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431:. The group accounted for 95% of French steel production. The Usinor-Sacilor group undertook an internal reorganization in 1987 into four specialized divisions: Sollac for thin flat products, Ugine for special flat and stainless steel products, Unimetal for long products and Ascometal for special long products. The new Sollac, the largest subsidiary of the group, included the flat products operations of the formerly competing Usinor and Sollac companies. In 1988 the company started to base profit sharing on productivity improvements, with the share calculated separately at each location.
375:. Great hopes were pinned in the Fos-sur-Mer project, but in 1971 Wendel-Sidélor did not have enough revenue to finance the project without assistance. In May 1972 Jacques Ferry of the CSSF helped the government persuade the head of Usinor to help bail out the project, despite his very poor relationship with the head of Wendel-Sidélor. In October 1972 it was agreed that Ferry would head Solmer, which would be jointly controlled by Usinor and Wendel-Sidélor. Solmer was 47.5% owned by Wendel-Sidélor, 47.5% by Usinor and 5% by
35:
400:
September 1978. The government converted part of the accumulated losses of about $ 8,000 million into state equite shareholding, and covered the remaining losses with loans and guarantees. In effect the companies had been nationalized. Usinor shares were devalued by 33% and
Sacilor's by 50%. The unions at once called for a 24-hour stoppage at the Sacilor-Sollac plants throughout Lorraine on 25 September 1978, but there was little they could do to prevent layoffs.
417:
280:
408:, Managing Director of Sacilor-Sollac, said that steel production in Europe would be limited for some time, so to keep production stable it would be necessary to cut worker numbers from year to year. Sacilor-Sollac bought SNAP, a specialty steel producer. The Thomas steel plant at Hagandange was closed, and Sollac obtained new oxygen furnaces and two continuous casters. Between 1985 and 1988 Sollac cut the costs of its inputs by 20%.
352:
131:, founded in 1849 and Nord-Est (Forges et Aciéries du Nord-Est). The main reason for the merger was to implement a continuous rolling mill to reduce costs and satisfy the expected growing market for automobiles and consumer goods. The company used technology from United Engineering and Westinghouse Electric International. In 1948 it was accepted that a second strip mill should be set up, also using American equipment.
368:
subsidiary to build and operate the new plant. Sollac was in turn a subsidiary of Wendel-Sidélor. At the same time, Usinor decided to increase the capacity of its
Dunkirk plant to 8 million tons per year. Taken with the 4 million tons from Fos-sur-Mer, the two companies would add almost 8 million tons or about 45% of total French output between 1968 and 1973.
311:, that he hoped the French iron-steel industry would soon be the first in Europe". In 1950 the company formed an association with Continental Foundry and Machines for manufacture of pilger rolls for continuous mills. The Sollac continuous strip mills at Serémange-Erzange opened in 1954. In September 1954
450:
Sollac
Mediterranee was later renamed ArcelorMittal Mediterranee SASU. In 2017 ArcelorMittal Atlantique et Lorraine included the main plant at Dunkirk with a capacity of 7 million tonnes of steel slab and 4.45 million tonnes of hot-rolled coils per year. It also supplied steel slabs to the second hot
438:
On 1 February 2000 Usinor was restructured geographically. Sollac-Atlantique, Sollac-Lorraine and Sollac-Méditerranée were now fully independent subsidiaries. Sollac-Méditerranée included the French plants at Fos-sur-Mer and Saint-Chély-d'Apcher, and also included plants in Spain, Italy, Turkey and
434:
In
January 1993 Sollac decided to increase its prices to offset declining volumes. As of 2000 the Sollac steel plant just outside Dunkirk was one of the largest and most efficient in Europe. It converted iron ore and coal into steel rolls in a continuous process, producing 6 million tonnes annually.
330:
In 1954 there were more than 2,000 workers in the factories of Serémange alone. In 1955 half the 3,000 workers at Sollac were
Algerian, brought in by the company due to the shortage of French workers. Production of crude steel at Serémange reached 1,411,000 tons by 1959. Serémange had its own oxygen
367:
in the Rhone's
Mediterranean delta. Sollac would have preferred a site near Le Havre, since it would have been closer to large markets, but the government's regional development plans took priority. Solmer (Societé Lorraine et Méridionale de Laminage Continu) was formed in November 1970 as a Sollac
138:
promoted the creation of Sollac as a joint-venture flat steel manufacturer. Most of the funding came from the state. François Bloch-Lainé justified this in 1948 on the basis that Sollac would be in the state's interest. The Société Lorraine de
Laminage Continu (Sollac) was established in December
399:
became
Managing Director of Sollac in 1975. In 1979 he assumed the same position with RhĂ´ne-Poulenc. By early 1978 the French steel industry was in crisis, with excess capacity and low prices. After a delay due to the March 1978 elections, the cabinet released details of their rescue plan on 20
98:
company formed in
December 1948 as a cooperative to produce steel rolls in Lorraine from steel provided by several other companies. There were various changes of ownership during the years that followed. In 1970 the company, under pressure from the French government, began to develop a large new
338:
In 1951 PFFW and Wendel et Cie merged to form de Wendel SA. Pont-Ă -Mousson and Marine
Firminy formed Sidélor in 1951, holding their combined assets in Lorraine. In 1964 Sidélor and Wendel formed the Societé des aciéries de Lorraine. The consortium that was fully merged in January 1968 to form
257:
The Sollac project was submitted by France to the Organisation of European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) in April 1949, which had representatives of all the Marshall Plan countries. When the Belgians refused to approve the project, the Marshall Plan's Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA)
1424:
266:. Sollac became the largest single project funded by the Marshall Plan, with $ 49.4 million of direct funds and $ 83.7 million of counterpart funds. It was hoped by the Americans that with two strip mills a French monopoly was less likely to emerge.
435:
The plant had a dedicated port, railway and 55 kilometres (34 mi) road network. However, Sollac was struggling due to decline in demand from the automobile and construction industries in Europe, with prices falling and excess steel piling up.
143:, as well as a Thomas and Martin mill and two cold mills. The founding companies retained their autonomy. Each company supplied its share of cast iron or steel, which Sollac turned into sheet metal, charging cost price. The founders included:
443:. Sollac Atlantique was terminated on 22 January 2007. As of 2008 the subsidiaries were named Société Arcelor Atlantique et Lorraine and Sollac Méditerrannée. The companies were involved in a dispute with the French government over the
99:
continuous strip mill in the south of France. The French steel industry soon went into crisis, with excess capacity and declining demands from automobile manufacturers and the construction industry. Sollac became a subsidiary of
451:
rolling mill of the unit located in Sérémange in Lorraine. The unit also included plants at Florange, Base-Indre, Desvres, Mardyck, Montataire and Mouzon. In 2012 49% of the unit's output was delivered to the automobile sector.
362:
In the mid-1960s the French government set up a group under Sollac's director general, Louis Dherse, to look into building a second new French steel mill. The government pushed Sollac into building the plant at
403:
As of January 1981 Sollac's Moselle holdings were a cold rolling operation at Ebange-Florange in the Moselle Valley, and a coke works and continuous casting plant at Sérémange in the Fensch Valley. That year
1185:
339:
Wendel-Sidelor. It controlled both Sacilor and Sollac. Sacilor specialised in long product while Sollac produced flat products. In 1968 a new Sacilor plant was being built in the Moselle valley at
235:
371:
By 1971 Wendel-Sidélor was the largest steel producer in France, owning Sacilor, the majority of Sollac, and many smaller facilities. However, its productivity was 40% below that of
343:, expected to have a capacity of 1.6 million tons by 1970. In the late 1960s Saint-Gobain-Pont-à -Mousson, which owned half of Wendel-Sidélor, decided to withdraw from steelmaking.
1295:
Kipping, Matthias (Fall 1994), "Competing for Dollars and Technology: The United States and the Modernization of the French and German Steel Industries after World War II",
17:
331:
factory, which was expanded in 1959. This was the location where the pure oxygen Kaldo process was to be installed, with a planned capacity of 500,000 tons. A 160t
1096:(Proceedings of the Caen Preconference 18–20 September 1997, Workshop C 45 of Twelfth International Economic History Congress of Madrid), Presses Paris Sorbonne,
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Portugal. In February 2002 Usinor was merged with Arbed (Luxembourg) and Aceralia (Spain) to form Arcelor. In 2006 Arcelor was merged with Mittal Steel to form
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1553:
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allowance trading scheme, in which different treatment was being applied to the steel sector and to the chemical and non-ferrous metal sectors.
1543:
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Catching Up with America: Productivity Missions and the Diffusion of American Economic and Technological Influence After the Second World War
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In 1973 Wendel-Sidélor was renamed Sacilor Aciéries et Laminoires de Lorraine. In 1975 Sacilor merged with Marine Firminy.
1316:
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1400:
Mioche, Philippe (April–June 1994), "La sidérurgie Française de 1973 à nos jours: Dégénérescence et transformation",
123:(1939–45) the United States wanted to ensure that the French steel industry could compete effectively with the Ruhr.
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La sidérurgie française, 1945-1979. : L’histoire d’une faillite. Les solutions qui s’affrontent
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The foundation stone for the Sollac mill was laid on 23 December 1949 in the small village of
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1377:
The Politics of Steel: Western Europe and the Steel Industry in the Crisis Years (1974-1984)
246:
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Godelier, Éric (Summer 2008), "La naissance d'un géant : Arcelor-Mittal (1948-2006)",
8:
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said at the groundbreaking ceremony, which was attended by the French Foreign Minister
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1948. It was created under a cooperative model to build a wide-strip rolling mill in
1119:
American Firms in Europe: Strategy, Identity, Perception and Performance (1880-1980)
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1334:
Martin, J. E. (July 1961), "DEVELOPMENTS IN THE LORRAINE IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY",
167:
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Papers presented at the fortieth annual meeting of the Business History Conference
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In 1986 Usinor and Sacilor were combined under one holding company headed by
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127:(Union Sidérurgique du Nord de la France) was formed in 1948 by a merger of
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in 1987, responsible for all flat products. In 2002 Usinor became part of
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Martin, J. E. (November 1968), "New Trends in the Lorraine Iron Region",
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Industry and Work in Contemporary Capitalism: Global Models, Local Lives?
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recommended that the project be funded anyway. A large part of the
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was asked by Sollac to assume the post of president, replacing
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Steel, State, and Labor: Mobilization and Adjustment in France
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1303:, vol. 23, no. 1, Cambridge University Press,
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was installed in 1960 at Sollac's Florange steelworks.
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High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community
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Bamford, Colin Grahame; Munday, Stephen C. R. (2002),
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counterpart funds of 1949–51 were used by Sollac and
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Saar, Mar-Mich-Pont (soon to become part of Sidélor)
94:(Société Lorraine de Laminage Continu) was a French
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MĂ©ny, Yves; Wright, Vincent; Rhodes, Martin (1987),
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1204:Goddard, Victoria; Narotzky, Susana (2015-01-30),
1015:ArcelorMittal Mediterranee SASU (Company Overview)
934:Modernisation en vue pour Sollac – L'UsineNouvelle
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1404:(in French) (42), Sciences Po University Press,
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663:
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411:
1203:
572:Une Ville ... Une histoire .. Serémange-Erzange
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1549:Manufacturing companies disestablished in 2007
1461:Industrial Policies in the European Community
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985:ArcelorMittal Mediterranee SASU ... Bloomberg
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274:
1539:Manufacturing companies established in 1948
1317:"Jean Gandois, un PDG sans langue de bois"
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33:
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1252:"IN MEMORIAM 21 mars 1887 - 28 mai 1966"
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163:PFFW (Petits-Fils de François De Wendel)
1554:French companies disestablished in 2007
1507:(in French), Ville de Serémange-Erzange
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14:
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1399:
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1333:
1232:French Politics, Culture & Society
1116:Bonin, Hubert; Goey, Ferry de (2009),
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997:Atlantique et Lorraine – ArcelorMittal
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678:
598:
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319:, who had been called to serve in the
193:J.-J. Carnaud et Forges de Basse-Indre
1458:Price, Victoria Curzon (1981-11-26),
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18:Société Lorraine de Laminage Continu
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24:
1425:"Modernisation en vue pour Sollac"
1402:Vingtième Siècle. Revue d'histoire
25:
1565:
1148:, University of Pittsburgh Pre,
107:, which in turn was merged into
1362:(4), Geographical Association,
1342:(3), Geographical Association,
961:Sollac Atlantique – Societe SAS
1315:Lhaik, Corinne (23 May 1996),
1250:J.M. (August–September 1966),
826:MĂ©ny, Wright & Rhodes 1987
799:MĂ©ny, Wright & Rhodes 1987
733:MĂ©ny, Wright & Rhodes 1987
664:MĂ©ny, Wright & Rhodes 1987
182:Forges et Aciéries de Gueugnon
13:
1:
1301:Business and Economic History
1142:Daley, Anthony (1996-02-15),
1029:Aron, Aexis (February 1960),
412:Usinor subsidiary (1986–2002)
391:Sérémange steel works in 2012
215:Forges et Aciéries de Dilling
1534:Companies based in Grand Est
1275:, Harvard University Press,
383:Industry in crisis (1972–86)
251:Soon part of LorraineEscaut
114:
7:
1184:Freyssenet, Michel (1979),
949:Our History – ArcelorMittal
482:Goddard & Narotzky 2015
10:
1570:
1504:Une Ville ... Une histoire
1170:EUR-Lex - 62007CA0127 - EN
1090:Barjot, Dominique (2002),
1053:(in French), ArcelorMittal
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973:EUR-Lex - 62007CA0127 - EN
269:
39:Hot Rolling Mill, Florange
1529:Steel companies of France
1464:, Palgrave Macmillan UK,
922:Bamford & Munday 2002
307:and Minister of Industry
283:Patural blast furnace at
275:Early expansion (1949–69)
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52:
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32:
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423:, head of the new Usinor
287:and Sérémange steelworks
207:Lorraine, Mar-Mich-Pont
445:greenhouse gas emission
299:river. U.S. Ambassador
1269:James, Harold (2006),
1050:Atlantique et Lorraine
424:
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236:Marine & Homécourt
1380:, Walter de Gruyter,
1238:(2), Berghahn Books,
584:Bonin & Goey 2009
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174:De Wendel & Cie.
1256:La Jaune et la Rouge
1193:(in French), Savelli
1035:La Jaune et la Rouge
1485:"Sollac Atlantique"
226:UCPMI de Hagondange
29:
1122:, Librairie Droz,
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247:Aciéries de Longwy
204:Aciéries de Rombas
27:
1471:978-1-349-16640-4
1387:978-3-11-010517-9
1282:978-0-674-02181-5
1272:FAMILY CAPITALISM
1217:978-1-317-74521-1
1155:978-0-8229-7485-7
1129:978-2-600-01259-1
1103:978-2-84050-240-1
1077:978-0-435-33223-5
301:David K. E. Bruce
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1426:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1389:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1267:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1234:(in French),
1233:
1228:
1219:
1213:
1210:, Routledge,
1209:
1208:
1202:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1157:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1140:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1114:
1105:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1088:
1079:
1073:
1070:, Heinemann,
1069:
1068:
1062:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1010:
998:
993:
986:
981:
974:
969:
962:
957:
950:
945:
943:
935:
930:
924:, p. 59.
923:
918:
912:, p. 23.
911:
906:
899:
894:
887:
886:Godelier 2008
882:
876:, p. 22.
875:
870:
863:
862:Godelier 2008
858:
851:
846:
839:
834:
827:
822:
820:
813:, p. 96.
812:
807:
800:
795:
793:
785:
780:
778:
770:
765:
758:
753:
746:
745:Godelier 2008
741:
734:
729:
727:
719:
714:
707:
702:
700:
692:
687:
680:
675:
673:
665:
660:
658:
656:
648:
643:
637:, p. 81.
636:
631:
624:
619:
612:
607:
600:
595:
593:
585:
580:
573:
568:
566:
558:
553:
551:
549:
542:, p. 24.
541:
536:
534:
532:
524:
519:
517:
515:
507:
502:
496:, p. 34.
495:
490:
483:
478:
471:
466:
464:
459:
452:
448:
446:
442:
441:ArcelorMittal
436:
432:
430:
422:
418:
409:
407:
401:
398:
389:
380:
378:
374:
369:
366:
357:
353:
344:
342:
336:
334:
333:Kaldo furnace
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
286:
281:
267:
265:
261:
260:Marshall Plan
250:
248:
245:
243:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
231:
228:
225:
222:
221:
217:
214:
211:
210:
206:
203:
200:
199:
195:
192:
189:
188:
184:
181:
178:
177:
173:
172:
169:
162:
158:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
142:
137:
132:
130:
126:
122:
112:
110:
109:ArcelorMittal
106:
102:
97:
93:
82:
78:
75:
74:ArcelorMittal
71:
67:
63:
59:
56:December 1948
55:
51:
47:
43:
36:
31:
19:
1509:, retrieved
1503:
1493:, retrieved
1488:
1475:, retrieved
1460:
1449:, retrieved
1443:
1433:, retrieved
1428:
1401:
1391:, retrieved
1376:
1359:
1355:
1339:
1335:
1325:, retrieved
1320:
1300:
1296:
1286:, retrieved
1271:
1260:, retrieved
1255:
1235:
1231:
1221:, retrieved
1206:
1195:, retrieved
1186:
1175:, retrieved
1169:
1159:, retrieved
1144:
1133:, retrieved
1118:
1107:, retrieved
1092:
1081:, retrieved
1066:
1055:, retrieved
1049:
1039:, retrieved
1034:
1020:, retrieved
1014:
992:
980:
968:
956:
929:
917:
905:
893:
881:
869:
857:
845:
833:
806:
764:
752:
740:
713:
686:
642:
630:
618:
606:
579:
557:Kipping 1994
501:
489:
477:
470:Kipping 1994
449:
437:
433:
426:
402:
397:Jean Gandois
394:
370:
361:
337:
329:
313:Jules Aubrun
290:
256:
133:
129:Denain-Anzin
121:World War II
118:
91:
90:
80:Headquarters
72:Merged into
1491:(in French)
1489:Societe SAS
1444:Our History
1431:(in French)
1323:(in French)
1258:(in French)
1037:(in French)
1018:, Bloomberg
910:Mioche 1994
874:Mioche 1994
679:Martin 1968
599:Martin 1961
494:Barjot 2002
429:Francis Mer
421:Francis Mer
365:Fos-sur-Mer
356:Fos-sur-Mer
196:de Wendell
185:de Wendell
1523:Categories
1511:2017-10-20
1495:2017-10-20
1477:2017-10-20
1451:2017-10-19
1435:2017-10-20
1393:2017-10-19
1327:2017-10-02
1288:2017-07-17
1262:2017-07-10
1223:2017-10-20
1197:2017-10-19
1177:2017-10-20
1161:2017-10-19
1135:2017-07-17
1109:2017-10-20
1083:2017-10-20
1057:2017-10-20
1041:2017-07-10
1022:2017-10-20
898:Daley 1996
850:Daley 1996
838:Daley 1996
811:Price 1981
784:Daley 1996
769:Lhaik 1996
757:Daley 1996
718:Daley 1996
706:James 2006
691:Daley 1996
647:James 2006
623:James 2006
523:James 2006
325:Luxembourg
1356:Geography
1336:Geography
1321:L'Express
1173:, EUR-Lex
611:Aron 1960
506:J.M. 1966
341:Gandrange
317:LĂ©on Daum
293:Serémange
168:de Wendel
136:LĂ©on Daum
115:Formation
111:in 2006.
1368:40566963
1348:40565267
1309:23702848
1244:42843551
484:, PT149.
141:Florange
134:In 1948
45:Industry
1418:3771210
1067:Markets
1006:Sources
377:Thyssen
285:Hayange
270:History
152:Company
105:Arcelor
61:Defunct
53:Founded
1468:
1416:
1384:
1366:
1346:
1307:
1279:
1242:
1214:
1152:
1126:
1100:
1074:
373:Usinor
297:Fensch
264:Usinor
155:Notes
125:Usinor
119:After
101:Usinor
92:Sollac
84:France
28:Sollac
1414:JSTOR
1364:JSTOR
1344:JSTOR
1305:JSTOR
1240:JSTOR
1191:(PDF)
455:Notes
201:14.5%
160:47.5%
149:Share
96:steel
48:Steel
1466:ISBN
1382:ISBN
1277:ISBN
1212:ISBN
1150:ISBN
1124:ISBN
1098:ISBN
1072:ISBN
323:in
223:3.5%
190:3.5%
179:3.5%
69:Fate
64:2007
1406:doi
212:21%
1525::
1487:,
1427:,
1412:,
1360:53
1358:,
1340:46
1338:,
1319:,
1299:,
1254:,
1236:26
1033:,
941:^
818:^
791:^
776:^
725:^
698:^
671:^
654:^
591:^
564:^
547:^
530:^
513:^
462:^
379:.
327:.
1408::
999:.
987:.
975:.
963:.
951:.
936:.
771:.
613:.
574:.
508:.
20:)
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