431:, which provided aid to families headed by single mothers. Roosevelt believed that social security should cover everyone, stating that âI see no reason why every child, from the day his born, shouldnât be a member of the social security system. When he begins to grow up, he should know he will have old-age benefits direct from the insurance system to which he will belong all his life. If he is out of work, he gets a benefit. If he is sick or crippled, he gets a benefitâŚ.I donât see why not. Cradle to the grave-from the cradle to the grave they ought to be in a social insurance system.â Compared with the social security systems in Western Europe, the Social Security Act of 1935 was rather conservative. However, it was the first time that the federal government took responsibility for the economic security of the aged, the temporarily unemployed, dependent children, and the handicapped.
871:. On February 5, 1937, he sent a special message to Congress proposing legislation granting the President new powers to add additional judges to all federal courts whenever there were sitting judges age 70 or older who refused to retire. The practical effect of this proposal was that the President would get to appoint six new Justices to the Supreme Court (and 44 judges to lower federal courts), thus instantly tipping the political balance on the Court dramatically in his favor. The debate on this proposal lasted over six months. Beginning with a set of decisions in March, April, and May 1937 (including the Social Security Act cases), the Court would sustain a series of New Deal legislation.
36:
364:
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economy, and decrease the supply of labor. In 1934, the Dill-Connery bill for federal funding of state pensions programs, passed the House of
Representatives and came near passage in the Senate that May. According to one study, âRoosevelt took âno open stand on the bill, but called supporters to the White House and persuaded them to delay passage until the administration prepared its own, "more comprehensive version.ââ That same year Roosevelt charged the Committee on Economic Security, chaired by Secretary of Labor
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644:
3381:
926:. In spite of widespread speculation that Roberts only agreed to join the court's majority in upholding New Deal legislation, such as the Social Security Act, during the spring of 1937 because of the court packing plan, Hughes wrote in his autobiographical notes that Roosevelt's court reform proposal "had not the slightest effect on our decision" in the
427:, and Social Security benefits were based on how much each individual had paid into the system, the program would not contribute to income redistribution in the way that some reformers, including Perkins, had hoped. In addition to creating the program, the Social Security Act also established a state-administered unemployment insurance system and the
954:, finding the minimum wage statute constitutional, would stand. As Hughes desired a clear and strong 5â4 affirmation of the Washington Supreme Court judgment, rather than a 4â4 default affirmation, he convinced the other justices to wait until Stone's return before both deciding and announcing the case.
410:
expanded to provide payments to widows and dependents of Social
Security recipients. Job categories that were not covered by the act included workers in agricultural labor, domestic service, government employees, and many teachers, nurses, hospital employees, librarians, and social workers. As a result,
1106:
During the 1950s, those over 65 continued to have the highest poverty rate of any age group in the U.S. with the largest percentage of the nation's wealth concentrated in the hands of
Americans under 35. By 2010, that figure had dramatically reversed itself with the largest percentage of wealth being
54:
An Act to provide for the general welfare by establishing a system of
Federal old-age benefits, and by enabling the several States to make more adequate provision for aged persons, dependent and crippled children, maternal and child welfare, public health, and the administration of their unemployment
405:
program. The proposal for a national health care system was dropped, but the committee developed an unemployment insurance program that would be largely administered by the states. The committee also developed an old-age plan; at
Roosevelt's insistence, it would be funded by individual contributions
379:
By the 1930s, the United States was one of the few modern industrial countries in which people faced the
Depression without any national system of social security, though a handful of states had poorly-funded old-age insurance programs. The federal government had provided pensions to veterans in the
375:
Industrialization and the urbanization in the 20th century created many new social problems and transformed ideas of how society and the government should function together because of them. As industry expanded, cities grew quickly to keep up with demand for labor. Tenement houses were built quickly
392:
galvanized support for his pension proposal, which called for the federal government to issue direct $ 200-a-month payments to the elderly. Roosevelt was attracted to the general thinking behind
Townsend's plan because it would provide for those no longer capable of working, stimulate demand in the
1102:
In 1940, Social
Security benefits paid totaled $ 35 million and rose to $ 961 million in 1950, $ 11.2 billion in 1960, $ 31.9 billion in 1970, $ 120.5 billion in 1980, and $ 247.8 billion in 1990 (all figures in nominal dollars, not adjusted for inflation). In 2004, $ 492 billion of benefits were
715:
Under select circumstances, parents of deceased insured workers were also made eligible for
Survivors Insurance. To be eligible parents must be at least age 65, not entitled to Old-Age Insurance, wholly dependent upon the insured worker for income, and mustn't have married since the death of the
409:
In
January 1935, Roosevelt proposed the Social Security Act, which he presented as a more practical alternative to the Townsend Plan. After a series of congressional hearings, the Social Security Act became law in August 1935. During the congressional debate over Social Security, the program was
692:
The original Act provided for only one Federally-administered benefit: Old-Age Insurance, which was paid only to the insured worker. The 1939 Amendments transformed the very nature of the Social Security program. The Amendments created two new benefit categories under §202 of the Act:
1015:, upheld the program: "The proceeds of both taxes are to be paid into the Treasury like internal-revenue taxes generally, and are not earmarked in any way." That is, the Social Security Tax was constitutional as a mere exercise of Congress's general taxation powers.
414:
65 percent of the African American workforce was excluded from the initial Social Security program (as well as 27 percent of white workers). Many of these workers were covered only later on, when Social Security was expanded in 1950 and then in
492:
Title VI concerns public health services (investigation of disease and problems of sanitation). It grants the Surgeon General the power to distribute money to the States for that purpose with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury.
979:, " is too late today for the argument to be heard with tolerance that in a crisis so extreme the use of the moneys of the nation to relieve the unemployed and their dependents is a use for any purpose narrower than the promotion of the
325:, and over the ensuing decades, it contributed to a dramatic decline in poverty among older people, and spending on Social Security became a significant part of the federal budget. The Social Security Act also established an
439:
The Social Security Act has been amended significantly over time. The initial act had ten major titles, with Title XI outlining definitions and regulations. More titles were added as the Social Security Act was amended.
775:
These amendments raised benefits for the very first time and placed the program on the road to the virtually universal coverage it has today. Specifically it is the introduction of the cost-of-living adjustment (COLA).
930:
case and that the delayed announcement of the decision created the false impression that the Court had retreated under fire. Following the vast support that was demonstrated for the New Deal through Roosevelt's
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fund, the federal government was essentially forcing each state to establish an unemployment-compensation fund that would meet its criteria and that the federal government had no power to enact such a program.
1054:(1975) held that a male widower should be entitled to his deceased wife's benefit just as a female widow was entitled to a deceased husband's, under the equal protection and due process clauses of the
712:
Retirement-aged wives, children under 16 (under 18 if attending school), widowed mothers caring for eligible children, and aged widows were all made eligible for dependents and survivors benefits.
230:
727:
The Old-Age Reserve Account previously established under §201 of the Act was replaced by the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund, administered by a Board of Trustees. The
1030:, 363 U.S. 603 (1960) upholding §1104, allowing Congress to itself amend and revise the schedule of benefits. Further, however, recipients of benefits had no contractual rights to them.
501:
Title VII establishes the Social Security Board and outlines that it is to be composed of three appointees chosen by the President and approved by the Senate and serving for six years.
2598:
3140:
456:
Title II establishes the Treasury account used to pay for Social Security benefits and gives the Secretary of the Treasury the authority to invest excess reserves from the account.
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played a leading role in defeating the court-packing by rushing these pieces of New Deal legislation through and ensuring that the court's majority would uphold it. In March 1937,
950:, one of the three liberal justices who continuously voted to uphold New Deal legislation, was absent due to an illness; with this even division on the Court, the holding of the
423:. Social Security taxes would be collected from employers by the states, with employers and employees contributing equally to the tax. Because the Social Security tax was
380:
aftermath of the Civil War and other wars, and some states had established voluntary old-age pension systems, but otherwise, the United States had little experience with
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galvanized support behind a proposal to issue direct payments to older people. Responding to that movement, Roosevelt organized a committee led by Secretary of Labor
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to develop a major social welfare program proposal. Roosevelt presented the plan in early 1935 and signed the Social Security Act into law on August 14, 1935. The
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used to fund Social Security. In the amendments of 1939, the tax was removed from the Social Security Act, placed in the Internal Revenue Code, and renamed the
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and poorly, cramming new migrants from farms and Southern and Eastern European immigrants into tight and unhealthy spaces. Work spaces were even more unsafe.
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insured worker. Furthermore, the parent(s) are not eligible if the deceased insured worker leaves a widow or unmarried surviving child under the age of 18.
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in the hands of Americans 55â75 and those under 45 being among the poorest. Elder poverty, once a normal sight, had thus become rare by the 21st century.
1128:
935:, Hughes persuaded Roberts to no longer base his decisions on political maneuvering and side with him in future cases that involved New Deal legislation
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to be paid on the first day of every year by employers proportional to the total wages of their employees. It also establishes the first federal
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case on December 19, 1936. During this time, however, the court was divided 4-4 following the initial conference call because Associate Justice
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held there must be an evidentiary hearing before a recipient can be deprived of government benefits under the due process clause of the
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in their opinions were that the Social Security Act went beyond the powers that were granted to the federal government in the
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paid to 47.5 million beneficiaries. In 2009, nearly 51 million Americans received $ 650 billion in Social Security benefits.
303:
719:
The 1939 Amendments also increased benefit amounts and accelerated the start of monthly benefit payments from 1940 to 1942.
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described the Social Security Act "the most important single piece of social legislation in all American history."
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program, which provided aid to families headed by single mothers. The law was later amended by acts such as the
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Title IV Grants to States for Aid and Services to Needy Families with Children and for Child-Welfare Services
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1640:
886:
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and were thus unconstitutional, and upheld the constitutionality of Washington state's minimum wage law in
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2884:
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72:
999:. They argued that by imposing a tax on employers that could be avoided only by contributing to a state
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2645:
2391:
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1973:
1945:
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91:
1977:
1949:
704:
Payments to the family of an insured worker in the event of the premature death of the worker, called
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2442:
2127:
2113:
2099:
2085:
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2015:
2001:
1987:
1959:
1931:
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1903:
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402:
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2019:
2005:
1991:
1963:
1935:
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1907:
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Title XX establishes the rules for state-specific shares of the federal cap according to a formula.
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3306:
3125:
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Work Without End: Abandoning Shorter Hours for the Right to Work by Benjamin Hunnicutt, 1988, P.221
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was one of the few industrialized countries without any national social security system. Amid the
2521:
2492:
1809:
Ikenberry, G. John. and Theda Skocpol, "Expanding social benefits: The role of social security."
1342:
984:
549:
Title XIâGeneral Provisions, Peer Review, Progressive Sampling, and Administrative Simplification
419:
The program was funded through a newly established payroll tax, which later became known as the
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Retiring Men Manhood, Labor, and Growing Old in America, 1900-1960 By Gregory Wood, 2012, P.100
1039:
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Solidarity without the State?: Business and the Shaping of the Swiss Welfare State, 1890â2000
563:
368:
280:
210:
19:
This article is about the United States. For the Social Security Act of other countries, see
35:
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Title I is designed to give money to states to provide assistance to aged individuals.
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Franklin Roosevelt and the Great Constitutional War: The Court-packing Crisis of 1937
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laws; to establish a Social Security Board; to raise revenue; and for other purposes.
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1953:
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389:
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100:
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2037:
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2009:
1995:
1967:
1939:
1925:
1911:
521:
was established in 1966, the FICA tax was increased to fund that program as well.
321:
The law established the Social Security program. The old-age program is funded by
200:
190:
3370:
3288:
2303:
1974:
Title VI Coronavirus Relief, Fiscal Recovery, and Critical Capital Projects Funds
1747:
1575:
980:
739:. The composition of the Board of Trustees has been significantly altered since.
394:
311:
2072:
Title XVII Grants for Planning Comprehensive Action to Combat Mental Retardation
591:
Title XVIIâGrants for Planning Comprehensive Action to Combat Mental Retardation
3492:
3404:
3363:
3318:
3145:
3094:
2800:
2794:
2660:
2573:
1719:
1123:
975:, 301 U.S., 548 (1937) held in a 5â4 decision that given the exigencies of the
424:
277:
171:
914:
decision to strike down a similar minimum wage law New York state enforced in
899:, which held that minimum wage laws were a violation of the Fifth Amendment's
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3267:
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2879:
2838:
2773:
2516:
2502:
1408:
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867:
law. President Roosevelt responded with an attempt to pack the court via the
607:
299:
16:
1935 U.S. law creating the Social Security program and unemployment insurance
1110:
Reflecting the continuing importance of the Social Security Act, biographer
983:." The arguments opposed to the Social Security Act articulated by justices
815:
Maternal and Child Health and Mental Retardation Planning Amendments of 1963
2734:
2497:
2030:
Title XI General Provisions, Peer Review, and Administrative Simplification
882:
864:
851:
struck down many pieces of Roosevelt's New Deal legislation, including the
568:
558:
564:
Title XIVâGrants to States for Aid to the Permanently and Totally Disabled
3590:
3024:
2618:
595:
510:
322:
2143:
2114:
Title XX Block Grants and Programs for Social Services and Elder Justice
2058:
Title XVI Supplemental Security Income for The Aged, Blind, and Disabled
1803:
1587:
1533:
Achene, Andrew (1986). Social Security Visions and Revisions. New York:
1071:
643:
579:
Title XVIâSupplemental Security Income for the Aged, Blind, and Disabled
3342:
2670:
1932:
Title III Grants to States for Unemployment Compensation Administration
1823:
Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945
1814:
1182:
530:
388:
during old age was not a realistic option. In the 1930s, the physician
385:
108:
1918:
Title II Federal Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance Benefits
708:, the provision of the then-newly created Survivors Insurance program.
627:
619:
2680:
2650:
2487:
1898:
910:
In 1936, Roberts joined the four conservative justices in using the
889:, shocked the American public by siding with Hughes and the court's
231:
Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP Balanced Budget Refinement Act of 1999
3595:
3513:
2283:
966:
rulings affirmed the constitutionality of the Social Security Act.
613:
342:
292:
574:
Title XVIâGrants to States for Aid to the Aged, Blind, or Disabled
2016:
Title IX Miscellaneous Provisions Relating to Employment Security
1546:
1510:
A People and a Nation: A History of the United States. Since 1865
553:
1647:
893:
in striking down the court's previous decision in the 1923 case
742:
1611:"Charles Evans Hughes and the Strange Death of Liberal America"
1437:"NAACP | Viewing Social Security Through The Civil Rights Lens"
1209:""The Social Impact of Industrialization," The Flow of History"
697:
Payments to the spouse and children of a retired worker called
1580:
1339:
The Color of Welfare: How Racism Undermined the War on Poverty
1274:
938:
Records show Roberts had indicated his desire to overturn the
504:
2002:
Title VIII Special Benefits for Certain World War II Veterans
524:
1904:
Title I Grants to States for Old-Age Assistance for The Aged
2100:
Title XIX Grants to States for Medical Assistance Programs
1479:
1467:
1307:
1295:
1262:
608:
Title XIXâGrants to States for Medical Assistance Programs
371:
signs the Social Security Act into law on August 14, 1935.
2691:
Military history of the United States during World War II
942:
decision two days after oral arguments concluded for the
855:. The Court threw out a centerpiece of the New Deal, the
795:
787:
767:
756:
735:, and the Chairman of the Social Security Board were all
679:
112:
569:
Title XVâUnemployment Compensation for Federal Employees
559:
Title XIIIâReconversion Unemployment Benefits for Seamen
1562:
1455:
1319:
2086:
Title XVIII Health Insurance for The Aged and Disabled
1960:
Title V Maternal and Child Health Services Block Grant
1777:
1238:
819:
H.R.7544 Approved, October 24, 1963 Public Law 88-156
800:
H.R.9366 Approved September 1, 1954 Public Law 83-761
684:
H.R.6635 Approved, August 10, 1939, Public Law 76-379
596:
Title XVIIIâHealth Insurance for the Aged and Disabled
1391:
Fear itself: the New Deal and the origins of our time
1250:
1226:
1153:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 57.
918:
and his decision to reverse his previous vote in the
825:
761:
H.R.7037 Approved, August 10, 1946 Public Law 79-719
722:
772:
H.R.6000 Approved August 28, 1950 Public Law 81-734
3426:
2128:
Title XXI State Children's Health Insurance Program
1357:"A second look at Social Security's racist origins"
1129:
List of Social Security legislation (United States)
792:H.R.7800 Approved, July 18, 1952 Public Law 82-590
628:
Title XXIâState Children's Health Insurance Program
620:
Title XXâBlock Grants to States for Social Services
337:, which established two major healthcare programs:
318:upheld the act in two major cases decided in 1937.
1011:, 301 U.S. 619 (1937), decided on the same day as
836:H.R.6675 Approved, July 30, 1965 Public Law 89-97
496:
359:History of health care reform in the United States
92:
397:, with developing an old-age pension program, an
3633:
1704:
1506:
355:History of Social Security in the United States
2044:Title XII Advances to State Unemployment Funds
1621:. Archived from the original on April 27, 2009
554:Title XIIâAdvances to State Unemployment Funds
3412:
2159:
808:Approved September 1, 1954 Public Law 83-767
743:War Mobilization and Reconversion Act of 1944
484:Title V concerns maternal and child welfare.
885:, who had previously sided with the court's
842:
451:
3652:United States federal insurance legislation
1844:The Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt
957:
545:Title X concerns support for blind people.
505:Title VIIIâTaxes with respect to employment
464:Title III concerns unemployment insurance.
329:program administered by the states and the
128:42 U.S.C.: Public Health and Social Welfare
3419:
3405:
2998:Springwood birthplace, home, and gravesite
2166:
2152:
1690:. New York, NY: Fordham University Press.
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1421:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1388:
1146:
525:Title IXâTax on employers of eight or more
3030:Little White House, Warm Springs, Georgia
2173:
784:Approved June 28, 1952 Public Law 82-420
487:
459:
348:
3100:Roosevelt Institute for American Studies
2943:1920 United States presidential election
2552:Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination
2351:National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933
1840:
1608:
1602:
1461:
1325:
1268:
1244:
687:
479:
362:
3642:Acts of the 74th United States Congress
3488:Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
2624:U.S. occupation of Nicaragua, 1912â1933
2557:Wiley Rutledge Supreme Court nomination
2385:Aid to Families with Dependent Children
2311:Federal Emergency Relief Administration
1819:
1783:
1685:
1666:
1547:Illinois Department of Human Services.
1485:
1473:
1313:
1301:
1280:
1256:
1232:
869:Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937
474:Aid to Families with Dependent Children
421:Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax
3634:
3611:Social Security debate (United States)
1798:Bethell, Thomas N. "Roosevelt Redux."
1527:
1507:Mary Beth Norton; et al. (2009).
796:Social Security Act Amendments of 1954
788:Social Security Act Amendments of 1952
768:Social Security Act Amendments of 1950
757:Social Security Act Amendments of 1946
680:Social Security Act Amendments of 1939
3400:
2147:
600:Title XVIII establishes and concerns
467:
384:programs. For most American workers,
287:program as well as insurance against
3647:Social security in the United States
3478:Social Security Disability Insurance
3073:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Foundation
2913:Democratic National Convention, 1920
2713:Declaration by United Nations (1942)
2701:Combined Munitions Assignments Board
2346:National Labor Relations Act of 1935
1066:
916:Morehead v. New York ex rel. Tipaldo
638:
540:
21:Social Security Act (disambiguation)
2629:U.S. occupation of Haiti, 1915â1934
2431:Defense industry non-discrimination
701:, a provision of Old-Age Insurance.
632:Title XXI establishes and concerns
612:Title XIX establishes and concerns
583:Title XVI establishes and concerns
515:Federal Insurance Contributions Act
13:
3560:Social Security Amendments of 1965
3078:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial
3066:Roosevelt Institute Campus Network
2436:Fair Employment Practice Committee
2404:Securities and Exchange Commission
2336:Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act
1882:As codified in 42 U.S.C. chapter 7
1869:As codified in 42 U.S.C. chapter 7
1609:Henretta, James A. (Spring 2006).
1549:"Title XX Social Services Reports"
1354:
1206:
924:the switch in time that saved nine
832:Social Security Amendments of 1965
826:Social Security Amendments of 1965
723:Alteration of financing mechanisms
585:Supplemental Security Income (SSI)
443:
335:Social Security Amendments of 1965
291:. The law was part of Roosevelt's
227:Social Security Amendments of 1965
162:in the House as H.R. 7260 by
97:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
14:
3663:
3468:Disability Determination Services
2646:Second London Naval Treaty (1936)
2483:Executive Office of the President
2397:Federal Communications Commission
1862:
1714:Steward Machine Company vs. Davis
747:S.2051 Approved, October 3, 1944
3380:
3379:
2819:State of the Union Address (1934
2636:Good Neighbor Policy (1933â1945)
2361:National Recovery Administration
1588:"Social Security Administration"
1070:
972:Steward Machine Company v. Davis
857:National Industrial Recovery Act
642:
250:Steward Machine Company v. Davis
34:
3428:Social Security (United States)
3201:World War II: When Lions Roared
3056:Presidential Library and Museum
2331:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944
2209:Assistant Secretary of the Navy
1899:Statute Compilations collection
1792:
1752:
1734:
1540:
1500:
1491:
1429:
1382:
1348:
1331:
906:West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish
497:Title VIIâSocial Security Board
3575:Windfall Elimination Provision
3447:Social Security Administration
2696:Home front during World War II
2190:President of the United States
1847:. University Press of Kansas.
1286:
1200:
1187:Social Security Administration
1175:
1140:
1019:
537:program in the United States.
1:
3473:Retirement Insurance Benefits
3301:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr.
3193:Backstairs at the White House
2865:Early life, education, career
2542:Federal Judicial appointments
2373:National Youth Administration
2368:Works Progress Administration
1890:U.S. House of Representatives
1147:Leimgruber, Matthieu (2008).
1134:
896:Adkins v. Children's Hospital
699:dependents or family benefits
674:
3483:Supplemental Security Income
2903:1928 New York state election
2844:1944 (Second Bill of Rights)
2768:Madison Square Garden speech
2641:Montevideo Convention (1933)
2522:Jefferson's Birthday holiday
2461:Japanese American internment
1393:(First ed.). New York.
7:
3601:Office of the Chief Actuary
3565:Social Security Death Index
3307:John Aspinwall Roosevelt II
2532:Judicial Court-Packing Bill
2471:Italian-American internment
2356:Public Works Administration
2321:Agricultural Adjustment Act
2316:Civilian Conservation Corps
1826:. Oxford University Press.
1811:Political Science Quarterly
1686:McKenna, Marian C. (2002).
1117:
922:decision would be known as
861:Agricultural Adjustment Act
803:
779:
274:74th United States Congress
270:Social Security Act of 1935
238:United States Supreme Court
73:74th United States Congress
29:Social Security Act of 1935
10:
3668:
3570:Social Security Trust Fund
3442:History of Social Security
3095:White House Roosevelt Room
2676:1940 Selective Service Act
2599:Presidential Proclamations
2466:German-American internment
2392:Communications Act of 1934
2341:Tennessee Valley Authority
1820:Kennedy, David M. (1999).
1746:December 29, 2009, at the
1535:Cambridge University Press
887:four conservative justices
829:
352:
18:
3616:Social Security Wage Base
3583:
3532:
3506:
3460:
3434:
3358:
3325:James Roosevelt Roosevelt
3258:
3038:
2978:
2893:
2857:
2763:Commonwealth Club Address
2748:
2718:Dumbarton Oaks Conference
2666:Destroyers-for-bases deal
2607:
2443:Indian Reorganization Act
2227:
2181:
1841:McJimsey, George (2000).
1639:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1062:
1001:unemployment-compensation
843:Constitutional litigation
729:Secretary of the Treasury
509:Title VIII establishes a
452:Title IIâTreasury account
434:
429:Aid to Dependent Children
331:Aid to Dependent Children
244:
236:
225:
220:
155:
150:
133:
123:
118:
83:
78:
67:
59:
50:
42:
33:
3606:Primary Insurance Amount
2986:Early life and education
2875:Governorship of New York
2725:World War II conferences
2456:War Relocation Authority
1988:Title VII Administration
1760:"Curse of the Young Old"
1574:October 6, 2008, at the
1513:. Cengage. p. 670.
1389:Katznelson, Ira (2013).
1283:, pp. 257â258, 371.
1159:10.1017/cbo9780511497094
1051:Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld
958:U.S. Supreme Court cases
952:Washington Supreme Court
529:Title IX establishes an
272:is a law enacted by the
189:on April 19, 1935 (
2740:Morgenthau Plan support
2686:Atlantic Charter (1941)
2409:Monetary gold ownership
1813:102.3 (1987): 389â416.
1569:Supremecourthistory.org
1343:Oxford University Press
1337:Quadagno, Jill (1994).
863:, and New York State's
853:Railroad Retirement Act
276:and signed into law by
199:on June 19, 1935 (
178:Committee consideration
3452:Social Security number
3283:Anna Roosevelt Halsted
2870:Warm Springs Institute
2813:The More Abundant Life
2758:1932 Acceptance speech
2509:Four Freedoms Monument
2448:Executive Orders 9066,
2426:Record on civil rights
2274:Third and fourth terms
2269:First and second terms
2217:New York State Senator
1615:Law and History Review
891:three liberal justices
839:Title XVIII Title XIX
535:unemployment insurance
488:Title VIâPublic health
460:Title IIIâUnemployment
417:
399:unemployment insurance
372:
349:Background and history
327:unemployment insurance
283:. The law created the
3498:Unemployment benefits
3185:The White House Years
3171:Sunrise at Campobello
3107:Franklin D. Roosevelt
2885:Assassination attempt
2326:Emergency Banking Act
2175:Franklin D. Roosevelt
688:Expansion of benefits
480:Title VâChild welfare
412:
366:
353:Further information:
281:Franklin D. Roosevelt
211:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3179:Eleanor and Franklin
2839:1941 (Four Freedoms)
2785:Arsenal of Democracy
2780:Day of Infamy speech
2706:War Production Board
2201:Governor of New York
1806:, a popular account.
1722:on November 28, 2005
1056:Fourteenth Amendment
1044:Fourteenth Amendment
1038:397 U.S. 254 (1970)
876:Charles Evans Hughes
403:national health care
182:House Ways and Means
3555:Social Security Act
3550:Revenue Act of 1942
3461:Assistance programs
3217:Hyde Park on Hudson
3163:The Roosevelt Story
3152:I'd Rather Be Right
3141:U.S. Postage stamps
3135:Unfinished portrait
3121:Four Freedoms Award
3061:Roosevelt Institute
2790:"...is fear itself"
2493:CullenâHarrison Act
2488:G.I. Bill of Rights
2380:Social Security Act
1802:74.2 (2005): 18â31
1619:History Cooperative
1488:, pp. 271â272.
1476:, pp. 267â269.
1316:, pp. 270â271.
1304:, pp. 262â266.
1271:, pp. 105â107.
1040:William Brennan Jr.
933:re-election in 1936
151:Legislative history
46:Social Security Act
30:
3289:James Roosevelt II
3266: •
3088:Four Freedoms Park
2656:Export Control Act
2579:Modern Oval Office
2527:Jefferson Memorial
2478:Brownlow Committee
2294:New Deal coalition
1894:As amended in the
1886:United States Code
1873:United States Code
1764:Washingtonpost.com
1082:. You can help by
1027:Flemming v. Nestor
1008:Helvering v. Davis
948:Harlan Fiske Stone
901:due process clause
847:In the 1930s, the
750:Public Law 78-458
737:ex-officio members
733:Secretary of Labor
706:survivors benefits
654:. You can help by
472:Title IV concerns
468:Title IVâChild aid
373:
295:domestic program.
257:Helvering v. Davis
213:on August 14, 1935
174:) on April 4, 1935
164:Robert L. Doughton
43:Other short titles
28:
3629:
3628:
3621:Years of coverage
3394:
3393:
3371:Harry S. Truman â
3337:Warren Delano Jr.
3313:James Roosevelt I
3295:Elliott Roosevelt
3277:Eleanor Roosevelt
3020:Paralytic illness
2807:Quarantine Speech
1854:978-0-7006-1012-9
1697:978-0-8232-2154-7
1443:. August 14, 2020
1400:978-0-87140-450-3
1168:978-0-521-87540-0
1100:
1099:
1035:Goldberg v. Kelly
997:U.S. Constitution
880:Associate Justice
672:
671:
541:Title XâBlindness
266:
265:
197:Passed the Senate
86:Statutes at Large
3659:
3540:Disability fraud
3421:
3414:
3407:
3398:
3397:
3383:
3382:
3364:â Herbert Hoover
3227:2014 documentary
3083:Roosevelt Island
2730:Quebec Agreement
2651:ABCD line (1940)
2594:Executive Orders
2414:Gold Reserve Act
2220:
2212:
2204:
2193:
2168:
2161:
2154:
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1858:
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1800:American Scholar
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1775:
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1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1718:. Archived from
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1193:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1144:
1112:Kenneth S. Davis
1095:
1092:
1074:
1067:
977:Great Depression
667:
664:
646:
639:
390:Francis Townsend
382:social insurance
308:Francis Townsend
306:, the physician
304:Great Depression
221:Major amendments
187:Passed the House
137:sections created
114:
98:
94:
87:
38:
31:
27:
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3395:
3390:
3354:
3331:Isaac Roosevelt
3319:Sara Ann Delano
3265:
3260:
3254:
3250:Other namesakes
3243:2023 miniseries
3235:2022 miniseries
3203:1997 miniseries
3195:1979 miniseries
3034:
3015:Campobello home
2974:
2889:
2853:
2750:
2744:
2610:
2603:
2537:Cannabis policy
2304:Second New Deal
2247:Inaugurations (
2231:
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2215:
2207:
2196:
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2172:
1865:
1855:
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1748:Wayback Machine
1739:
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1716:, 301 U.S, 548"
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1217:
1215:
1213:Flow of History
1207:Butler, Chris.
1205:
1201:
1191:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1120:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1080:needs expansion
1065:
1022:
981:general welfare
960:
845:
834:
828:
817:
806:
798:
790:
782:
770:
759:
745:
725:
690:
682:
677:
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652:needs expansion
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454:
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444:Title IâOld age
437:
395:Frances Perkins
361:
351:
312:Frances Perkins
285:Social Security
262:
229:
216:
207:Signed into law
113:August 14, 1935
96:
85:
68:Enacted by
24:
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11:
5:
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3493:Ticket to Work
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3327:(half-brother)
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3233:The First Lady
3229:
3225:The Roosevelts
3221:
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3197:
3189:
3175:
3167:
3156:
3148:
3146:Roosevelt dime
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3110:
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2801:Look to Norway
2797:
2795:Fireside chats
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2611:foreign policy
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2574:March of Dimes
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2299:First 100 days
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2279:Foreign policy
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1863:External links
1861:
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1833:978-0195038347
1832:
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1789:
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1786:, p. 273.
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1520:978-0547175607
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1355:Plumer, Brad.
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1328:, p. 108.
1318:
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1249:
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1237:
1235:, p. 260.
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1124:U.S. labor law
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3463:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3422:
3417:
3415:
3410:
3408:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3387:
3386:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3339:(grandfather)
3338:
3335:
3333:(grandfather)
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3264:
3257:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3127:Four Freedoms
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2991:Groton School
2989:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2880:Business Plot
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2774:Four Freedoms
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2569:"Brain Trust"
2567:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2547:Supreme Court
2545:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2517:Black Cabinet
2515:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2503:Four Freedoms
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2157:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1856:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1785:
1780:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1721:
1717:
1715:
1707:
1699:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1642:
1636:
1625:September 15,
1620:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1594:September 11,
1589:
1583:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1530:
1522:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1503:
1494:
1487:
1482:
1475:
1470:
1463:
1462:McJimsey 2000
1458:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1424:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1327:
1326:McJimsey 2000
1322:
1315:
1310:
1303:
1298:
1289:
1282:
1277:
1270:
1269:McJimsey 2000
1265:
1258:
1253:
1246:
1245:McJimsey 2000
1241:
1234:
1229:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1170:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1094:
1085:
1081:
1078:This section
1076:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
973:
969:
968:
967:
965:
964:Supreme Court
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
936:
934:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
907:
902:
898:
897:
892:
888:
884:
881:
877:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
849:Supreme Court
840:
837:
833:
823:
820:
812:
809:
801:
793:
785:
777:
773:
765:
762:
754:
751:
748:
740:
738:
734:
730:
720:
717:
713:
707:
703:
700:
696:
695:
694:
685:
666:
657:
653:
650:This section
648:
645:
641:
640:
637:
635:
625:
617:
615:
605:
603:
588:
586:
546:
538:
536:
532:
522:
520:
516:
512:
502:
494:
485:
477:
475:
465:
457:
449:
441:
432:
430:
426:
422:
416:
411:
407:
404:
400:
396:
391:
387:
383:
377:
370:
365:
360:
356:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
323:payroll taxes
319:
317:
316:Supreme Court
313:
309:
305:
301:
300:United States
298:By 1930, the
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
279:
275:
271:
259:
258:
254:
252:
251:
247:
246:
243:
239:
235:
232:
228:
224:
219:
212:
209:by President
208:
205:
202:
198:
195:
192:
188:
185:
183:
179:
176:
173:
169:
165:
161:
158:
157:
154:
149:
146:
142:
139:
136:
132:
129:
126:
122:
117:
110:
106:
102:
95:
90:
88:
82:
77:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
32:
26:
22:
3554:
3435:Key articles
3378:
3369:
3362:
3351:(family dog)
3345:(family dog)
3240:
3232:
3224:
3216:
3209:Warm Springs
3208:
3200:
3192:
3184:
3178:
3170:
3162:
3154:1937 musical
3151:
3134:
3126:
3114:
3106:
3046:Bibliography
2858:Other events
2749:Presidential
2735:Europe first
2609:Presidential
2584:Official car
2507:
2498:Roerich Pact
2379:
1843:
1822:
1810:
1799:
1793:Bibliography
1784:Kennedy 1999
1779:
1769:November 19,
1767:. Retrieved
1763:
1754:
1736:
1724:. Retrieved
1720:the original
1713:
1706:
1687:
1649:
1623:. Retrieved
1604:
1592:. Retrieved
1582:
1564:
1552:. Retrieved
1542:
1529:
1509:
1502:
1493:
1486:Kennedy 1999
1481:
1474:Kennedy 1999
1469:
1457:
1445:. Retrieved
1440:
1431:
1390:
1384:
1372:. Retrieved
1360:
1350:
1341:. New York:
1338:
1333:
1321:
1314:Kennedy 1999
1309:
1302:Kennedy 1999
1297:
1288:
1281:Kennedy 1999
1276:
1264:
1257:Kennedy 1999
1252:
1240:
1233:Kennedy 1999
1228:
1216:. Retrieved
1212:
1202:
1190:. Retrieved
1177:
1149:
1142:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1088:
1084:adding to it
1079:
1049:
1033:
1025:
1012:
1006:
970:
961:
943:
939:
937:
927:
919:
915:
911:
904:
894:
883:Owen Roberts
873:
865:minimum-wage
846:
838:
835:
821:
818:
810:
807:
799:
791:
783:
774:
771:
763:
760:
752:
749:
746:
726:
718:
714:
711:
705:
698:
691:
683:
660:
656:adding to it
651:
631:
623:
611:
599:
582:
544:
528:
508:
500:
491:
483:
471:
463:
455:
447:
438:
418:
413:
408:
378:
374:
320:
297:
289:unemployment
269:
267:
255:
248:
206:
196:
186:
177:
159:
119:Codification
25:
3591:Legacy debt
3507:Health care
3025:Top Cottage
3003:Adams House
2619:Banana Wars
2219:(1911â1913)
2211:(1913â1920)
2203:(1929â1932)
2192:(1933â1945)
1726:December 3,
1663: (1936)
1218:October 24,
1020:Other cases
822:Title XVII
764:Title XIII
511:payroll tax
3636:Categories
3285:(daughter)
2953:theme song
2671:Lend-Lease
2243:Transition
2229:Presidency
1537:. p. 25-6.
1135:References
1091:April 2019
993:Sutherland
989:McReynolds
753:Title XII
675:Amendments
531:excise tax
425:regressive
386:retirement
367:President
160:Introduced
111:, enacted
103:, 49
51:Long title
3263:Roosevelt
3129:paintings
3115:Roosevelt
3008:FDR Suite
2895:Elections
2681:Hull note
2589:Criticism
1888:from the
1590:. Ssa.gov
1417:cite book
1409:783163618
1369:0190-8286
811:Title XV
369:Roosevelt
141:42 U.S.C.
79:Citations
60:Nicknames
3596:Numident
3519:Medicare
3514:Medicaid
3385:Category
3321:(mother)
3315:(father)
2751:speeches
2289:overview
2284:New Deal
2234:timeline
1744:Archived
1635:cite web
1572:Archived
1447:April 2,
1374:April 2,
1118:See also
920:Morehead
804:H.R.9709
780:H.R.6291
614:Medicaid
602:Medicare
519:Medicare
343:Medicaid
339:Medicare
293:New Deal
3051:Statues
2564:Cabinet
2136:details
2122:details
2108:details
2094:details
2080:details
2066:details
2052:details
2038:details
2024:details
2010:details
1996:details
1982:details
1968:details
1954:details
1940:details
1926:details
1912:details
1884:of the
1871:of the
1554:July 6,
1345:. p. 7.
1192:May 21,
1013:Steward
944:Parrish
928:Parrish
517:. When
93:Pub. L.
3279:(wife)
3268:Delano
3259:Family
3158:Films
3039:Legacy
1851:
1830:
1815:online
1804:online
1694:
1517:
1407:
1397:
1367:
1165:
1063:Impact
991:, and
985:Butler
940:Adkins
912:Adkins
859:, the
435:Titles
191:372â33
135:U.S.C.
107:
101:74â271
99:
3584:Other
3524:SCHIP
3349:Major
3309:(son)
3303:(son)
3297:(son)
3291:(son)
3181:1976,
2849:1945)
1875:from
1741:p. 19
1656:
1441:NAACP
415:1954.
240:cases
145:ch. 7
143:
105:Stat.
3545:FICA
3343:Fala
3219:2012
3211:2005
3187:1977
3173:1960
3165:1947
3113:USS
3105:USS
2970:1944
2965:1940
2960:1936
2948:1932
2938:1944
2933:1940
2928:1936
2923:1932
2918:1924
2908:1930
2834:1940
2829:1939
2824:1938
2451:9102
2264:4th)
2198:44th
2187:32nd
1849:ISBN
1828:ISBN
1771:2021
1728:2005
1692:ISBN
1658:U.S.
1641:link
1627:2019
1596:2011
1556:2023
1515:ISBN
1449:2021
1423:link
1405:OCLC
1395:ISBN
1376:2021
1365:ISSN
1220:2016
1194:2009
1163:ISBN
962:Two
634:CHIP
357:and
341:and
268:The
201:77â6
71:the
3533:Law
3241:FDR
2259:3rd
2254:2nd
2249:1st
2132:PDF
2118:PDF
2104:PDF
2090:PDF
2076:PDF
2062:PDF
2048:PDF
2034:PDF
2020:PDF
2006:PDF
1992:PDF
1978:PDF
1964:PDF
1950:PDF
1936:PDF
1922:PDF
1908:PDF
1896:GPO
1877:LII
1661:587
1654:298
1155:doi
1086:.
658:.
180:by
109:620
63:SSA
3638::
1762:.
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1637:}}
1633:{{
1613:.
1439:.
1419:}}
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1403:.
1363:.
1359:.
1211:.
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616:.
604:.
587:.
476:.
345:.
172:NC
3420:e
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3270:)
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2803:"
2799:"
2776:"
2772:"
2236:)
2232:(
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2138:)
2134:/
2130:(
2124:)
2120:/
2116:(
2110:)
2106:/
2102:(
2096:)
2092:/
2088:(
2082:)
2078:/
2074:(
2068:)
2064:/
2060:(
2054:)
2050:/
2046:(
2040:)
2036:/
2032:(
2026:)
2022:/
2018:(
2012:)
2008:/
2004:(
1998:)
1994:/
1990:(
1984:)
1980:/
1976:(
1970:)
1966:/
1962:(
1956:)
1952:/
1948:(
1942:)
1938:/
1934:(
1928:)
1924:/
1920:(
1914:)
1910:/
1906:(
1857:.
1836:.
1773:.
1730:.
1712:"
1700:.
1643:)
1629:.
1617:/
1598:.
1558:.
1523:.
1451:.
1425:)
1411:.
1378:.
1222:.
1196:.
1171:.
1157::
1093:)
1089:(
1058:.
1046:.
908:.
665:)
661:(
636:.
203:)
193:)
170:â
168:D
166:(
23:.
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