather - Unique Twin Tube Fresh Air Training Snorkel Review" 1402: 1365: 1353: 1276: 767: 684: 616: 505: 464: 398: 355: 337: 320: 264: 235: 196: 191:

extent by increasing the volume of inspired gas, but this also increases

136: 89: 73: 55: 6151: 2359:[The diving suit, discovery of a new world – Exhibition photos]" 1393: 296:

trap, which retains a little water in the tube after clearing, or both.

14383: 14378: 14348: 14281: 14094: 14086: 13783: 13310: 13025: 12790: 12614: 12544: 12499: 12474: 12253: 11863: 11152: 11117: 10965: 10749: 10509: 10220: 10098: 10047: 9929: 9881: 9826: 9121: 8964: 8414: 8391: 7978: 7211: 7022: 6855: 6824: 6789: 6774: 6410: 6388: 6360: 6308: 6146: 6043: 6038: 5798: 5715: 5574: 5559: 5200: 5166: 5040: 5035: 4901: 4786: 4592: 4547: 4450: 4435: 4282: 3955: 3849: 3772: 3140:

BS EN 1972: Diving equipment - Snorkels - Requirements and test methods

2726: 2391:, Charles H. Wilen, "Swimmer's mask'", issued 20 April 1943 1228: 429: 371: 241: 85: 33: 20: 3675: 3475:"Full Face Snorkel Mask Dangers : What's all the Hub Bub, Bub? -" 1894: 1892: 1084: 13988: 13921: 13914: 13245: 13150: 12745: 12569: 12519: 12451: 12126: 10566: 10151: 9924: 9748: 9352: 9221: 9032: 9011: 8628: 8519: 7812: 7642: 6556: 6196: 6023: 5864: 5788: 5760: 5554: 5524: 5480: 5320: 5278: 5151: 5030: 4983: 4868: 4858: 4776: 4572: 4230: 4170: 3960: 3829: 3134: 3132: 1478: 1280: 1062:

The mask strap is threaded through the loop moulded on to the barrel.

973: 885:

Form A (Children): 300 mm max. Form B (Adults): 350 mm max.

871:

Form A (Children): 300 mm max. Form B (Adults): 350 mm max.

774: 646: 587: 495: 309: 176: 4378: 3122:

Diving accessories – Snorkels – Safety requirements and test methods

957:

Maximum bore (inner diameter) has increased (from 18 to 25 mm).

14424:

Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command

12812: 12086: 10715: 9166: 9161: 9083: 8536: 8424: 8308: 8293: 7802: 7597: 6860: 6566: 6221: 5985: 5945: 5745: 5465: 4990: 4961: 4811: 4759: 4752: 4747: 3790: 3505: 2357:

Le Scaphandre, découverte d'un nouveau monde – Photos d'Expositions

1889: 1414: 936:

World Underwater Federation (CMAS) Surface Finswimming Rules (2017)

782: 720:, the Federation of British Manufacturers of Sports and Games, the 639: 612: 411: 389:. It appeals to all ages because of how little effort is involved. 359: 211: 3129: 2101:

water, they lift this up above the surface and breathe through it.

1440:

The most common swimming aids used by snorkellers are swimfins. A

1377: 14403: 14224: 14039: 9950: 8743: 7834: 7752: 7396: 7231: 7216: 7191: 7107: 7047: 6576: 6571: 6393: 6282: 6186: 5544: 4995: 4978: 4973: 4781: 4724: 4524: 3568: 1429: 1410: 1406: 1258:

snorkel-masks may enclose the nose and the mouth within an inner

981: 798: 508:. Some evidence suggests that snorkeling may have originated in 375: 363: 259:

Single snorkels and two-way twin snorkels constitute respiratory

109: 9618:

Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage

6914:

Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming

1381:

Typical snorkeling equipment: snorkel, diving mask and swimfins.

1051:

length, diameter and curvature all affect breathing resistance.

997: 954:

Maximum tube length has almost halved (from 600 to 380 mm).

13951: 13946: 7892: 7774: 7236: 7196: 6131: 6097: 5669: 5639: 4587: 4582: 4567: 786: 778: 670: 378: 215: 117: 9544:

Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association

2200:

No. 28 November 2003, p. 19. Retrieved on 20 February 2019 at

2083:"Aristotle on the parts of animals, tr. with notes by W. Ogle" 1385: 14160: 14139: 10771:

The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure

8926: 8381: 6325: 5594: 5579: 5569: 5529: 5495: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5390: 2693:. 2015-09-16. Archived from the original on 16 September 2015 2465:

Hopkins, Adam (20 December 1973). "Into the undersea world".

509: 277: 3059:

Amendment Slip No. 1 to BS 4532:1969 Snorkels and face masks

2012:"Monofin: Finswimming in the UK : Finswimming Snorkels" 1462:

35 cm (14") and 150 cc (9¼ cu. in.) respectively.

891:

Form A (Children): 120 cc max. Form B (Adults): 150 cc max.

877:

Form A (Children): 120 cc max. Form B (Adults): 150 cc max.

6141: 5370: 5365: 2691:"Human Submarine Shoots Fish with Arrows | Modern Mechanix" 942:

15 mm – 23 mm. Tube cross-section to be circular.

701:

First national standard on snorkels. In December 1969, the

403: 284: 207: 9518:

National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology

8319:

Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus

3061:. London: British Standards Institution. 30 December 1977. 2571: 2040: 694:

A range of 1970s snorkels made to British Standard BS 4532

622: 139:. The greater the volume of the tube, and the smaller the 14155: 14150: 3029:

Brookes, G.F. (July–August 1957). "Watch your language".

1722: 1486: 1094: 1023:

to replace the mouthpiece when it falls out of the mouth.

801:, water retention, interrupting the field of vision, and 750:

1980 in specifications. The first and second editions of

541: 14116:

International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office

11597:

International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers

11419:

International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers

7172:

Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei

3014:

Broadhurst, Alan (May–June 1957). "Let's get it right".

2454:. Vol. 22, no. 7. July 1957. pp. 324–330. 1969:

Journal of the South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society

619:

because it improves the swimmer's hydrodynamic profile.

16:

Tube for breathing face down at the surface of the water

14121:

Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy)

10664:

Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving

8314:

Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment

3596:"Easy COVID 19 emergency mask for hospital ventilators" 2034: 1307:

Snorkelling equipment: FFSM, fins and underwater camera

11990:

Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins

11395:

Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins

9979: 8075:

Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins

6955:

Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins

4494:

Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment

2575:, Maxime Forjot & Albert Méjean, " 1702:

Intagliata, S.; Rizzo, A.; Gossman, W. (4 July 2023).

1701: 494:

Breathing surface air through a tube was mentioned by

3718: 2114:"Online gallery. Leonardo da Vinci. Diving Apparatus" 2043:

NOAA Diving Manual, Diving for Science and Technology

1729:

Shykoff, Barbara; Warkander, Dan (28 February 2018).

47:

Breathing while face down at the surface of the water

11187:

International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum

3760: 3335:"Early Mfg. & Retailers - Florida Frogman No.19" 2770: 2760:. Vol. 1, no. 3. January 1956. p. 23. 777:

and secondarily by their orientation and shape. The

12024:

14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship

9528:

Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine

3003:. New York: Henry Holt and Company. pp. 22–26. 1456: 1034: 13601: 11944:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 11579:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 11383:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 11318:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 8063:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 7143: 6950:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 4068: 2998: 1754:Fortschritte der Naturwissenschaftlichen Forschung 1675:Hallett, S.; Toro, F; Ashurst, J.V. (1 May 2023). 1674: 1489:) for both inhalation and exhalation is relevant. 1192: 381:locations. It provides the opportunity to observe 11737:United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course 9648:History of decompression research and development 3109:, Vienna: Austrian Standards International, 1988. 2952:. Honolulu, Hawaii. 10 November 1950. p. 21. 2276: 2250: 1962: 1960: 1616:"Safety of Ocean Reef Full Face Snorkeling Masks" 1535:(2nd ed.). New York: Van Nostrand Reinholdt. 571:at the bottom and a single breathing tube with a 14610: 13471: 11670:National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group 11413:International Association for Handicapped Divers 9635: 9608:List of legislation regulating underwater diving 8081:International Association for Handicapped Divers 7823: 6066: 3105:Austrian Standards International: ÖNORM S 4223: 2711:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2387: 2186:. Universal Digital Library. John De Graff, Inc. 1728: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1550:. New York, NY: Pisces Book Company. p. 21. 520:diving weight system. In the fifteenth century, 11985:Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas 11389:Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas 11210:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 10711:Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO) 8823:Association of Diving Contractors International 8069:Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas 3911: 3260:"Phelps: Swimming Gear: Competitive Swim Store" 1710:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 1683:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 165:A snorkel is used to allow the user to breathe 14272:Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia) 11676:National Association of Underwater Instructors 11621:Rebreather Association of International Divers 11615:Professional Technical and Recreational Diving 11603:Professional Association of Diving Instructors 11473:Rebreather Association of International Divers 11467:Professional Technical and Recreational Diving 11455:Professional Association of Diving Instructors 11443:National Association of Underwater Instructors 11365:Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée 8922:List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders 4150: 3449:"Early Mfg. & Retailers - US Divers No.43" 3142:. London: British Standards Institution. 2015. 3125:. London: British Standards Institution. 1997. 3047:. London: British Standards Institution. 1969. 2306:250 Réponses aux questions du plongeur curieux 1957: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1362:2019–20 coronavirus pandemic related shortages 14454:Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid 14205:Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28 11253:Commercial diver registration in South Africa 10824: 7588: 7262:Namibian Marine Corps Operational Diving Unit 7081: 4394: 3691: 3166: 2309:(in French). Editions de Gerfaut. p. 70. 1554: 1507:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 726:Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents 549:, the use of which was to become universal." 14354:Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association 14230:Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System 11199:International Marine Contractors Association 8828:International Marine Contractors Association 7702:International Marine Contractors Association 5691: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1545: 210:in deeper water where the surrounding water 14329:Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia 13822:Environmental impact of recreational diving 12034:Underwater Orienteering World Championships 11609:Professional Diving Instructors Corporation 11461:Professional Diving Instructors Corporation 11353:American Canadian Underwater Certifications 10650:Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival 9556:United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit 9523:Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory 9512:European Underwater and Baromedical Society 8407: 8127:Environmental impact of recreational diving 3120:British Standards Institution: BS EN 1972: 2601:[Underwater masks and respirators]" 2074: 1865: 1837:"Full-Face Snorkeling Masks: Pros And Cons" 1831: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1519: 964:dioxide in the inhaled air of each breath). 733:published the first and second editions of 407:Front-mounted competitive swimmer's snorkel 14545: 14414:Society for Underwater Historical Research 11995:South African Underwater Sports Federation 8777:Testing and inspection of diving cylinders 8633:Hazard identification and risk assessment 4401: 4387: 4361: 3698: 3684: 3531: 3288: 3090:Deutsches Institut für Normung: DIN 7878: 3073:Deutsches Institut für Normung: DIN 7878: 3018:. Vol. 2, no. 3. pp. 20–21. 3013: 2999:VanderKogel, Albert; Lardner, Rex (1955). 2148:[Leonardo da Vinci's diving suit]" 1290: 1265: 346:Reef Snorkelling on the Great Barrier Reef 32: 14280: 13578:Physiological response to water immersion 11642: 11226:World Recreational Scuba Training Council 11205:List of diver certification organizations 10788:List of Divers Alert Network publications 10721:IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving 9538:South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society 7392:Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces) 7367:US Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions 3564:"Emergency mask for hospital ventilators" 3308:. London: Hutchinson. pp. 18–20, 30. 2803:. Cannes: Imprimerie Robaudy. p. 64. 2175: 2173: 1966: 1593: 1149:Older swim masks with integrated snorkels 626:Side-mounted underwater swimmer's snorkel 151: 13484:List of researchers in underwater diving 11193:International Diving Schools Association 10678:The new science of skin and scuba diving 9663:List of researchers in underwater diving 8209:Human factors in diving equipment design 4499:Human factors in diving equipment design 3156:. Santa Ana, CA: PADI. 1983. p. 17. 2635:forum.historische-tauchergesellschaft.de 2607:(in French). No. 630. p. 621. 2594: 1984: 1982: 1818: 1392: 1384: 1376: 1302: 1294: 1205:Shut-off valves fitted to older snorkels 1200: 1144: 1083: 1041: 996: 980: 972: 968: 689: 621: 463: 410: 402: 341: 100:and for surface breathing while wearing 19:For swimming while using a snorkel, see 13583:Thermal balance of the underwater diver 11714:Navy Diving Salvage and Training Center 11591:Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee 11541:American Academy of Underwater Sciences 11401:Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee 10445:1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident 10120:International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame 10023:R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle 9688:US Navy decompression models and tables 9550:Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society 7920: 6981: 5356:Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment 3705: 3323:. London: Lutterworth Press. p. 5. 3303: 3293:. London: Adlard Coles. pp. 17–18. 3028: 2464: 2302: 1751: 1530: 1389:Child's snorkel, worn with swim goggles 1372: 14611: 14469:Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center 14200:-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle 14169:-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle 9593:Civil liability in recreational diving 8264:List of diving hazards and precautions 7342:Special Operations Battalion (Croatia) 6331:Underwater acoustic positioning system 5841:High pressure breathing air compressor 3653:CMAS Finswimming Rules Version 2017/01 3513:from the original on 25 September 2019 3175:. Lenizdat. p. 92. Archived from 3173:[Underwater sports equipment]" 3033:. Vol. 2, no. 4. p. 12. 2914:from the original on 25 September 2019 2796: 2325:[A revolutionary French mask]" 2179: 2170: 2146:El traje de buceo de Leonardo da Vinci 1847:from the original on 24 September 2023 1140: 882:Austrian Standard: ÖNORM S 4223 (1988) 415:Finswimmer using front-mounted snorkel 331: 13851: 13470: 12060: 12059: 12029:Underwater Hockey World Championships 11975:British Underwater Sports Association 11758: 11757: 11247:Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme 10948: 10823: 10616: 10094:1992 cageless shark-diving expedition 9634: 9581: 8897: 8195: 7919: 7282:Operational Diving Division (SA Navy) 6980: 6358: 5846:Low pressure breathing air compressor 5690: 4480: 4408: 4382: 4194: 4149: 4067: 3910: 3759: 3717: 3679: 3632:from the original on 29 December 2023 3403:from the original on 29 December 2023 3318: 3228: 3095:. Berlin/Cologne: Beuth Verlag. 1991. 3078:. Berlin/Cologne: Beuth Verlag. 1980. 2932: 2232:from the original on 29 December 2023 1979: 1764: 1752:Stigler, R. (1913). "Die Taucherei". 1632:from the original on 28 December 2023 1581:from the original on 21 December 2023 14533: 14305:Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment 13636:Thermodynamic model of decompression 12039:Underwater Rugby World Championships 11652:Cave Divers Association of Australia 11567:American Nitrox Divers International 11425:International Life Saving Federation 11359:American Nitrox Divers International 11324:Performance Freediving International 9506:European Diving Technology Committee 8147:Sinking ships for wreck diving sites 8045:Cave Divers Association of Australia 7765:Remotely operated underwater vehicle 7362:US Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance 6960:Performance Freediving International 6177:Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System 6093:Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station 4481: 4349: 3363:Breathing valve for a submarine mask 2937:. Santa Ana, California. p. 14. 2852:from the original on 29 October 2023 1992:. DAN Southern Africa. 10 April 2017 1546:Blount, Steve; Taylor, Herb (1984). 761: 718:Department for Education and Science 14490:Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device 13705:List of diving environments by type 12000:Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu 11509:Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu 11437:National Academy of Scuba Educators 11269:Department of Employment and Labour 10671:Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving 10125:London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures 9299:Effects of drugs on fitness to dive 8898: 8799:Breathing performance of regulators 4211:Breathing performance of regulators 3934:Continuous positive airway pressure 3532:Opoczynski, David (23 March 2020). 2872:"Dacor diving equipment guide 1968" 2813: 2599:Masques et respirateurs sous-marins 722:Ministry of Defence Navy Department 654:manufacturers to fit snorkels with 38:Snorkel, worn with diving half mask 13: 14267:Submarine escape training facility 13868:Defense against swimmer incursions 11221:Recreational diver course referral 8137:Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands 7948:Outline of recreational dive sites 7352:Special Warfare Diving and Salvage 6524:Variable weight apnea without fins 3808:Self-contained breathing apparatus 3743:Mountaineering breathing apparatus 3602:from the original on 24 March 2020 3576:from the original on 25 March 2020 3544:from the original on 24 March 2020 3429:from the original on 11 March 2023 3321:Your guide to underwater adventure 2842:"Vintage Double Hose – Index page" 2800:Initiation à la chasse sous-marine 2661:"The ripping-off of Maxime's mask" 2369:from the original on 20 March 2023 2335:from the original on 16 March 2022 2323:Un masque français révolutionnaire 2022:from the original on 21 April 2023 1471:World Underwater Federation (CMAS) 14: 14640: 14419:Society for Underwater Technology 9613:Investigation of diving accidents 8196: 8087:Quintana Roo Speleological Survey 7327:Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka) 7167:Combat Divers Service (Lithuania) 6336:Underwater acoustic communication 5068:Underwater acoustic communication 4631:Variable buoyancy pressure vessel 4101:Surface-supplied diving equipment 3813:Self-contained self-rescue device 3720:High altitude breathing apparatus 3660:from the original on 2 March 2019 3377:from the original on 6 March 2019 3270:from the original on 7 March 2019 3210:from the original on 7 March 2019 2884:from the original on 7 March 2019 2822:from the original on 7 March 2019 2816:"Dick Bonin, founder of Scubapro" 2737:from the original on 6 March 2019 2671:from the original on 6 March 2019 2641:from the original on 6 March 2019 2611:from the original on 7 March 2019 2553:from the original on 6 March 2019 2517:from the original on 6 March 2019 2450:"Underwater swimming equipment". 2431:from the original on 6 March 2019 2158:from the original on 7 March 2019 1916:from the original on 2 March 2019 985:Basic side mounted snorkel shapes 923:European Standard: EN 1972 (2015) 910:European Standard: EN 1972 (1997) 14590: 14578: 14544: 14532: 14521: 14520: 14290:Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus 13616:Bühlmann decompression algorithm 11960:Australian Underwater Federation 11449:Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond 10617: 10033:Shallow Water Combat Submersible 9197:Swimming-induced pulmonary edema 9074:Inner ear decompression sickness 8654:Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue 7938:Index of recreational dive sites 7277:Naval Special Operations Command 6940:Australian Underwater Federation 4360: 4348: 4337: 4336: 4261:Respiratory protective equipment 4246:Open circuit breathing apparatus 3835:Powered air-purifying respirator 3761:Occupational breathing apparatus 3481:from the original on 14 May 2019 3455:from the original on 27 May 2022 2980:from the original on 18 May 2022 2595:de Latil, Pierre (August 1949). 2154:(in Spanish). 26 November 2015. 2080: 1457:Safety and competition standards 1035:Independent snorkel construction 896:German Standard: DIN 7878 (1991) 868:German Standard: DIN 7878 (1980) 855:British Standard: BS 4532 (1977) 842:British Standard: BS 4532 (1969) 743:Austrian Standards International 131:Snorkels constitute respiratory 14579: 14374:Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club 14050:-class deep submergence vehicle 11719:Underwater Escape Training Unit 9500:Diving Medical Advisory Council 9494:Diving Diseases Research Centre 7332:Special Forces Command (Turkey) 3644: 3614: 3588: 3556: 3525: 3493: 3467: 3441: 3415: 3389: 3353: 3327: 3312: 3297: 3282: 3252: 3241:from the original on 2022-08-14 3222: 3192: 3160: 3146: 3112: 3099: 3082: 3065: 3051: 3037: 3022: 3007: 2992: 2956: 2941: 2926: 2896: 2864: 2834: 2807: 2790: 2764: 2749: 2719: 2683: 2653: 2623: 2588: 2565: 2529: 2499: 2473: 2458: 2443: 2407: 2381: 2347: 2313: 2296: 2270: 2244: 2222:"Espacenet – Original document" 2214: 2190: 2136: 2106: 2049: 2004: 1946:from the original on 2023-11-15 1928: 1878:from the original on 2017-11-29 1859: 1790: 1193:Integrated snorkel construction 453: 350:Snorkelling is the practice of 326: 108:at the lower end and made from 11965:British Freediving Association 11682:Technical Diving International 11258:Divers Institute of Technology 11181:European Underwater Federation 11017:Surface-supplied diving skills 9232:Hyperbaric treatment schedules 9192:Salt water aspiration syndrome 9091:High-pressure nervous syndrome 8366:Diver behaviour and competence 8214:Human factors in diving safety 7730:Baited remote underwater video 7563:Underwater search and recovery 7531:Underwater cutting and welding 7337:Special Forces Group (Belgium) 6945:British Freediving Association 6700:Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych 6359: 5919:Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor 5585:Diving Unlimited International 5230:Mechanism of diving regulators 4919:Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor 4070:Underwater breathing apparatus 3997:Respiratory gas humidification 3771: 2365:(in French). 12 October 2017. 1902:Splash-guard for snorkel tubes 1745: 1695: 1668: 1644: 1539: 1227:, fitted as standard on every 731:Deutsches Institut für Normung 539:, Jacques O'Marchal [ 392: 1: 13806:Underwater diving environment 13626:Reduced gradient bubble model 13621:Haldane's decompression model 12005:Underwater Society of America 11585:Diving Science and Technology 11491:Scuba Educators International 10685:Professional Diver's Handbook 9993:Advanced SEAL Delivery System 9683:Pearling in Western Australia 9678:Timeline of diving technology 9483:Aerospace Medical Association 9383:Guybon Chesney Castell Damant 9309:Psychological fitness to dive 9182:Instinctive drowning response 8584:Gas blending for scuba diving 8093:Woodville Karst Plain Project 7382:Underwater Demolition Command 7377:Underwater Construction Teams 7267:Naval Diving Unit (Singapore) 7227:Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine 7157:Clearance Diving Branch (RAN) 7123:United States military divers 6083:Continental Shelf Station Two 5858:Gas blending for scuba diving 3167:Serebrenitsky, P. P. (1969). 2329:le-scaphandrier.blog4ever.com 1866:Snorkel Ken (1 August 2015). 1778:. UK Diving Medical Committee 1731:"What's All the Fuss about CO 1704:"Physiology, Lung Dead Space" 1623:snorkeling.oceanreefgroup.com 1512: 1275:plugs. Conversely, the 1950s 808: 703:British Standards Institution 423: 14369:Nautical Archaeology Society 14364:Nautical Archaeology Program 14192:NATO Submarine Rescue System 13473:Science of underwater diving 13211:Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper 13116:Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger 11970:British Octopush Association 11287:Divers Academy International 11216:Nautical Archaeology Society 10894:Public safety diver training 10880:Occupational diver training 9772:Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont 9637:History of underwater diving 8873:Standard operating procedure 8664:Hierarchy of hazard controls 7697:Helix Energy Solutions Group 7347:Special Service Group (Navy) 7312:Special Air Service Regiment 7272:Naval Service Diving Section 7098:Canadian Armed Forces Divers 6477:Constant weight without fins 5063:Through-water communications 3731:Aviation breathing apparatus 3628:(in French). 31 March 2020. 2363:cmaexpositions.canalblog.com 1772:"Immersion Pulmonary Oedema" 745:published Austrian standard 490:History of underwater diving 229: 7: 14624:Underwater diving equipment 14444:Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory 13890:Underwater domain awareness 13658:Physiology of decompression 12846:Michael Barratt (astronaut) 11664:Global Underwater Explorers 11503:Scuba Schools International 11407:Global Underwater Explorers 11330:Scuba Schools International 11263:Health and Safety Executive 10906:Recreational diver training 10013:Motorised Submersible Canoe 9403:Robert William Hamilton Jr. 9268:Diving Medical Practitioner 9217:Demand valve oxygen therapy 8234:Underwater diving emergency 7840:Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun 7440:Recreational diver training 6935:Scuba Schools International 6034:Combat rubber raiding craft 5540:Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique 4431:Atmospheric pressure diving 4256:Positive pressure breathing 4241:Negative pressure breathing 4195: 3913:Medical breathing apparatus 3291:Guide to underwater hunting 3204:www.scuba-diving-smiles.com 2537:"US Design Patent 775,722, 2183:The World Beneath The Waves 1990:"Snorkels: Pros & Cons" 828:Snorkel standards and rules 636:United States Patent Office 222:would increase the risk of 220:negative pressure breathing 170:sufficient and comfortable 160: 10: 14645: 14459:Neutral Buoyancy Simulator 13641:Varying Permeability Model 13531:Underwater computer vision 11838:Underwater target shooting 11485:Scuba Diving International 10845:Competence and assessment 10368:Peter Henry Michael Holmes 8359:Uncontrolled decompression 7943:List of wreck diving sites 7425:Commercial offshore diving 7387:Underwater Demolition Team 7317:Special Actions Detachment 6489:Dynamic apnea without fins 6436:Underwater target shooting 5981:Launch and recovery system 5751:Launch and recovery system 4929:Submersible pressure gauge 4226:Escape breathing apparatus 4152:User respiratory interface 3890:GB2626 (China), and others 3289:Codrington, Simon (1954). 2579:", issued 10 July 1939 1677:"Physiology, Tidal Volume" 1444:may be used for buoyancy. 1400: 1354:High carbon dioxide levels 1046:Snorkel attachment methods 939:430 mm – 480 mm. 487: 483: 457: 427: 396: 374:activity, particularly at 335: 233: 18: 14516: 14477: 14432: 14359:Karst Underwater Research 14317: 14252: 14106: 13903: 13858: 13852: 13847: 13814: 13697: 13670: 13568:Equivalent narcotic depth 13541: 13492: 13479: 13466: 13442: 13411: 13380: 13319: 12811: 12698: 12465: 12405: 12357: 12150: 12072: 12068: 12055: 12016: 11924: 11908: 11872: 11846: 11786: 11770: 11766: 11753: 11727: 11699: 11555: 11547:CMAS Scientific Committee 11529: 11515:United Diving Instructors 11431:Israeli Diving Federation 11339: 11300: 11277: 11235: 11165: 11140: 11105: 11057:Advanced Open Water Diver 11049: 11034: 10899:Scientific diver training 10884:Commercial diver training 10849:Competency-based learning 10834: 10830: 10825:Training and registration 10819: 10796: 10780: 10734: 10701: 10627: 10623: 10612: 10433: 10373:Johnson Sea Link accident 10330: 10258: 10219: 10193: 10172: 10150: 10143: 10135:Women Divers Hall of Fame 10107: 10086: 10070:Raid on Alexandria (1941) 10060: 9915: 9762: 9739: 9696: 9643: 9630: 9588: 9577: 9471: 9324: 9317: 9286: 9273:Diving Medical Technician 9255: 9247:Therapeutic recompression 9209: 9152: 9140:Carbon monoxide poisoning 9130: 9109: 9079:Isobaric counterdiffusion 9051: 9020: 8945: 8910: 8906: 8893: 8809: 8762: 8739:Diving systems technician 8704: 8617: 8462: 8252: 8204: 8191: 8160: 8152:Underwater diving on Guam 8102: 8027: 7956: 7928: 7915: 7788: 7735:In-water surface cleaning 7710: 7680: 7524:Archaeology of shipwrecks 7413: 7011:Commercial offshore diver 6993: 6989: 6976: 6922: 6896: 6848: 6592: 6534: 6444: 6371: 6367: 6354: 6296: 6245: 6115: 6016: 6003:Recreational Dive Planner 5951:Built-in breathing system 5934: 5907:Pressure swing adsorption 5769: 5703: 5699: 5686: 5513: 5454: 5336: 5267: 5177: 5004: 4937: 4879: 4827:Lightweight demand helmet 4802: 4733: 4668: 4606: 4533: 4507: 4489: 4476: 4416: 4332: 4288:Closed circuit rebreather 4201: 4190: 4158: 4145: 4076: 4063: 3983:Built-in breathing system 3919: 3906: 3885:EN 149/14683/143 (Europe) 3873:42 CFR 84 (United States) 3865: 3779: 3770: 3766: 3755: 3726: 3713: 3229:Cross, Ian (2019-08-07). 3171:Техника подводного спорта 2415:"US Design Patent 138286 1654:. The Engineering ToolBox 1531:Roberts, Fred M. (1963). 858:300 mm – 600 mm 845:500 mm – 600 mm 51: 43: 31: 14464:Space Systems Laboratory 12234:Fernando Garfella Palmer 12082:Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro 11633:Technical Extended Range 11627:Trimix Scuba Association 10938:Stress exposure training 10505:Fernando Garfella Palmer 9787:Giovanni Alfonso Borelli 9653:History of Diving Museum 8724:Diver medical technician 8474:Ascending and descending 8450:Non-freezing cold injury 7292:Russian commando frogmen 7073:Underwater archaeologist 5693:Diving support equipment 5114:Emergency locator beacon 4947:Diver propulsion vehicle 3992:Positive airway pressure 3966:Non-invasive ventilation 3304:Lumière, Cornel (1956). 2964:"Skin Diver First Issue" 2264:29 December 2023 at the 2180:Doukan, Gilbert (1957). 1448:Environmental protection 512:some 5,000 years ago as 370:Snorkeling is a popular 172:respiratory gas exchange 14399:Save Ontario Shipwrecks 14210:Russian submarine AS-34 13930:American submarine NR-1 13796:Recreational dive sites 13573:Maximum operating depth 13320:Writers and journalists 12841:Serena Auñón-Chancellor 12284:Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova 12249:Swietenia Puspa Lestari 11895:Underwater orienteering 10889:Military diver training 10866:Diver training standard 10643:U.S. Navy Diving Manual 10562:Chris and Chrissy Rouse 10385:Gerard Anthony Prangley 9887:Willard Franklyn Searle 9852:Christian J. Lambertsen 9658:History of scuba diving 9582: 9453:Charles Wesley Shilling 9428:Christian J. Lambertsen 9408:Henry Valence Hempleman 9263:Diving Medical Examiner 8848:Emergency response plan 8787:Sustained load cracking 8749:Life support technician 8324:Single point of failure 8229:Scuba diving fatalities 7933:Recreational dive sites 7888:ASM-DT amphibious rifle 7868:AAI underwater revolver 7858:SPP-1 underwater pistol 7467:Underwater construction 7182:Frogman Corps (Denmark) 6695:Elisabeth Kristoffersen 6471:Constant weight bi-fins 5902:Membrane gas separation 5811:Carbon dioxide scrubber 5731:Diving platform (scuba) 5346:Carbon dioxide scrubber 5191:Atmospheric diving suit 4743:Atmospheric diving suit 4638:Diving weighting system 4461:Surface-supplied diving 4456:Surface oriented diving 4303:Carbon dioxide scrubber 4271:Constant flow regulator 4123:Atmospheric diving suit 4039:Partial rebreather mask 3803:Supplied-air respirator 3736:Emergency oxygen system 3235:Swimming Without Stress 2797:Devaux, Robert (1947). 2303:Perrier, Alain (2008). 2226:worldwide.espacenet.com 1798:"Unit 3- Diving Skills" 1505:For comparison, the US 1299:Ocean Reef snorkel mask 1291:Full-face snorkel masks 1266:Half-face snorkel masks 848:15 mm – 18 mm 533:World Beneath the Waves 13801:Underwater environment 13682:Underwater exploration 13612:Decompression models: 12685:John Ernest Williamson 12264:Anna Marguerite McCann 12097:Amelia Behrens-Furniss 11916:Underwater photography 11900:Underwater photography 11787:Snorkeling/breath-hold 11497:Scottish Sub Aqua Club 11292:Norwegian diver school 10916:ISO training standards 10185:Tham Luang cave rescue 10003:Dry Combat Submersible 9902:Pierre-Marie Touboulic 9842:Karl Heinrich Klingert 9388:Kenneth William Donald 9237:In-water recompression 9069:Dysbaric osteonecrosis 9064:Decompression sickness 9002:Compression arthralgia 8515:Decompression practice 8491:Canoe and kayak diving 8420:Decompression sickness 8244:Water surface searches 8224:Safety-critical system 8122:Diving in the Maldives 8014:Underwater photography 7853:Heckler & Koch P11 7575:Underwater videography 7558:Underwater photography 7546:Nondestructive testing 7519:Underwater archaeology 7252:Marine Raider Regiment 7118:Royal Navy ships diver 6876:Shallow-water blackout 6029:Canoe and kayak diving 5816:Cascade filling system 5289:Decompression cylinder 5014:Alternative air source 4847:Standard diving helmet 4690:Decompression cylinder 3855:Elastomeric respirator 3820:Particulate respirator 3361:"US Patent US2815751: 3306:Beneath the seven seas 2950:Honolulu Star-Bulletin 2756:"Combined mask-tube". 1900:"US patent 5,404,872, 1398: 1390: 1382: 1308: 1300: 1206: 1150: 1089: 1047: 1002: 986: 978: 695: 627: 609:La Chasse aux Poissons 469: 468:Scuba diver snorkeling 436:competitive freediving 416: 408: 362:. In cooler waters, a 347: 289:non-return drain valve 152:Types and nomenclature 14449:Neutral buoyancy pool 14131:Submarine rescue ship 14126:McCann Rescue Chamber 13885:Rugged compact camera 13873:Diver detection sonar 13720:Confined water diving 13434:James Joseph Magennis 13071:Michael López-Alegría 12801:Aristotelis Zervoudis 12540:John Christopher Fine 12214:John Christopher Fine 11880:Immersion finswimming 11709:Defence Diving School 11573:British Sub-Aqua Club 11371:British Sub-Aqua Club 10358:Francis P. Hammerberg 10038:Siluro San Bartolomeo 10028:SEAL Delivery Vehicle 9961:Standard diving dress 9807:Charles Anthony Deane 9792:Joseph-Martin Cabirol 9754:Jason deCaires Taylor 9673:Man in the Sea Museum 9668:Lyons Maritime Museum 9007:Decompression illness 8990:Middle ear barotrauma 8858:Diving superintendent 8853:Diving safety officer 8772:Breathing gas quality 8377:Overconfidence effect 8039:British Sub-Aqua Club 7864:Underwater revolvers 7541:Underwater inspection 7536:Underwater demolition 7462:Offshore construction 7357:Tactical Divers Group 7247:Marinejegerkommandoen 7177:Decima Flottiglia MAS 7133:U.S.Navy master diver 7038:Diving superintendent 7033:Diving safety officer 6645:Mandy-Rae Cruickshank 6518:Variable weight apnea 6051:Diving support vessel 5826:Diving air compressor 5501:Standard diving dress 5476:Diving air compressor 5259:Full-face diving mask 5247:Single-hose regulator 5235:Regulator malfunction 5138:Navigation equipment 5080:Diving safety harness 4695:Decompression trapeze 4685:Decompression chamber 4133:Helium reclaim system 4111:Helicopter escape set 4096:Full-face diving mask 3319:Small, Peter (1957). 3264:www.michaelphelps.com 2846:vintagedoublehose.com 2772:US patent 2317236 2389:US patent 2317237 2278:US patent 1901219 2252:US patent 1845263 1548:The Joy of Snorkeling 1396: 1388: 1380: 1306: 1298: 1204: 1148: 1087: 1045: 1000: 984: 977:Front mounted snorkel 976: 969:Orientation and shape 714:British Sub-Aqua Club 693: 625: 467: 414: 406: 345: 283:Some snorkels have a 250:displacement clearing 78:underwater activities 14495:Scuba diving therapy 14485:Nautilus Productions 14409:Sea Research Society 14344:Divers Alert Network 13777:Torricellian chamber 13687:Deep-sea exploration 13648:Equivalent air depth 13519:Modulated ultrasound 13514:Underwater acoustics 12981:Christopher E. Gerty 12976:Michael L. Gernhardt 12866:Timothy J. Broderick 12741:William Hogarth Main 12432:Jean-Michel Cousteau 12397:Krzysztof Starnawski 11479:Sub-Aqua Association 10743:The Darkness Beckons 10274:diving bell accident 10201:John Day (carpenter) 9723:Queen Anne's Revenge 9488:Divers Alert Network 9413:Leonard Erskine Hill 9294:Atrial septal defect 8995:Pulmonary barotrauma 8955:Alternobaric vertigo 8599:Scuba gas management 8559:Diver communications 8175:Underwater Bike Race 8132:Scuba diving tourism 8117:Diving in East Timor 7883:APS underwater rifle 7878:ADS amphibious rifle 7494:Public safety diving 7489:Potable water diving 7322:Special Boat Service 7297:Sappers Divers Group 7257:Minedykkerkommandoen 6655:Leonardo D'Imporzano 6513:Skandalopetra diving 6273:Hyperbaric stretcher 6232:T1200 Trenching Unit 6207:Sea Dragon-class ROV 6056:HMS Challenger (K07) 5956:Decompression tables 5926:Oxygen compatibility 5361:Cryogenic rebreather 5206:Scuba cylinder valve 5107:Screw gate carabiner 5085:Emergency gas supply 5046:Diver's cutting tool 4912:Helium release valve 4842:Shallow water helmet 4770:Standard diving suit 4616:Buoyancy compensator 4563:Emergency gas supply 4221:Emergency gas supply 4116:Submarine escape set 2784:6 March 2019 at the 2605:Le Chasseur Français 2573:FR patent 847848 2401:6 March 2019 at the 2290:6 March 2019 at the 2207:6 March 2019 at the 1373:Associated equipment 1340:if used for diving. 299:Modern snorkels use 201:respiratory distress 179:cycle is called the 114:synthetic elastomers 14629:Breathing apparatus 14339:Coral Reef Alliance 13715:Benign water diving 13558:Cold shock response 13327:Michael C. Barnette 13281:Douglas H. Wheelock 13186:David Saint-Jacques 12971:Ronald J. Garan Jr. 12680:Michele Westmorland 11980:Comhairle Fo-Thuinn 11799:Underwater football 11377:Comhairle Fo-Thuinn 11077:Introductory diving 11022:Underwater searches 11008:Diamond Reef System 10911:Introductory diving 10735:General non-fiction 10657:Underwater Handbook 10557:François de Roubaix 10410:Lothar Michael Ward 10353:Victor F. Guiel Jr. 10180:Alpazat cave rescue 10087:Scientific projects 9966:Sub Marine Explorer 9872:Joseph Salim Peress 9867:Ernest William Moir 9227:Hyperbaric medicine 9028:Freediving blackout 8696:Situation awareness 8642:Job safety analysis 8525:Ratio decompression 8334:Cold shock response 8284:Entanglement hazard 8219:Life-support system 8057:Comhairle Fo-Thuinn 7922:Recreational diving 7849:Underwater pistols 7743:Cavitation cleaning 7568:Underwater searches 7457:Marine construction 7307:Special Air Service 7093:Army engineer diver 7063:Public safety diver 6983:Professional diving 6871:Deep-water blackout 6866:Freediving blackout 6690:Mehgan Heaney-Grier 6421:Underwater football 6268:Hyperbaric lifeboat 6162:Goldfish-class ROUV 6157:Global Explorer ROV 6119:underwater vehicles 5655:Shearwater Research 5316:Scuba configuration 5299:Manifolded twin set 5294:Independent doubles 5252:Twin-hose regulator 5162:Surface marker buoy 4308:Semi-closed circuit 4251:Oxygen concentrator 4019:Non-rebreather mask 4002:Supplemental oxygen 3978:Hyperbaric medicine 3924:Anaesthetic machine 3707:Breathing apparatus 2511:fishingmegashop.com 1625:. 15 October 2019. 1141:Integrated snorkels 1088:Snorkel mouthpieces 837:Total inner volume 332:Surface snorkelling 28: 14619:Swimming equipment 14437:Astronaut training 14394:Rubicon Foundation 14240:URF (Swedish Navy) 14025:Russian submarine 14013:-class submersible 13983:Deepsea Challenger 13968:-class bathyscaphe 13895:Underwater vehicle 13767:Penetration diving 13755:Black-water diving 13631:Thalmann algorithm 13443:Commercial salvors 13076:Joseph B. MacInnis 12585:Joseph B. MacInnis 12422:David Attenborough 12344:Peter Throckmorton 12304:Andreas Rechnitzer 12294:Mendel L. Peterson 12155:archaeologists and 11939:AIDA International 11890:Underwater cycling 11873:Open Circuit Scuba 11859:Apnoea finswimming 11771:Surface snorkeling 11521:YMCA SCUBA Program 11312:AIDA International 11087:Master Scuba Diver 11072:CMAS** scuba diver 11050:Core diving skills 10988:Finning techniques 10854:Refresher training 10636:NOAA Diving Manual 10450:Ricardo Armbruster 10378:Edwin Clayton Link 10250:Natalia Molchanova 9998:Cosmos CE2F series 9956:Porpoise regulator 9822:Auguste Denayrouze 9598:Diving regulations 9533:Rubicon Foundation 9458:Edward D. Thalmann 9423:Felix Hoppe-Seyler 9418:Brian Andrew Hills 9398:John Scott Haldane 9373:Albert A. Bühlmann 9338:Arthur J. Bachrach 9278:Hyperbaric nursing 9177:Immersion diuresis 9059:Avascular necrosis 8843:Diving regulations 8552:Scuba gas planning 7874:Underwater rifles 7553:Underwater logging 7514:Submarine pipeline 7452:Hyperbaric welding 7187:Fuerzas Especiales 6930:AIDA International 6820:Devrim Cenk Ulusoy 6745:Natalia Molchanova 6675:Francisco Ferreras 6562:Snorkel (swimming) 6384:Apnoea finswimming 6288:Reserve gas supply 6263:ENOS Rescue-System 6078:Aquarius Reef Base 5870:Gas reclaim system 5665:Submarine Products 5338:Diving rebreathers 4680:Decompression buoy 4648:Integrated weights 4266:Pressure regulator 4081:Open-circuit scuba 3842:Chemical cartridge 1735:in Breathing Gas?" 1399: 1391: 1383: 1309: 1301: 1207: 1151: 1090: 1048: 1003: 987: 979: 696: 675:The Spearfisherman 628: 470: 417: 409: 348: 26: 14606: 14605: 14512: 14511: 14508: 14507: 14313: 14312: 14248: 14247: 13960:class bathyscaphe 13843: 13842: 13839: 13838: 13835: 13834: 13827:Low impact diving 13760:Blue-water diving 13750:Open-water diving 13666: 13665: 13593:Work of breathing 13588:Underwater vision 13526:Underwater vision 13462: 13461: 13458: 13457: 13424:Ian Edward Fraser 13271:John Morgan Wells 13251:Mark T. Vande Hei 13096:K. Megan McArthur 13066:Kjell N. Lindgren 13001:José M. Hernández 12956:Andrew J. Feustel 12916:Philippe Cousteau 12896:Catherine Coleman 12886:Gregory Chamitoff 12856:Robert L. Behnken 12836:Richard R. Arnold 12821:Andrew Abercromby 12796:Valerie van Heest 12726:Jochen Hasenmayer 12650:Philippe Tailliez 12575:Henry Way Kendall 12525:Bernard Delemotte 12324:Stephanie Schwabe 12289:John Peter Oleson 12219:George R. Fischer 12164:Michael Arbuthnot 12157:environmentalists 12062:Underwater divers 12051: 12050: 12047: 12046: 11804:Underwater hockey 11760:Underwater sports 11749: 11748: 11745: 11744: 11695: 11694: 11691: 11690: 11658:Cave Diving Group 11278:Commercial diving 11161: 11160: 11141:Specialist skills 11130:Master Instructor 11125:Diving instructor 11106:Leadership skills 11067:CMAS* scuba diver 11030: 11029: 11003:Low impact diving 10981:Valsalva maneuver 10956:Combat sidestroke 10871:Diving instructor 10815: 10814: 10811: 10810: 10704:Codes of Practice 10608: 10607: 10604: 10603: 10600: 10599: 10532:Henry Way Kendall 10405:Richard A. Walker 10395:Robert John Smyth 10108:Awards and events 10063:covert operations 10056: 10055: 9626: 9625: 9573: 9572: 9569: 9568: 9565: 9564: 9393:William Paul Fife 9328:diving physiology 9205: 9204: 9148: 9147: 9101:Nitrogen narcosis 9096:Hydrogen narcosis 8985:Dental barotrauma 8889: 8888: 8885: 8884: 8881: 8880: 8868:Operations manual 8863:Diving supervisor 8734:Diving supervisor 8729:Diver's attendant 8691:Safety data sheet 8594:Rebreather diving 8458: 8457: 8397:Willful violation 8344:Nitrogen narcosis 8187: 8186: 8183: 8182: 8051:Cave Diving Group 7994:Rebreather diving 7989:Open-water diving 7911: 7910: 7907: 7906: 7903: 7902: 7720:Abrasive waterjet 7676: 7675: 7580:Underwater survey 7499:Scientific diving 7409: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7043:Diving supervisor 7028:Diving instructor 6972: 6971: 6968: 6967: 6909:Octopus wrestling 6840:Nataliia Zharkova 6815:William Trubridge 6770:Umberto Pelizzari 6426:Underwater hockey 6350: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6314:Saturation spread 6137:Atlantis ROV Team 6117:Remotely operated 6111: 6110: 6088:Helgoland Habitat 6008:Saturation system 5897:Nitrox production 5831:Diving air filter 5682: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5645:Oceanic Worldwide 5535:Aqua Lung America 5509: 5508: 5491:Scuba replacement 5471:Diver's umbilical 5436:Siebe Gorman CDBA 5421:Mark IV Amphibian 5058:Diver's telephone 5019:Octopus regulator 4558:Decompression gas 4441:Saturation diving 4421:Diving activities 4410:Underwater diving 4376: 4375: 4328: 4327: 4320:Escape respirator 4315:Work of breathing 4298:Oxygen rebreather 4186: 4185: 4141: 4140: 4091:Diving rebreather 4059: 4058: 4012:Reservoir cannula 3902: 3901: 3898: 3897: 3751: 3750: 3572:. 21 March 2020. 3509:. 14 March 2018. 3397:"The Diving Mask" 3154:PADI Diver Manual 2971:divinghistory.org 2948:"Advertisement". 2539:Mask with snorkel 1909:. 11 April 1995. 1872:The Snorkel Store 1652:"Air Composition" 1426:underwater vision 1245:during the 1960s. 1239:Haffenden company 948: 947: 803:work of breathing 762:Separate snorkels 752:European standard 581:weekly newspaper 522:Leonardo da Vinci 448:underwater hockey 444:underwater sports 193:work of breathing 146:work of breathing 125:European Standard 94:underwater hockey 65: 64: 14636: 14594: 14582: 14581: 14548: 14547: 14536: 14535: 14524: 14523: 14433:Neutral buoyancy 14389:Reef Life Survey 14278: 14277: 14254:Submarine escape 14141:Deep-submergence 14137: 14136: 14108:Submarine rescue 13905:Deep-submergence 13901: 13900: 13849: 13848: 13695: 13694: 13599: 13598: 13509:Neutral buoyancy 13490: 13489: 13468: 13467: 13296:Jeffrey Williams 13146:Nicholas Patrick 13121:Andreas Mogensen 13086:Thomas Marshburn 13056:Dominic Landucci 13046:Karen Kohanowich 12966:Satoshi Furukawa 12861:Randolph Bresnik 12831:Clayton Anderson 12766:Arthur C. Clarke 12736:Jarrod Jablonski 12640:Wesley C. Skiles 12625:Leni Riefenstahl 12510:Jacques Cousteau 12392:Claudia Serpieri 12309:William R. Royal 12274:Charles T. Meide 12204:James P. Delgado 12142:Arne Zetterström 12107:Jacques Cousteau 12070: 12069: 12057: 12056: 11925:Sports governing 11821:Underwater rugby 11768: 11767: 11755: 11754: 11730:training courses 11702:training centres 11640: 11639: 11530:Scientific diver 11236:Commercial diver 11233: 11232: 11171:and registration 11097:Supervised diver 11092:Open Water Diver 11082:Low Impact Diver 11062:Autonomous diver 11047: 11046: 10976:Frenzel maneuver 10961:Diver navigation 10946: 10945: 10859:Skill assessment 10832: 10831: 10821: 10820: 10625: 10624: 10614: 10613: 10587:Esbjörn Svensson 10572:Wesley C. Skiles 10475:Cláudio Coutinho 10425:Arne Zetterström 10400:Albert D. Stover 10363:Craig M. Hoffman 10206:Charles Spalding 10148: 10147: 9977: 9976: 9817:Louis de Corlieu 9802:Jacques Cousteau 9694: 9693: 9632: 9631: 9579: 9578: 9348:Peter B. Bennett 9343:Albert R. Behnke 9322: 9321: 9018: 9017: 8943: 8942: 8908: 8907: 8895: 8894: 8838:Contingency plan 8833:Code of practice 8794:Diving regulator 8782:Hydrostatic test 8719:Chamber operator 8702: 8701: 8479:Emergency ascent 8405: 8404: 8250: 8249: 8193: 8192: 8009:Technical diving 7999:Sidemount diving 7954: 7953: 7917: 7916: 7821: 7820: 7748:Pressure washing 7586: 7585: 7242:Marine Commandos 7141: 7140: 7079: 7078: 7068:Scientific diver 7006:Commercial diver 6991: 6990: 6978: 6977: 6835:Alessia Zecchini 6740:Alexey Molchanov 6650:Yasemin Dalkılıç 6431:Underwater rugby 6369: 6368: 6356: 6355: 6321:Hot water system 6246:Safety equipment 6064: 6063: 5885:Gas storage tube 5880:Gas storage quad 5875:Gas storage bank 5784:Activated carbon 5711:Boarding stirrup 5704:Access equipment 5701: 5700: 5688: 5687: 5625:Johnson Outdoors 5620:HeinrichsWeikamp 5458:diving equipment 5456:Surface-supplied 5381:Halcyon PVR-BASC 5265: 5264: 5240:Regulator freeze 5225:Diving regulator 5129:Shark-proof cage 4924:Pneumofathometer 4822:Free-flow helmet 4505: 4504: 4483:Diving equipment 4478: 4477: 4403: 4396: 4389: 4380: 4379: 4364: 4363: 4352: 4351: 4340: 4339: 4192: 4191: 4147: 4146: 4065: 4064: 4044:Simple face mask 3908: 3907: 3768: 3767: 3757: 3756: 3715: 3714: 3700: 3693: 3686: 3677: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3497: 3491: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3376: 3369: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3341:on 12 April 2009 3337:. Archived from 3331: 3325: 3324: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3246: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3196: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3136: 3127: 3126: 3116: 3110: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3011: 3005: 3004: 3001:Underwater sport 2996: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2979: 2968: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2883: 2876: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2794: 2788: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2710: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2584: 2580: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2552: 2545: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2507:"Balco Mask 558" 2503: 2497: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2483:. Archived from 2477: 2471: 2470: 2467:The Sunday Times 2462: 2456: 2455: 2452:Consumer Reports 2447: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2430: 2423: 2411: 2405: 2397: 2396: 2392: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2351: 2345: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2300: 2294: 2286: 2285: 2281: 2274: 2268: 2260: 2259: 2255: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2218: 2212: 2194: 2188: 2187: 2177: 2168: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2140: 2134: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2120:. Archived from 2110: 2104: 2103: 2097: 2095: 2088:Internet Archive 2078: 2072: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2053: 2047: 2046: 2038: 2032: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2008: 2002: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1986: 1977: 1976: 1964: 1955: 1954: 1952: 1951: 1940:The Scuba Doctor 1932: 1926: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1915: 1908: 1896: 1887: 1886: 1884: 1883: 1863: 1857: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1833: 1816: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1805:Underwater World 1802: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1768: 1762: 1761: 1749: 1743: 1742: 1726: 1720: 1719: 1699: 1693: 1692: 1672: 1666: 1665: 1660: 1659: 1648: 1642: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1631: 1620: 1612: 1591: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1563: 1552: 1551: 1543: 1537: 1536: 1528: 1483:scuba regulators 1442:snorkelling vest 825: 824: 793:factors such as 707:British standard 583:The Sunday Times 578:Consumer Reports 573:ball float valve 547:Louis de Corlieu 506:elephant's trunk 501:Parts of Animals 478:diving regulator 274:dead space ratio 98:underwater rugby 60:Swimming goggles 36: 29: 25: 14644: 14643: 14639: 14638: 14637: 14635: 14634: 14633: 14609: 14608: 14607: 14602: 14504: 14473: 14436: 14434: 14428: 14321: 14319: 14309: 14276: 14244: 14142: 14135: 14102: 14019:Limiting Factor 13906: 13899: 13880:Offshore survey 13854: 13831: 13810: 13710:Altitude diving 13693: 13673: 13662: 13604: 13597: 13544: 13537: 13504:Metre sea water 13495: 13488: 13475: 13454: 13438: 13407: 13376: 13315: 13301:Sunita Williams 13291:Dafydd Williams 13276:Joachim Wendler 13171:Kathleen Rubins 13166:Garrett Reisman 13111:Simone Melchior 13091:Matthias Maurer 13031:Norishige Kanai 13016:Akihiko Hoshide 13006:John Herrington 12921:Timothy Creamer 12911:Fabien Cousteau 12906:Craig B. Cooper 12881:Scott Carpenter 12876:Berry L. Cannon 12851:Robert A. Barth 12826:Joseph M. Acaba 12807: 12781:John Chatterton 12711:Graham Balcombe 12700: 12694: 12690:J. Lamar Worzel 12505:Neville Coleman 12485:Georges Beuchat 12467: 12461: 12409: 12407: 12401: 12359: 12353: 12349:Cristina Zenato 12269:Innes McCartney 12156: 12154: 12152: 12146: 12102:James F. Cahill 12074: 12064: 12043: 12012: 11929:and federations 11928: 11926: 11920: 11904: 11868: 11842: 11782: 11762: 11741: 11729: 11723: 11701: 11687: 11644: 11638: 11559: 11557: 11556:Technical diver 11551: 11533: 11531: 11525: 11345: 11343: 11341: 11335: 11304: 11302: 11296: 11279: 11273: 11239: 11237: 11231: 11172: 11170: 11168: 11157: 11136: 11101: 11041: 11039: 11037: 11026: 10998:Buddy breathing 10944: 10923:Teaching method 10837: 10826: 10807: 10792: 10776: 10730: 10703: 10697: 10619: 10596: 10537:Artur Kozłowski 10500:Maurice Fargues 10465:Berry L. Cannon 10436: 10429: 10420:Bradley Westell 10415:Joachim Wendler 10333: 10326: 10322:diving accident 10314:diving accident 10306:diving accident 10298:diving accident 10296:Stena Seaspread 10290:diving accident 10282:diving accident 10261: 10254: 10245:Nicholas Mevoli 10215: 10211:Ebenezer Watson 10189: 10168: 10139: 10115:Hans Hass Award 10103: 10082: 10077:Rainbow Warrior 10075:Sinking of the 10062: 10052: 9984: 9982: 9975: 9946:Magnesium torch 9917: 9911: 9877:Auguste Piccard 9862:John Lethbridge 9782:Georges Beuchat 9764: 9758: 9741: 9735: 9698: 9692: 9639: 9622: 9584: 9561: 9475: 9473: 9467: 9443:Neal W. Pollock 9329: 9327: 9313: 9304:Fitness to dive 9282: 9251: 9201: 9154: 9144: 9132: 9126: 9105: 9047: 9043:Oxygen toxicity 9016: 8947: 8941: 8932:Motion sickness 8913: 8902: 8900:Diving medicine 8877: 8814: 8812: 8805: 8764: 8758: 8700: 8647:Risk assessment 8637:Hazard analysis 8620: 8613: 8465: 8454: 8403: 8349:Oxygen toxicity 8255: 8248: 8200: 8179: 8162: 8156: 8104: 8098: 8030: 8023: 7964:Altitude diving 7952: 7924: 7899: 7826: 7819: 7790: 7784: 7712: 7706: 7683: 7672: 7584: 7504:Ships husbandry 7416: 7401: 7287:Royal Engineers 7202:Grup Gerak Khas 7162:Commando Hubert 7148: 7146: 7139: 7128:U.S. Navy diver 7103:Clearance diver 7084: 7077: 6985: 6964: 6918: 6892: 6844: 6800:Martin Štěpánek 6795:Aharon Solomons 6785:Stig Severinsen 6735:Stéphane Mifsud 6685:Flavia Eberhard 6660:Flavia Eberhard 6625:Derya Can Göçen 6610:Peppo Biscarini 6605:Simone Arrigoni 6600:Deborah Andollo 6588: 6530: 6501:No-limits apnea 6465:Constant weight 6440: 6363: 6342: 6292: 6253:Diver down flag 6241: 6118: 6107: 6103:Tektite habitat 6069: 6062: 6012: 5937: 5930: 5914:Oxygen analyser 5892:Helium analyzer 5836:Water separator 5794:Molecular sieve 5771: 5765: 5695: 5674: 5517: 5515: 5505: 5457: 5450: 5396:Interspiro DCSC 5332: 5270: 5263: 5196:Diving cylinder 5182: 5180: 5173: 5006: 5000: 4939: 4933: 4880:Instrumentation 4875: 4804: 4798: 4729: 4671: 4664: 4608: 4602: 4529: 4508:Basic equipment 4503: 4485: 4472: 4466:Unmanned diving 4412: 4407: 4377: 4372: 4324: 4197: 4182: 4162:Breathing mask 4154: 4137: 4072: 4055: 3915: 3894: 3878:ANSI K13.1-1973 3861: 3775: 3762: 3747: 3722: 3709: 3704: 3674: 3673: 3663: 3661: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3635: 3633: 3620: 3619: 3615: 3605: 3603: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3579: 3577: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3547: 3545: 3530: 3526: 3516: 3514: 3499: 3498: 3494: 3484: 3482: 3477:. 11 May 2019. 3473: 3472: 3468: 3458: 3456: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3432: 3430: 3421: 3420: 3416: 3406: 3404: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3367: 3359: 3358: 3354: 3344: 3342: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3317: 3313: 3302: 3298: 3287: 3283: 3273: 3271: 3258: 3257: 3253: 3244: 3242: 3227: 3223: 3213: 3211: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3182: 3180: 3179:on 6 March 2019 3165: 3161: 3152: 3151: 3147: 3138: 3137: 3130: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3104: 3100: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3027: 3023: 3012: 3008: 2997: 2993: 2983: 2981: 2977: 2966: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2931: 2927: 2917: 2915: 2902: 2901: 2897: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2874: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2855: 2853: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2825: 2823: 2814:Gilliam, Bret. 2812: 2808: 2795: 2791: 2786:Wayback Machine 2777: 2769: 2765: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2740: 2738: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2704: 2703: 2696: 2694: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2674: 2672: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2644: 2642: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2614: 2612: 2593: 2589: 2582: 2570: 2566: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2543: 2535: 2534: 2530: 2520: 2518: 2505: 2504: 2500: 2490: 2488: 2479: 2478: 2474: 2463: 2459: 2449: 2448: 2444: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2421: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2403:Wayback Machine 2394: 2386: 2382: 2372: 2370: 2353: 2352: 2348: 2338: 2336: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2301: 2297: 2292:Wayback Machine 2283: 2275: 2271: 2266:Wayback Machine 2257: 2249: 2245: 2235: 2233: 2220: 2219: 2215: 2209:Wayback Machine 2195: 2191: 2178: 2171: 2161: 2159: 2142: 2141: 2137: 2127: 2125: 2118:British Library 2112: 2111: 2107: 2093: 2091: 2079: 2075: 2065: 2063: 2055: 2054: 2050: 2039: 2035: 2025: 2023: 2010: 2009: 2005: 1995: 1993: 1988: 1987: 1980: 1965: 1958: 1949: 1947: 1934: 1933: 1929: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1906: 1898: 1897: 1890: 1881: 1879: 1864: 1860: 1850: 1848: 1835: 1834: 1819: 1809: 1807: 1800: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1781: 1779: 1770: 1769: 1765: 1750: 1746: 1734: 1727: 1723: 1700: 1696: 1673: 1669: 1657: 1655: 1650: 1649: 1645: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1618: 1614: 1613: 1594: 1584: 1582: 1565: 1564: 1555: 1544: 1540: 1529: 1520: 1515: 1459: 1417: 1401:Main articles: 1397:Snorkeling vest 1375: 1293: 1268: 1260:orinasal pocket 1195: 1143: 1037: 971: 811: 764: 735:German standard 604:Popular Science 537:La Croix-Valmer 492: 486: 462: 456: 442:and breathhold 432: 426: 401: 395: 383:underwater life 340: 334: 329: 301:silicone rubber 238: 232: 224:pulmonary edema 167:atmospheric air 163: 154: 102:scuba equipment 39: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 14642: 14632: 14631: 14626: 14621: 14604: 14603: 14601: 14600: 14588: 14576: 14569: 14562: 14554: 14542: 14530: 14517: 14514: 14513: 14510: 14509: 14506: 14505: 14503: 14502: 14497: 14492: 14487: 14481: 14479: 14475: 14474: 14472: 14471: 14466: 14461: 14456: 14451: 14446: 14440: 14438: 14435:facilities for 14430: 14429: 14427: 14426: 14421: 14416: 14411: 14406: 14401: 14396: 14391: 14386: 14381: 14376: 14371: 14366: 14361: 14356: 14351: 14346: 14341: 14336: 14331: 14325: 14323: 14315: 14314: 14311: 14310: 14308: 14307: 14302: 14297: 14292: 14286: 14284: 14275: 14274: 14269: 14264: 14258: 14256: 14250: 14249: 14246: 14245: 14243: 14242: 14237: 14235:Type 7103 DSRV 14232: 14227: 14222: 14214: 14213: 14212: 14207: 14194: 14189: 14188: 14187: 14179: 14163: 14158: 14153: 14147: 14145: 14143:rescue vehicle 14134: 14133: 14128: 14123: 14118: 14112: 14110: 14104: 14103: 14101: 14100: 14092: 14084: 14076: 14068: 14060: 14052: 14044: 14037: 14030: 14022: 14015: 14007: 14000: 13993: 13986: 13979: 13978: 13977: 13970: 13962: 13954: 13949: 13944: 13932: 13927: 13919: 13911: 13909: 13898: 13897: 13892: 13887: 13882: 13877: 13876: 13875: 13865: 13859: 13856: 13855: 13845: 13844: 13841: 13840: 13837: 13836: 13833: 13832: 13830: 13829: 13824: 13818: 13816: 13812: 13811: 13809: 13808: 13803: 13798: 13793: 13792: 13791: 13786: 13781: 13780: 13779: 13764: 13763: 13762: 13757: 13747: 13742: 13737: 13735:Inshore diving 13732: 13727: 13722: 13717: 13712: 13707: 13701: 13699: 13698:Classification 13692: 13691: 13690: 13689: 13678: 13676: 13668: 13667: 13664: 13663: 13661: 13660: 13655: 13650: 13645: 13644: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13628: 13623: 13618: 13609: 13607: 13596: 13595: 13590: 13585: 13580: 13575: 13570: 13565: 13560: 13555: 13549: 13547: 13539: 13538: 13536: 13535: 13534: 13533: 13523: 13522: 13521: 13511: 13506: 13500: 13498: 13487: 13486: 13480: 13477: 13476: 13464: 13463: 13460: 13459: 13456: 13455: 13453: 13452: 13446: 13444: 13440: 13439: 13437: 13436: 13431: 13429:Sydney Knowles 13426: 13421: 13415: 13413: 13409: 13408: 13406: 13405: 13403:John Volanthen 13400: 13395: 13393:Richard Harris 13390: 13384: 13382: 13378: 13377: 13375: 13374: 13369: 13364: 13362:Trevor Jackson 13359: 13357:Hillary Hauser 13354: 13349: 13344: 13339: 13337:Philippe Diolé 13334: 13329: 13323: 13321: 13317: 13316: 13314: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13268: 13266:Shannon Walker 13263: 13261:Rex J. Walheim 13258: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13236:Daniel M. Tani 13233: 13228: 13223: 13221:Hervé Stevenin 13218: 13216:Robert Sténuit 13213: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13176:Dick Rutkowski 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13156:Thomas Pesquet 13153: 13148: 13143: 13141:Luca Parmitano 13138: 13133: 13131:John D. Olivas 13128: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13101:Craig McKinley 13098: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13073: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13043: 13038: 13033: 13028: 13023: 13018: 13013: 13008: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12991:Chris Hadfield 12988: 12983: 12978: 12973: 12968: 12963: 12961:Michael Fincke 12958: 12953: 12948: 12943: 12938: 12933: 12928: 12923: 12918: 12913: 12908: 12903: 12898: 12893: 12891:Steve Chappell 12888: 12883: 12878: 12873: 12868: 12863: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12817: 12815: 12809: 12808: 12806: 12805: 12804: 12803: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12783: 12778: 12770: 12769: 12768: 12760: 12759: 12758: 12753: 12748: 12743: 12738: 12733: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12713: 12704: 12702: 12696: 12695: 12693: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12665:Albert Tillman 12662: 12660:Valerie Taylor 12657: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12535:Candice Farmer 12532: 12530:David Doubilet 12527: 12522: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12480:Tamara Benitez 12477: 12471: 12469: 12463: 12462: 12460: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12417:Samir Alhafith 12413: 12411: 12410:and presenters 12403: 12402: 12400: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12367:Pascal Bernabé 12363: 12361: 12355: 12354: 12352: 12351: 12346: 12341: 12339:Robert Sténuit 12336: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12319:Gunter Schöbel 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12279:Mark M. Newell 12276: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12259:Robert F. Marx 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12224:Anders Franzén 12221: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12169:Robert Ballard 12166: 12160: 12158: 12148: 12147: 12145: 12144: 12139: 12134: 12132:Dick Rutkowski 12129: 12124: 12122:Trevor Hampton 12119: 12117:Dottie Frazier 12114: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12078: 12076: 12066: 12065: 12053: 12052: 12049: 12048: 12045: 12044: 12042: 12041: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12020: 12018: 12014: 12013: 12011: 12010: 12009: 12008: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11977: 11972: 11967: 11962: 11957: 11949: 11948: 11947: 11941: 11935:International 11932: 11930: 11922: 11921: 11919: 11918: 11912: 11910: 11906: 11905: 11903: 11902: 11897: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11876: 11874: 11870: 11869: 11867: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11850: 11848: 11844: 11843: 11841: 11840: 11835: 11834: 11833: 11828: 11818: 11817: 11816: 11811: 11801: 11796: 11790: 11788: 11784: 11783: 11781: 11780: 11774: 11772: 11764: 11763: 11751: 11750: 11747: 11746: 11743: 11742: 11740: 11739: 11733: 11731: 11728:Military diver 11725: 11724: 11722: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11705: 11703: 11700:Military diver 11697: 11696: 11693: 11692: 11689: 11688: 11686: 11685: 11679: 11673: 11667: 11661: 11655: 11648: 11646: 11637: 11636: 11630: 11624: 11618: 11612: 11606: 11600: 11594: 11588: 11582: 11576: 11570: 11563: 11561: 11553: 11552: 11550: 11549: 11544: 11537: 11535: 11527: 11526: 11524: 11523: 11518: 11512: 11506: 11500: 11494: 11488: 11482: 11476: 11470: 11464: 11458: 11452: 11446: 11440: 11434: 11428: 11422: 11416: 11410: 11404: 11398: 11392: 11386: 11380: 11374: 11368: 11362: 11356: 11349: 11347: 11337: 11336: 11334: 11333: 11327: 11321: 11315: 11308: 11306: 11298: 11297: 11295: 11294: 11289: 11283: 11281: 11275: 11274: 11272: 11271: 11266: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11243: 11241: 11230: 11229: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11207: 11202: 11196: 11190: 11184: 11177: 11175: 11167:Diver training 11163: 11162: 11159: 11158: 11156: 11155: 11150: 11144: 11142: 11138: 11137: 11135: 11134: 11133: 11132: 11122: 11121: 11120: 11109: 11107: 11103: 11102: 11100: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11053: 11051: 11044: 11032: 11031: 11028: 11027: 11025: 11024: 11019: 11014: 11013: 11012: 11011: 11010: 11000: 10990: 10985: 10984: 10983: 10978: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10952: 10950: 10943: 10942: 10941: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10920: 10919: 10918: 10913: 10903: 10902: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10862: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10842: 10840: 10828: 10827: 10817: 10816: 10813: 10812: 10809: 10808: 10806: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10794: 10793: 10791: 10790: 10784: 10782: 10778: 10777: 10775: 10774: 10767: 10760: 10753: 10746: 10738: 10736: 10732: 10731: 10729: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10707: 10705: 10699: 10698: 10696: 10695: 10688: 10681: 10674: 10667: 10660: 10653: 10646: 10639: 10631: 10629: 10621: 10620: 10610: 10609: 10606: 10605: 10602: 10601: 10598: 10597: 10595: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10547:Kirsty MacColl 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10523: 10522: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10480:E. Yale Dawson 10477: 10472: 10470:Cotton Coulson 10467: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10441: 10439: 10431: 10430: 10428: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10381: 10380: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10339: 10337: 10328: 10327: 10325: 10324: 10316: 10312:Waage Drill II 10308: 10300: 10292: 10284: 10276: 10272:Byford Dolphin 10267: 10265: 10256: 10255: 10253: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10230:Stephen Keenan 10226: 10224: 10217: 10216: 10214: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10197: 10195: 10191: 10190: 10188: 10187: 10182: 10176: 10174: 10170: 10169: 10167: 10166: 10161:Sinking of MV 10157: 10155: 10145: 10141: 10140: 10138: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10111: 10109: 10105: 10104: 10102: 10101: 10096: 10090: 10088: 10084: 10083: 10081: 10080: 10072: 10066: 10064: 10058: 10057: 10054: 10053: 10051: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9989: 9987: 9974: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9935: 9927: 9921: 9919: 9913: 9912: 9910: 9909: 9907:Jacques Triger 9904: 9899: 9897:Augustus Siebe 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9857:Yves Le Prieur 9854: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9797:John R. Clarke 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9768: 9766: 9760: 9759: 9757: 9756: 9751: 9745: 9743: 9740:Underwater art 9737: 9736: 9734: 9733: 9726: 9719: 9711: 9702: 9700: 9691: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9644: 9641: 9640: 9628: 9627: 9624: 9623: 9621: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9589: 9586: 9585: 9575: 9574: 9571: 9570: 9567: 9566: 9563: 9562: 9560: 9559: 9553: 9547: 9541: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9509: 9503: 9497: 9491: 9485: 9479: 9477: 9472:Diving medical 9469: 9468: 9466: 9465: 9463:Jacques Triger 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9438:Charles Momsen 9435: 9433:Simon Mitchell 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9378:John R. Clarke 9375: 9370: 9368:Alf O. Brubakk 9365: 9360: 9358:George F. Bond 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9334: 9332: 9326:Researchers in 9319: 9315: 9314: 9312: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9290: 9288: 9284: 9283: 9281: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9259: 9257: 9253: 9252: 9250: 9249: 9244: 9242:Oxygen therapy 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9213: 9211: 9207: 9206: 9203: 9202: 9200: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9158: 9156: 9150: 9149: 9146: 9145: 9143: 9142: 9136: 9134: 9128: 9127: 9125: 9124: 9119: 9113: 9111: 9110:Carbon dioxide 9107: 9106: 9104: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9087: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9061: 9055: 9053: 9049: 9048: 9046: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9024: 9022: 9015: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8998: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8962: 8957: 8951: 8949: 8940: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8918: 8916: 8904: 8903: 8891: 8890: 8887: 8886: 8883: 8882: 8879: 8878: 8876: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8819: 8817: 8807: 8806: 8804: 8803: 8802: 8801: 8791: 8790: 8789: 8784: 8774: 8768: 8766: 8760: 8759: 8757: 8756: 8754:Stand-by diver 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8710: 8708: 8699: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8681:Permit To Work 8678: 8676:Lockout–tagout 8673: 8668: 8667: 8666: 8656: 8651: 8650: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8631: 8625: 8623: 8615: 8614: 8612: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8574:Doing It Right 8571: 8569:Diver training 8566: 8561: 8556: 8555: 8554: 8549: 8547:Rule of thirds 8539: 8534: 8529: 8528: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8507: 8506: 8505: 8495: 8494: 8493: 8483: 8482: 8481: 8470: 8468: 8460: 8459: 8456: 8455: 8453: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8411: 8409: 8402: 8401: 8400: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8363: 8362: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8330:Physiological 8328: 8327: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8303: 8302: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8266: 8260: 8258: 8247: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8205: 8202: 8201: 8189: 8188: 8185: 8184: 8181: 8180: 8178: 8177: 8172: 8166: 8164: 8158: 8157: 8155: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8108: 8106: 8103:Diving tourism 8100: 8099: 8097: 8096: 8090: 8084: 8078: 8072: 8066: 8060: 8054: 8048: 8042: 8035: 8033: 8025: 8024: 8022: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7960: 7958: 7951: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7929: 7926: 7925: 7913: 7912: 7909: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7901: 7900: 7898: 7897: 7896: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7872: 7871: 7870: 7862: 7861: 7860: 7855: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7831: 7829: 7818: 7817: 7816: 7815: 7810: 7808:Hawaiian sling 7800: 7794: 7792: 7786: 7785: 7783: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7756: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7716: 7714: 7708: 7707: 7705: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7688: 7686: 7678: 7677: 7674: 7673: 7671: 7670: 7663: 7655: 7647: 7640: 7633: 7625: 7617: 7610: 7603: 7594: 7592: 7590:Salvage diving 7583: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7571: 7570: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7549: 7548: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7527: 7526: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7470: 7469: 7464: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7443: 7442: 7435:Diver training 7432: 7427: 7421: 7419: 7411: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7153: 7151: 7138: 7137: 7136: 7135: 7130: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7089: 7087: 7076: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7019: 7018: 7013: 7003: 6997: 6995: 6987: 6986: 6974: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6926: 6924: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6900: 6898: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6879: 6878: 6873: 6863: 6858: 6852: 6850: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6810:Tanya Streeter 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6765:Herbert Nitsch 6762: 6760:Guillaume Néry 6757: 6755:Patrick Musimu 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6730:Kate Middleton 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6665:Şahika Ercümen 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6596: 6594: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6586: 6584:Water polo cap 6581: 6580: 6579: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6552:Hawaiian sling 6549: 6544: 6538: 6536: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6528: 6527: 6526: 6521: 6515: 6510: 6504: 6498: 6495:Free immersion 6492: 6486: 6480: 6474: 6468: 6459: 6454: 6448: 6446: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6407: 6406: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6375: 6373: 6365: 6364: 6352: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6340: 6339: 6338: 6333: 6323: 6318: 6317: 6316: 6311: 6300: 6298: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6249: 6247: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6237:VideoRay UROVs 6234: 6229: 6227:SJT-class ROUV 6224: 6219: 6214: 6212:Seabed tractor 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6182:Mini Rover ROV 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6127:8A4-class ROUV 6123: 6121: 6113: 6112: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6074: 6072: 6061: 6060: 6059: 6058: 6048: 6047: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6020: 6018: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5993:Diving chamber 5990: 5989: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5942: 5940: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5928: 5923: 5922: 5921: 5911: 5910: 5909: 5904: 5894: 5889: 5888: 5887: 5882: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5861: 5860: 5850: 5849: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5802: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5779:Air filtration 5775: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5763: 5758: 5756:Messenger line 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5707: 5705: 5697: 5696: 5684: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5600:Maurice Fernez 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5521: 5519: 5511: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5462: 5460: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5342: 5340: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5330: 5329: 5328: 5326:Sling cylinder 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5307: 5306: 5304:Scuba manifold 5296: 5291: 5286: 5284:Bailout bottle 5275: 5273: 5262: 5261: 5256: 5255: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5243: 5242: 5232: 5222: 5221: 5220: 5218:Reclaim helmet 5210: 5209: 5208: 5203: 5193: 5187: 5185: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5171: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5147:Diving compass 5144: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5110: 5109: 5099: 5098: 5097: 5095:Bailout bottle 5092: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5071: 5070: 5060: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5027: 5026: 5021: 5010: 5008: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4987: 4986: 4981: 4971: 4966: 4965: 4964: 4959: 4949: 4943: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4915: 4914: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4883: 4881: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4871: 4866: 4864:Full-face mask 4861: 4851: 4850: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4837:Reclaim helmet 4834: 4829: 4824: 4814: 4808: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4796: 4795: 4794: 4792:Hot-water suit 4789: 4779: 4774: 4773: 4772: 4767: 4757: 4756: 4755: 4750: 4739: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4676: 4674: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4662: 4661: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4635: 4634: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4621:Power inflator 4612: 4610: 4609:trim equipment 4604: 4603: 4601: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4539: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4511: 4509: 4502: 4501: 4496: 4490: 4487: 4486: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4470: 4469: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4423: 4417: 4414: 4413: 4406: 4405: 4398: 4391: 4383: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4370: 4358: 4346: 4333: 4330: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4311: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4280: 4279: 4278: 4273: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4188: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4180: 4179: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4166:Full facepiece 4159: 4156: 4155: 4143: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4119: 4118: 4113: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4061: 4060: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4053: 4052: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4015: 4014: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3988: 3987: 3986: 3985: 3973:Oxygen therapy 3970: 3969: 3968: 3963: 3953: 3952: 3951: 3946: 3944:Bag valve mask 3936: 3931: 3926: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3904: 3903: 3900: 3899: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3881: 3880: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3859: 3858: 3857: 3852: 3844: 3839: 3838: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3825:N95 respirator 3817: 3816: 3815: 3805: 3800: 3799: 3798: 3787: 3785: 3777: 3776: 3764: 3763: 3753: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3739: 3738: 3727: 3724: 3723: 3711: 3710: 3703: 3702: 3695: 3688: 3680: 3672: 3671: 3643: 3613: 3587: 3555: 3524: 3492: 3466: 3440: 3414: 3388: 3352: 3326: 3311: 3296: 3281: 3251: 3221: 3191: 3159: 3145: 3128: 3111: 3098: 3081: 3064: 3050: 3036: 3021: 3006: 2991: 2955: 2940: 2925: 2908:dictionary.com 2895: 2863: 2833: 2806: 2789: 2763: 2748: 2733:(in Spanish). 2731:patentados.com 2718: 2682: 2652: 2622: 2587: 2564: 2528: 2498: 2472: 2457: 2442: 2417:Swimmer's mask 2406: 2380: 2346: 2312: 2295: 2269: 2243: 2213: 2189: 2169: 2135: 2124:on 7 July 2021 2105: 2073: 2048: 2033: 2003: 1978: 1956: 1936:"Snorkel Care" 1927: 1888: 1858: 1817: 1789: 1763: 1760:. Berlin/Wien. 1744: 1739:Shearwater.com 1732: 1721: 1694: 1667: 1643: 1592: 1553: 1538: 1517: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1458: 1455: 1374: 1371: 1292: 1289: 1267: 1264: 1247: 1246: 1243:Sandwich, Kent 1232: 1218: 1194: 1191: 1183: 1182: 1175: 1169: 1142: 1139: 1130: 1129: 1123: 1117: 1111: 1105: 1082: 1081: 1075: 1069: 1063: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1024: 1017: 1011: 970: 967: 966: 965: 961: 958: 955: 946: 945: 943: 940: 937: 933: 932: 929: 927: 924: 920: 919: 916: 914: 911: 907: 906: 903: 900: 897: 893: 892: 889: 886: 883: 879: 878: 875: 872: 869: 865: 864: 862: 859: 856: 852: 851: 849: 846: 843: 839: 838: 835: 834:Inner diameter 832: 829: 810: 807: 781:and the inner 763: 760: 656:hypoallergenic 564:Yves Le Prieur 485: 482: 458:Main article: 455: 452: 428:Main article: 425: 422: 397:Main article: 394: 391: 336:Main article: 333: 330: 328: 325: 305:Natural rubber 246:blast clearing 234:Main article: 231: 228: 162: 159: 153: 150: 63: 62: 53: 49: 48: 45: 41: 40: 37: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14641: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14616: 14614: 14599: 14598: 14593: 14589: 14587: 14586: 14577: 14575: 14574: 14570: 14568: 14567: 14563: 14561: 14560: 14555: 14553: 14552: 14543: 14541: 14540: 14531: 14529: 14528: 14519: 14518: 14515: 14501: 14500:Seabed mining 14498: 14496: 14493: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14483: 14482: 14480: 14476: 14470: 14467: 14465: 14462: 14460: 14457: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14441: 14439: 14431: 14425: 14422: 14420: 14417: 14415: 14412: 14410: 14407: 14405: 14402: 14400: 14397: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14387: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14360: 14357: 14355: 14352: 14350: 14347: 14345: 14342: 14340: 14337: 14335: 14332: 14330: 14327: 14326: 14324: 14316: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14288: 14287: 14285: 14283: 14279: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14259: 14257: 14255: 14251: 14241: 14238: 14236: 14233: 14231: 14228: 14226: 14223: 14221: 14220: 14215: 14211: 14208: 14206: 14203: 14202: 14201: 14199: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14186: 14185: 14180: 14178: 14177: 14172: 14171: 14170: 14168: 14164: 14162: 14159: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14148: 14146: 14144: 14138: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14113: 14111: 14109: 14105: 14099: 14098: 14093: 14091: 14090: 14085: 14083: 14082: 14077: 14075: 14074: 14069: 14067: 14066: 14061: 14059: 14058: 14053: 14051: 14049: 14045: 14043: 14042: 14038: 14036: 14035: 14031: 14029: 14028: 14023: 14021: 14020: 14016: 14014: 14012: 14008: 14006: 14005: 14001: 13999: 13998: 13994: 13992: 13991: 13987: 13985: 13984: 13980: 13976: 13975: 13971: 13969: 13967: 13963: 13961: 13959: 13955: 13953: 13950: 13948: 13945: 13943: 13942: 13938: 13937: 13936: 13933: 13931: 13928: 13926: 13925: 13920: 13918: 13917: 13913: 13912: 13910: 13908: 13902: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13878: 13874: 13871: 13870: 13869: 13866: 13864: 13861: 13860: 13857: 13850: 13846: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13819: 13817: 13813: 13807: 13804: 13802: 13799: 13797: 13794: 13790: 13787: 13785: 13782: 13778: 13775: 13774: 13773: 13770: 13769: 13768: 13765: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13752: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13736: 13733: 13731: 13730:Inland diving 13728: 13726: 13723: 13721: 13718: 13716: 13713: 13711: 13708: 13706: 13703: 13702: 13700: 13696: 13688: 13685: 13684: 13683: 13680: 13679: 13677: 13675: 13669: 13659: 13656: 13654: 13653:Oxygen window 13651: 13649: 13646: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13613: 13611: 13610: 13608: 13606: 13603:Decompression 13600: 13594: 13591: 13589: 13586: 13584: 13581: 13579: 13576: 13574: 13571: 13569: 13566: 13564: 13563:Diving reflex 13561: 13559: 13556: 13554: 13551: 13550: 13548: 13546: 13540: 13532: 13529: 13528: 13527: 13524: 13520: 13517: 13516: 13515: 13512: 13510: 13507: 13505: 13502: 13501: 13499: 13497: 13491: 13485: 13482: 13481: 13478: 13474: 13469: 13465: 13451: 13448: 13447: 13445: 13441: 13435: 13432: 13430: 13427: 13425: 13422: 13420: 13417: 13416: 13414: 13410: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13388:Craig Challen 13386: 13385: 13383: 13379: 13373: 13370: 13368: 13365: 13363: 13360: 13358: 13355: 13353: 13350: 13348: 13345: 13343: 13340: 13338: 13335: 13333: 13330: 13328: 13325: 13324: 13322: 13318: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13286:Peggy Whitson 13284: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13256:Koichi Wakata 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13241:Robert Thirsk 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13231:James Talacek 13229: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13206:Steve Squyres 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13196:Robert Sheats 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13136:Takuya Onishi 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13081:Sandra Magnus 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13061:Jon Lindbergh 13059: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13051:Timothy Kopra 13049: 13047: 13044: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13022: 13021:Mark Hulsbeck 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12996:Jeremy Hansen 12994: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12957: 12954: 12952: 12949: 12947: 12944: 12942: 12941:Jeanette Epps 12939: 12937: 12934: 12932: 12929: 12927: 12926:Jonathan Dory 12924: 12922: 12919: 12917: 12914: 12912: 12909: 12907: 12904: 12902: 12899: 12897: 12894: 12892: 12889: 12887: 12884: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12869: 12867: 12864: 12862: 12859: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12818: 12816: 12814: 12810: 12802: 12799: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12786:Clive Cussler 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12773: 12771: 12767: 12764: 12763: 12761: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12751:Jack Sheppard 12749: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12731:Jill Heinerth 12729: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12708: 12706: 12705: 12703: 12697: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12675:Stan Waterman 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12645:E. Lee Spence 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12630:Peter Scoones 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12595:Agnes Milowka 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12555:Stephen Frink 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12515:John D. Craig 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12495:Jonathan Bird 12493: 12491: 12490:Adrian Biddle 12488: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12476: 12473: 12472: 12470: 12468:photographers 12464: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12437:Richie Kohler 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12414: 12412: 12404: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12364: 12362: 12356: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12334:E. Lee Spence 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12314:Margaret Rule 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12244:Graham Jessop 12242: 12240: 12239:David Gibbins 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12199:Eugenie Clark 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12161: 12159: 12149: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12079: 12077: 12071: 12067: 12063: 12058: 12054: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12021: 12019: 12015: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11952: 11950: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11936: 11934: 11933: 11931: 11927:organisations 11923: 11917: 11914: 11913: 11911: 11907: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11877: 11875: 11871: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11851: 11849: 11845: 11839: 11836: 11832: 11831:United States 11829: 11827: 11824: 11823: 11822: 11819: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11806: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11791: 11789: 11785: 11779: 11776: 11775: 11773: 11769: 11765: 11761: 11756: 11752: 11738: 11735: 11734: 11732: 11726: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11706: 11704: 11698: 11683: 11680: 11677: 11674: 11671: 11668: 11665: 11662: 11659: 11656: 11653: 11650: 11649: 11647: 11641: 11634: 11631: 11628: 11625: 11622: 11619: 11616: 11613: 11610: 11607: 11604: 11601: 11598: 11595: 11592: 11589: 11586: 11583: 11580: 11577: 11574: 11571: 11568: 11565: 11564: 11562: 11558:certification 11554: 11548: 11545: 11542: 11539: 11538: 11536: 11532:certification 11528: 11522: 11519: 11516: 11513: 11510: 11507: 11504: 11501: 11498: 11495: 11492: 11489: 11486: 11483: 11480: 11477: 11474: 11471: 11468: 11465: 11462: 11459: 11456: 11453: 11450: 11447: 11444: 11441: 11438: 11435: 11432: 11429: 11426: 11423: 11420: 11417: 11414: 11411: 11408: 11405: 11402: 11399: 11396: 11393: 11390: 11387: 11384: 11381: 11378: 11375: 11372: 11369: 11366: 11363: 11360: 11357: 11354: 11351: 11350: 11348: 11344:certification 11338: 11331: 11328: 11325: 11322: 11319: 11316: 11313: 11310: 11309: 11307: 11303:certification 11299: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11284: 11282: 11276: 11270: 11267: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11248: 11245: 11244: 11242: 11238:certification 11234: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11200: 11197: 11194: 11191: 11188: 11185: 11182: 11179: 11178: 11176: 11174: 11173:organisations 11169:certification 11164: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11145: 11143: 11139: 11131: 11128: 11127: 11126: 11123: 11119: 11116: 11115: 11114: 11111: 11110: 11108: 11104: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11054: 11052: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040:certification 11033: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11009: 11006: 11005: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10995: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10973: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10953: 10951: 10947: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10928:Muscle memory 10926: 10925: 10924: 10921: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10908: 10907: 10904: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10881: 10879: 10877: 10876:Diving school 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10846: 10844: 10843: 10841: 10839: 10833: 10829: 10822: 10818: 10804: 10803: 10801: 10799: 10795: 10789: 10786: 10785: 10783: 10779: 10773: 10772: 10768: 10766: 10765: 10764:Shadow Divers 10761: 10759: 10758: 10757:The Last Dive 10754: 10752: 10751: 10747: 10745: 10744: 10740: 10739: 10737: 10733: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10708: 10706: 10702:Standards and 10700: 10694: 10693: 10689: 10687: 10686: 10682: 10680: 10679: 10675: 10673: 10672: 10668: 10666: 10665: 10661: 10659: 10658: 10654: 10652: 10651: 10647: 10645: 10644: 10640: 10638: 10637: 10633: 10632: 10630: 10626: 10622: 10615: 10611: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10552:Agnes Milowka 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10521: 10518: 10517: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10442: 10440: 10438: 10432: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10379: 10376: 10375: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10343:Roger Baldwin 10341: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10329: 10323: 10321: 10317: 10315: 10313: 10309: 10307: 10305: 10301: 10299: 10297: 10293: 10291: 10289: 10285: 10283: 10281: 10277: 10275: 10273: 10269: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10257: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10240:Audrey Mestre 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10218: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10198: 10196: 10192: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10177: 10175: 10173:Diver rescues 10171: 10165: 10164: 10159: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10149: 10146: 10142: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10112: 10110: 10106: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10091: 10089: 10085: 10079: 10078: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10067: 10065: 10059: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10008:Human torpedo 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9990: 9988: 9986: 9978: 9972: 9971:Vintage scuba 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9941: 9936: 9934: 9933: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9922: 9920: 9914: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9777:William Beebe 9775: 9773: 9770: 9769: 9767: 9765:and inventors 9761: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9746: 9744: 9738: 9732: 9731: 9727: 9725: 9724: 9720: 9718: 9717: 9712: 9710: 9709: 9704: 9703: 9701: 9697:Archeological 9695: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9645: 9642: 9638: 9633: 9629: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9590: 9587: 9580: 9576: 9557: 9554: 9551: 9548: 9545: 9542: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9513: 9510: 9507: 9504: 9501: 9498: 9495: 9492: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9480: 9478: 9476:organisations 9470: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9335: 9333: 9331: 9323: 9320: 9316: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9291: 9289: 9285: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9260: 9258: 9254: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9214: 9212: 9208: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9159: 9157: 9151: 9141: 9138: 9137: 9135: 9131:Breathing gas 9129: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9114: 9112: 9108: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9066: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9056: 9054: 9050: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9025: 9023: 9019: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8980:Barodontalgia 8978: 8976: 8975:Aerosinusitis 8973: 8971: 8968: 8967: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8960:Barostriction 8958: 8956: 8953: 8952: 8950: 8944: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8919: 8917: 8915: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8896: 8892: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8820: 8818: 8816: 8808: 8800: 8797: 8796: 8795: 8792: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8779: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8769: 8767: 8761: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8711: 8709: 8707: 8703: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8665: 8662: 8661: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8634: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8626: 8624: 8622: 8616: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8544: 8543: 8542:Dive planning 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8532:Dive briefing 8530: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8512: 8511: 8510:Decompression 8508: 8504: 8501: 8500: 8499: 8496: 8492: 8489: 8488: 8487: 8484: 8480: 8477: 8476: 8475: 8472: 8471: 8469: 8467: 8461: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8412: 8410: 8406: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8392:Trait anxiety 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8369: 8368: 8367: 8364: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8339:Decompression 8337: 8335: 8332: 8331: 8329: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8271: 8270: 8269:Environmental 8267: 8265: 8262: 8261: 8259: 8257: 8251: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8206: 8203: 8199: 8198:Diving safety 8194: 8190: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8167: 8165: 8163:and festivals 8161:Diving events 8159: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8142:Shark tourism 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8109: 8107: 8101: 8094: 8091: 8088: 8085: 8082: 8079: 8076: 8073: 8070: 8067: 8064: 8061: 8058: 8055: 8052: 8049: 8046: 8043: 8040: 8037: 8036: 8034: 8032: 8031:organisations 8026: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7961: 7959: 7955: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7930: 7927: 7923: 7918: 7914: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7875: 7873: 7869: 7866: 7865: 7863: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7832: 7830: 7828: 7822: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7805: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7795: 7793: 7787: 7781: 7780:Water jetting 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7770:Thermal lance 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7738: 7737: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7717: 7715: 7709: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7689: 7687: 7685: 7679: 7669: 7668: 7664: 7662: 7661: 7656: 7654: 7653: 7648: 7646: 7645: 7641: 7639: 7638: 7634: 7632: 7631: 7626: 7624: 7623: 7618: 7616: 7615: 7611: 7609: 7608: 7604: 7602: 7601: 7596: 7595: 7593: 7591: 7587: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7569: 7566: 7565: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7547: 7544: 7543: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7525: 7522: 7521: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7509:Sponge diving 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7484:Police diving 7482: 7480: 7479:Pearl hunting 7477: 7475: 7472: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7459: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7447:Hazmat diving 7445: 7441: 7438: 7437: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7418: 7412: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7372:US Navy SEALs 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7222:JW Komandosów 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7150: 7142: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7086: 7080: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7008: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6979: 6975: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6923:Organisations 6921: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6895: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6868: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6847: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6830:Danai Varveri 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6780:Annelie Pompe 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6720:Audrey Mestre 6718: 6716: 6715:Jacques Mayol 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6680:Pierre Frolla 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6620:Sara Campbell 6618: 6616: 6615:Michael Board 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6591: 6585: 6582: 6578: 6575: 6574: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6533: 6525: 6522: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6508: 6505: 6502: 6499: 6496: 6493: 6490: 6487: 6484: 6483:Dynamic apnea 6481: 6478: 6475: 6472: 6469: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6457:Vertical Blue 6455: 6453: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6443: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6400: 6399:Pearl hunting 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6376: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6357: 6353: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6306: 6305: 6304:Diving spread 6302: 6301: 6299: 6295: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6244: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6192:ROV KIEL 6000 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6114: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6065: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6052: 6049: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6015: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5963: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5936:Decompression 5933: 5927: 5924: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5912: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5854: 5851: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5780: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5770:Breathing gas 5768: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5726:Diving ladder 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5689: 5685: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5550:René Cavalero 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5518:manufacturers 5512: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5453: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5351:Carleton CDBA 5349: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5281: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5266: 5260: 5257: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5226: 5223: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5214: 5213:Diving helmet 5211: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5176: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5142:Distance line 5140: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5124:Safety helmet 5122: 5120: 5119:Rescue tether 5117: 5115: 5112: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5103: 5100: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5090:Bailout block 5088: 5087: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5052: 5051:Diver's knife 5049: 5048: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4976: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4936: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4913: 4910: 4909: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4897:Dive computer 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4878: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4855: 4852: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4832:Orinasal mask 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4818: 4817:Diving helmet 4815: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4801: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4762: 4761: 4758: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4732: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4720:Jersey upline 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4700:Dive computer 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4670:Decompression 4667: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4643:Ankle weights 4641: 4640: 4639: 4636: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4617: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4553:Breathing air 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4535:Breathing gas 4532: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4506: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4475: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4404: 4399: 4397: 4392: 4390: 4385: 4384: 4381: 4369: 4368: 4359: 4357: 4356: 4347: 4345: 4344: 4335: 4334: 4331: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4285: 4284: 4281: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4206:Breathing gas 4204: 4203: 4200: 4193: 4189: 4177: 4176:orinasal mask 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4160: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4086:Diving helmet 4084: 4082: 4079: 4078: 4075: 4071: 4066: 4062: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4013: 4010: 4009: 4008: 4007:Nasal cannula 4005: 4004: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3979: 3976: 3975: 3974: 3971: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3958: 3957: 3954: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3905: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3879: 3876: 3875: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3822: 3821: 3818: 3814: 3811: 3810: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3797: 3794: 3793: 3792: 3789: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3780:Regulated by 3778: 3774: 3769: 3765: 3758: 3754: 3744: 3741: 3737: 3734: 3733: 3732: 3729: 3728: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3701: 3696: 3694: 3689: 3687: 3682: 3681: 3678: 3659: 3656:. p. 6. 3655: 3654: 3647: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3617: 3601: 3597: 3591: 3575: 3571: 3570: 3565: 3559: 3543: 3539: 3538:leparisien.fr 3535: 3528: 3512: 3508: 3507: 3502: 3496: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3428: 3424: 3418: 3402: 3398: 3392: 3373: 3366: 3364: 3356: 3340: 3336: 3330: 3322: 3315: 3307: 3300: 3292: 3285: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3255: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3225: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3195: 3178: 3174: 3172: 3163: 3155: 3149: 3141: 3135: 3133: 3124: 3121: 3115: 3108: 3102: 3094: 3091: 3085: 3077: 3074: 3068: 3060: 3054: 3046: 3040: 3032: 3025: 3017: 3010: 3002: 2995: 2976: 2972: 2965: 2959: 2951: 2944: 2936: 2929: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2899: 2880: 2873: 2867: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2837: 2821: 2817: 2810: 2802: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2783: 2773: 2767: 2759: 2752: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2722: 2714: 2708: 2692: 2686: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2656: 2640: 2637:(in German). 2636: 2632: 2626: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2600: 2591: 2578: 2574: 2568: 2549: 2542: 2540: 2532: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2487:on 2009-06-10 2486: 2482: 2481:"Majorca Sub" 2476: 2469:. p. 45. 2468: 2461: 2453: 2446: 2427: 2420: 2418: 2410: 2404: 2400: 2390: 2384: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2358: 2350: 2334: 2331:(in French). 2330: 2326: 2324: 2316: 2308: 2305: 2299: 2293: 2289: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2263: 2253: 2247: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2217: 2210: 2206: 2203: 2199: 2193: 2185: 2184: 2176: 2174: 2157: 2153: 2152:Buceo Ibérico 2149: 2147: 2139: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2109: 2102: 2090: 2089: 2084: 2077: 2062: 2058: 2052: 2044: 2037: 2021: 2017: 2016:monofin.co.uk 2013: 2007: 1991: 1985: 1983: 1974: 1970: 1963: 1961: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1931: 1912: 1905: 1903: 1895: 1893: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1862: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1806: 1799: 1793: 1777: 1776:www.ukdmc.org 1773: 1767: 1759: 1756:(in German). 1755: 1748: 1740: 1736: 1725: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1698: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1671: 1664: 1653: 1647: 1628: 1624: 1617: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1580: 1577:(in French). 1576: 1572: 1570: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1549: 1542: 1534: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1518: 1510: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1472: 1467: 1463: 1454: 1450: 1449: 1445: 1443: 1438: 1437: 1436:Swimming aids 1433: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1421: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1395: 1387: 1379: 1370: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1355: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1339: 1333: 1329: 1326: 1320: 1316: 1314: 1305: 1297: 1288: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1272: 1263: 1261: 1255: 1251: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1226: 1225:Luigi Ferraro 1222: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1203: 1199: 1190: 1186: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1155: 1147: 1138: 1134: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1096: 1086: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1044: 1040: 1028: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1001:Snorkel parts 999: 995: 991: 983: 975: 962: 959: 956: 953: 952: 951: 944: 941: 938: 935: 934: 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188: 186: 182: 178: 173: 168: 158: 149: 147: 142: 138: 134: 129: 126: 121: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 70: 61: 57: 54: 52:Related items 50: 46: 42: 35: 30: 22: 14595: 14583: 14571: 14564: 14556: 14549: 14537: 14525: 14300:Steinke hood 14262:Escape trunk 14218: 14197: 14183: 14175: 14166: 14096: 14088: 14081:Shinkai 6500 14080: 14073:Shinkai 2000 14072: 14064: 14056: 14047: 14040: 14033: 14026: 14018: 14010: 14003: 13996: 13989: 13982: 13973: 13965: 13957: 13940: 13923: 13915: 13789:Wreck diving 13745:Night diving 13674:environments 13450:Keith Jessop 13419:Lionel Crabb 13398:Rick Stanton 13372:John Mattera 13352:Bob Halstead 13347:Bret Gilliam 13342:Gary Gentile 13332:Victor Berge 13306:Reid Wiseman 13226:Nicole Stott 13191:Josef Schmid 13181:Tara Ruttley 13126:Karen Nyberg 13106:Jessica Meir 12986:David Gruber 12951:Albert Falco 12936:Sylvia Earle 12871:Justin Brown 12776:Leigh Bishop 12635:Brian Skerry 12620:Pierre Petit 12610:Steve Parish 12600:Noel Monkman 12580:Rudie Kuiter 12560:Peter Gimbel 12457:Andrew Wight 12377:Mark Ellyatt 12358:Scuba record 12299:Richard Pyle 12209:Sylvia Earle 12194:Cathy Church 12189:Hugh Bradner 12184:Louis Boutan 12179:Mensun Bound 12017:Competitions 11885:Sport diving 11794:Spearfishing 11340:Recreational 11148:Rescue Diver 11036:Recreational 10993:Scuba skills 10971:Ear clearing 10933:Overlearning 10769: 10762: 10755: 10748: 10741: 10690: 10683: 10676: 10669: 10662: 10655: 10648: 10641: 10634: 10618:Publications 10460:David Bright 10455:Allan Bridge 10435:Scuba diving 10348:John Bennett 10332:Professional 10319: 10311: 10303: 10295: 10288:Star Canopus 10287: 10280:Drill Master 10279: 10271: 10235:Loïc Leferme 10194:Early diving 10162: 10076: 10061:Military and 10043:Welfreighter 10018:Necker Nymph 9939: 9931: 9892:Gordon Smith 9847:Peter Kreeft 9837:Émile Gagnan 9832:Henry Fleuss 9730:Whydah Gally 9728: 9721: 9715: 9707: 9603:Duty of care 9448:John Rawlins 9363:Robert Boyle 9330:and medicine 9187:Laryngospasm 9133:contaminants 8970:Air embolism 8937:Surfer's ear 8811:Occupational 8671:Incident pit 8659:Risk control 8589:Night diving 8579:Drift diving 8564:Diver rescue 8498:Buddy diving 8445:Hyperthermia 8408:Consequences 8387:Task loading 8239:Water safety 8019:Wreck diving 7666: 7660:Royal George 7659: 7651: 7643: 7636: 7629: 7621: 7613: 7606: 7599: 7474:Media diving 7207:Jagdkommando 7113:Minentaucher 7058:Police diver 7016:Hazmat diver 6805:Walter Steyn 6750:Dave Mullins 6710:Enzo Maiorca 6705:Loïc Leferme 6670:Emma Farrell 6640:Robert Croft 6635:Carlos Coste 6561: 6507:Static apnea 6461:Disciplines 6445:Competitions 6416:Spearfishing 6217:Seafox drone 5998:Diving stage 5976:Clump weight 5853:Gas blending 5821:Diver's pump 5806:Booster pump 5736:Diving stage 5660:Siebe Gorman 5635:Morse Diving 5386:Halcyon RB80 5269:Open-circuit 4969:Diving stage 4907:Diving watch 4887:Bottom timer 4715:Diving stage 4653:Trim weights 4607:Buoyancy and 4519: 4446:Scuba diving 4426:Diving modes 4365: 4353: 4341: 4276:Demand valve 4128:Gas extender 4105: 4049:Venturi mask 3939:Resuscitator 3662:. 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14295:Momsen lung 13935:Bathyscaphe 13863:Bathysphere 13772:Cave diving 13740:Muck diving 13725:Deep diving 13553:Blood shift 13367:Steve Lewis 13201:Dewey Smith 13161:Marc Reagan 13041:Scott Kelly 13036:Les Kaufman 12946:Sheck Exley 12931:Pedro Duque 12721:Martyn Farr 12716:Sheck Exley 12670:John Veltri 12605:Pete Oxford 12590:Luis Marden 12565:Monty Halls 12550:Ric Frazier 12447:Andy Torbet 12427:Ramón Bravo 12382:Sheck Exley 12329:Myriam Seco 12229:Honor Frost 12174:George Bass 12137:Teseo Tesei 12112:Billy Deans 12092:Mary Bonnin 11955:AIDA Hellas 11847:Breath-hold 11778:Finswimming 11534:authorities 11301:Free-diving 11240:authorities 11113:Dive leader 10798:Dive guides 10692:Basic Scuba 10592:Josef Velek 10582:Rob Stewart 10577:Dewey Smith 10542:Yuri Lipski 10515:Steve Irwin 10495:Sheck Exley 10490:Milan Dufek 10485:Deon Dreyer 10390:Per Skipnes 10304:Venture One 10130:NOGI Awards 9742:and artists 9172:Hypothermia 9117:Hypercapnia 9052:Inert gases 8706:Diving team 8609:Wall diving 8604:Solo diving 8503:buddy check 8486:Boat diving 8440:Hypercapnia 8430:Hypothermia 8354:Seasickness 8299:Wave action 8170:Diversnight 8112:Dive center 8004:Solo diving 7984:Muck diving 7974:Deep diving 7969:Cave diving 7957:Specialties 7798:Limpet mine 7760:Lifting bag 7684:contractors 7430:Dive leader 7302:Shayetet 13 7053:Media diver 6994:Occupations 6888:Hypothermia 6883:Hypercapnia 6725:Karol Meyer 6630:Goran Čolak 6547:Diving suit 6542:Diving mask 6452:Nordic Deep 6258:Diving shot 6202:Scorpio ROV 5971:Closed bell 5966:Bell cursor 5961:Diving bell 5721:Diving bell 5610:Oscar Gugen 5311:Pony bottle 5157:Line marker 5134:Snoopy loop 5075:Diving bell 5024:Pony bottle 4957:Closed bell 4952:Diving bell 4892:Depth gauge 4854:Diving mask 4765:Sladen suit 4735:Diving suit 4710:Diving shot 4705:Diving bell 4658:Weight belt 4543:Bailout gas 4515:Diving mask 4293:Counterlung 4236:Hazmat suit 4034:Oxygen tent 4029:Oxygen mask 4024:Oxygen hood 3949:Pocket mask 3929:Bubble CPAP 3866:Regulations 3846:Facepieces 3664:19 February 3459:26 February 3433:24 February 3407:24 February 3381:27 February 3345:26 February 3274:22 February 3214:22 February 3183:22 February 2888:17 February 2856:21 December 2826:17 February 2741:13 February 2697:21 December 2675:13 February 2645:13 February 2615:13 February 2557:13 February 2521:19 February 2491:21 December 2435:13 February 2373:21 December 2339:21 December 2236:21 December 2198:HDS Notizie 2162:13 February 2128:13 February 2026:21 December 1975:(2): 44–45. 1851:26 December 1810:28 February 1708:StatPearls 1681:StatPearls 1636:28 December 1585:21 December 1420:Vision aids 1403:Diving mask 1360:During the 1352:equipment. 685:The Snorkel 617:finswimming 399:Finswimming 393:Finswimming 356:diving mask 338:Snorkelling 265:hypercapnia 236:Snorkelling 197:hypercapnia 185:dead volume 137:hypercapnia 90:finswimming 74:diving mask 56:Diving mask 14613:Categories 14559:Dive sites 14384:Reef Check 14379:PADI AWARE 14349:Green Fins 14282:Escape set 13974:Trieste II 13784:Ice diving 13545:physiology 13311:Kimiya Yui 13026:Emma Hwang 12901:Robin Cook 12791:Bill Nagle 12756:Bill Stone 12699:Underwater 12655:Ron Taylor 12615:Zale Parry 12545:Rodney Fox 12500:Eric Cheng 12475:Doug Allan 12466:Underwater 12408:filmmakers 12406:Underwater 12387:Nuno Gomes 12372:Jim Bowden 12254:Pilar Luna 12153:scientists 12151:Underwater 11909:Rebreather 11864:Freediving 11153:Solo diver 11118:Divemaster 10966:Diver trim 10750:Goldfinder 10510:Guy Garman 10437:fatalities 10336:fatalities 10223:fatalities 10221:Freediving 10163:Conception 10099:Mission 31 10048:Wet Nellie 9983:propulsion 9916:Historical 9882:Joe Savoie 9827:Ted Eldred 9812:John Deane 9122:Hypocapnia 8965:Barotrauma 8813:safety and 8686:Redundancy 8621:management 8466:procedures 8415:Barotrauma 8372:competence 8305:Equipment 7979:Ice diving 7825:Underwater 7789:Underwater 7739:Brush cart 7415:Underwater 7212:JW Formoza 7023:Divemaster 6897:Historical 6856:Barotrauma 6825:Fatma Uruk 6790:Tom Sietas 6775:Liv Philip 6593:Freedivers 6411:Snorkeling 6389:Freediving 6372:Activities 6361:Freediving 6309:Air spread 6172:Kaşif ROUV 6147:Deep Drone 6068:Underwater 6044:Subskimmer 6039:Liveaboard 5799:Silica gel 5716:Diver lift 5590:Drägerwerk 5575:Dive Xtras 5560:Cressi-Sub 5201:Burst disc 5179:Underwater 5167:Silt screw 5041:Dive light 5036:Buddy line 4902:Dive timer 4787:Dive skins 4626:Dump valve 4593:Travel gas 4548:Bottom gas 4451:Snorkeling 4436:Freediving 4283:Rebreather 4216:Dead space 3956:Ventilator 3850:Smoke hood 3784:and others 3773:Respirator 3245:2023-12-21 2066:13 January 2057:"Snorkels" 1996:13 January 1950:2023-12-21 1882:2023-12-21 1658:2017-07-04 1575:Légifrance 1513:References 1366:3D printed 1313:gag reflex 1229:Cressi-sub 816:dead space 809:Dimensions 785:(or inner 775:dimensions 729:1991, the 705:published 680:Skin Diver 667:Schnorchel 643:Dick Bonin 488:See also: 430:Freediving 424:Freediving 261:dead space 242:underwater 133:dead space 106:mouthpiece 86:freediving 21:Snorkeling 14557:Indexes: 14057:Sea Cliff 13990:Ictineu 3 13941:Archimède 13916:Aluminaut 13246:Bill Todd 13151:Tim Peake 13011:Paul Hill 12813:Aquanauts 12746:Tom Mount 12701:explorers 12570:Hans Hass 12520:Ben Cropp 12452:Ivan Tors 12442:Paul Rose 12127:Hans Hass 12075:of diving 11951:National 11854:Aquathlon 11809:Australia 11499:(ScotSAC) 10567:Dave Shaw 10527:Jim Jones 10264:incidents 10154:incidents 10152:Dive boat 10144:Incidents 9925:Aqua-Lung 9918:equipment 9763:Engineers 9749:The Diver 9708:Commodore 9353:Paul Bert 9287:Screening 9256:Personnel 9222:First aid 9210:Treatment 9153:Immersion 9033:Hyperoxia 9012:Dysbarism 8914:disorders 8763:Equipment 8629:Checklist 8520:Pyle stop 7845:Powerhead 7813:Polespear 7713:equipment 7711:Tools and 7644:Mary Rose 7630:Lusitania 7622:Laurentic 6557:Polespear 6535:Equipment 6379:Aquathlon 6197:ROV PHOCA 6167:Kaikō ROV 6024:Dive boat 6017:Platforms 5938:equipment 5865:Gas panel 5789:Hopcalite 5761:Moon pool 5605:Technisub 5555:Cis-Lunar 5525:AP Diving 5516:equipment 5481:Gas panel 5321:Sidemount 5279:Scuba set 5183:apparatus 5181:breathing 5152:Dive reel 5031:Bolt snap 5007:equipment 4984:PowerSwim 4940:equipment 4869:Half mask 4859:Band mask 4805:and masks 4777:Rash vest 4672:equipment 4573:Hydreliox 4231:Facepiece 4171:Half mask 3961:Iron lung 3830:Dust mask 2904:"Snorkel" 2081:Ogle, W. 1479:gas masks 1281:US Divers 791:ergonomic 647:US Divers 592:Decathlon 588:noughties 496:Aristotle 310:ping pong 230:Operation 177:breathing 14551:Glossary 14527:Category 14320:interest 14027:Losharik 14004:Jiaolong 13966:Sea Pole 13381:Rescuers 12087:Aquanaut 12073:Pioneers 11826:Colombia 11617:(ProTec) 11560:agencies 11469:(ProTec) 11397:(FFESSM) 11346:agencies 11305:agencies 10838:training 10781:Research 10716:DIN 7876 10320:Wildrake 10260:Offshore 9985:vehicles 9546:(SAUHMA) 9474:research 9318:Research 9167:Drowning 9162:Asphyxia 9084:Taravana 8946:Pressure 8537:Dive log 8425:Drowning 8370:Lack of 8309:Freeflow 8294:Silt out 8289:Overhead 8105:industry 8077:(FFESSM) 7803:Speargun 7614:La Belle 7145:Military 7083:Military 6861:Drowning 6572:Swimfins 6567:Speargun 6278:Jackstay 6222:SeaPerch 6152:Épaulard 5986:Wet bell 5946:Air-lock 5772:handling 5746:Jackstay 5741:Downline 5650:Porpoise 5466:Air line 5426:Porpoise 5102:Lifeline 4991:Towboard 4962:Wet bell 4938:Mobility 4812:Anti-fog 4760:Dry suit 4753:Newtsuit 4748:JIM suit 4367:Glossary 4343:Category 3796:Canister 3791:Gas mask 3658:Archived 3630:Archived 3606:24 March 3600:Archived 3574:Archived 3548:24 March 3542:Archived 3511:Archived 3506:CBS News 3479:Archived 3453:Archived 3427:Archived 3401:Archived 3372:Archived 3268:Archived 3239:Archived 3208:Archived 2975:Archived 2912:Archived 2879:Archived 2850:Archived 2820:Archived 2782:Archived 2735:Archived 2707:cite web 2669:Archived 2665:Divernet 2639:Archived 2609:Archived 2548:Archived 2515:Archived 2426:Archived 2399:Archived 2367:Archived 2333:Archived 2288:Archived 2262:Archived 2230:Archived 2205:Archived 2156:Archived 2020:Archived 1944:Archived 1911:Archived 1876:Archived 1845:Archived 1716:29494107 1689:29494108 1627:Archived 1579:Archived 1469:Current 1415:Dry suit 783:diameter 738:DIN 7878 724:and the 640:Scubapro 613:swimming 376:tropical 360:swimfins 352:swimming 212:pressure 161:Function 80:such as 14585:Outline 14539:Commons 14404:SeaKeys 14318:Special 14225:SRV-300 14182:DSRV-2 14174:DSRV-1 14065:Shinkai 14041:Nautile 13958:Harmony 13907:vehicle 13496:physics 13412:Frogmen 12772:Wrecks 12360:holders 11599:(IANTD) 11421:(IANTD) 11391:(FEDAS) 11280:schools 11228:(WRSTC) 11189:(IDRCF) 10628:Manuals 9951:Nikonos 9938:SP-350 9932:Calypso 9716:Monitor 9540:(SPUMS) 9155:related 9038:Hypoxia 8948:related 8744:Gas man 8714:Bellman 8435:Hypoxia 8279:Delta-P 8274:Current 8256:hazards 8071:(FEDAS) 7835:Gyrojet 7827:firearm 7791:weapons 7753:Pigging 7725:Airlift 7652:Monitor 7397:UNGERIN 7232:KOPASKA 7217:JW GROM 7192:Fukuryu 7108:Frogman 7048:Haenyeo 6849:Hazards 6577:Monofin 6394:Haenyeo 6297:General 6283:Jonline 6187:OpenROV 6070:habitat 5545:Beuchat 5376:Dolphin 4996:Wet sub 4979:Monofin 4974:Swimfin 4803:Helmets 4782:Wetsuit 4725:Jonline 4525:Swimfin 4520:Snorkel 4355:Commons 4196:General 4106:Snorkel 3636:1 April 3626:YouTube 3580:1 April 3569:YouTube 2984:25 June 2758:Neptune 1920:1 March 1430:goggles 1411:Wetsuit 1407:Swimfin 1277:Typhoon 799:airflow 755:EN 1972 710:BS 4532 671:U-boats 498:in his 484:History 364:wetsuit 216:muscles 110:plastic 69:snorkel 27:Snorkel 14597:Portal 14573:Diving 14566:Divers 14322:groups 14219:Remora 14184:Avalon 14176:Mystic 14167:Mystic 14095:DSV-5 14089:Turtle 14048:Pisces 14011:Konsul 13952:FNRS-3 13947:FNRS-2 13815:Impact 13672:Diving 13605:theory 13543:Diving 13494:Diving 12762:Reefs 12707:Caves 11814:Turkey 11678:(NAUI) 11654:(CDAA) 11645:diving 11623:(RAID) 11611:(PDIC) 11605:(PADI) 11593:(FIAS) 11587:(DSAT) 11581:(CMAS) 11575:(BSAC) 11569:(ANDI) 11543:(AAUS) 11511:(TSSF) 11475:(RAID) 11463:(PDIC) 11457:(PADI) 11445:(NAUI) 11439:(NASE) 11433:(TIDF) 11415:(IAHD) 11403:(FIAS) 11385:(CMAS) 11373:(BSAC) 11367:(ANMP) 11361:(ANDI) 11355:(ACUC) 11320:(CMAS) 11314:(AIDA) 11249:(ADAS) 11212:(NOAA) 11201:(IMCA) 11195:(IDSA) 11042:levels 10949:Skills 10334:diving 10262:diving 9940:Denise 9558:(NEDU) 9552:(UHMS) 9514:(EUBS) 9508:(EDTC) 9502:(DMAC) 9496:(DDRC) 9021:Oxygen 8912:Diving 8815:health 8765:safety 8464:Diving 8254:Diving 8095:(WKPP) 8089:(QRSS) 8083:(IAHD) 8065:(CMAS) 8047:(CDAA) 8041:(BSAC) 7893:QBS-06 7775:Tremie 7682:Diving 7607:Kronan 7237:MARCOS 7197:GRUMEC 7147:diving 7085:diving 6473:(CWTB) 6132:ABISMO 6098:SEALAB 5670:Suunto 5640:Nemrod 5615:Heinke 5514:Diving 5486:Hookah 5441:Salvus 5005:Safety 4598:Trimix 4588:Oxygen 4583:Nitrox 4578:Hydrox 4568:Heliox 3031:Triton 3016:Triton 2778: 2583: 2395: 2284: 2258: 2094:20 May 1782:6 June 1714: 1687: 1500:EN 136 1494:EN 250 1413:, and 1030:loads. 1010:place. 787:volume 779:length 741:1988, 716:, the 379:resort 358:, and 118:rubber 14478:Other 14217:ASRV 14161:MSM-1 13924:Alvin 13853:Other 11684:(TDI) 11672:(CDG) 11666:(GUE) 11660:(CDG) 11635:(TXR) 11629:(TSA) 11517:(UDI) 11505:(SSI) 11493:(SEI) 11487:(SDI) 11481:(SAA) 11451:(NOB) 11427:(ILS) 11409:(GUE) 11379:(CFT) 11342:scuba 11332:(SSI) 11265:(HSE) 11183:(EUF) 11038:scuba 10836:Diver 10520:death 9981:Diver 9699:sites 9490:(DAN) 8927:Cramp 8382:Panic 8059:(CFT) 8053:(CDG) 8029:Diver 7692:COMEX 7600:Egypt 7149:units 6520:(VWT) 6509:(STA) 6503:(NLT) 6497:(FIM) 6491:(DNF) 6485:(DYN) 6479:(CNF) 6467:(CWT) 6326:Sonar 5630:Mares 5595:Fenzy 5580:Divex 5570:DESCO 5565:Dacor 5530:Apeks 5496:Snuba 5411:LAR-V 5406:LAR-6 5401:LAR-5 5391:IDA71 5271:scuba 3782:NIOSH 3423:"M4D" 3375:(PDF) 3368:(PDF) 2978:(PDF) 2967:(PDF) 2882:(PDF) 2875:(PDF) 2551:(PDF) 2544:(PDF) 2429:(PDF) 2422:(PDF) 1914:(PDF) 1907:(PDF) 1801:(PDF) 1630:(PDF) 1619:(PDF) 699:1969: 663:1950: 651:Dacor 631:1939: 599:1938: 560:1938: 553:1929: 529:1927: 510:Crete 446:like 278:panic 208:lungs 14198:Priz 14097:Nemo 14087:DSV 14079:DSV 14071:DSV 14063:DSV 14055:DSV 13997:JAGO 13922:DSV 11643:Cave 11326:(PI) 9714:USS 8619:Risk 7667:Vasa 7658:HMS 7650:USS 7637:Mars 7628:RMS 7417:work 6142:CURV 5446:Siva 5416:LARU 5371:DSEA 5366:CUMA 3666:2019 3638:2020 3608:2020 3582:2020 3550:2020 3519:2019 3487:2019 3461:2019 3435:2020 3409:2020 3383:2019 3347:2019 3276:2019 3216:2019 3185:2019 2986:2022 2920:2019 2890:2019 2858:2023 2828:2019 2743:2019 2713:link 2699:2023 2677:2019 2647:2019 2617:2019 2559:2019 2523:2019 2493:2023 2437:2019 2375:2023 2341:2023 2238:2023 2164:2019 2130:2019 2096:2013 2068:2024 2028:2023 1998:2024 1922:2019 1853:2023 1812:2019 1784:2022 1712:PMID 1685:PMID 1638:2023 1587:2023 768:mask 615:and 314:cage 285:sump 199:and 44:Uses 14156:LR7 14151:LR5 14034:Mir 9930:RV 9706:SS 9583:Law 7620:SS 7598:SS 7001:Ama 6904:Ama 6404:Ama 5431:Ray 1487:msw 1241:in 1095:PVC 542:sic 14615:: 3624:. 3598:. 3566:. 3540:. 3536:. 3503:. 3451:. 3425:. 3399:. 3370:. 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