Social Credit System

757:, various aspects of social credit were modified. On February 1, 2020, the People's Bank of China announced it would temporarily suspend the inclusion of mortgage and credit card payments in the credit record of people impacted by the pandemic. Private financial credit scoring companies, including Sesame Credit, suspended financial credit ratings. Various cities established mechanisms to incentivize companies to provide pandemic relief, with measures including redlisting for those donating funds and supplies with benefits like simplified administrative procedures, increased policy support, or increased financial support. On the enforcement side of social credit, provinces and cities promulgated regulations emphasizing heavy penalties for price hikes, violence against doctors, counterfeit medical supplies, refusal to comply with pandemic prevention measures, and wildlife trade violations. 656:, the remaining control of the government, as well as the lack of cooperation in data sharing among the firms that participate in the development. However, the Social Credit System's operation by a seemingly external association, such as a formal collaboration between private firms, has not been ruled out yet. In November 2017, Sesame Credit denied that Sesame Credit data was shared with the Chinese government. In 2017, the People's Bank of China issued a jointly owned license to Baihang Credit valid for three years. Baihang Credit is co-owned by the National Internet Finance Association (36%) and the eight other companies (8% each), allowing the state to maintain control and oversee the creation of new commercial pilot programs. As of mid-2018, only pilot schemes had been tested without any official implementation. 970:

at the Beijing-based consultancy firm Trivium China, had described the system in a report for the US government's US-China Economic and Security Review Commission, as being “roughly equivalent to the IRS, FBI, EPA, USDA, FDA, HHS, HUD, Department of Energy, Department of Education, and every courthouse, police station, and major utility company in the US sharing regulatory records across a single platform”. The database can be openly accessed by any Chinese citizen on the newly created website called "Credit China". Its database also includes random information like a list of approved robot building companies, hospitals that have committed insurance fraud, universities that are deemed legitimate and a list of individuals who have defaulted on a court judgement.

1817:, arguing that the Western media and institutions have misreported the details and mechanics of the Social Credit system. The article suggested that media have confused private score reporting mechanisms with the national system. He also noted that penalties are executed based on the Supreme Court laws and regulations, while private scoring companies and government agencies are not capable of enacting penalties. He argued the widespread media reports often ignored the fact that local governments can be targeted in the blacklists and the scoring systems and its effects were exaggerated by many media stories. He also argued that the cultural expectations of the government and its role in China are different than that of in other countries. 889:. Social credit when referred by the Chinese government, generally covers two different concepts. The first is "traditional financial creditworthiness" where it documents the financial history of individuals and companies and score them on how well they are able to pay off future loans. The second concept is “social creditworthiness” where the government is stating that there needs to be higher "trust in society". And to build such trust, the government had proposed to combat corruption, scammers, tax evasion, counterfeiting of goods, false advertising, pollution and other problematic issues, and to create the mechanisms to keep individuals and companies accountable for such transgressions. 644:, respectively. In general, multiple firms collaborated with the government to develop the software and algorithms used to calculate credit. Commercial pilot programs developed by private Chinese conglomerates that have the authorization from the state to test out social credit experiments. The pilots are more widespread than their local government counterparts but function on a voluntary basis: citizens can decide to opt-out of these systems at any time on request. Users with good scores are offered advantages such as easier access to credit loans, discounts for car and bike sharing services, fast-tracked visa applications, free health check-ups and preferential treatment at hospitals. 1930: 6403: 834:(AI), as of 2023 penalty decisions were made by humans, not AI, and digitization remained limited. Credit systems for local government remained undeveloped and resemble incentivized loyalty programs like those run by airlines. Participation is fully voluntary and there are no enticement beyond losing access to minor rewards. For fear of overreach and pushback, the Chinese central government banned punishments for low scores and minor offences. During the city trials, pilot programs only saw limited participation. Many people living in pilot program cities are unaware of the programs. In 545:. In 2002, the Jiang administration proposed a social credit system as part of the promotion of a "unified, open, competitive, and orderly modern market system." In its first phase, grid-style policing was a system for more effective communication between public security bureaus. Within a few years, the grid system was adapted for use in distributing social services. Grid management provided the authorities not only with greater situational awareness on the group level, but also enhanced the tracking and monitoring of individuals. In 2018, sociologist 6374: 808:

circumstances of the violation are severe, and (3) information that can never be included as part of social credit. Appropriate information for consideration includes information on the execution of judicial judgments, administrative violations, among other material, and positive recognition for trustworthy behavior. Information appropriate only when the circumstances of the violation are severe include small payment arrears or public transportation fare evasion. The

819:'s purpose is to further standardize penalty measures. It specifies that administrative bodies cannot extent penalties beyond those provided in national level law and regulation. In a 2022 directive, the State Council stated that it will "actively explore innovative ways to use the credit concept and methods to solve difficulties, bottlenecks, and painful points that restrict the country's economic and social activities." On 14 November 2022, the NDRC issued a draft 858:

some of which are designed and operated by the state, while others are operated by private companies. China's governmental approaches to social credit are described by various sets of documents issued by different institutions. There is no integrated system, nor a comprehensive document setting out a unified approach. Generally, the different approaches to social credit are united by the theme of increasing digitization, data collection, and data centralization.

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travelling via plane, high speed train, or first class non-high speed train, (2) staying at star-rated hotels or golf courses, (3) purchasing real estate, (4) leasing "high-grade" office buildings, hotels, or apartments, (5) purchasing "non-business essential" vehicles, (6) holiday trips, (7) sending children to high fee private schools, (8) purchasing high-premium insurance products, and (9) "other non-life and non-work essential consumption behavior."

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investment restrictions and lower chances to participate in publicly funded projects. Government plans also envision real-time monitoring of a business's activities. In that case, infractions on the part of a business could result in a lower score almost instantly. However, whether this will actually happen depends on the future implementation of the system as well as on the availability of technology needed for this kind of monitoring.

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confused the regulation-enforcement mechanisms and the morality propaganda campaigns of the SCS initiative. Furthermore, many failed to distinguish between the government regulations and the private credit rating systems. Corporations hyperbolically promoted the scores' predictive abilities, which may have resonated with Western anxiety and concerns surrounding corporate data collection and government access to personal information.

1787:" However, the magazine reported that "many scholars argue that social credit scores won't have the wide-scale controlling effect presumed...the system acts more as a tool of propaganda than a tool of enforcement" and that "thers point out that it is simply an extension of Chinese culture's long tradition of promoting good moral behavior and that Chinese citizens have a completely different perspective on privacy and freedom." 866:, a numerical social credit score calculated by individual behavior and activities was given to citizens in certain pilot programs developed by financial firms or localized initiatives. However, these practices were not widespread applications and eventually, the numerical score mechanism was limited to private credit rating and loyalty programs. Private involvements were ultimately abandoned by the government. 1098:

supply evidence that they have corrected their violations. Companies may also have to agree to a credit pledge in which they commit to upholding laws and regulations, commit to abiding by contracts, and agree to be subject to more severe penalties for any future violations. If authorities approve of the request for credit repair, the violator is removed from the blacklist and penalties are ended.

2053:. The system included a database which stores details like birthdays, family information, employment and income, property owned, medical history, state benefits received, presence on social media, membership in a political party and whether a person voted. Many in Venezuela have expressed concern that the card is an attempt to tighten social control through monitoring all aspects of daily life. 581:

loan) despite having the ability to do so. It is hosted online at the Supreme People's Court judgment defaulter blacklist portal, and the information is shared with Credit China and the National Enterprise Credit Information Publicity System. The SPC also began working with private companies. For example, Sesame Credit began deducting credit points from people who defaulted on court fines.

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approval of SCSs, along with older people". Kostka explained in the paper that "while one might expect such knowledgeable citizens to be most concerned about the privacy implications of SCS, they instead appear to embrace SCSs because they interpret it through frames of benefit-generation and promoting honest dealings in society and the economy instead of privacy-violation."

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for the third time and are banned from owning a dog for a period of 5 years; owners also lose all 12 points immediately if their dogs are found unregistered with the government or faulting annual review. Dogs of owners with zero points are confiscated by the government until the owner takes free courses on relevant city rules and passes corresponding exams.

1193:, as of 2017, some 6.7 million debtors had already been placed on blacklists and prevented from exiting the country as a result of the new policy. Future rewards of having a high score might include easier access to loans and jobs and priority during bureaucratic paperwork. A person with poor social credit may be denied employment in places such as banks, 1139:

performance and focuses on financial problems such as local governments' debts and contract defaults. The Central Government hopes the system can improve "government self-discipline." Local governments are also encouraged and rewarded by the social credit system if they successfully implement and follow the orders from the central government.

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actions. The specific number of points for each action are often listed in publicly available catalogs. Cities also experimented with a multi-level system, in which districts decide on scorekeepers who are responsible for reporting scores to higher-ups. Some experiments also allowed citizens to appeal the scores they were attributed.

390:(SPC), the system was intended to standardize the credit rating function and perform financial and social assessment for businesses, government institutions, individuals and non-government organizations. The Chinese government's stated aim is to enhance trust in society with the system and regulate businesses in areas such as 460:. Among these academics was Lin Junyue, who became an important intellectual figure in the development of social credit. Premier Zhu approved the text and instructed government figures from ten ministries and commissions to begin studying the creation of a social credit management system. In late January 2000, the 1867:

system without substantiating these claims in any way. Others rely on assumptions of what the system will look like, erroneously speculating that everyone will receive a social credit score, that this score will be publicly available, and that a bad rating will have far-reaching consequences. It is like a game of

363:. The social credit initiative calls for the establishment of a record system so that businesses, individuals and government institutions can be tracked and evaluated for trustworthiness. There are multiple forms of the social credit system being experimented with, while the national regulatory method is based on 410:(MERICS), a Berlin-based think tank, the social credit system does not continuously monitor or evaluate individual behavior. Punishments are only for violations of laws and regulations, and not for simply having a low score. Furthermore, it is unlikely that a social credit "score" will ever be implemented. 1070:

tickets, or using counterfeit tickets. Inclusion on the list prohibits a person from buying new tickets for a designated time period, usually six to twelve months. This is the only penalty under the no-ride or no-fly list, and inclusion on these blacklists has no impact in other areas of life or business.

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or simplified procedures. Part of the government logic for red listing companies is that it makes it facilitates regulators' ability to focus on companies with a worse compliance record. Red Listed individuals may receive benefits like parking and public transit discounts or discount tourist site tickets.

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and was based on a cross-regional Internet survey of 2,209 Chinese citizens of various backgrounds. The study found "a surprisingly high degree of approval of SCSs across respondent groups" and that "more socially advantaged citizens (wealthier, better-educated and urban residents) show the strongest

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As of 2020, individuals receive 10.3% of all enforcement actions, affecting around 0.15% to 0.3% of the national population annually. The dealing of the social credit system with individuals focuses on the financial trustworthiness of individual citizens. The dealing of the system with individuals is

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Government institutions receive the second highest number of enforcement actions, accounting for 13.3% of the penalties as of 2020, while less than 0.1% of all government entities were sanctioned by the system annually. The social credit system targets government agencies, assesses local governments'

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By May 2018, several million flight and high-speed train trips had been denied to people who had been blacklisted. As of June 2019, according to the National Development and Reform Commission of China, 26.82 million air tickets as well as 5.96 million high-speed rail tickets had been denied to people

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and must instead be based in national level law and regulation. Penalties from inclusion on sectoral blacklists may be imposed both on the violating company as well as legal representatives, senior company management, and the staff directly responsible for the violation that placed the company on the

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Red Listing practices seek to incentivize exemplary personal behavior or business compliance. Red List practices vary significantly and there are no top-level regulations or guidance addressing red lists in detail. The most common benefit to red listed companies include reduced administrative burdens

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Social credit in China is a broad policy category seeking to enforce legal obligations including laws, regulations, and contracts. Social credit does not itself bring new restrictions; it focuses on increasing implementation of existing restrictions. There are multiple social credit systems in China,

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The Chinese central government originally considered having the Social Credit System be run by a private firm, but by 2017, it acknowledged the need for third-party administration. However, no licenses to private companies were granted. By mid-2017, the Chinese government had decided that none of the

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Although there was institutional enthusiasm for a social credit system during the 2004 to 2014 period, implementation was adversely impacted by planning difficulties stemming from the relationship between credit reporting initiatives (which were defined narrowly) and regulatory objectives (which were

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in 1978. As a result of these problems, trust issues emerged in Chinese society such as food safety scandals, labor law violations, intellectual property thefts and corruption. Among the purposes of social credit is promotion and moral education regarding personal integrity and honesty. The policy of

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Among the financial aspects of social credit which developed quickly was credit reporting. In March 2006, the People's Bank of China established the Credit Reference Center, which has information regarding financial credit worthiness and has established basic financial records for 990 million Chinese

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In 1999, businesswoman Huang Wenyun wrote a report following her negative experiences with domestic business trustworthiness and her research into credit management in the United States business environment. At the time, credit management and rating were largely unfamiliar concepts within the Chinese

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There is a common misconception that China operates a nationwide "social credit score" system that assigns individuals a score based on their behavior, leading to punishments if the score is too low. However, this is not true. Western media reports have sometimes exaggerated or inaccurately described

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The origin of the concept can be traced back to the 1980s when the Chinese government attempted to develop a personal banking and financial credit rating system, especially for rural individuals and small businesses who lacked documented records. The program first emerged in the early 2000s, inspired

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system for dog regulation. Starting from 1 January 2017, dog owners lose three points for keeping their dogs off leash in public places, allowing their dogs to disturb other people, not cleaning up after their dogs, etc. Owners lose another three points on the second offense. They lose all 12 points

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blacklist. Multiple government bodies may impose restrictions as a result of a person or company's inclusion on a sectoral blacklist. The availability of sectoral blacklist with the public also means that potential business partners may act accordingly and decline to deal with a blacklisted company.

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It stated that to be included on the list, a defaulter must be capable of complying with the court orders, but actively avoids doing so. Based on the idea that judgment defaulters should repay their debts before purchasing luxuries, once added to the list, judgment defaulters are restricted from (1)

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Three main types of blacklists exist: (1) the judgment defaulter blacklist, (2) sectoral blacklists, and (3) no-fly/no-ride lists. Before being added to a blacklist, a person or company must be informed of the decision and the legal basis for it. Blacklists may be publicized, although as of at least

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reported that the memes' popularity reflects the "widespread discontent toward the Chinese government over its restrictions of people's freedoms", however, the article noted the trend continued the existing misapprehension and misinformation regarding the SCS mechanism, such as the idea that people

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In one interview, Alibaba's technology director suggested that people who played too many video games might be considered less trustworthy. Various news outlets around the world incorrectly suggested that people could lose social credit for playing too many video games. No video game playing metric

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remarked that the assumption by Western observers that the Social Credit System is an Orwellian surveillance system exaggerates the reality and purpose of the system in real life. Despite the claim, the social credit system is "an extension of bond issuance risk assessment credit ratings introduced

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published an article by Shazeda Ahmed, who argued that "oreign media has distorted the social credit system into a technological dystopia far removed from what is actually happening in China." She pointed out that common misconceptions included the beliefs that surveillance data is connected with a

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In an October 2022 study, professors from Princeton University, Freie Universität Berlin (Genia Kostka), and Pennsylvania State University discovered through a field survey of college students in China that “revealing the repressive potential of the SCS significantly reduces support for the system,

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to the public and is displayed online as well as at various public venues such as movie theaters and buses, while some cities have also banned children of "untrustworthy" residents from attending private schools and even universities. People with high credit ratings may receive rewards such as less

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The Social Credit System is meant to provide an answer to the problem of lack of trust on the Chinese market. As of 2020, the corporate regulation function of the system appears to be more advanced than other parts of the system and the "Corporate Social Credit System" has been the primary focus of

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After a blacklist decision becomes effective, the blacklisted party can file for credit repair. Through the credit repair process, a violator corrects the impact of the underlying violation and commits to abide by laws and regulations in the future. Companies undergoing credit repair typically must

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Many sectoral blacklists exist and are managed by a variety of regulatory and administrative bodies. Primarily, the penalties for being included on these blacklists are discretionary restrictions in administrative processes and interactions with the government. For example, regulators may exclude a

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As of 2023, the government has only created a system that is primarily focused on assessing businesses rather than on individuals, and consists of a database that collects the data on corporate regulation compliance from a number of government agencies. Kendra Schaefer, head of tech policy research

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argued that "there are no genuine protections for the people and entities subject to the system... In China there is no such thing as the rule of law. Regulations that can be largely apolitical on the surface can be political when the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) decides to use them for political

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In 2019, a Hebei court released an app showing a "map of deadbeat debtors" within 500 meters and encouraged users to report individuals who they believed could repay their debts. A spokesman of the court stated that "It's a part of our measures to enforce our rulings and create a socially credible

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Academic Vincent Brussee writes that as of 2023, "hundreds of headlines have discussed the system, but few have systematically broken down what the is and how it works. Some studies refer to the 'breathtaking' ambition of the system and the 'massive quantities of behavioural data' going into the

1283:(MERICS), the only social credit system programs that continue to have "personal scores" of individuals are strictly for issuing positive incentives only. Under some policies, higher scores can earn a participant cheaper public transportation, shorter security lines in subways, or tax reductions. 659:

Private companies have also signed contracts with provincial governments to set up the basic infrastructure for the Social Credit System at the provincial level. As of March 2017, 137 commercial credit reporting companies were active on the Chinese market. As part of the development of the Social

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focused primarily on economic activity in commerce, government affairs, social integrity, and judicial credibility. It set broad goals intended to be reached by 2020: (1) a reward and punishment mechanism should be fully effective, (2) a basic credit investigation that covers the whole of society

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in which individuals' every day behavior, down to the minutiae, were tracked and rated by other people and a "big brother" government. Since then, scholars and journalists have sought to dispel this dystopian depiction of the social credit system, but the image continued to live on, particularly

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establishes limitations on what types of credit information can be collected or used as a basis for social credit penalties or rewards. It describes three categories of data: (1) information that is appropriate for consideration, (2) information on violations that can be considered only when the

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emphasized that cities must establish transparent credit repair procedures handled within an appropriate timeframe. It also emphasized that cities should prevent the over generalization of the concept of credit, stating that individual behavior such as petitioning the government, unpaid property

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with roughly 32,000 names. The list has since been described as a first step towards a national Social Credit System by state-owned media. The SPC's blacklist is composed of Chinese citizens and companies that refuse to comply with court orders (typically court orders to pay a fine or to repay a

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began a research project on establishing a national credit management system. Huang contributed more than RMB 300,000 to fund the research initiative and sponsored fieldwork in the United States and Europe. In the United States, the research group studied and prepared translations of 17 American

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Following the release of Zhima Credit, there was significant media speculation that it might turn into a national social credit system by 2020. This did not occur. Zhima Credit and the other pilot initiatives were never linked to the broader financial system. Zhima Credit did not prove to be an

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mechanisms. It was an opt-in scoring initiative proposed to assess users' credit worthiness even if those users lacked formal credit history. It did not include standard industry metrics like income or debts, instead it assessed factors like user spending ability and whether users showed up for

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Chinese academics have produced a substantial body of work analyzing social credit in China. As of 2023, the large majority of Chinese scholarships accept the legitimacy of social credit as a whole, although there are also criticisms of different approaches or implementation efforts. In several

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published an article, claiming that the current punishment policies such as the blacklist do not overstep the limits of law. He argued that since 2014, China's Social Credit System and the credit system of the market had grown to complement each other, forming a mutually beneficial interaction.

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Since the early 2010s, there have been pilot programs started in a number of cities to test out and help build the future social credit system. However, many of these pilot programs were publicly criticised in the state media and failed to proceed. By 2019, the central authorities issued formal

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As of 2022, over 62 different Social Credit System pilot programs were implemented by local governments. The pilot programs began following the release of the 2014 "Planning Outline for the Construction of a Social Credit System" by Chinese authorities. The government oversees the creation and

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which had previously been the top policy organ for social credit issues. The initial blueprints of the Social Credit System were drafted in 2007 by government bodies. The social credit system also attempts to solve the moral vacuum problem, insufficient market supervision and income inequality

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explored the function of the Social Credit System and concluded that there were widespread misinterpretations regarding the function and mechanism of the SCS. The think tank found that misinformed perceptions of an algorithm-driven citizen-rating system are originated from early analyses that

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As currently envisioned, companies with good credit scores will enjoy benefits such as good credit conditions, lower tax rates, less custom checks, and more investment opportunities. Companies with bad credit scores will potentially face unfavorable conditions for new loans, higher tax rates,

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in which businesses exercise "self-restraint" (企业自我约束). The basic idea is that with a functional credit system in place, companies will comply with government policies and regulations to avoid having their scores lowered by disgruntled employees, customers or clients. For example, the central

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Inclusion on the no-ride list or no-fly list results from specific instances of misconduct on trains or planes. Misconduct resulting in inclusion on the no-ride or no fly lists can include violation of safety regulations, harassing other passengers or transportation workers, smoking, scalping

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The system includes sanctions for the offenders; unlike in the past where the offenders were punished by one supervising agency or court, they now face sanctions from multiple agencies, greatly increasing their effect. Though the sanctions are severe, they affect a small part of companies and

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The local government Social Credit System experiments are focused more on the construction of transparent rule-based systems, in contrast with the rating systems used in the commercial pilots. Citizens often begin with an initial score, to which points are added or deducted depending on their

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In 2019, high-level NDRC officials stated that over 10% of people blacklisted for their commission of tax fraud had repaid their taxes, that the bad credit rate had decreased by 22.7%, and that the proportion of companies blacklisted had decreased. In the view of these officials, these were

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In 2003, the State Council stated that the basic framework and operational mechanisms for a social credit should be established within five years. Most of the goals in this period were missed, although the financial aspects of social credit developed much further than non-financial aspects.

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Blacklisting is based on specific instances of misconduct, not any numerical score. The Central Government operates a number of national and regional blacklists based on various types of violations. The court system is available for businesses, organizations and individuals to appeal their

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There is no unified, numerical credit score for businesses or individuals, rather national and local platforms use different evaluation or rating systems. Due to the differences in various pilot programs and a fragment system structure, information regarding the scoring mechanism is often

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In 2020, the Supreme People's Court announced that a nationwide total of 7.51 million blacklisted judgment defaulters had fulfilled their legal obligations and been removed from the judgment defaulter blacklist, accounting for half of the blacklisted judgment defaulters as of that date.

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happen with China's Social Credit System have in some ways outstripped discussions about what's already really occurring...The exaggerated portrayals may also help to downplay surveillance efforts in other parts of the world." The rise of misconception, according to Jeremy Daum of

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basis and that social credit should not be applied in policy areas without sufficient consensus. It stated that credit repair processes must be improved, that blacklists must only be used in instances of severe harm, and that information security and privacy should be prioritized.

1808:, the regulatory method of SCS remained relatively crude. His research concluded that it is "... perhaps more accurate to conceive of the SCS as an ecosystem of initiatives broadly sharing a similar underlying logic, than a fully unified and integrated machine for social control." 1994:

compared the Chinese citizen score to other rating systems in the United Kingdom. These included using data from a citizen's credit score, phone usage, rent payment, and so on, to filter job applications, determine access to social services, determine advertisements served, etc.

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Social credit does not itself bring new restrictions; it focuses on increasing implementation of existing restrictions. Although the Chinese government announced in 2014 that it would implement a nationwide social credit system by 2020, as of 2023 no full-fledged system exists.

524:) which officials might refer to, but these systems do not provide the same degree and rapidity of feedback and consequences for Chinese citizens as the integrated electronic system because of the much greater difficulty of aggregating paper records for rapid, robust analysis. 1322:

may sue their children or other family members if the latter do not regularly visit the elderly and the courts in Shanghai may rule that the children or other family members must visit the elderly and, if rejected, the children or relevant family members will be blacklisted.

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A series of studies have concluded that social credit is well-received domestically. In a 2018 study, 80% of respondents either strongly approved or approved of China's Social Credit System, while one percent disapproved. The study was conducted by Professor Genia Kostka of

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Around 80% of Russians will reportedly get a digital profile that will document personal successes and failures in less than a decade under the government's comprehensive plans to digitize the economy. Observers have compared this to China's social credit system, although

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stated in her published paper that "if successful in effort, the Communist Party will possess a powerful means of quelling dissent, one that is comparatively low-cost and which does not require the overt (and unpopular) use of coercion by the state." In December 2017,

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whereas emphasizing its function in maintaining social order does not increase support.” Additionally, the professors found that a nationwide survey of Chinese netizens showed higher support for the SCS among Chinese citizens who learned about it through state media.

2027:, "an increasing number of societal "privileges" related to transportation, accommodations, communications and the rates US citizens pay for services (like insurance) are either controlled by technology companies or affected by how we use technology services. And 660:

Credit System, the Chinese government has been monitoring the progress of third-party Chinese credit rating systems. Ultimately, Chinese government dropped the support for privately developed credit rating system, and these pilot projects remained as corporate

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In November 2018, a detailed plan was produced for further implementation of the program for 2018–2020 in Beijing. The plans included blacklisting people from public transport and publicly disclosing individuals' and businesses' untrustworthiness ratings.

823:. According to academic Vincent Brussee, the draft "was deeply unsatisfactory to SCS observers worldwide. It did not stipulate anything not already regulated in one of the many recent documents on the system. The draft just copy-pasted bits form those." 1204:

is used as a mechanism to deter sanctioned individuals. Mugshots of blacklisted individuals are sometimes displayed on large LED screens on buildings or shown before the movie in movie theaters. Certain personal information of the blacklisted people is

1078:) (on a blacklist) and 4.37 million "dishonest" people had chosen to fulfill their duties required by the law. In July 2019, additional 2.56 million flight tickets as well as 90 thousand high-speed train tickets were denied to those on the blacklist. 1056:

company on a sectoral blacklist from participating in public procurement, revoke government funding or subsidies, cancel permits or revoke qualifications or certifications, or restrict the issuance of corporate bonds. Penalties cannot be developed

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As of 2020, non-government organizations receive 3.3% of all enforcement actions. Although the enforcement remain a small group in numerical terms, but their inclusion has an important implication as it affects foreign NGOs operated within China.

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in China are rewarded or punished based on a numerical "social credit score". The joke is often posed as a positive or negative action towards the Chinese government which affects the poster's "social credit score" positively or negatively.

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listed some factors which contributed to the misconception of China's credit system. The potential factors included the scale and variety of the social credit system program and the difficulties of comprehensive reporting that comes with

1164:, violating traffic rules such as jaywalking and red-light violations, making reservations at restaurants or hotels, but not showing up, failing to correctly sort personal waste, fraudulently using other people's public transportation 1187:, which controls the country's entry-exit checkpoints. Individuals with outstanding debts can be subject to exit bans and prevented from leaving the country as a way of encouraging or forcing the collection of debt. According to the 423:

The origin of the Social Credit System can be traced back to the early 1990s as part of attempts to develop personal banking and financial credit rating systems in China, and was inspired by Western commercial credit systems like

1961:, the Western narrative of the "social credit score" received widespread mockery and satirical comments from the Chinese Internet community, due to the Western perception being drastically different from the reality in China. 1107:

government attention. As of 2020, over 73.3% of the enforcement action since 2014 is targeted toward companies, the largest part of all enforcements, while around 1-2% of all companies were sanctioned by the system annually.

1477:, may be recorded in the credit profiles of the drivers; if the driver receives a traffic fine 5 times or more in a year or has 3 unresolved violations or more in a year, they will receive a negative record in their profile. 3406: 617:

should be established, (3) credit oversight mechanisms should be established, (4) credit service markets should be performing well, and (5) fundamental social credit laws, regulations, and standards should be established.

1180:, praising government efforts on social media and so on. However, due to the system mainly relying on digitized administrative documents, early efforts to integrate behavioral data into the system were mainly discarded. 1267:, the exception being the trial programs launched by some cities and communities. The actual policy varies greatly from city to city, and participation is voluntary. Local credit profiles are not shared between cities. 1159:

In addition to dishonest and fraudulent financial behavior, there have been proposals in some cities to officially list several behaviors as negative factors of credit ratings, including playing loud music or eating in

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which ranks "190 countries on the ease of doing business within their borders", China rose from 78th place in previous year to 46th place and Fan claimed that the Social Credit System has played an important role.

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In 2016, the State Council encouraged market entities to provide preferential treatment to those with outstanding financial credit records and differentiated services to those with seriously untrustworthy records.

565:, where friends and family members were deliberately pitted against each other and millions of Chinese were killed. The stated purpose of the social credit system is to help Chinese people trust each other again. 1774:

centralized database; that human activities online and offline are assigned with actual values that can be deducted and that every citizen in China has a numerical score that is calculated by computer algorithm.

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in 2019, city-level pilot projects for the social credit system have included rewarding individuals for aiding authorities in enforcing restrictions of religious practices, including coercing practitioners of

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development of these governmental pilots by requesting they each publish a regular "interdepartmental agreement on joint enforcement of rewards and punishments for 'trustworthy' and 'untrustworthy' conduct."

480:. The central government had not developed a specific vision for what a finished system might look like. Local governments were to develop pilot initiatives which could then guide the larger policy approach. 1716:

From 2017 to 2018, researchers argued that the credit system would be part of the government's plan to automate their authoritarian rule over the Chinese population. In June 2019, Samantha Hoffman of the

1046:

The Supreme People's Court's blacklist is one of its most important enforcement tools and its use has resulted in the recovery of tens of trillions of RMB for fines and delinquent repayments as of 2023.

1863:

In 2023, academic Filip Šebok wrote that perhaps the most common myth associated with social credit is that there is a single numerical score that records individuals' behavior. No such score exists.

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Scholars have conceptualized four different types of systems. These four systems are not interconnected, but relatively independent from each other with their own jurisdictions, rules and logic.

1695:

reported that business social credit systems in China were insufficient in deterring problematic business activities and that the social credit system was easy to game in favour of businesses.

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In fact, Alibaba's Sesame Credit has become so ubiquitous that is often conflated with the Social Credit System and has strongly contributed to the notion that a unified scoring system exists.

1511:

Starting 8 July 2019, moped drivers and pedestrians who make 5 or more traffic violations (including red-light violations) in a year will receive a negative record in their credit profiles in

733:

In July 2019, an NDRC spokesperson stated that at a press conference that "personal credit scores can be combined with incentives for trustworthiness, but cannot be used for punishments". The

1008:

violations. As of 2019, it typically took 2–5 years to be removed from the blacklist, but early removal is also possible if the blacklisted person "fulfills legal obligations or remedies".

719:. These pilots were deemed successful in their handling of "blacklists and 'redlists'", their creation of "credit sharing platforms" and their "data sharing efforts with the other cities". 1687:: that they infringed the legal rights of residents and organizations, possibly violated the principle of respecting and protecting human rights, especially the right to reputation, the 982:

Implementation of social credit is primarily focused on marketplace behavior. As of 2023, about 1% of companies and 0.3% of individuals receive social credit related penalties per year.

3804: 1747:

are rewarded and punished based on a numerical score (social credit score) assigned by the system, that its decisions are taken by AI and that it constantly monitors Chinese citizens.

1698:

China's Social Credit System has been implicated in a number of controversies. Western critics view social credit as an intrusive mechanism that infringes on privacy. In October 2018,

5348: 2338: 671:

and People's Bank of China selected "model cities" that demonstrated the steps needed to make a functional and efficient implementation of the Social Credit System. Among them are

1271:

clarification that "scores" can not be used to punish citizens. As a result, many pilot programs were discontinued, while some pilot cities revised their programs. Examples were

1890:, also rendered in English as Sesame Credit, is a private market credit initiative which ultimately became a loyalty program. It has frequently been mistaken for social credit. 737:

stated in July 2019 that claims that the social credit system will be rolled out in Hong Kong are "totally unfounded" and stated that the system will not be implemented there.

1389:, personal information of traffic violators is publicly displayed on the screens at traffic crosses and red-light violations may be recorded in credit profiles in the future. 912:

Blacklist system for discredited business organizations. This system is regulated by People's Bank of China financial credit-rating system and commercial credit-rating system.

3721: 1611:

Writing in 2023, academic Vincent Brussee observes that European misconceptions of social credit in China have become a source of amusement among Chinese Internet users.

849:

By 2023, most private social credit initiatives had been shut down by the People's Bank of China, and regulations had cracked down on most local scoring pilot programs.

1497:

who do not comply with the waste sorting rules of the city will receive a negative record in their credit profiles and will have to pay a corresponding amount of fine.

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has 1,872,316 (15 percent) participants and fewer regularly use the system. Scores are not shared between cities as the scoring criteria and mechanisms are different.

1446:

and crossing at a red light, once caught, will receive a negative record in their credit profiles. For residents under the age of 14 who violate traffic rules, their

5071: 4685:"China's controversial social credit system isn't just about punishing people — here's what you can do to get rewards, from special discounts to better hotel rooms" 5457: 2008: 3594:"The redlists are coming! The blacklists are coming! A concise articulation of the principle operational mechanism of Social Credit, industry-specific blacklists" 464:

released an essay by Zhu in which Zhu stated that China must "vigorously rectify social credit." In March 2000, Zhu delivered the government's work report to the

2419: 770:

Guiding Opinions on Further Improving Systems for Restraining the Untrustworthy and Building Mechanisms for Building Credit Worthiness that have Long-term Effect

3316:"China's 'social credit' system ranks citizens and punishes them with throttled internet speeds and flight bans if the Communist Party deems them untrustworthy" 870:

individuals. By publicizing these punishments and blacklists through state-media and through other agencies, the system is aimed to create a deterrence effect.

468:, in which Zhu talked about the need to rectify social credit in the context of supervision of financial institutions, fraud, tax evasion, and debt repayments. 2499: 5662: 5615: 477: 792:. Among its recommendations is that "AI systems should not be used for social scoring or mass surveillance purposes." China is a signatory of the document. 436:. The credit system aims to facilitate financial assessment in rural areas, where individuals and small business entities often lacked financial documents. 990:

National financial credit reporting for businesses and individuals is provided by the People's Bank of China, which does not assign any numerical scoring.

886: 5991: 6130: 1910:

effective credit evaluation mechanism because the data showed no statistically significant link between its metrics and a user's ability to repay loans.

1263:

Most initiatives under the social credit system do not involve actual numerical scores; instead, documentation of specific offenses is recorded in one's

5300: 4502: 1030:

Before 2013, the process of obtaining court-ordered enforcement against judgment debtors was fragmented. In 2013, the Supreme People's Court issued the

5475: 4043: 2433: 461: 444:, who approved it and in August 1999 ordered the People's Bank of China to take immediate action. In September 1999, the Institute of Economics of the 375:

systems in other countries. The program initiated regional trials in 2009, before launching a national pilot with eight credit scoring firms in 2014.

4393: 4709: 3173: 535: 5562: 4569: 4555: 6311: 5966: 3871: 2226: 3704: 1783:

stated that, "n the West, the system is highly controversial and often portrayed as an AI-powered surveillance regime that violates human rights

1279:, which changed their pilot program in 2021, so that it was strictly voluntary and can only issue rewards. According to a 2022 article from the 3956: 1148:

primarily focused on debt repayment, though major violations of the law have also been sanctioned. One major focus is that of the debt-dodger (

4920: 3338: 1743:, conflicting information and lack of comprehensive analysis. Examples of such popular misconceptions include a widespread misassumption that 6224: 5583: 5331: 838:, 210,059 users activated their social credit account, roughly 5 percent of the population of Xiamen; 60,000 or 1.5 percent of population in 3074:"Life Inside China's Social Credit Laboratory:The party's massive experiment in ranking and monitoring Chinese citizens has already started" 4977: 4445: 3841: 3502: 2135: 1246:

also found that “repressing protesters, petitioners, journalists, and political activists via the SCS is common among Chinese localities.”

4470: 4009: 2349: 2049:

started developing a smart-card ID known as the "carnet de la patria" or "fatherland card", with the help of the Chinese telecom company

1016:

or image files. Blacklisted parties are sometimes displayed in public settings, including on the Internet, in newspapers, or television.

6016: 1197:, or as a business executive. The Chinese government encourages checking whether candidates names' appear on the blacklist when hiring. 1183:

There are various punishments for debtors. Delinquent debtors are placed on blacklists maintained by Chinese courts and shared with the

6503: 5132: 668: 379: 4653: 3315: 1210:

waiting time at hospitals and government agencies, discounts at hotels, greater likelihood of receiving employment offers, and so on.

3657:"We're just data: Exploring China's social credit system in relation to digital platform ratings cultures in Westernised democracies" 2500:"China's Social Credit System: A big-data enabled approach to market regulation with broad implications for doing business in China" 1757:

reported that there existed misconceptions regarding the Social Credit System of China. It argued that "Western concerns about what

1629: 1130:

To improve credit score, companies need to conform to the government rules, such as following the COVID-19 containment guidelines.

620:

In 2015, the People's Bank of China licensed eight companies to begin a trial of social credit systems. Among these eight firms is

6203: 6061: 5009: 2567: 1691:

as well as personal dignity and overstepped the boundary of reasonable punishment. In May 2020, Chinese investigative media group

4596: 3771: 3434: 3106:"Debtors in China are placed on a blacklist that prohibits them from flying, buying train tickets, and staying at luxury hotels" 1541:, making reservations at hotels or restaurants, but not showing up, failing to pay cellphone bills promptly, failing to pick up 6478: 4220: 4191: 2713: 1921:

services and shopping platforms. PBOC decided not to extend the credit licenses of the eight private pilot programs from 2015.

1082: 316: 278: 1409:

residents who cheat in national, provincial or municipal examinations will receive a negative record in their credit profiles.

4819: 3053: 2731: 1718: 568:

One focus of social credit is to build judicial credibility through more effective enforcement of court orders. In 2013, the

3073: 2572: 1280: 456:

In January 2000, the research group from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences compiled their research into a text titled

407: 378:

The Social Credit System is an extension to the existing legal and financial credit rating system in China. Managed by the

3637: 3367: 1713:

criticized the social credit system, saying it would give CCP leader Xi Jinping "total control over the people of China".

5077: 1699: 1184: 1012:

2023 there is no uniform method for doing so. Some blacklist portals can be searched online while others are uploaded as

206: 6285: 6262: 4684: 4310: 3747: 3593: 1120: 445: 172: 5543:

Kostka, Genia (23 July 2018). "China's Social Credit Systems and Public Opinion: Explaining High Levels of Approval".

2411: 6244: 5522: 4621: 3005: 2014: 2004: 1739:

There has been a degree of misreporting and misconceptions in English-language mass media due to translation errors,

1515:. In some places, personal information of traffic violators is publicly displayed on the screens at traffic crosses. 5897: 5401: 5164: 3389: 2510: 2266: 1901:

mechanisms, they had little connection to the idea of social credit more broadly. Zhima Credit was one of the pilot

1655:

instances, academics' criticisms of social credit have been adopted and re-issued by state media outlets, including

6498: 6493: 4781: 2659: 2074: 1275:, which abandoned their initial program and, in 2019, revised it to be an "encouragement-only scheme". Another was 1194: 3243: 3618: 1976: 1086: 504:

The government of modern China has maintained systems of paper records on individuals and households such as the

6041: 5767: 2101: 6483: 6428: 5946: 491:

In 2007, the Inter-Ministerial Joint Conference on the Establishment of the SCS was established, replacing the

395: 58: 5882: 3105: 1537:

score". 25 types of residents' behavior will cost a drop in their credit scores, including cheating in online

1243: 812:

bans the consideration of private information like religious preferences or government petitioning activity.

531:, a policing strategy first implemented in select locations from 2001 and 2002 (during the administration of 465: 44: 5722: 5479: 6488: 3984: 3040:Šebok, Filip (2023). "Social Control and Propaganda". In Kironska, Kristina; Turscanyi, Richard Q. (eds.). 1933:

An example of a "social credit score" meme, with the Chinese letters ironically translating to "well done".

528: 6286:"Venezuela is rolling out a new ID card manufactured in China that can track, reward, and punish citizens" 3339:"China's social credit system has blocked people from taking 11 million flights and 4 million train trips" 1811:

In November 2018, Bing Song, director of the Berggruen Institute China Center, posted an opinion piece in

1337:

Beijing government officially announced that it will start to explore and test a "Personal Credit Score."

5898:"The Grand Experiment: Two decades on, China's social credit system is more dysfunctional than dystopian" 5814:"Constructing a Data-Driven Society: China's Social Credit System as a State Surveillance Infrastructure" 5458:"China blacklists millions of people from booking flights as dystopian 'social credit' system introduced" 1845:

In 2022, academics Diana Fu and Rui Hou noted the persistence of Western misconceptions in their article

765:

fees, running red lights (among other listed examples) must not be included in a person's credit record.

288: 4245: 4160: 3534: 652:

pilot programs would receive authorization to be official credit reporting systems. The reasons include

6468: 6381: 5864: 5563:"Study: More than two thirds of Chinese take a positive view of social credit systems in their country" 5246: 1420:

or fake ID cards or occupy the seats of others, may receive a negative record in their credit profiles.

945: 754: 309: 283: 3863: 6473: 6458: 6433: 5192: 4863: 4133: 3867: 1723: 1621: 1239: 569: 450: 387: 383: 367:(termed redlisting in China) and blacklisting. There is no universal social credit score or system. 200: 1860:

after the Trump administration started to use it as part of its anti-China policy in 2017 and 2018."

944:

Blacklist system for discredited individuals. Social trustworthiness system most closely relates to

4930: 4597:"A Chinese university suspended a student's enrolment because of his dad's bad social credit score" 3578: 1991: 1838: 1168:, etc.; on the other hand, including behavior listed as positive factors of credit ratings such as 488:

citizens as of 2019. Its records relate only to finance and does not have any blacklist mechanism.

6090: 5593: 4418: 3125: 2619: 6453: 6438: 5747: 5506: 4275: 4100: 3656: 2170: 1850: 1805: 1744: 831: 734: 593:

The State Council sought to accelerate the development of social credit and, in 2014, issued the

532: 505: 497: 268: 5928: 5688: 4987: 3837: 3512: 3292:

Creemers, Rogier (9 May 2018). "China's Social Credit System: An Evolving Practice of Control".

2459: 2297: 6463: 6448: 4835: 4480: 4021: 1580: 1569: 5798: 5548: 5332:"Pick up poo or we take the dog: Chinese city rolls out 'social credit' system for pet owners" 3297: 2375: 2208: 6443: 2231: 1779: 965:

Blacklist system for judgment defaulters. This system is regulated by Supreme People's Court.

585:

more vaguely defined). A lack of central coordination resulted in institutional bottlenecks.

501:

the social credit system traces its origin from both policing and work management practices.

302: 5142: 4892: 4570:"China could ban children from 'dishonest' families from schools under social credit system" 3556: 2641: 2136:"China is building a 'comprehensive system' for tracking companies' activities, report says" 1731:

described the proposed social credit system as "chilling" and filled with arbitrary abuses.

5818: 4661: 3961: 2376:"Rethinking the Social Credit System: A Long Road to Establishing Trust in Chinese Society" 1417: 1235: 1111: 653: 601:

was a major step in China's approach to developing a social credit system; before the 2014

248: 6225:"Uh-oh: Silicon Valley is building a Chinese-style social credit system In China, scoring" 3893: 3174:"Cashless Society, Cached Data Security Considerations for a Chinese Social Credit System" 3144: 8: 6373: 6046: 5514: 4952: 1893:

In 2015, the PBOC designated eight private companies to pilot personal credit reporting (

1813: 1378: 1276: 716: 562: 492: 360: 273: 4710:"China Media Bulletin: Social credit incentives, elite jailings, #MeTooUyghur (No. 133)" 3924: 2339:"Programming China: The Communist Party's autonomic approach to managing state security" 6062:"China's Social Credit System in 2021: From fragmentation towards integration | Merics" 5845: 5019: 5015: 4983: 4740: 4016: 3686: 3261: 2997: 2601:

Who Can You Trust? How Technology Brought Us Together – and Why It Could Drive Us Apart

1728: 1656: 1201: 1173: 1025: 6158:М.Акимов: Правительство не планирует создание системы социального рейтинга для граждан 4221:"Garbage-sorting violators in China now risk being punished with a junk credit rating" 3203:"China's social credit systems and public opinion: Explaining high levels of approval" 1709:

system premised on controlling virtually every facet of human life." In January 2019,

476:

In 2002, the construction of a social credit system was formally announced during the

5849: 5837: 5794: 5768:"George Soros Warns About China's Black Mirror-esque 'Social Credit System' at Davos" 5696: 5544: 5518: 5433: 5340: 4815: 4760: 3690: 3477: 3390:"China is implementing a massive plan to rank its citizens, and many of them want in" 3293: 3224: 3049: 3001: 2737: 2727: 2204: 2109: 1801: 1669: 1661: 1583:

in 2019 for dog owner offense which is linked to the owners' overall credit profiles.

1177: 6184: 6105:"80% of Russians Will Have State-Gathered 'Digital Profiles' by 2025, Official Says" 5992:"China's social credit system stopped millions of people from buying travel tickets" 4197: 4044:"Social credit system will not stop people using public services, Beijing says that" 5827: 5752: 5510: 4752: 4556:"Zhejiang Movie Theatre Displays Blacklisted Individuals in Avengers Movie Preview" 3676: 3668: 3214: 2717: 1868: 1688: 1638: 955: 934: 916: 902: 334: 81: 5793:

Fu, King-wa; Jiang, Min (15 November 2018). "Big Data, Big Brother, Big Profit?".

4069: 3957:"'Social credit' scoring: How China's Communist Party is incentivising repression" 1804:

stated that despite the Chinese government's intentions of utilizing big data and

5641: 1947: 1763: 1451: 1447: 1189: 1119:

government can use social credit data to offer risk-assessed grants and loans to

1114:

mechanism. The goal is to establish a self-enforcing regulatory regime fueled by

795:

Following their submission for public comment, China in December 2021 issued the

661: 605:, there had been only one high-level policy document (issued in 2007). Since the 550: 399: 225: 167: 138: 6337: 881: 6395: 6204:"Algorithms are taking over – and woe betide anyone they class as a 'deadbeat'" 5902: 4344:"How China's 'social credit' system blocked millions of people from travelling" 3752: 2028: 1917:

Ultimately Zhima Credit became a loyalty program that rewarded users for using

1828: 1792: 1766:, is contributed by translation errors, the difference in word usage and so on. 1740: 1546: 1206: 1169: 1152:), a phrase which refers to those who can pay their debts but choose not to. A 726:

described as the first step toward creating a nationwide social credit system.

542: 258: 230: 133: 3681: 3452: 2741: 2568:"China's Social Credit System in 2021: From fragmentation towards integration" 1363:

and sick people), could result in a negative record in local credit profiles.

6423: 6417: 6156: 5841: 5700: 5344: 4764: 4446:"Spend "frivolously" and be penalized under China's new social credit system" 3672: 3228: 3219: 3202: 2113: 2040: 1957: 1938: 1918: 1474: 1462: 1356: 1214: 1161: 1034:

which became the foundational regulation for the judgment defaulter blacklist

927: 629: 625: 621: 352: 143: 20: 6131:"Chinese-Style Social Credit System Is a 'Threat' to Russia, Deputy PM Says" 5812:

Liang, Fan; Das, Vishnupriya; Kostyuk, Nadiya; Hussain, Muzammil M. (2018).

4318: 3407:"China's plan to organize its society relies on 'big data' to rate everyone" 1982:

has denied that, saying a Chinese-style social credit system is a "threat".

1454:, otherwise the traffic violation will be recorded in their credit profiles. 6407: 6338:"China-style social credit system comes to Venezuela with 'Homeland Cards'" 6267: 6229: 5951: 4741:"Information Control and Public Support for Social Credit Systems in China" 2023: 1979: 1942: 1929: 1887: 1881: 1855: 1822: 1710: 1264: 637: 595:

Planning Outline for the Construction of a Social Credit System (2014-2020)

573: 515: 372: 364: 356: 253: 148: 119: 88: 24: 6091:"People Don't Understand China's Social Credit, and These Memes Are Proof" 3805:"How China's social credit system actually works – it's not how you think" 3722:"FICO with Chinese characteristics: Nice rewards, but punishing penalties" 2620:"People Don't Understand China's Social Credit, and These Memes Are Proof" 1442:

residents who are at least 14 years old who violate traffic rules such as

5411: 5373: 5301:"Forget to leash your dog? In China you could lose points – and your pet" 5270: 5216: 5170: 5102: 5041: 4631: 4528: 4368: 1875: 1682: 1677: 1676:, suggesting that some of the then-current credit policies violated the " 723: 546: 538: 391: 263: 182: 3654: 2031:'s rules for being allowed to use their services are getting stricter." 6312:"Chinese telecom giant 'helped Venezuela develop social credit system'" 2722: 2018: 1835: 1702: 1538: 1443: 1219: 441: 433: 5663:"In Depth: How Chinese Companies Can Get Off Social Credit Blacklists" 3638:"China's Corporate Social Credit System: What Businesses Need to Know" 1032:

Several Provisions on Announcement of the Judgment Defaulter Blacklist

878: 875: 27:, a private financial credit-scoring and loyalty program by Ant Group. 5832: 5813: 4782:"China's social credit score – untangling myth from reality | Merics" 4251: 4166: 3535:"Wenzhou Selected as a Model City in Building a Social Credit System" 3045: 2660:"China's social credit score – untangling myth from reality | Merics" 2102:"China Scores Businesses, and Low Grades Could Be a Trade-War Weapon" 2075:"China's social credit score – untangling myth from reality | Merics" 2046: 1706: 1534: 1470: 1413: 1406: 951: 641: 558: 5967:"China just announced a new social credit law. Here's what it means" 2227:"China just announced a new social credit law. Here's what it means" 1849:, stating, "Western media articles initially compared the system to 1416:

residents who fraudulently use other people's public-transportation

6042:"Opinion: The West may be wrong about China's social credit system" 4807: 4756: 2434:"What is China's social credit system and why is it controversial?" 1576: 1542: 1494: 1458: 1439: 1386: 1316: 1165: 1115: 843: 672: 554: 6390: 3772:"Far From a Panopticon, Social Credit Focuses on Legal Violations" 3706:

Commentary: Actually, China's social credit system isn't the first

2195:

Liu, Chuncheng (2019). "Multiple Social Credit Systems in China".

5616:"Doing Business 2019: A Year of Record Reforms, Rising Influence" 5138: 4394:"China's social credit system spreads to more daily transactions" 2994:

Social Credit: The Warring States of China's Emerging Data Empire

2710:

CPC Futures The New Era of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics

1512: 1382: 1352: 1319: 1272: 1227: 1223: 1123:(SMEs), encouraging banks to offer greater loan access for SMEs. 708: 700: 696: 684: 676: 633: 429: 3368:"Big data meets Big Brother as China moves to rate its citizens" 1110:

For businesses, the Social Credit System is meant to serve as a

5503:

High Wire: How China Regulates Big Tech and Governs Its Economy

1692: 1530: 1360: 835: 786:

United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization

785: 704: 692: 688: 680: 636:, and China's biggest ride-sharing and online-dating services, 577: 342: 1827:

in China in the 1980s" and primarily serves the function of a

5723:"How China Is Using Big Data to Create a Social Credit Score" 4503:"Court names and shames debtors in warm-up to Avengers movie" 2013:

Some media outlets have compared the social credit system to

1753: 1565: 1466: 1231: 830:

Though some reports stated social credit would be powered by

797:

National List of Basic Penalty Measures for Untrustworthiness

722:

By 2018, some restrictions had been placed on citizens which

6367: 6017:"Is China's social credit system as Orwellian as it sounds?" 1359:

systems, including playing loud music or eating (except for

5407: 5276: 5223: 5108: 5047: 4626: 4314: 873:

Social credit is an example of China's "top-level design" (

863: 839: 712: 549:

explained that Chinese society today is still deficient in

425: 6245:"America Isn't Far Off From China's 'Social Credit Score'" 5865:"The complicated truth about China's social credit system" 1705:

criticized the social credit system, describing it as "an

1450:

will need to take educational courses or complete certain

762:

City Credit Status Monitoring and Early Warning Indicators

2050: 1668:

In October 2019, Professor Kui Shen of the Law School of

1493:

Starting 1 August 2019, individuals and organizations in

1092: 1013: 496:

generated by the rapid economic and social changes since

5856: 3985:"Hebei court unveils program to expose deadbeat debtors" 3244:"Five misconceptions about China's Social Credit System" 2009:

Criticism of credit scoring systems in the United States

1937:

In 2021, the social credit system was popularized as an

4812:

The New China Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism

3619:"China's Social Credit System Is Actually Quite Boring" 2412:"China's Social Credit System: Speculation vs. Reality" 2100:

Stevenson, Alexandra; Mozur, Paul (22 September 2019).

1156:

blacklist is maintained by the Supreme People's Court.

23:, an interdisciplinary and distributive philosophy, or 5811: 5076:(in Chinese (China)). Credit Guangzhou. Archived from 3579:"Government clarifies reports on social credit system" 1876:

Misconceptions of Zhima Credit and 2015 pilot programs

1549:

or doing volunteer work may boost one's credit score.

1234:

practices. In an October 2022 study, professors from

6379: 6263:"China's social credit system coming towards America" 5929:"How the West Got China's Social Credit System Wrong" 5689:"How the West Got China's Social Credit System Wrong" 4660:(in Simplified Chinese). 19 July 2018. Archived from 2298:"How the West Got China's Social Credit System Wrong" 1722:

purposes." In August 2018, Professor Genia Kostka of

1628:

In August 2019, assistant researcher Zhengjie Fan of

760:

In 2020, the rights protection metrics in the NDRC's

478:

16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party

93: 3478:"China 'social credit': Beijing sets up huge system" 2566:

Drinhausen, Katja; Brussee, Vincent (3 March 2021).

887:

Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission

821:

Law on the Establishment of the Social Credit System

776:

was that new blacklists should not be created on an

609:

the State Council has issued new guidance annually.

4865:[东方时空]《上海市老年人权益保障条例》5月1日实施：拒不探望老人子女将入信用黑名单 4630:(in Chinese (China)). 9 August 2018. Archived from 2267:"China changes tack on 'social credit' scheme plan" 5330: 4739:Xu, Xu; Kostka, Genia; Cao, Xun (1 October 2022). 4392:West, Jack Karsten and Darrell M. (18 June 2018). 3748:"China's Orwellian Social Credit Score Isn't Real" 3124: 2265: 1287:Non-comprehensive examples of city trial policies 1258: 16:Chinese state-run system for evaluating businesses 5922: 5920: 4277:新《杭州市生活垃圾管理条例》审批通过垃圾不分类乱丢乱扔将被罚款并计入信用档案_省内要闻_平安浙江网 4196:(in Chinese). Credit China Suzhou. Archived from 3765: 3763: 3655:Karen Li Xan Wong and Amy Shields Dobson (2019), 2565: 2383:Symposium on Applications of Contextual Integrity 1847:Rating Citizens with China's Social Credit System 6415: 6219: 6217: 5947:"China's Social Credit System: Fact vs. Fiction" 2594: 2592: 2590: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 1964: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 1019: 801:National Directory of Public Credit Information 5917: 4419:"China penalises 6.7m debtors with travel ban" 3950: 3948: 3946: 3760: 3648: 3126:"China penalises 6.7m debtors with travel ban" 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2099: 1897:) mechanisms. Because the pilot programs were 1545:foods ordered, etc. On the other hand, making 1133: 527:The Social Credit System also originated from 6214: 5748:"The 'Mortal Danger' of China's Push Into AI" 4776: 4774: 3856: 2587: 2389: 985: 772:in November 2020. The central message of the 310: 63: 49: 5883:"China's Chilling 'Social Credit' Blacklist" 5862: 5661:Tailai, Zhou; Walsh, Matthew (27 May 2020). 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3702: 3635: 3067: 3065: 5984: 5660: 4738: 3943: 3636:Chipman Koty, Alexander (5 November 2019). 3469: 3287: 3285: 2708:Pieke, Frank N; Hofman, Bert, eds. (2022). 2707: 2528: 2015:credit scoring systems in the United States 1249: 1222:to renounce their beliefs and reporting on 1064: 6372: 5169:(in Chinese (China)). Sohu. Archived from 4771: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3612: 3610: 3099: 3097: 1579:Police Department intended to establish a 1085:. The no-ride list is administered by the 669:National Development and Reform Commission 440:economy. Huang sent her report to Premier 380:National Development and Reform Commission 317: 303: 5831: 4927:Beijing Municipal Commission of Transport 3823: 3680: 3387: 3361: 3359: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3309: 3307: 3218: 3071: 3062: 2721: 2426: 6201: 5939: 5926: 5720: 5590:China Institute of International Studies 5494: 4071:发改委：7月份全国限制购买动车高铁票9万人次防止失信"黑名单"认定泛化、扩大化 3457:(in Simplified Chinese). 9 December 2016 3291: 3282: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2497: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2295: 1928: 1630:China Institute of International Studies 5885:. Human Rights Watch. 12 December 2017. 5792: 5578: 5576: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5368: 5366: 5324: 5322: 5295: 5293: 3745: 3732: 3629: 3616: 3607: 3581:. Government of Hong Kong. 9 July 2019. 3365: 3094: 2991: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2703: 2701: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2598: 2336: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 6416: 6280: 6278: 5895: 5542: 5251:(in Chinese). China Central Television 5066: 5064: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4553: 4529:"加大曝光！这12名"老赖"登上了新昌影院大银幕，最高欠款2000多万元！" 4443: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4338: 4336: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4270: 4268: 4186: 4184: 4155: 4153: 4128: 4126: 4124: 3919: 3917: 3799: 3797: 3617:Brussee, Vincent (15 September 2021). 3475: 3429: 3427: 3401: 3399: 3356: 3326: 3304: 3241: 3200: 3137: 3116: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2714:National University of Singapore Press 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2642:"Mythbusting the social credit system" 2635: 2633: 2337:Hoffman, Samantha (12 December 2017). 1834:In October 2021, The Washington-based 1469:drivers, such as inappropriate use of 1093:Procedures for removal from blacklists 1083:Civil Aviation Administration of China 1050: 557:or to get in trouble even if they are 5721:Campbell, Charlie (23 January 2019). 5500: 5127: 5125: 5097: 5095: 4218: 4095: 4093: 3931:(in Simplified Chinese). 1 March 2017 3571: 3383: 3381: 3196: 3194: 3171: 3042:Contemporary China: a New Superpower? 3039: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2373: 2315: 2291: 2289: 2220: 2218: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2171:"The Messy Truth About Social Credit" 2168: 2133: 2069: 2067: 2065: 1924: 1719:Australian Strategic Policy Institute 885:) approach. It is coordinated by the 449:credit reporting laws, including the 5959: 5889: 5875: 5681: 5633: 5592:(in Chinese (China)). Archived from 5573: 5555: 5531: 5363: 5351:from the original on 12 January 2022 5319: 5290: 5239: 4929:(in Chinese (China)). Archived from 4890: 4800: 4594: 4479:(in Chinese (China)). Archived from 4391: 4020:(in Chinese (China)). Archived from 3954: 3838:"国务院关于印发社会信用体系建设规划纲要（2014—2020年）的通知" 3769: 3719: 3591: 3511:(in Chinese (China)). Archived from 3153:(in Chinese (China)). 5 January 2015 3122: 2607: 2573:Mercator Institute for China Studies 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2224: 2153: 1281:Mercator Institute for China Studies 892: 561:. He believes that it is due to the 408:Mercator Institute for China Studies 6275: 5896:Cheung, Rachel (17 December 2023). 5328: 5263: 5197:(in Chinese (China)). Shenzhen News 5061: 5002: 4969: 4945: 4806: 4727: 4646: 4614: 4595:Chan, Tara Francis (16 July 2018). 4588: 4562: 4521: 4354: 4333: 4296: 4265: 4238: 4181: 4150: 4121: 4036: 4002: 3914: 3794: 3746:Horsley, Jamie (16 November 2018). 3554: 3424: 3396: 3366:Botsman, Rachel (21 October 2017). 3313: 3165: 3014: 2748: 2678: 2630: 2422:from the original on 30 March 2021. 2367: 2194: 1081:The no-fly list is administered by 915:Government trustworthiness system ( 207:Social and Behavioral Sciences Team 13: 5515:10.1093/oso/9780197682258.001.0001 5122: 5092: 4535:(in Chinese (China)). 22 July 2019 4212: 4090: 3982: 3388:Mistreanu, Simina (3 April 2018). 3378: 3201:Kostka, Genia (13 February 2019). 3191: 3172:Ahmed, Shazeda (24 January 2017). 3072:Mistreanu, Simina (3 April 2018). 2639: 2480: 2461:国务院关于印发社会信用体系建设规划纲要（2014—2020年）的通知 2452: 2286: 2215: 2181: 2134:Cheng, Evelyn (4 September 2019). 2062: 1606: 1142: 790:Recommendation on the Ethics of AI 744: 446:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences 173:Affordable Care Act tax provisions 14: 6515: 6504:Internet memes introduced in 2021 6359: 5927:Matsakis, Louise (29 July 2019). 5194:深圳新交规：非机动车交通违法、一年3次违法未处理，都将纳入征信系统 4444:Nittle, Nadra (2 November 2018). 4348:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 3874:from the original on 5 April 2018 3476:Hatton, Celia (26 October 2015). 2385:: 28–29 – via Privaci.info. 2296:Matsakis, Louise (29 July 2019). 2246: 2005:Credit score in the United States 1985: 1734: 1074:who were deemed "untrustworthy" ( 973: 946:China's mass surveillance systems 901:Business trustworthiness system ( 458:National Credit Management System 6401: 6389: 6330: 6304: 6255: 6237: 6195: 6177: 6149: 6123: 6097: 6083: 6054: 6034: 6009: 5805: 5786: 5760: 5740: 5714: 5654: 5639: 5608: 5468: 5450: 5426: 5394: 5209: 5185: 5134:新条例解读 | 11月1日起，深圳这些交通违法行为将纳入征信体系 3955:Cook, Sarah (27 February 2019). 3844:from the original on 3 July 2017 3103: 2603:. London, UK: Portfolio Penguin. 2498:Meissner, Mirjam (24 May 2017). 1998: 1800:In May 2018, Rogier Creemers of 1101: 5476:"北京市进一步优化营商环境行动计划(2018年—2020年)" 5438:(in Chinese (China)). The Paper 5435:牵好你的狗！上海推出养犬信用积分制，将纳入征信体系！并且... 5329:Yan, Sophia (30 October 2018). 5157: 5034: 4913: 4884: 4856: 4828: 4702: 4676: 4547: 4495: 4463: 4437: 4411: 4385: 4135:不开玩笑！11月1日起，行人闯红灯和这些违法行为将纳入征信体系 4062: 3976: 3886: 3770:Daum, Jeremy (8 October 2021). 3713: 3696: 3585: 3548: 3527: 3495: 3445: 3435:"China through a glass, darkly" 3254: 3235: 3123:Yang, Yuan (15 February 2017). 2652: 2225:Yang, Zeyi (22 November 2022). 1259:Examples of city trial policies 1226:who publicly pray, fast during 1087:National Railway Administration 933:Social trustworthiness system ( 852: 588: 541:) in specific locations across 471: 406:this concept. According to the 6202:Williams, Zoe (12 July 2018). 6165:(in Russian). 10 November 2018 5272:南京行人年闯红灯5次将失信是加强违法行为制约还是滥用信用？ 4979:[及时点]行人闯红灯上"直播"，你还敢闯吗？ 4975: 4682: 4317:. 12 June 2019. Archived from 4311:"8月1日起，广州将霸座、骗保、考试作弊等将被纳入失信信息" 4219:Huang, Echo (8 January 2018). 3720:Ming, Cheang (16 March 2017). 3592:Daum, Jeremy (30 March 2018). 2127: 2093: 1075: 874: 521: 511: 347: 94: 64: 50: 1: 6479:Social information processing 5648:Public Law, Peking University 4891:Wang, Bin (31 January 2019). 4370:苏州人有自己的信用指标"桂花分"，它的高低对生活有啥影响？ 3983:Yu, Zhang (16 January 2019). 3703:Tom McGregor (2 March 2019), 2169:Ahmed, Shazeda (1 May 2019). 2056: 1965:Comparison to other countries 1853:of the British sci-fi series 1244:Pennsylvania State University 1002: 768:The State Council issued its 418: 5863:Nicole Kobie (7 June 2019). 5501:Zhang, Angela Huyue (2024). 5166:11月1日起，深圳行人闯红灯将纳入征信体系，小孩照样罚！ 4837:上海新规：子女拒不回家看看或影响当事人信用_新浪法院频道 4622:"高院教委出手：限制失信被执行人子女就读高收费民办学校" 4554:Koetse, Manya (3 May 2019). 2374:Zhong, Yuhao (Summer 2019). 2034: 1777:In March and February 2019, 1649: 1614: 1355:, inappropriate behavior in 1207:deliberately made accessible 1121:small and medium enterprises 1020:Judgment defaulter blacklist 993: 930:and government institutions. 926:Evaluation system targeting 553:. People often expect to be 529:grid-style social management 7: 5585:中国社会信用体系建设还需借鉴国际经验，但不接受妄语抹黑 5043:深圳上人脸识别闯红灯自动拍、不仅要罚还会影响未来... 4654:"河北衡水治理"老赖"出新招：限制其子女就读私立学校" 4162:7月8日起在南京一年闯红灯5次以上将记入个人信用记录 4138:(in Chinese). Shenzhen News 3925:"最高法明确"老赖"上榜期限：一般2年最长或为5年" 3900:Central Government of China 3864:"最高人民法院关于公布失信被执行人名单信息的若干规定" 3242:Sander, Ed (26 July 2021). 2466:Central Government of China 1213:According to Sarah Cook of 1185:Ministry of Public Security 1134:For government institutions 289:Design for behaviour change 10: 6520: 5375:济南"养犬计分制"实施细则公布 4种违规情况要被扣分 5104:提醒！深圳新交规即将实施，11月1日起重罚这些行为! 3558:"The" Social Credit System 2640:Yu, Cindy (13 June 2023). 2038: 2002: 1879: 1438:Starting 1 November 2019, 1200:In certain test programs, 1023: 986:Financial credit reporting 466:National People's Congress 413: 284:IT-backed authoritarianism 18: 5403:牵好你的狗！上海推出养犬信用积分制，将纳入征信体系 4957:(in Chinese (China)). 新京报 4247:《上海市生活垃圾管理条例》全文公布 7月1日起施行 4102:《北京市轨道交通乘客守则》今起实施车厢内禁止进食 3866:(in Simplified Chinese). 3439:www.chinalawtranslate.com 3146:人民银行印发《关于做好个人征信业务准备工作的通知》 2992:Brussee, Vincent (2023). 1969: 1724:Free University of Berlin 1622:Free University of Berlin 959: 938: 920: 906: 862:conflicting. Inspired by 842:participated the system; 572:(SPC) of China started a 451:Fair Credit Reporting Act 338: 201:Behavioural Insights Team 105: 87: 80: 75: 71: 57: 43: 39: 34: 6157: 5642: 5584: 5567:Freie Universität Berlin 5434: 5402: 5374: 5305:South China Morning Post 5271: 5247: 5217: 5193: 5165: 5133: 5103: 5072: 5042: 5010: 4978: 4953: 4921: 4893: 4870:China Central Television 4864: 4836: 4507:South China Morning Post 4471: 4369: 4276: 4246: 4192: 4161: 4134: 4101: 4070: 4048:South China Morning Post 4010: 3894: 3809:South China Morning Post 3673:10.1177/2059436419856090 3555:CCC (28 December 2018), 3503: 3453: 3262: 3220:10.1177/1461444819826402 3145: 2599:Botsman, Rachel (2017). 2460: 2438:South China Morning Post 1992:New Economics Foundation 1839:The Jamestown Foundation 1461:, traffic violations of 1412:Starting 1 August 2019, 1405:Starting 1 August 2019, 1250:For social organizations 1240:Freie Universität Berlin 1065:No-fly and no-ride lists 220:Nudge theory in business 59:Traditional Chinese 19:Not to be confused with 6499:Government by algorithm 6494:Sociology of technology 5507:Oxford University Press 4901:(in Simplified Chinese) 4745:The Journal of Politics 3895:一批新规5月施行 "老赖"名单期限最长可达5年 3207:New Media & Society 1806:artificial intelligence 1195:state-owned enterprises 832:artificial intelligence 533:Chinese Communist Party 498:Chinese economic reform 359:being developed by the 269:Libertarian paternalism 45:Simplified Chinese 5406:(in Chinese (China)). 5218:新修改的《杭州市生活垃圾管理条例》全文来啦！ 5137:(in Chinese (China)). 5107:(in Chinese (China)). 5073:广州将出新规：高铁霸座、考试作弊纳入失信信息 5011:深圳：闯红灯就"露脸" 隐私泄漏风险引发争议 4477:www.creditchina.gov.cn 4107:politics.people.com.cn 3868:Supreme People's Court 3661:Global Media and China 1934: 1914:was ever implemented. 784:In November 2021, the 741:"remarkable results." 570:Supreme People's Court 388:Supreme People's Court 384:People's Bank of China 6484:Technology in society 6429:Reputation management 6021:MIT Technology Review 5996:MIT Technology Review 5971:MIT Technology Review 5819:Policy & Internet 5650:(in Chinese (China)). 4193:这25条都将被列入个人征信不良，不可不知! 3989:www.chinadaily.com.cn 2232:MIT Technology Review 1977:Deputy Prime Minister 1932: 1780:MIT Technology Review 1672:published a paper in 1315:Starting 1 May 2016, 954:public trust system ( 667:In December 2017 the 396:intellectual property 6185:"What's your score?" 5382:(in Chinese (China)) 5248:南京：行人闯红灯等行为将计入个人信用档案 4872:(in Chinese (China)) 4844:(in Chinese (China)) 4814:. New York: Viking. 4658:school.ieduchina.com 4284:(in Chinese (China)) 4109:(in Chinese (China)) 4078:(in Chinese (China)) 3962:Hong Kong Free Press 3902:(in Chinese (China)) 3270:(in Chinese (China)) 3263:关于百行征信有限公司(筹)相关情况的公示 3104:Chan, Tara Francis. 2468:(in Chinese (China)) 2346:MERICS CHINA MONITOR 1418:identification cards 1236:Princeton University 735:Hong Kong Government 654:conflict of interest 331:Social Credit System 249:Behavioral economics 178:Social Credit System 35:Social Credit System 6489:Information society 6251:. 19 February 2018. 6111:. 28 September 2018 6047:The Washington Post 5596:on 13 November 2019 5464:. 22 November 2018. 5080:on 10 November 2019 4933:on 12 November 2019 4899:Beijing Youth Daily 4842:finance.sina.com.cn 4664:on 10 November 2019 4634:on 12 February 2021 4483:on 10 November 2019 4321:on 10 November 2019 3709:, Channel News Asia 3441:. 24 December 2017. 2355:on 27 November 2018 1814:The Washington Post 1700:U.S. Vice President 1674:China Legal Science 1635:Doing Business 2019 1288: 1176:, volunteering for 1051:Sectoral blacklists 788:(UNESCO) adopted a 753:As a result of the 563:Cultural Revolution 493:leading small group 361:government of China 348:shèhuì xìnyòng tǐxì 274:Choice architecture 195:Government agencies 162:Government programs 114:Part of a series on 95:shèhuì xìnyòng tǐxì 6344:. 16 November 2018 6318:. 16 November 2018 6137:. 12 November 2018 6093:. 25 October 2021. 5756:. 24 January 2019. 5482:on 25 January 2019 5414:on 9 November 2019 5173:on 9 November 2019 5145:on 9 November 2019 5022:on 9 November 2019 4788:. 11 February 2022 4425:. 15 February 2017 4373:(in Chinese). Sohu 4200:on 9 November 2019 3682:20.500.11937/81128 3504:首批社会信用体系建设示范城市名单公布 2998:Palgrave MacMillan 2723:10.56159/eai.52060 2716:. pp. 78–82. 2666:. 11 February 2022 2626:. 25 October 2021. 2197:Economic Sociology 2106:The New York Times 2081:. 11 February 2022 1935: 1925:In popular culture 1790:In November 2018, 1729:Human Rights Watch 1529:Starting in 2016, 1286: 1202:public humiliation 1178:community services 1026:Judgment defaulter 815:The December 2021 810:National Directory 805:National Directory 279:Social engineering 6469:Politics of China 6233:. 26 August 2019. 5774:. 25 January 2019 5307:. 28 October 2018 4821:978-1-9848-7828-1 3178:www.citizenlab.ca 3055:978-1-03-239508-1 2733:978-981-18-5206-0 1906:travel bookings. 1802:Leiden University 1670:Peking University 1604: 1603: 1320:elderly residents 1230:or perform other 1112:market regulation 893:Conceptualization 755:COVID-19 pandemic 724:state-owned media 607:Planning Outline, 536:General Secretary 327: 326: 128:Social scientists 109: 108: 101: 100: 82:Standard Mandarin 6511: 6474:Society of China 6459:Social influence 6434:Finance in China 6406: 6405: 6404: 6394: 6393: 6385: 6376: 6371: 6370: 6368:Official website 6354: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6334: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6290:Business Insider 6282: 6273: 6272: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6221: 6212: 6211: 6199: 6193: 6192: 6189:neweconomics.org 6181: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6170: 6163:www.mskagency.ru 6153: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6135:The Moscow Times 6127: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6109:The Moscow Times 6101: 6095: 6094: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6075: 6073: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6038: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6013: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6002: 5988: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5963: 5957: 5956: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5924: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5893: 5887: 5886: 5879: 5873: 5872: 5860: 5854: 5853: 5835: 5833:10.1002/poi3.183 5809: 5803: 5802: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5744: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5718: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5637: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5612: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5580: 5571: 5570: 5559: 5553: 5552: 5540: 5529: 5528: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5478:. Archived from 5472: 5466: 5465: 5454: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5430: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5410:. Archived from 5398: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5370: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5334: 5326: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5297: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5141:. Archived from 5129: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5099: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5068: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5018:. Archived from 5006: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4986:. Archived from 4973: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4778: 4769: 4768: 4751:(4): 2230–2245. 4736: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4689:Business Insider 4680: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4601:Business Insider 4592: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4389: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4365: 4352: 4351: 4340: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4307: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4282:www.pazjw.gov.cn 4272: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4188: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4157: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4130: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4097: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3952: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3921: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3870:. 2 March 2017. 3860: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3834: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3811:. 7 January 2023 3801: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3767: 3758: 3757: 3743: 3730: 3729: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3684: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3614: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3454:联合信用助力新疆社会信用体系建设 3449: 3443: 3442: 3431: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3403: 3394: 3393: 3385: 3376: 3375: 3363: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3343:Business Insider 3335: 3324: 3323: 3320:Business Insider 3314:Canales, Katie. 3311: 3302: 3301: 3289: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3222: 3213:(7): 1565–1593. 3198: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3128: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3110:Business Insider 3101: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3078: 3069: 3060: 3059: 3037: 3012: 3011: 2989: 2746: 2745: 2725: 2705: 2676: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2637: 2628: 2627: 2616: 2605: 2604: 2596: 2585: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2563: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2516:on 17 March 2018 2515: 2509:. Archived from 2504: 2495: 2478: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2430: 2424: 2423: 2408: 2387: 2386: 2380: 2371: 2365: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2354: 2348:. Archived from 2343: 2334: 2313: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2293: 2284: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2269: 2261: 2244: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2222: 2213: 2212: 2192: 2179: 2178: 2166: 2151: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2071: 1869:Chinese Whispers 1831:assessment tool. 1745:Chinese citizens 1689:right to privacy 1639:World Bank Group 1289: 1285: 1077: 961: 940: 922: 908: 884: 774:Guiding Opinions 662:loyalty programs 628:and operated by 614:Planning Outline 603:Planning Outline 599:Planning Outline 523: 513: 351:) is a national 349: 340: 319: 312: 305: 243:Related concepts 111: 110: 97: 96: 73: 72: 67: 66: 53: 52: 32: 31: 6519: 6518: 6514: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6509: 6508: 6414: 6413: 6412: 6402: 6400: 6388: 6380: 6366: 6365: 6362: 6357: 6347: 6345: 6336: 6335: 6331: 6321: 6319: 6310: 6309: 6305: 6295: 6293: 6284: 6283: 6276: 6261: 6260: 6256: 6243: 6242: 6238: 6223: 6222: 6215: 6200: 6196: 6183: 6182: 6178: 6168: 6166: 6159: 6155: 6154: 6150: 6140: 6138: 6129: 6128: 6124: 6114: 6112: 6103: 6102: 6098: 6089: 6088: 6084: 6071: 6069: 6060: 6059: 6055: 6040: 6039: 6035: 6025: 6023: 6015: 6014: 6010: 6000: 5998: 5990: 5989: 5985: 5975: 5973: 5965: 5964: 5960: 5945: 5944: 5940: 5925: 5918: 5908: 5906: 5894: 5890: 5881: 5880: 5876: 5861: 5857: 5810: 5806: 5791: 5787: 5777: 5775: 5766: 5765: 5761: 5746: 5745: 5741: 5731: 5729: 5719: 5715: 5705: 5703: 5687: 5686: 5682: 5672: 5670: 5659: 5655: 5644: 5638: 5634: 5624: 5622: 5614: 5613: 5609: 5599: 5597: 5586: 5582: 5581: 5574: 5569:. 23 July 2018. 5561: 5560: 5556: 5541: 5532: 5525: 5499: 5495: 5485: 5483: 5474: 5473: 5469: 5462:The Independent 5456: 5455: 5451: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5432: 5431: 5427: 5417: 5415: 5404: 5400: 5399: 5395: 5385: 5383: 5376: 5372: 5371: 5364: 5354: 5352: 5327: 5320: 5310: 5308: 5299: 5298: 5291: 5281: 5279: 5273: 5269: 5268: 5264: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5245: 5244: 5240: 5230: 5228: 5219: 5215: 5214: 5210: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5176: 5174: 5167: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5148: 5146: 5135: 5131: 5130: 5123: 5113: 5111: 5105: 5101: 5100: 5093: 5083: 5081: 5074: 5070: 5069: 5062: 5052: 5050: 5044: 5040: 5039: 5035: 5025: 5023: 5012: 5008: 5007: 5003: 4993: 4991: 4980: 4974: 4970: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4954:行人闯红灯路口大屏幕"直播" 4951: 4950: 4946: 4936: 4934: 4923: 4919: 4918: 4914: 4904: 4902: 4895: 4889: 4885: 4875: 4873: 4866: 4862: 4861: 4857: 4847: 4845: 4838: 4834: 4833: 4829: 4822: 4805: 4801: 4791: 4789: 4780: 4779: 4772: 4737: 4728: 4718: 4716: 4708: 4707: 4703: 4693: 4691: 4683:Ma, Alexandra. 4681: 4677: 4667: 4665: 4652: 4651: 4647: 4637: 4635: 4620: 4619: 4615: 4605: 4603: 4593: 4589: 4579: 4577: 4576:. 13 March 2019 4574:The Independent 4568: 4567: 4563: 4552: 4548: 4538: 4536: 4527: 4526: 4522: 4512: 4510: 4509:. 25 April 2019 4501: 4500: 4496: 4486: 4484: 4473: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4454: 4452: 4442: 4438: 4428: 4426: 4423:Financial Times 4417: 4416: 4412: 4402: 4400: 4390: 4386: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4367: 4366: 4355: 4350:. 7 March 2019. 4342: 4341: 4334: 4324: 4322: 4309: 4308: 4297: 4287: 4285: 4278: 4274: 4273: 4266: 4256: 4254: 4248: 4244: 4243: 4239: 4229: 4227: 4217: 4213: 4203: 4201: 4194: 4190: 4189: 4182: 4172: 4170: 4163: 4159: 4158: 4151: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4132: 4131: 4122: 4112: 4110: 4103: 4099: 4098: 4091: 4081: 4079: 4072: 4068: 4067: 4063: 4053: 4051: 4042: 4041: 4037: 4027: 4025: 4024:on 24 July 2019 4012: 4011:2682万人次因失信被限制乘机 4008: 4007: 4003: 3993: 3991: 3981: 3977: 3967: 3965: 3953: 3944: 3934: 3932: 3923: 3922: 3915: 3905: 3903: 3896: 3892: 3891: 3887: 3877: 3875: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3847: 3845: 3836: 3835: 3824: 3814: 3812: 3803: 3802: 3795: 3785: 3783: 3768: 3761: 3744: 3733: 3718: 3714: 3701: 3697: 3653: 3649: 3634: 3630: 3615: 3608: 3598: 3596: 3590: 3586: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3563: 3561: 3553: 3549: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3518: 3516: 3509:www.ndrc.gov.cn 3505: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3486: 3484: 3474: 3470: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3451: 3450: 3446: 3433: 3432: 3425: 3415: 3413: 3411:Washington Post 3405: 3404: 3397: 3386: 3379: 3364: 3357: 3347: 3345: 3337: 3336: 3327: 3312: 3305: 3290: 3283: 3273: 3271: 3264: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3240: 3236: 3199: 3192: 3182: 3180: 3170: 3166: 3156: 3154: 3147: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3131:Financial Times 3121: 3117: 3102: 3095: 3085: 3083: 3076: 3070: 3063: 3056: 3038: 3015: 3008: 2990: 2749: 2734: 2706: 2679: 2669: 2667: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2638: 2631: 2618: 2617: 2608: 2597: 2588: 2578: 2576: 2564: 2529: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2502: 2496: 2481: 2471: 2469: 2462: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2443: 2441: 2440:. 9 August 2020 2432: 2431: 2427: 2410: 2409: 2390: 2378: 2372: 2368: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2341: 2335: 2316: 2306: 2304: 2294: 2287: 2277: 2275: 2272:Financial Times 2264: 2262: 2247: 2237: 2235: 2223: 2216: 2193: 2182: 2167: 2154: 2144: 2142: 2132: 2128: 2118: 2116: 2098: 2094: 2084: 2082: 2073: 2072: 2063: 2059: 2043: 2037: 2017:. According to 2011: 2001: 1988: 1972: 1967: 1927: 1884: 1878: 1820:In March 2021, 1764:Yale University 1737: 1652: 1617: 1609: 1607:Public opinions 1547:blood donations 1533:city launched " 1452:social services 1448:legal guardians 1261: 1252: 1190:Financial Times 1145: 1143:For individuals 1136: 1104: 1095: 1067: 1053: 1028: 1022: 1005: 996: 988: 976: 895: 855: 747: 745:2020 to present 591: 474: 421: 416: 400:financial fraud 386:(PBOC) and the 323: 294: 293: 244: 236: 235: 226:Loyalty program 221: 213: 212: 196: 188: 187: 168:Race to the Top 163: 155: 154: 153: 139:Shlomo Benartzi 129: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6517: 6507: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6454:Social systems 6451: 6446: 6441: 6439:Credit scoring 6436: 6431: 6426: 6411: 6410: 6398: 6378: 6377: 6361: 6360:External links 6358: 6356: 6355: 6329: 6303: 6274: 6271:. 1 June 2019. 6254: 6236: 6213: 6194: 6176: 6148: 6122: 6096: 6082: 6068:. 3 March 2021 6053: 6033: 6008: 5983: 5958: 5955:. 3 July 2021. 5938: 5916: 5903:The Wire China 5888: 5874: 5855: 5826:(4): 415–453. 5804: 5785: 5759: 5739: 5713: 5680: 5653: 5632: 5607: 5572: 5554: 5530: 5523: 5493: 5467: 5449: 5425: 5393: 5362: 5318: 5289: 5275:(in Chinese). 5262: 5238: 5208: 5184: 5156: 5121: 5091: 5060: 5046:(in Chinese). 5033: 5014:(in Chinese). 5001: 4982:(in Chinese). 4968: 4944: 4912: 4894:北京将探索推行"个人诚信分" 4883: 4855: 4827: 4820: 4799: 4770: 4757:10.1086/718358 4726: 4701: 4675: 4645: 4613: 4587: 4561: 4546: 4520: 4494: 4462: 4436: 4410: 4384: 4353: 4332: 4313:(in Chinese). 4295: 4264: 4250:(in Chinese). 4237: 4211: 4180: 4165:(in Chinese). 4149: 4120: 4089: 4061: 4050:. 19 July 2019 4035: 4001: 3975: 3942: 3913: 3885: 3855: 3822: 3793: 3759: 3753:Foreign Policy 3731: 3712: 3695: 3667:(2): 220–232, 3647: 3642:China Briefing 3628: 3606: 3584: 3570: 3547: 3526: 3494: 3468: 3444: 3423: 3395: 3377: 3355: 3325: 3303: 3281: 3268:www.pbc.gov.cn 3253: 3234: 3190: 3164: 3136: 3115: 3093: 3081:FOREIGN POLICY 3061: 3054: 3013: 3006: 2747: 2732: 2677: 2651: 2629: 2606: 2586: 2527: 2507:www.merics.org 2479: 2451: 2425: 2388: 2366: 2314: 2285: 2263:Hornby, Lucy. 2245: 2214: 2180: 2175:logic magazine 2152: 2126: 2092: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2039:Main article: 2036: 2033: 2029:Silicon Valley 2000: 1997: 1987: 1986:United Kingdom 1984: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1926: 1923: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1872: 1864: 1861: 1843: 1832: 1829:financial risk 1818: 1809: 1798: 1793:Foreign Policy 1788: 1775: 1767: 1751:In July 2019, 1741:sensationalism 1736: 1735:Misconceptions 1733: 1662:People's Daily 1651: 1648: 1616: 1613: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1587: 1586: 1585: 1584: 1574: 1568:city launched 1561: 1558: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1516: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1499: 1498: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1478: 1455: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1424: 1423: 1422: 1421: 1410: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1391: 1390: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1365: 1364: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1324: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1265:credit profile 1260: 1257: 1251: 1248: 1172:, donating to 1170:donating blood 1162:rapid transits 1144: 1141: 1135: 1132: 1103: 1100: 1094: 1091: 1066: 1063: 1052: 1049: 1043:environment." 1021: 1018: 1004: 1001: 995: 992: 987: 984: 975: 974:Implementation 972: 967: 966: 963: 949: 942: 931: 928:civil servants 924: 913: 910: 894: 891: 854: 851: 746: 743: 590: 587: 543:mainland China 473: 470: 420: 417: 415: 412: 373:credit scoring 325: 324: 322: 321: 314: 307: 299: 296: 295: 292: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 259:Default effect 256: 251: 245: 242: 241: 238: 237: 234: 233: 231:Safety culture 228: 222: 219: 218: 215: 214: 211: 210: 204: 197: 194: 193: 190: 189: 186: 185: 180: 175: 170: 164: 161: 160: 157: 156: 152: 151: 146: 141: 136: 134:Richard Thaler 130: 127: 126: 123: 122: 116: 115: 107: 106: 103: 102: 99: 98: 91: 85: 84: 78: 77: 76:Transcriptions 69: 68: 61: 55: 54: 47: 41: 40: 37: 36: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6516: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6464:Social impact 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6449:Social status 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6409: 6399: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6386: 6383: 6375: 6369: 6364: 6363: 6343: 6339: 6333: 6317: 6313: 6307: 6291: 6287: 6281: 6279: 6270: 6269: 6264: 6258: 6250: 6246: 6240: 6232: 6231: 6226: 6220: 6218: 6209: 6205: 6198: 6190: 6186: 6180: 6164: 6160: 6152: 6136: 6132: 6126: 6110: 6106: 6100: 6092: 6086: 6079: 6067: 6063: 6057: 6049: 6048: 6043: 6037: 6022: 6018: 6012: 5997: 5993: 5987: 5972: 5968: 5962: 5954: 5953: 5948: 5942: 5934: 5930: 5923: 5921: 5905: 5904: 5899: 5892: 5884: 5878: 5870: 5866: 5859: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5820: 5815: 5808: 5800: 5796: 5789: 5773: 5769: 5763: 5755: 5754: 5749: 5743: 5728: 5724: 5717: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5684: 5668: 5664: 5657: 5649: 5645: 5643:社会信用体系建设的法治之道 5636: 5621: 5617: 5611: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5579: 5577: 5568: 5564: 5558: 5550: 5546: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5526: 5524:9780197682258 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5497: 5481: 5477: 5471: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5437: 5429: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5397: 5381: 5377: 5369: 5367: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5337:The Telegraph 5333: 5325: 5323: 5306: 5302: 5296: 5294: 5278: 5274: 5266: 5250: 5242: 5226: 5225: 5220: 5212: 5196: 5188: 5172: 5168: 5160: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5128: 5126: 5110: 5106: 5098: 5096: 5079: 5075: 5067: 5065: 5049: 5045: 5037: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5005: 4990:on 3 May 2018 4989: 4985: 4981: 4972: 4956: 4948: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4916: 4900: 4896: 4887: 4871: 4867: 4859: 4843: 4839: 4831: 4823: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4803: 4787: 4783: 4777: 4775: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4715: 4714:Freedom House 4711: 4705: 4690: 4686: 4679: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4649: 4633: 4629: 4628: 4623: 4617: 4602: 4598: 4591: 4575: 4571: 4565: 4557: 4550: 4534: 4530: 4524: 4508: 4504: 4498: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4466: 4451: 4447: 4440: 4424: 4420: 4414: 4399: 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