255:. Public and elite opinion in Quebec began to center around talks of the mission as a "foolhardy enterprise". This opinion garnered much credibility from the recent skirmishes between Iroquois and the French, which led many to believe that the settlement, having so few men to defend it, would soon be destroyed by the Iroquois. Despite the ridicule his venture received, De Maisonneuve would have carried out his mission of colonization except for the coming winter weather. The expedition's arrival in late August had delayed the colonial project considerably. Given the recent Iroquois threat and the coming frost, de Maisonneuve decided to suspend the founding of Ville Marie until next spring, spending the winter in Ste-Foye with his crew. During the winter, Mance played a critical role in managing and storing the supplies.
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365:, de Maisonneuve's first lieutenant, was ambushed and murdered on February 6, 1662, an event recognized by Montrealers as a major blow to the Society of Notre Dame. This style of guerilla warfare struck fear in both villagers and soldiers of Ville-Marie, as attacks were unexpected and relentless as explicitly described in Dollier de Casson's manuscripts. The anxiety of inevitable attacks burdened Ville-Marie both militarily and agriculturally. "Montrealers had been able to seed only part their fields the previous year, so that the year 1662 had barely begun when they found that they did not have enough food to sustain the settlement." That year, Ville-Marie appealed to
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Remarkably, this population figure was equal to that of Quebec. The
Society of Notre Dame "managed to keep their settlement unconquered by the Iroquois for twenty-three years, all while increasing tenfold its population, its resources, and its strength." Despite the devastating failure of the overambitious mission of the Society, they laid the foundation for what would grow into the largest trading settlement in Canada, and established Christianity in the most impossible conditions.
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231:. Ville-Marie, as the settlement was to be called, largely copied its three main institutions from the Quebec settlement. These were the clergy residences, a hospital, and a school for young Natives. The next step for the Society was to choose a secular governor for the new colony. For this they required a man with certain military capabilities, proven leadership, and notable piety. The man chosen to for the job was
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239:, in recognizing the cessation of the Island of Montreal to the Society, also named de Maisonneuve the Governor of the settlement and granted him the right to use artillery and other munitions of war. De Maisonneuve and Chevrier were then jointly tasked with the provision of equipment, rations, munitions, skilled workers, and soldiers needed for the colony.
315:, also a member of the Society of Notre Dame. De Lauson agreed to cover part of the cost of sending ten soldiers to reinforce the garrison at Ville-Marie. Lauson failed to fulfill his commitment. He sent three men who were extremely malnourished and unprepared for the winter. They reportedly nearly died before reaching the settlement on December 10, 1651.
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women and ten men. The third ship arrived without issue and the second, containing Jeanne Mance, reached Quebec on August 8, 1641. de
Maisonneuve's journey, wrought by misfortune and poor weather, caused him to lose several men and delay his arrival until August 20. De Maisonneuve's two-week absence gave rise to ridicule of the Society's mission in
247:. Mance was instrumental to the success of the society, as both a caregiver and as a financier. Though she had little of her own wealth to give to the mission, her resourcefulness in spreading the word of the Society to wealthy aristocratic women in Paris paid off greatly in the future donations these women gave to the colonial project.
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to reinforce security in the area. The
Iroquois quickly fired all of their ammunition, and with few weapons left operating, the French were able to suppress the attack. From this moment on, "the French were constantly harassed by the Iroquois and they no longer dared venture more than a few feet from
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hospital. As historian Henri Béchard writes, later, de
Maisonneuve told the founder of Montreal, "had the Iroquois passed by the hospital before these men found refuge in it, they would have plundered, burnt it, and captured Mademoiselle Mance." Four days later, on May 10, forty Iroquois attempted to
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From its inception the
Society needed the presence of women in its colonial project. The establishment of a hospital was a key priority of the Society. Caring for the sick and wounded during this period was largely seen as women's work. Needing female caregivers who could also evangelize, the Society
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began taking over the administration of Ville-Marie. Within four years of
Dollier de Casson's discouraging account of his time in Montreal, the Society of Notre Dame would sign over the seigneury of Montreal to the Sulpician Order. This concluded the ambitious religious project originally envisioned
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reached Ville-Marie with approximately 95 recruits, the . Historian Marcel Trudel regards the efforts of Jérôme le Royer de la
Dauversière, Paul de Chomedey de Maisonneuve and Jeanne Mance as essential to the "second founding of Montreal." This so-called "second founding of Montreal" is historically
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to discuss conditions with Jérôme le Royer de la
Dauversière. De Maisonneuve reported on life at Ville-Marie, including the deaths caused by Iroquois attacks. The population of Ville-Marie was on the decline; approximately 50 French colonists survived, only 17 of whom could bear arms. De Maisonneuve
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In the spring of 1641 three ships departed from La
Rochelle to the New World with the mission of establishing a Christian colony on the Island of Montreal. One ship contained de Maisonneuve and about twenty five men, a second ship containing Jeanne Mance and a dozen men, and a third containing three
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had previously designated as a safe haven. De
Maisonneuve decided that on this spot would be where he erected his fort and settlement. That day an altar was erected by Jeanne Mance and the first Mass was held on the Island of Montreal. This act symbolized the beginning of Ville Marie, the ambitious
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Over the course of the winter and early spring, boat construction went on busily in Ste-Foye. On May 8, 1642, de Maisonneuve's colonizing force set out for the Island of Montreal. The Flotilla consisted of a pinnacle, a Garbarre, and two Chaloupes. On the 17th of May, the Society came into sight of
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By the mid seventeenth century, The Society of Notre Dame had no more than 12 surviving members, passionately led by Paul de Chomedey, Sieur De Maisonneuve. Resources were dauntingly low and money was quickly running out during a time when the Native raids called for a formidable resistance by the
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Jeanne Mance remained in Ville-Marie, where he received a letter from de Maisonneuve saying, "I will try to bring back 200 men, which we badly need for the defence of this place; if, however, I cannot get at least 100, I will not return and the whole enterprise must be abandoned, for certainly the
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On March 9, 1663 the Society of Notre Dame dissolved, leaving Ville-Marie in the hands of The Sulpician Order. However, de Maisonneuve remained Governor of the island until 1665. Ville-Marie was founded 34 years after Quebec, yet this mission successfully managed a population of over 500 people.
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After the attacks, de Maisonneuve called a meeting of the French colonists and families in Ville-Marie. He directed them to repair the fort and their dwellings. As Dollier de Casson wrote, "as we grew weaker daily whilst the enemy grew bolder, on account of their great number, everyone saw quite
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of the Catholic Church, was a proponent of foreign missionaries. To develop a colony in Montreal, she instigated the formation of the Societe Notre-Dame de Montreal. Her ideas caught the attention of Jérôme le Royer de la Dauversière, Pierre Chevrier, Baron de Fanchamp and Jeanne Mance, who
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Frenchmen. The Iroquois forces proved resilient and capable, and fought in much larger numbers than the French population of Ville-Marie could handle. The Native warriors used the landscape to their advantage, hiding in dense unplowed fields and setting traps for unsuspecting Frenchmen.
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They intended to establish the colony for the purpose of the religious conversion of the Indigenous population, whom they considered pagans, and the development of a Christian settlement. The venture was very expensive, and the Society initially had trouble finding potential financiers.
224:, the territory was formally ceded to de la Dauvisière and Chevrier on 17 December 1640. On the very same day the Society engaged itself to transport thirty men, and thirty tons of provisions to New France by its own means and vessels.
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place will be untenable." It was not until 1653 that de Maisonneuve, working with de la Dauversiere in France, recruited enough French men and women willing to take the voyage to New France. In the third week of June 1653,
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On June 18, 1651, four colonists heading home from mass were confronted by a group of Iroquois. When Governor Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve learned of the attack, he sent a relief party led by
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for provisions, receiving aid from their allies quickly. Despite the strength and fortification of Quebec, Montreal was too far away to have benefitted greatly from its protection.
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Planning for the eventual colonial project would take over the activities of the Society for the next year. This planning was extensive, meticulous, and closely modelled after the
348:"We now come to a year which Montreal ought to mark in red letters on its calendar, on an account of the various losses sustained on several different occasions", wrote
291:, Denis Archambault and an unnamed settler quickly ran in aid of the others under attack. The three men realized they were outnumbered and to survive, they ran to the
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to de la Dauversière and telling him to "commence the work of God." Olier was also instrumental in recruiting three more associates to the Society, most notably the
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On May 6 165, Jean Boudart and his wife were attacked by approximately 50 natives. Boudart was killed and his wife was taken prisoner and later burnt at the stake.
201:. He played an important financial role as a financial benefactor for the project. These six individuals would form the core of the Société Notre-Dame de Montréal.
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172:. The organization's mission was to convert the Indigenous population to Christianity and found a Christian settlement, which would be known as Ville-Marie.
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the island and formally took possession of it. The next morning they made their landing at La Place Royale, an islet at the mouth of the stream which
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set fire to the brewery and other buildings, mostly houses. The four guards patrolling the area effectively repelled the Iroquois from the brewery.
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of the attack fled before the onslaught and "passed by Ville Marie on their way to safety at Quebec – a sinister omen of things to come."
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recognized as the rebuilding of the Ville-Marie settlement by members of the Society of Notre Dame after countless Iroquois attacks.
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their log-houses without their muskets, their pistols and swords. At night-time, nobody opened the door of his home to anyone."
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in his memoirs in the fall of 1659. The Society of Notre Dame had declined and the
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and funded by Jérôme le Royer de la Dauversière and his followers.
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also expressed great interest in the project, donating a hundred
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Marie-Madeleine de Vignerot, the Duchess of Aiguillon, a strong
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expressed great interest and enthusiasm. A friend of Chevrier,
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eventually took on four women, the most notable of which was
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Jérôme le Royer de la Dauversière: His Friends and Enemies
929:. Translated by Ralph Flenley. Toronto: Dent & Sons.
148:, was a religious organisation responsible for founding
938:. Translated by Alta Lind Cook. Toronto: Clarke, Irwin.
916:. Bloomingdale, OH: Apostolate for Family Consecration.
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LaDuchesse d’Aiguillon, Niece du Cardinal de Richelieu
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Gaston de Rentry, Pierre Chevrier, baron de Fancamp,
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4:
3:
2:
1543:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1108:Gavazzi Riots
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1088:Lachine Canal
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
992:
988:
981:
976:
974:
969:
967:
962:
961:
958:
952:
949:
948:
937:
932:
927:
926:
919:
915:
910:
906:
901:
898:
894:
893:
882:, p. 187
881:
876:
870:, p. 182
869:
864:
858:, p. 138
857:
852:
846:, p. 291
845:
840:
834:, p. 136
833:
828:
822:, p. 149
821:
816:
810:, p. 253
809:
804:
802:
794:
788:
786:
779:, p. 167
778:
773:
766:
760:
754:, p. 163
753:
748:
742:, p. 159
741:
736:
729:
723:
717:, p. 338
716:
711:
709:
707:
700:, p. 337
699:
694:
692:
690:
682:
677:
670:
665:
658:
653:
646:
641:
634:
629:
622:
617:
615:
607:
602:
600:
598:
590:
585:
578:
573:
566:
561:
554:
549:
547:
539:
535:
530:
523:
518:
516:
508:
503:
494:
490:
479:
473:
468:
465:
459:
454:
451:
445:
440:
437:
431:
426:
422:
415:
410:
407:
401:
396:
393:
386:
381:
380:
374:
370:
368:
364:
358:
355:
351:
341:
338:
334:
330:
324:
321:
316:
314:
309:
305:
302:
297:
294:
293:Hotel de Dieu
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
274:Mohawk Nation
265:
262:
256:
254:
248:
246:
240:
238:
234:
230:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
206:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
183:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
132:
128:
124:
120:
117:
111:
108:
105:
99:
96:
93:
87:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
25:
20:
1270:16th century
1133:Richard Riot
1128:Ouimetoscope
1038:Old Montreal
1012:
935:
924:
913:
904:
896:
889:Bibliography
875:
863:
851:
839:
827:
815:
792:
772:
764:
759:
747:
735:
727:
722:
683:, p. 74
676:
664:
659:, p. 73
652:
647:, p. 71
640:
628:
623:, p. 87
608:, p. 68
591:, p. 75
584:
579:, p. 66
572:
567:, p. 65
560:
537:
529:
524:, p. 61
502:
493:
450:Jeanne Mance
371:
359:
347:
336:
332:
325:
317:
310:
306:
298:
286:
271:
257:
249:
245:Jeanne Mance
241:
226:
207:
203:
179:
170:Jeanne Mance
145:
141:
139:
127:Jeanne Mance
79:Headquarters
60:Legal status
478:Ville-Marie
344:Dissolution
150:Ville-Marie
63:Association
1490:Categories
1023:Hôtel-Dieu
486:References
278:New France
253:New France
237:Louis XIII
182:lay leader
1053:Grey Nuns
1003:Hochelaga
320:La Fleche
222:de Lauson
168:, and by
42:Dissolved
34:Formation
1257:Timeline
1198:Overdale
480:in 1647
390:Bust of
218:Dauphiné
195:pistoles
154:Montreal
1143:Expo 67
1048:Citadel
377:Gallery
114:Leaders
68:Purpose
995:Topics
367:Quebec
107:French
1475:2000s
1470:1990s
1465:1980s
1460:1970s
1455:1960s
1450:1950s
1445:1940s
1440:1930s
1435:1920s
1430:1910s
1425:1900s
1420:1890s
1415:1880s
1410:1870s
1405:1860s
1400:1850s
1395:1840s
1390:1830s
1385:1820s
1380:1810s
1375:1800s
1370:1790s
1365:1780s
1360:1770s
1355:1760s
1350:1750s
1345:1740s
1340:1730s
1335:1720s
1330:1710s
1325:1700s
1320:1690s
1315:1680s
1310:1670s
1305:1660s
1300:1650s
1295:1640s
1290:1630s
1285:1620s
1280:1610s
1275:1600s
83:Paris
140:The
50:Type
45:1663
37:1639
1492::
800:^
784:^
705:^
688:^
613:^
596:^
545:^
536:,
514:^
160:,
979:e
972:t
965:v
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