Social credit - Knowledge

2551:, which states that the quantity of money multiplied by its velocity of circulation equals total purchasing power. Douglas was quite critical of this theory stating, "The velocity of the circulation of money in the ordinary sense of the phrase, is – if I may put it that way – a complete myth. No additional purchasing power at all is created by the velocity of the circulation of money. The rate of transfer from hand-to-hand, as you might say, of goods is increased, of course, by the rate of spending, but no more costs can be canceled by one unit of purchasing power than one unit of cost. Every time a unit of purchasing power passes through the costing system it creates a cost, and when it comes back again to the same costing system by the buying and transfer of the unit of production to the consuming system it may be cancelled, but that process is quite irrespective of what is called the velocity of money, so the categorical answer is that I do not take any account of the velocity of money in that sense." The Alberta Social Credit government published in a committee report what was perceived as an error in regards to this theory: "The fallacy in the theory lies in the incorrect assumption that money 'circulates', whereas it is issued against production, and withdrawn as purchasing power as the goods are bought for consumption." 2103:

rate of overhead charges in production due to the replacement of labour by capital in industry combined with a policy of full employment. Douglas did not suggest that inflation cannot be caused by too much money chasing too few consumer goods, but according to his analysis this is not the only cause of inflation, and inflation is systemic according to the rules of cost accountancy given overhead charges are constantly increasing relative to income. In other words, inflation can exist even if consumers have insufficient purchasing power to buy back all of production. Douglas claimed that there were two limits which governed prices, a lower limit governed by the cost of production, and an upper limit governed by what an article will fetch on the open market. Douglas suggested that this is the reason why deflation is regarded as a problem in orthodox economics because bankers and businessmen were very apt to forget the lower limit of prices.

3154:. Douglas did not believe that religion should be mandated by law or external compulsion. Practical Christian society is Trinitarian in structure, based upon a constitution where the constitution is an organism changing in relation to our knowledge of the nature of the universe. "The progress of human society is best measured by the extent of its creative ability. Imbued with a number of natural gifts, notably reason, memory, understanding and free will, man has learned gradually to master the secrets of nature, and to build for himself a world wherein lie the potentialities of peace, security, liberty and abundance." Douglas said that social crediters want to build a new civilization based upon absolute economic security for the individual – where "they shall sit every man under his vine and under his 1664:

goods and services, i.e., payment for work in progress. In other words, if production stops, distribution stops, and, as a consequence, a clear incentive exists to produce useless or superfluous articles in order that useful commodities already existing may be distributed. This perfectly simple reason is the explanation of the increasing necessity of what has come to be called economic sabotage; the colossal waste of effort which goes on in every walk of life quite unobserved by the majority of people because they are so familiar with it; a waste which yet so over-taxed the ingenuity of society to extend it that the climax of war only occurred in the moment when a culminating exhibition of organised sabotage was necessary to preserve the system from spontaneous combustion.

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with the least amount of effort, then the ability to deliver goods and services with the least amount of employment is actually desirable. Douglas proposed that unemployment is a logical consequence of machines replacing labour in the productive process, and any attempt to reverse this process through policies designed to attain full employment directly sabotages our cultural inheritance. Douglas also believed that the people displaced from the industrial system through the process of mechanization should still have the ability to consume the fruits of the system, because he suggested that we are all inheritors of the cultural inheritance, and his proposal for a national dividend is directly related to this belief.

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manufacture, all of these incomes would have to be saved until the product's completion. Douglas argued that incomes are typically spent on past production to meet the present needs of living, and will not be available to purchase goods completed in the future – goods which must include the sum of incomes paid out during their period of manufacture in their price. Consequently, this does not liquidate the financial cost of production inasmuch as it merely passes charges of one accountancy period on as mounting charges against future periods. In other words, according to Douglas, supply does not create enough demand to liquidate all the costs of production. Douglas denied the validity of

1766:' – and there is something we call a price opposite to it." Money is effective demand, and the means of reclaiming that money are prices and taxes. As real capital replaces labour in the process of modernization, money should become increasingly an instrument of distribution. The idea that money is a medium of exchange is related to the belief that all wealth is created by the current labour of the world, and Douglas clearly rejected this belief, stating that the cultural inheritance of society is the primary factor in the creation of wealth, which makes money a distribution mechanism, not a medium of exchange. 1893: 1839: 1805: 2505:

corresponding costs of factories producing capital equipment. The money distributed to individuals is A1+A2 and the cost of the final consumable goods is A1+B1. If money in the hands of the public is to be equal to the costs of consumable articles produced then A1+A2 = A1+B1 and therefore A2=B1. Now modern science has brought us to the stage where machines are more and more taking the place of human labour in producing goods, i.e. A1 is becoming less important relatively to B1 and A2 less important relatively to B2.

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individual voter must be made individually responsible, not collectively taxable, for his vote." Douglas believed that party politics should be replaced by a "union of electors" in which the only role of an elected official would be to implement the popular will. Douglas believed that the implementation of such a system was necessary as otherwise the government would be controlled by international financiers. Douglas also opposed the

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intermediate product of no use to individuals but only to a subsequent manufacture; but since A will not purchase A+B; a proportion of the product at least equivalent to B must be distributed by a form of purchasing-power which is not comprised in the description grouped under A. It will be necessary at a later stage to show that this additional purchasing power is provided by loan credit (bank overdrafts) or export credit.

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instance, on a railway which was constructed a year, two years, three years, five or ten years ago, where charges are still extant), cannot be liquidated by a stream of purchasing power which does not increase in volume and which has a period of three weeks. The consequence is, you have a piling up of debt, you have in many cases a diminution of purchasing power being equivalent to the price of the goods for sale.

2069:. The former represents excessive capital production and/or military build-up. Military buildup necessitates either the violent use of weapons or a superfluous accumulation of them. Douglas believed that excessive capital production is only a temporary correction, because the cost of the capital appears in the cost of consumer goods, or taxes, which will further exacerbate future gaps between income and prices. 3143:, and is therefore incompatible with any variant of the doctrine of salvation through works. Works need not be of Purity in intent or of desirable consequence and in themselves alone are as "filthy rags". For instance, the present system makes destructive, obscenely wasteful wars a virtual certainty – which provides much "work" for everyone. Social credit has been called the Third Alternative to the futile 3180:– "the Devil is God upside down." Social credit is designed to give the individual the maximum freedom allowable given the need for association in economic, political and social matters. Social Credit elevates the importance of the individual and holds that all institutions exist to serve the individual – that the State exists to serve its citizens, not that individuals exist to serve the State. 3125:(to "bind back"), was intended to be a binding back to reality. Social Credit is concerned with the incarnation of Christian principles in our organic affairs. Specifically, it is concerned with the principles of association and how to maximize the increments of association which redound to satisfaction of the individual in society – while minimizing any decrements of association. 2497:

organizations," they will not necessarily be lost to the flow of available purchasing power. A and B payments overlap through time. Even if the B payments are received and spent before the finished product is available for purchase, current purchasing power will be boosted by B payments received in the current production of goods that will be available for purchase in the future."

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from the calm assumption of the book-keeper and the accountant that he and he alone was in a position to assign positive or negative values to the quantities represented by his figures is one of the outstanding curiosities of the industrial system; and the attempt to mould the activities of a great empire on such a basis is surely the final condemnation of an out-worn method.

1701:, whereas the modern economy is a monetary one. Initially, money originated from the productive system, when cattle owners punched leather discs which represented a head of cattle. These discs could then be exchanged for corn, and the corn producers could then exchange the disc for a head of cattle at a later date. The word "pecuniary" comes from the Latin 2801:, where he suggested: "That we are living under a system of accountancy which renders the delivery of the nation's goods and services to itself a technical impossibility." He later formalized this observation in his A+B theorem. Douglas proposed to eliminate this difference between total prices and total incomes by augmenting consumers' 2445: 2618:

deliver policy results desired by the populace. According to Douglas, "the proper function of Parliament is to force all activities of a public nature to be carried on so that the individuals who comprise the public may derive the maximum benefit from them. Once the idea is grasped, the criminal absurdity of the

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sculptor producing a work of art with the aid of simple tools and a block of marble has next to no overhead charges, but a very low rate of production, while a modern screw-making plant using automatic machines may have very high overhead charges and very low direct labour cost, or high rates of production.

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philosophy. "The tendency to argue from the particular to the general is a special case of the sequence from materialism to collectivism. If the universe is reduced to molecules, ultimately we can dispense with a catalogue and a dictionary; all things are the same thing, and all words are just sounds

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Thus the problem of providing that new capital-investment shall always outrun capital-disinvestment sufficiently to fill the gap between net income and consumption, presents a problem which is increasingly difficult as capital increases. New capital-investment can only take place in excess of current

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While John Maynard Keynes referred to Douglas as a "private, perhaps, but not a major in the brave army of heretics", he did state that Douglas "is entitled to claim, as against some of his orthodox adversaries, that he at least has not been wholly oblivious of the outstanding problem of our economic

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For example, if the money cost of a good is $ 100, and the ratio of consumption to production is 3/4, then the real cost of the good is $ 100(3/4) = $ 75. As a result, if a consumer spent $ 100 for a good, the National Credit Authority would rebate the consumer $ 25. The good costs the consumer $ 75,

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In 1932, Douglas estimated the cyclic rate of circulation of money to be approximately three weeks. The cyclic rate of circulation of money measures the amount of time required for a loan to pass through the productive system and return to the bank. This can be calculated by determining the amount of

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Douglas believed that money should not be regarded as a commodity but rather as a ticket, a means of distribution of production. "There are two sides to this question of a ticket representing something that we can call, if we like, a value. There is the ticket itself – the money which forms the thing

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Thus in order that the economic system should keep working it is essential that capital goods should be produced in ever increasing quantity relatively to consumable goods. As soon as the ratio of capital goods to consumable goods slackens, costs exceed money distributed, i.e. the consumer is unable

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Based on his conclusion that the real cost of production is less than the financial cost of production, the Douglas price rebate (Compensated Price) is determined by the ratio of consumption to production. Since consumption over a period of time is typically less than production over the same period

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Since fewer inputs are consumed to produce a unit of output with every improvement in process, the real cost of production falls over time. As a result, prices should also decrease with the progression of time. "As society's capacity to deliver goods and services is increased by the use of plant and

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demonstrates, inflation and unemployment are trade-offs, unless prices are reduced from monies derived from outside the productive system. According to Douglas's A+B theorem, the systemic problem of increasing prices, or inflation, is not "too much money chasing too few goods", but is the increasing

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A factory or other productive organization has, besides its economic function as a producer of goods, a financial aspect – it may be regarded on the one hand as a device for the distribution of purchasing-power to individuals through the media of wages, salaries, and dividends; and on the other hand

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Douglas believed that it was the third policy alternative upon which an economic system should be based, but confusion of thought has allowed the industrial system to be governed by the first two objectives. If the purpose of our economic system is to deliver the maximum amount of goods and services

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By modern methods of accounting, the consumer is forced to pay for all the costs of production, including waste. The economic effect of charging the consumer with all waste in industry is that the consumer is forced to do much more work than is necessary. Douglas believed that wasted effort could be

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Gesell's theory was that the trouble with the world was that people saved money so that what you had to do was to make them spend it faster. Disappearing money is the heaviest form of continuous taxation ever devised. The theory behind this idea of Gesell's was that what is required is to stimulate

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Douglas proposed to eliminate the gap between purchasing power and prices by increasing consumer purchasing power with credits which do not appear in prices in the form of a price rebate and a dividend. Formally called a "Compensated Price" and a "National (or Consumer) Dividend", a National Credit

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In the first place, these capital goods have to be sold to someone. They form a reservoir of forced exports. They must, as intermediate products, enter somehow into the price of subsequent ultimate products and they produce a position of most unstable equilibrium, since the life of capital goods is

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Now we know there are an increasing number of charges which originated from a period much anterior to three weeks, and included in those charges, as a matter of fact, are most of the charges made in, respect of purchases from one organization to another, but all such charges as capital charges (for

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I think that a little consideration will make it clear that in this sense an overhead charge is any charge in respect of which the actual distributed purchasing power does not still exist, and that practically this means any charge created at a further distance in the past than the period of cyclic

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Now the rate of flow of purchasing-power to individuals is represented by A, but since all payments go into prices, the rate of flow of prices cannot be less than A+B. The product of any factory may be considered as something which the public ought to be able to buy, although in many cases it is an

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It is not the purpose of this short article to depreciate the services of accountants; in fact, under the existing conditions probably no body of men has done more to crystallise the data on which we carry on the business of the world; but the utter confusion of thought which has undoubtedly arisen

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The economic effect of charging all the waste in industry to the consumer so curtails his purchasing power that an increasing percentage of the product of industry must be exported. The effect of this on the worker is that he has to do many times the amount of work which should be necessary to keep

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for the last two thousand years has been Trinitarian. Whether we look on this Trinitarianism under the names of King, Lords and Commons or as Policy, Sanctions and Administration, the Trinity-in-Unity has existed, and our national success has been greatest when the balance (never perfect) has been

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democracy is incompatible with Social Credit, which assumes the right of individuals to choose freely one choice at a time, and to contract out of unsatisfactory associations. Douglas advocated what he called the "responsible vote", where anonymity in the voting process would no longer exist. "The

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C.H. Douglas defined democracy as the "will of the people", not rule by the majority, suggesting that social credit could be implemented by any political party supported by effective public demand. Once implemented to achieve a realistic integration of means and ends, party politics would cease to

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And in a reply to Dr. Hobson, Douglas restated his central thesis: "To reiterate categorically, the theorem criticised by Mr. Hobson: the wages, salaries and dividends distributed during a given period do not, and cannot, buy the production of that period; that production can only be bought, i.e.,

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argue there is no difference between A and B payments. Other critics, such as Gary North, argue that social credit policies are inflationary. "The A + B theorem has met with almost universal rejection from academic economists on the grounds that, although B payments may be made initially to "other

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What people who say that forget is that we were piling up debt at that time at the rate of ten millions sterling a day and if it can be shown, and it can be shown, that we are increasing debt continuously by normal operation of the banking system and the financial system at the present time, then

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The factory cost – not the selling price – of any article under our present industrial and financial system is made up of three main divisions-direct labor cost, material cost and overhead charges, the ratio of which varies widely, with the "modernity" of the method of production. For instance, a

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But it may be advisable to glance at some of the proximate causes operating to reduce the return for effort; and to realise the origin of most of the specific instances, it must be borne in mind that the existing economic system distributes goods and services through the same agency which induces

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The writings of C. H. Douglas spawned a worldwide movement, most prominent in the British Commonwealth, with a presence in Europe and activities in the United States where Orage, during his sojourn there, promoted Douglas's ideas. In the United States, the New Democracy group was directed by the

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Opposing the formation of Social Credit parties, C.H. Douglas believed a group of elected amateurs should never direct a group of competent experts in technical matters. While experts are ultimately responsible for achieving results, the goal of politicians should be to pressure those experts to

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If overhead charges are constantly increasing relative to income, any attempt to stabilize or increase income results in increasing prices. If income is constant or increasing, and overhead charges are continuously increasing due to technological advancement, then prices, which equal income plus

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splits production into multiple processes, and wealth is produced by people working in association with each other. For instance, an automobile worker does not produce any wealth (i.e., the automobile) by himself, but only in conjunction with other auto workers, the producers of roads, gasoline,

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Closely associated with the concept of cultural inheritance as a factor of production is the social credit theory of economic sabotage. While Douglas believed the cultural heritage factor of production is primary in increasing wealth, he also believed that economic sabotage is the primary factor

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provincial government in Alberta, but the UFA saw only difficulties in trying to bring in Social Credit. Douglas became an advisor to Aberhart, but withdrew after a short time and never visited Alberta after 1935 due to strategic differences. Aberhart sought orthodox counsel with respect to the

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Since increased industrial output per individual depends mainly on tools and method, it may almost be stated as a law that intensified production means a progressively higher ratio of overhead charges to direct labour cost, and, apart from artificial reasons, this is simply an indication of the

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Social credit society recognizes the fact that the relationship between man and God is unique. In this view, it is essential to allow man the greatest possible freedom in order to pursue this relationship. Douglas defined freedom as the ability to choose and refuse one choice at a time, and to

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The National Dividend is justified by the displacement of labour in the productive process due to technological increases in productivity. As human labour is increasingly replaced by machines in the productive process, Douglas believed people should be free to consume while enjoying increasing

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This seems to be a suitable occasion on which to emphasise the proposition that a Balanced Budget is quite inconsistent with the use of Social Credit (i.e., Real Credit – the ability to deliver goods and services 'as, when and where required') in the modern world, and is simply a statement in

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Let A1+B1 be the costs in a period to time of articles produced by factories making consumable goods divided up into A1 costs which refer to money paid to individuals by means of salaries, wages, dividends, etc., and B1 costs which refer to money paid to other institutions. Let A2, B2 be the

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as a legitimate theory of values, he also considered values as subjective and not capable of being measured in an objective manner. Thus he rejected the idea of the role of money as a standard, or measure, of value. Douglas believed that money should act as a medium of communication by which

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Incomes are paid to workers during a multi-stage program of production. According to the convention of accepted orthodox rules of accountancy, those incomes are part of the financial cost and price of the final product. For the product to be purchased with incomes earned in respect of its

1773:, had long been solved. The new problem was one of distribution. However, so long as orthodox economics makes scarcity a value, banks will continue to believe that they are creating value for the money they produce by making it scarce. Douglas criticized the banking system on two counts: 2052:

According to Douglas, the major consequence of the problem he identified in his A+B theorem is exponentially increasing debt. Further, he believed that society is forced to produce goods that consumers either do not want or cannot afford to purchase. The latter represents a favorable

2057:, meaning a country exports more than it imports. But not every country can pursue this objective at the same time, as one country must import more than it exports when another country exports more than it imports. Douglas proposed that the long-term consequence of this policy is a 2631: 2739:

had electoral successes with "social credit" political parties, the efforts in England and Australia were devoted primarily to pressuring existing parties to implement social credit. This function was performed especially by Douglas's social credit secretariat in England and the

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still more by scientific progress, and decreased by the production, maintenance, or depreciation of it, we can issue credit, in costs, at a greater rate than the rate at which we take it back through prices of ultimate products, if capacity to supply individuals exceeds desire."

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The replacement of labour by capital in the productive process implies that overhead charges (B) increase in relation to income (A), because "'B' is the financial representation of the lever of capital". As Douglas stated in his first article, "The Delusion of Superproduction":

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described the implementation by the President of an alternate future United States of an altered form of social credit, in which the government issues a National Dividend to all citizens in the form of "trade aids", which can be spent like money but which cannot be lent at

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describes a similar system in less detail. In Heinlein's future society, government is not funded by taxation. Instead, government controls the currency and prevents inflation by providing a price rebate to participating business and a guaranteed income to every citizen.

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Other critics argue that if the gap between income and prices exists as Douglas claimed, the economy would have collapsed in short order. They also argue that there are periods of time in which purchasing power is in excess of the price of consumer goods for sale.

3254:, Finlay argues that, "It must also be noted that while Douglas was critical of some aspects of Jewish thought, Douglas did not seek to discriminate against Jews as a people or race. It was never suggested that the National Dividend be withheld from them." 3071:, Douglas published a critical analysis of the Social Credit movement in Alberta, in which he said, "The Manning administration is no more a Social Credit administration than the British government is Labour". Manning accused Douglas and his followers of 2959:" was inconsistent with Social Credit principles. Douglas stated that, under existing rules of financial cost accountancy, balancing all budgets within an economy simultaneously is an arithmetic impossibility. In a letter to Aberhart, Douglas stated: 2327: 2526:

distributed, under present conditions by a draft, and an increasing draft, on the purchasing power distributed in respect of future production, and this latter is mainly and increasingly derived from financial credit created by the banks."

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As lack of finance has been a constant impediment to the development of the arts and literature, the concept of economic democracy through social credit had immediate appeal in literary circles. Names associated with social credit include

3250:, wrote, "Anti-Semitism of the Douglas kind, if it can be called anti-Semitism at all, may be fantastic, may be dangerous even, in that it may be twisted into a dreadful form, but it is not itself vicious nor evil." In his 1972 book, 1625:. He claimed that one of the factors resulting in a misdirection of thought in terms of the nature and function of money was economists' near-obsession about values and their relation to prices and incomes. While Douglas recognized 3102:

Douglas described Social Credit as "the policy of a philosophy", and warned against considering it solely as a scheme for monetary reform. He called this philosophy "practical Christianity" and stated that its central issue is the

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in the economy, Douglas prescribed government intervention in the form of the issuance of debt-free money directly to consumers or producers (if they sold their product below cost to consumers) in order to combat such discrepancy.

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in general longer than that of consumable goods, or ultimate products, and yet in order to meet the requirements for money to buy the consumable goods, the rate of production of capital goods must be continuously increased.

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saw a major revival, with a post-war economic boom and high oil revenues helping the party retain power for a quarter of a century. However, the party soon departed from its origins and became popularly identified as a

1613:. While Douglas did not deny that all costs ultimately relate to labour charges of some sort (past or present), he denied that the present labour of the world creates all wealth. Douglas carefully distinguished between 2543:

capital-disinvestment if future expenditure on consumption is expected to increase. Each time we secure to-day's equilibrium by increased investment we are aggravating the difficulty of securing equilibrium to-morrow.

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him in the highest standard of living, as a result of an artificial inducement to produce things he does not want, which he cannot buy, and which are of no use to the attainment of his internal standard of well-being.

2816:, and production must serve the genuine, freely expressed interests of consumers. In order to accomplish this objective, he believed that each citizen should have a beneficial, not direct, inheritance in the communal 1683:

3. And the third, which is essentially simpler still, in fact, so simple that it appears entirely unintelligible to the majority, is that the object of the industrial system is merely to provide goods and services.

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contract out of unsatisfactory associations. Douglas believed that if people were given the economic security and leisure achievable in the context of a social credit dispensation, most would end their service to

3471: 1649:, or "well-being", and Douglas believed that all production should increase personal well-being. Therefore, production that does not directly increase personal well-being is waste, or economic sabotage. 3158:; and none shall make them afraid." In keeping with this goal, Douglas was opposed to all forms of taxation on real property. This set social credit at variance from the land-taxing recommendations of 2760:

It was while he was reorganising the work at Farnborough, during World War I, that Douglas noticed that the weekly total costs of goods produced was greater than the sums paid to individuals for

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Douglas, C.H. (1934). "The Douglas System of Social Credit: Evidence taken by the Agricultural Committee of the Alberta Legislature, Session 1934". Edmonton: Legislative Assembly of Alberta: 90.

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directly linked to confusion in regard to the purpose of the economic system, and the belief that the economic system exists to provide employment in order to distribute goods and services.

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that were consumed in its production, plus that amount of consumer goods labour consumed during its production. This total consumption represents the physical, or real, cost of production.

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Douglas sent two social credit technical advisors from the United Kingdom, L. Denis Byrne and George F. Powell, to Alberta. But early attempts to pass social credit legislation were ruled

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Bank credit comprises the vast majority of money, and is created every time a bank makes a loan. Douglas was also one of the first to understand the creditary nature of money. The word

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of association" – historic accumulations of which constitute what Douglas called the cultural heritage. The means of drawing upon this pool is money distributed by the banking system.

1742:. Douglas argued that this may have once been the case when the majority of wealth was produced by individuals who subsequently exchanged it with each other. But in modern economies, 2563:

that is proof that we are not distributing purchasing power sufficient to buy the goods for sale at that time; otherwise we should not be increasing debt, and that is the situation.

2440:{\displaystyle {\text{true price }}(\$ )={\text{cost }}(\$ )\cdot {\dfrac {{\text{consumption }}(\$ )+{\text{depreciation }}(\$ )}{{\text{credit }}(\$ )+{\text{production }}(\$ )}}} 1677:

1. The first of these is that it is a disguised Government, of which the primary, though admittedly not the only, object is to impose upon the world a system of thought and action.

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respectively. Douglas was critical of both schools of thought, but believed that "the truth lies in appreciation of the fact that neither conception is useful without the other".

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The price rebate is based upon the observation that the real cost of production is the mean rate of consumption over the mean rate of production for an equivalent period of time.

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The former Douglas identified as being anti-social in policy. The latter he claimed was equivalent to claiming ownership of the nation. According to Douglas, money is merely an

1589:" as the primary factor. He defined cultural inheritance as the knowledge, techniques and processes that have accrued to us incrementally from the origins of civilization (i.e. 1680:

2. The second alternative has a certain similarity to the first, but is simpler. It assumes that the primary objective of the industrial system is the provision of employment.

2780:. Troubled by the seeming difference between the way money flowed and the objectives of industry ("delivery of goods and services", in his opinion), Douglas decided to apply 3023:

In 1938, Aberhart's Alberta Social Credit Party had 41,000 paid members, forming a broad coalition ranging from those who believed in Douglas' monetary policies to moderate

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represents this pyramid and is the antithesis of social credit. It turns the government into an end instead of a means, and the individual into a means instead of an end –

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Life and Money: Being a Critical Examination of the Principles and Practice of Orthodox Economics with A Practical Scheme to End the Muddle it has made of our Civilisation

4354: 3215:. Douglas was critical of "international Jewry", especially in his later writings. He asserted that such Jews controlled many of the major banks and were involved in an 2752:(which continues to be published by the Secretariat) for the remainder of his lifetime, concentrating more on political and philosophical issues during his later years. 4866: 3035:

groups in various local and provincial elections. However, as it became apparent that the party was failing to deliver on its promises to control prices and distribute

2703:. Of considerable interest is the evidence he presented to the Canadian House of Commons Select Committee on Banking and Commerce in 1923, to the British parliamentary 3195:

Douglas divided philosophy into two schools of thought that he termed the "classical school" and the "modern school", which are broadly represented by philosophies of

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influence. However, some historians believe that neither Aberhart nor his supporters understood the works of Douglas, and simply rallied around Aberhart's charisma.

2062: 3242:, over the individual. He also believed that what Jews considered as abstractionist thought tended to encourage them to endorse communist ideals and an emphasis on 2820:

conferred by complete access to consumer goods assured by the National Dividend and Compensated Price. Douglas thought that consumers, fully provided with adequate

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and use their free time to pursue spiritual, intellectual or cultural goals resulting in self-development. Douglas opposed what he termed "the pyramid of power".

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to centralize the power of finance. Some people have claimed that Douglas was antisemitic because he was quite critical of pre-Christian philosophy. In his book

1597:". "We are merely the administrators of that cultural inheritance, and to that extent the cultural inheritance is the property of all of us, without exception." 5459: 4000: 2098:

overhead charges, must also increase. Further, any attempt to stabilize or decrease prices must be met by decreasing incomes according to this analysis. As the

5062: 6178: 1544: 3508: 868: 2284:{\displaystyle {\text{real cost (production)}}=M\cdot {\cfrac {\int _{T_{1}}^{T_{2}}{\frac {dC}{dt}}\,dt}{\int _{T_{1}}^{T_{2}}{\frac {dP}{dt}}\,dt}}} 4507: 2538:

system". While Keynes said that Douglas's A+B theorem "includes much mere mystification", he reaches a similar conclusion to Douglas when he states:

1507:, is above all systems, whether theological, political or economic." Douglas said that Social Crediters want to build a new civilization based upon " 2026:

rate of circulation of money. There is no fundamental difference between tools and intermediate products, and the latter may therefore be included.

4935: 3223:, he wrote that, "It is not too much to say that one of the root ideas through which Christianity comes into conflict with the conceptions of the 2972:

becomes quite automatically the property of those who create and issue of money and the necessary unbalancing of the Budget is covered by Debts.

4597: 1735:, meaning "to believe". "The essential quality of money, therefore, is that a man shall believe that he can get what he wants by the aid of it." 2787:

Douglas collected data from more than a hundred large British businesses and found that in nearly every case, except that of companies becoming

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to discrepancies between the cost of goods and the compensation of the workers who made them. To combat what he saw as a chronic deficiency of

4676: 4146: 4693: 3079:

won power in 1952 in the province to Alberta's west, but had little in common with Social Credit bank reform, Major Douglas or his theories.

2061:, typically resulting in real war – hence, the social credit admonition, "He who calls for Full-Employment calls for War!", expressed by the 5734: 2876:, is said to have declared that he did not care whether Douglas was technically correct or not – he simply did not like his policy. In the 1713:, meaning "beast"). Today, the productive system and the monetary system are two separate entities. Douglas demonstrated that loans create 5579:, by John W. Hughes, Edmonton, Brightest Pebble Publishing Company, 2004; first published in Great Britain by Wedderspoon Associates, 2002 3005:

trade – that you have to get people frantically buying goods – a perfectly sound idea so long as the objective of life is merely trading.

3016:, still in operation today and now among the very few government-owned banks in North America that serve the public. (See for comparison 6492: 5085: 2476:

the retailer receives $ 100, and the consumer receives the difference of $ 25 via new credits created by the National Credit Authority.

6113: 5669: 3230:

Douglas was opposed to abstractionist philosophies because he believed that these philosophies inevitably resulted in the elevation of

2795:

did not have enough income to buy back what they had made. He published his observations and conclusions in an article in the magazine

1515:; and none shall make them afraid." In his words, "what we really demand of existence is not that we shall be put into somebody else's 4452: 6171: 6123: 5815: 3411: 2791:, the sums paid out in salaries, wages and dividends were always less than the total costs of goods and services produced each week: 1534:

to the Albertan populace. However, Douglas opposed the distribution of prosperity certificates which were based upon the theories of

1170: 5183: 3858:. The Fig Tree, New Series. Vol. 1, no. June. Belfast, Northern Ireland: K.R.P. Publications (published 1954–1955). Cover. 4786: 3791: 1974:, in critique of accounting methodology pertinent to income and prices. In the fourth, Australian Edition of 1933, Douglas states: 4561: 1503:

In defence of his ideas, Douglas wrote that "Systems were made for men, and not men for systems, and the interest of man which is

5761: 5603: 3625: 1178: 707: 6301: 4914: 3347: 1139: 861: 2964:

accounting figures that the progress of the country is stationary, i.e., that it consumes exactly what it produces, including

2668:

to the promulgation of Douglas's ideas until his death on the eve of his BBC speech on social credit, 5 November 1934, in the

2500:

A. W. Joseph replied to this specific criticism in a paper given to the Birmingham Actuarial Society, "Banking and Industry":

2039:

held at the banks (which varies very little). The result is the number of times money must turnover in order to produce these

5911: 5540: 5515: 5472: 5403: 5370: 5326: 5248: 5223: 4873: 4648: 4337: 4095: 4013: 3956: 3828: 3461: 3451: 5689: 4757: 4724: 6711: 6610: 6164: 5875: 5855: 5800: 4361: 3379: 3363: 3353: 3115:

was the Incarnation of this Canon. However, he also believed that Christianity remained ineffective so long as it remained

3076: 3028: 5357: 5313: 5213: 5931: 5885: 4840: 4586:

Pullen, J. M.; Smith, G. 0. (1997). "Major Douglas and Social Credit: A Reappraisal". Duke University Press. p. 219.

3485: 3394: 2720: 1953:

In January 1919, "A Mechanical View of Economics" by C. H. Douglas was the first article to be published in the magazine

1165: 940: 5070: 6580: 3661:

Frances Hutchinson, Chairperson of the Social Credit Secretariat, has co-authored, with Brian Burkitt, a book entitled

3456: 296: 1538:. Douglas' theory of social credit has been disputed and rejected by most economists and bankers. Prominent economist 5952: 5921: 5590: 5571: 5478: 4796: 4355:"FIRST INTERIM REPORT ON THE POSSIBILITIES OF THE APPLICATION OF SOCIAL CREDIT PRINCIPLES TO THE PROVINCE OF ALBERTA" 4019: 3466: 3429: 3091: 1049: 854: 231: 2043:

figures. In a testimony before the Alberta Agricultural Committee of the Alberta Legislature in 1934, Douglas said:

6645: 5947: 5112: 4813: 3916: 3012:

Aberhart did bring in a measure of social credit, with the establishment of a government-owned banking system, the

2873: 2112:

Office would be charged with the task of calculating the size of the rebate and dividend by determining a national

1311: 1183: 1034: 4387: 1979:

as a manufactory of prices – financial values. From this standpoint, its payments may be divided into two groups:

5787: 3294: 2929: 2712: 1463: 1386: 5039: 4227: 3645: 6316: 5880: 3368: 3150:

Although Douglas defined social credit as a philosophy with Christian origins, he did not envision a Christian

1792:

representation of the real credit of the community, which is the ability of the community to deliver goods and

1084: 1079: 397: 20: 5699: 5685:

Hilderic Cousens, "A New Policy for Labour; an essay on the relevance of credit control" at American Libraries

4638: 4168:

Pollock, Fredrick (1996). "The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I". Lawbook Exchange Ltd: 151.

6721: 6635: 6430: 6341: 6279: 5962: 5870: 3871: 3434: 3290: 3083: 2920:, had convinced Aberhart that the theories of Major Douglas would facilitate for Alberta's recovery from the 2889: 1549: 1371: 842: 737: 457: 447: 6425: 4303: 3658:(in order to mollify the banking industry) and which eventually expire (to prevent inflation and hoarding). 6585: 6538: 6206: 5825: 5795: 4536: 4066: 3973: 3358: 3306: 1586: 1346: 767: 1754:. The efficiency gained by individuals cooperating in the productive process was named by Douglas as the " 6716: 6640: 6555: 6528: 6415: 6346: 6269: 6187: 5906: 5901: 5865: 5754: 4253: 4119: 3876: 3446: 3342: 3268: 3183:

Douglas emphasized that all policy derives from its respective philosophy and that "Society is primarily

3052: 2925: 2905: 2741: 2602: 2515:

Since A2=B1 this means that (A2+B2)/(A1+B1)= (1+k2)*A2/(1+1/k1)*B1 = (1+k2)/(1+1/k1) which is increasing.

1527: 6560: 6548: 3104: 2893: 2582:

arguing that it resulted in electoral irresponsibility, calling it a "Jewish" technique used to ensure

2021:

In his pamphlet entitled "The New and the Old Economics", Douglas describes the cause of "B" payments:

1420: 1356: 5840: 4701: 3786: 3389: 3000:

intentionally depreciated in value the longer they were held, and Douglas openly criticized the idea:

5845: 3406: 3009:

They did provide spending power to many impoverished Albertans in the time they were in circulation.

2940: 2716: 2589:

Douglas considered the constitution an organism, not an organization. In this view, establishing the

1376: 1104: 1044: 690: 618: 39: 4492: 4285: 4186: 3901: 6565: 6482: 6420: 6201: 5171:. Vol. 21, no. 1, 2. Liverpool: K.R.P. Publications Ltd. (published 4–11 September 1947). 4154: 2548: 2040: 1673:

Douglas claimed there were three possible policy alternatives with respect to the economic system:

1351: 1326: 1054: 955: 226: 5850: 3623:

described a social credit economy in his 2003 posthumously published first novel written in 1938,

3613:, a science fiction fantasy exploration of social credit themes. His social credit economics book 3300: 2744:

in Australia. Douglas continued writing and contributing to the secretariat's journals, initially

2547:

The criticism that social credit policies are inflationary is based upon what economists call the

2472:

of time in any industrial society, the real cost of goods should be less than the financial cost.

6670: 6590: 6487: 6477: 6465: 6455: 6228: 5835: 3883:

Douglas, C.H. (1933). "Major C.H. Douglas Speaks". Sydney: Douglas Social Credit Association: 41.

3713: 3530: 3373: 3227:

and the ideals of the pre-Christians' era is in respect of this dethronement of abstractionism."

3188: 2993: 2860:

resisted pressure from some trade unionists to implement social credit, as hierarchical views of

2813: 1993:

All payments made to other organizations (raw materials, bank charges, and other external costs).

1366: 895: 792: 742: 623: 351: 221: 5507: 5500: 2872:

suggested by Douglas. In an effort to discredit the social credit movement, one leading Fabian,

2558:

Douglas replied to these criticisms in his testimony before the Alberta Agricultural Committee:

6706: 6470: 6440: 6408: 6351: 6261: 6136: 6118: 5830: 5810: 5747: 5395: 5388: 3948: 3417: 3330: 3320: 3310: 2944:

Province's finances, and the correspondence between them was published by Douglas in his book,

2809: 1610: 1531: 1331: 1301: 1293: 1064: 802: 201: 4087: 4047:. 1373. Vol. XXIV, no. 9. 38 Cursitor Street, London: The New Age Press. p. 136 3820: 3082:

Social credit parties also enjoyed some electoral success at the federal level in Canada. The

6595: 6543: 6518: 6326: 6306: 5432: 5141:. Vol. 17, no. 23. Liverpool: K.R.P. Publications Ltd. (published 8 February 1947). 5089: 4479: 4327: 4272: 4201: 4173: 3888: 3726: 3315: 3187:, and must have regard to the organic relationships of its prototype." Social credit rejects 2837: 1594: 1570: 1361: 1321: 1306: 1029: 935: 797: 442: 132: 102: 87: 5156:. Vol. 20, no. 26. Liverpool: K.R.P. Publications Ltd. (published 28 August 1947). 4618: 1892: 6680: 6660: 6600: 6435: 6383: 6002: 5916: 3550: 3273: 3239: 3140: 3017: 2969: 2657: 2647: 2590: 1958: 1826:. In this case the time between present and the future time where the accumulated total of 1566: 1504: 1410: 1341: 1160: 995: 965: 702: 510: 407: 371: 216: 149: 97: 27: 5694: 5679: 5675:

C.H. Douglas's work "The Douglas Theory, A Reply to Mr. J.A. Hobson" at American Libraries

5660: 5651: 1838: 8: 6665: 6460: 6393: 6363: 6289: 6284: 6251: 5860: 5614: 5187: 4427: 3650: 3631: 3144: 3057: 2933: 2833: 2817: 2773: 2708: 2704: 2493: 2318: 1793: 1585:. While Douglas did not deny the role of these factors in production, he considered the " 1539: 1456: 1336: 990: 812: 757: 752: 685: 675: 361: 196: 5706:

The Green Shirt Movement for Social Credit Social Credit Party of Great Britain archives

3781: 6445: 6388: 6047: 5642: 5619: 5608: 5342: 5020: 5012: 4591: 4530: 4060: 3620: 3063:

party, focusing much of its efforts on combatting Alberta's unions, and implementing a

2952: 2829: 2797: 2032: 1755: 1743: 1739: 1718: 1590: 1578: 1239: 1099: 817: 777: 648: 553: 172: 154: 144: 137: 5674: 4081: 3942: 3814: 2836:

of industry, but democratic control of credit. Removing the policy of production from

6655: 6575: 6513: 6506: 6336: 6087: 5586: 5567: 5536: 5511: 5468: 5399: 5366: 5322: 5266: 5244: 5219: 5024: 5004: 4792: 4694:"The Alberta Post-War Reconstruction Committee Report of the Subcommittee on Finance" 4644: 4612: 4333: 4091: 4009: 3952: 3824: 3216: 3155: 3116: 3086:

was initiated mostly by Albertans, and eventually created another base of support in

2857: 2635: 2598: 2014:

demonstrates that total prices increase faster than total incomes when regarded as a

1834:

grows ever larger, which results in the accumulation of loan credit or export credit.

1697:

Douglas criticized classical economics because many of the theories are based upon a

1614: 1512: 1484: 1430: 1381: 1316: 1259: 1069: 925: 670: 422: 402: 189: 182: 177: 5820: 4037: 3384: 6523: 6017: 5997: 5982: 5926: 5137:

Douglas, C.H. (1947). "An Act for the Better Management of the Credit of Alberta".

4996: 3741: 3699: 3606: 3538: 2921: 2913: 2877: 2861: 2821: 2802: 2777: 2481: 2054: 1763: 1726: 1582: 1574: 1511:" for the individual, where "they shall sit every man under his vine and under his 1496: 1415: 1405: 960: 663: 598: 583: 535: 525: 519: 492: 477: 248: 211: 6012: 3590: 1750:

In this opinion, wealth is a pool upon which people can draw, and money becomes a

6685: 6605: 6450: 6398: 6356: 6274: 6143: 5987: 3746: 3736: 3685: 3664: 3586: 3526: 3171: 3036: 2956: 2865: 2036: 1789: 1714: 1618: 1523: 1435: 1249: 1207: 1129: 915: 787: 747: 712: 608: 568: 563: 530: 376: 356: 346: 336: 321: 301: 236: 122: 47: 5684: 3819:(Fifth Authorised ed.). Epsom, Surrey, England: Bloomfield Books. pp. 3594: 6062: 6057: 5284:

Alberta Post-War Reconstruction Committee Report of the Subcommittee on Finance

4632: 4630: 4628: 3751: 3602: 3598: 3108: 3048: 2650:. His early writings appeared most notably in the British intellectual journal 2643: 2606: 2117: 2099: 2015: 1804: 1778: 1449: 1274: 1269: 1254: 1217: 1039: 885: 772: 588: 482: 326: 6156: 6700: 6570: 6533: 6321: 6211: 6072: 6052: 6042: 6022: 5992: 5563: 5008: 3761: 3756: 3582: 3578: 3570: 3566: 3558: 3235: 3224: 3200: 3072: 3013: 2989: 2985: 2965: 2885: 2845: 2825: 2728: 2610: 2579: 2113: 2066: 1602: 1535: 1488: 1199: 1134: 1094: 1059: 985: 822: 807: 613: 603: 593: 578: 558: 487: 331: 164: 127: 117: 107: 4625: 3981:, Melbourne Town Hall, Melbourne, Australia: The Australian League of Rights 2955:, wanted to balance the provincial budget, Douglas argued the concept of a " 2601:

from an all-powerful parliament. Douglas also believed the effectiveness of

2078: 6296: 6241: 6092: 6077: 5805: 3731: 3721: 3574: 3562: 3522: 3325: 3231: 3212: 3159: 3112: 2869: 2619: 2531: 1961:, critiquing the methods by which economic activity is typically measured: 1508: 1480: 1279: 1244: 1227: 1124: 1109: 1074: 1024: 1019: 1011: 945: 697: 573: 437: 432: 427: 412: 366: 341: 316: 311: 258: 112: 2605:

is determined structurally by application of a Christian concept known as

6331: 6246: 6097: 6037: 6032: 6007: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3474: 3243: 3184: 3132: 3027:. The latter group helped influence the party to form alliances with the 2979: 2841: 2781: 2736: 2652: 1640: 1153: 980: 950: 930: 762: 717: 680: 658: 653: 266: 241: 5243:. Vancouver: Institute of Economic Democracy, Sixth Printing, Dec.1978. 5016: 4984: 3679: 6501: 6403: 6236: 6082: 6067: 6027: 5715: 5630: 5625: 4788:

Social Discredit: Anti-Semitism, Social Credit, and the Jewish Response

3534: 2881: 2788: 2594: 2574: 1598: 1519:, but we shall be put in a position to construct a Utopia of our own." 1425: 1119: 1114: 92: 60: 5680:

C.H. Douglas's work, "These Present Discontents" at American Libraries

2510:

In symbols if B1/A1 = k1 and B2/A2 = k2 both k1 and k2 are increasing.

6650: 5730: 5000: 3196: 3151: 3136: 3129: 3064: 3032: 3024: 2058: 2008: 2004: 1626: 1606: 1492: 1234: 975: 970: 782: 306: 271: 206: 70: 65: 5394:. Melbourne: Heritage for Institute of Economic Democracy. pp. 3039:, the party's membership fell rapidly, totaling just 3,500 by 1942. 6675: 6311: 4898:

Douglas, C.H. (December 1918). "The Delusion of Super-Production".

3655: 3060: 2792: 2769: 2583: 1770: 1089: 159: 2634:

C. H. Douglas, founder of the "social credit" economic theory, in

1985:

All payments made to individuals (wages, salaries, and dividends).

905: 5710: 2909: 2011: 1751: 1522:

The idea of social credit attracted considerable interest in the

1264: 515: 291: 5739: 4936:"Maud Gonne and the 1930s' movement for basic income in Ireland" 3211:

Social crediters and Douglas have been criticized for spreading

2932:, which was largely nurtured in Alberta, thus acquired a strong 2868:, were incompatible with the National Dividend and abolition of 2828:

through exercise of their monetary vote. In this view, the term

2093:

extent to which machinery replaces manual labour, as it should.

1644: 5705: 3693: 3167: 3087: 2968:. The result of the acceptance of this proposition is that all 2805:

through a National Dividend and a Compensated Price Mechanism.

2765: 1698: 1516: 1212: 837: 643: 5720: 4955:

The Age of Unreason: a Short History of Democracy in our Times

3707: 3094:, where it was the country's third party for almost 30 years. 2630: 2317:

The physical cost of producing something is the materials and

2997: 2480:

amounts of leisure, and that the Dividend would provide this

1622: 1222: 4985:"The Cold War, Alberta Labour, and the Social Credit Regime" 4259:. Institution of Mechanical Engineers: Warning Democracy: 15 3135:. Social credit is consonant with the Christian doctrine of 3075:, and purged "Douglasites" from the Alberta government. The 2856:

During early years of the philosophy, the management of the

2487: 2035:

through the bank in a year divided by the average amount of

2761: 1928:

accumulated by next period are able to cover past payments

1867:

accumulated by next period are able to cover past payments

4548: 4546: 2492:

Critics of the theorem, such as J. M. Pullen, Hawtrey and

2106: 1970:

In 1920, Douglas presented the A + B theorem in his book,

5958:

Social Credit Party of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

5725: 3504:

Social Credit Party of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

3069:

An Act for the Better Management of the Credit of Alberta

2992:, William Aberhart issued a currency substitute known as 2079:

The A + B theorem and a cost accounting view of inflation

2063:

Social Credit Party of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

4305:

address at St. James' Theatre, Christchurch, New Zealand

3609:

espoused similar ideas. In 1933 Eimar O'Duffy published

3246:

over individuals. Historian John L. Finlay, in his book

2840:, government, and industry, social credit envisages an " 2521:

to purchase the consumable goods coming on the market."

2301:= money distributed for a given programme of production, 1707:, originally and literally meaning "cattle" (related to 4543: 2215: 2150: 5731:

Catalogue of the social credit publications collection

5533:

Political Economy of Social Credit and Guild Socialism

3051:, who succeeded Aberhart after his death in 1943, the 2218: 2153: 5566:(1920) new edition: December 1974; Bloomfield Books; 5506:. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press. pp. 4469: 4467: 4086:. Epsom, Surrey, England: Bloomfield Books. pp. 3257: 2731:

who contributed a major book on social credit titled

2366: 2330: 2132: 4640:

The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money

3944:

The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money

3934: 3675: 1545:

The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money

4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 2776:, that all costs are distributed simultaneously as 1769:Douglas also claimed the problem of production, or 5499: 5387: 5265: 5167:Douglas, C.H. (1947). "Social Credit in Alberta". 5152:Douglas, C.H. (1947). "Social Credit in Alberta". 4464: 2772:. This seemed to contradict the theory of classic 2439: 2283: 1560: 1552:to explain differences in output and consumption. 5268:Aladdin's Lamp: The Wealth of the American People 2733:Aladdin’s Lamp: The Wealth of the American People 2707:in 1930, which included exchanges with economist 1630:consumers direct the distribution of production. 6698: 5451: 5421:C.H. Douglas letter to L.D. Byrne, 28 March 1940 5056: 5054: 4406: 4029: 2679:, was published in 1920, soon after his article 1784:for claiming ownership of the money they create. 1692: 1639:decreasing it. The word wealth derives from the 1593:). Consequently, mankind does not have to keep " 6186: 4517:. 38 Cursitor Street, London: The New Age Press 4432:. Melbourne, Australia: The Social Credit Press 5690:Bryan Monahan, "Introduction to Social Credit" 4614:The Douglas Theory; a reply to Mr. J.A. Hobson 3119:. Religion, which derives from the Latin word 2988:in London.Drawing on the monetary theories of 1907:payments with an increasing ratio of payments 1777:for being a form of government which has been 6172: 5755: 5417: 5415: 5186:. Australian League of Rights. Archived from 5051: 4297: 4295: 3206: 2609:: "In some form or other, sovereignty in the 1457: 862: 5735:Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick 5670:C.H. Douglas's book "The Monopoly of Credit" 4675:. Vol. LII, no. 23. Archived from 4657: 4395:, Melbourne: The Australian League of Rights 4308:, Melbourne: The Australian League of Rights 4083:Economic Democracy, Fifth Authorised Edition 3867: 3865: 3090:. Social Credit also did well nationally in 2457:Depreciation = depreciation of real capital, 4643:. London, England: MacMillan & Co Ltd. 4596:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4585: 4360:. Social Credit Secretariat. Archived from 3947:. London: MacMillan & Co Ltd. pp. 3663:The Political Economy of Social Credit and 3472:New Zealand Social Credit Association (Inc) 3175: 3120: 2977: 2711:, and to the Agricultural Committee of the 2705:Macmillan Committee on Finance and Industry 1730: 1708: 1702: 6179: 6165: 5762: 5748: 5663:The Control and Distribution of Production 5530: 5412: 5083: 4867:"Select Committee on Banking and Commerce" 4292: 4228:"The Bank in Brief: Canada's Money Supply" 2899: 2808:According to Douglas, the true purpose of 2689:The Control and Distribution of Production 2586:was freed leaving Christ to be crucified. 1464: 1450: 869: 855: 6124:Social Credit Party of Canada split, 1963 5816:Committee on Monetary and Economic Reform 5493: 5491: 5321:. Sydney: Tidal Publications. p. 3. 4920:. Australian League of Rights. p. 6. 3862: 3849: 3847: 3412:Committee on Monetary and Economic Reform 3128:The goal of Social Credit is to maximize 2687:. Among Douglas's other early works were 2488:Critics of the A + B theorem and rebuttal 2269: 2204: 5207: 5205: 4848:, Melbourne: Australian League of Rights 4821:, Melbourne: Australian League of Rights 2916:. A book by Maurice Colbourne, entitled 2629: 1891: 1837: 1803: 1668: 6114:1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt 5604:For Us, The Living: A Comedy of Customs 5583:Major Douglas and Alberta Social Credit 5577:Major Douglas: The Policy of Philosophy 5457: 5385: 5355: 5311: 5299:The Land for the (Chosen) People Racket 5296: 5211: 5166: 5151: 5136: 5060: 5037: 4952: 4897: 4838: 4811: 4784: 4780: 4778: 4663: 4610: 4552: 4505: 4473: 4425: 4385: 4325: 4301: 4251: 4167: 4117: 4079: 4035: 3998: 3971: 3882: 3853: 3812: 3626:For Us, The Living: A Comedy of Customs 2939:Douglas was consulted by the 1921–1935 2892:. Confused in the public mind with the 2120:production and consumption statistics. 2107:Compensated price and national dividend 1935:, however, this requires that payments 1874:, however, this requires that payments 1542:references Douglas's ideas in his book 6699: 5695:M. Gordon-Cumming, "Money in Industry" 5497: 5488: 5467:. New York: Gordon Press. p. 22. 5263: 5238: 4982: 4933: 4929: 4927: 4636: 4332:. New York: Gordon Press. p. 47. 4008:. New York: Gordon Press. p. 60. 3940: 3844: 3348:Pro-Life Alberta Political Association 2888:, Douglas's ideas briefly spawned the 6342:Marxian critique of political economy 6160: 5912:Democratic Labour Party (New Zealand) 5743: 5596: 5202: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4915:"C.H. Douglas The Man and the Vision" 4751: 4749: 4747: 4745: 3794:from the original on 6 September 2021 2597:is essential to ensure protection of 2463:Production = cost of total production 2454:Consumption = cost of consumer goods, 5876:Social Credit Party of New Brunswick 5801:British Columbia Social Credit Party 4785:Stingel, Janine (24 February 2000). 4775: 4560:. The English Review. Archived from 3364:Social Credit Party of New Brunswick 3354:British Columbia Social Credit Party 3107:. Douglas believed that there was a 3077:British Columbia Social Credit Party 3029:Co-operative Commonwealth Federation 2851: 2646:who pursued his higher education at 1799: 1796:, when and where they are required. 1738:According to economists, money is a 1633: 1487:developed in the 1920s and 1930s by 5932:Solomon Islands Social Credit Party 5886:Social Credit Party of Saskatchewan 5430: 5218:. Veritas Publishing Co. Pty, Ltd. 5181: 5110: 4934:Warren, Gordon (24 November 2020). 4924: 4912: 4755: 4722: 4460:. Sydney, n.d.: Tidal Publications. 4450: 4352: 4199: 3914: 3515: 3486:Solomon Islands Social Credit Party 3395:Social Credit Party of Saskatchewan 3042: 2567: 1140:Workers' right to access the toilet 13: 5553: 5502:Social Credit: The English Origins 5063:"The Fallacy of a Balanced Budget" 4961: 4842:address at Central Hall, Liverpool 4742: 4716: 4386:Douglas, C.H. (24 November 1936), 4302:Douglas, C.H. (13 February 1934), 3479: 3457:New Democratic Party (New Zealand) 3258:Groups influenced by social credit 3252:Social Credit: The English Origins 3248:Social Credit: The English Origins 3111:which permeated the universe, and 2656:. The editor of that publication, 2427: 2410: 2394: 2377: 2356: 2339: 1846:with a constant ratio of payments 1555: 14: 6733: 5953:Irish Monetary Reform Association 5922:Social Credit Party (New Zealand) 5769: 5636: 5365:. Tidal Publications. p. 7. 5118:. The Australian League of Rights 4839:Douglas, C.H. (30 October 1936), 4617:. London: Cecil Palmer. pp. 4555:"The Delusion of Superproduction" 4202:"The Working of the Money System" 3972:Douglas, C.H. (22 January 1934), 3922:. The Australian League of Rights 3499:Douglas Social Credit Secretariat 3492: 3467:Social Credit Party (New Zealand) 3430:Irish Monetary Reform Association 2924:. Aberhart added a heavy dose of 843:Business and economics portal 6646:History of macroeconomic thought 6471:Neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis 5088:. Glenbow Museum. Archived from 5069:. pp. 346–7. Archived from 5047:. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode. 4038:"A Mechanical View of Economics" 3706: 3692: 3678: 3067:. In the Secretariat's journal, 2784:methods to the economic system. 2681:The Delusion of Super-Production 1035:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 904: 836: 26:Not to be confused with China's 5856:Ralliement créditiste du Québec 5726:Clifford Hugh Douglas Institute 5711:Social Credit School of Studies 5524: 5424: 5379: 5349: 5335: 5305: 5301:. London: KRP Publications Ltd. 5290: 5276: 5272:. New York: Creative Age Press. 5257: 5232: 5175: 5160: 5145: 5130: 5104: 5077: 5031: 4946: 4906: 4891: 4859: 4832: 4805: 4791:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. 4686: 4604: 4579: 4553:Douglas, C.H. (December 1918). 4499: 4444: 4389:address at Ulster Hall, Belfast 4379: 4346: 4319: 4254:"Engineering, Money and Prices" 4252:Douglas, C.H. (22 April 1927). 4245: 4220: 4193: 4161: 4139: 4111: 4073: 3854:Douglas, C.H. (1954). "Cover". 3380:Ralliement créditiste du Québec 3295:Canadian social credit movement 2930:Canadian social credit movement 2824:, will establish the policy of 2715:in 1934 during the term of the 1830:can cover the current total of 1587:cultural inheritance of society 1561:Factors of production and value 5963:Social Credit Party of Ireland 5881:Social Credit Party of Ontario 5433:"Static and Dynamic Sociology" 5061:Douglas, C.H. (28 July 1932). 4812:Douglas, C.H. (7 March 1936), 3992: 3965: 3908: 3806: 3774: 3440: 3369:Social Credit Party of Ontario 2928:to Douglas' theories, and the 2896:, its meetings were attacked. 2848:by a democracy of consumers". 2742:Commonwealth Leagues of Rights 2430: 2424: 2413: 2407: 2397: 2391: 2380: 2374: 2359: 2353: 2342: 2336: 2007:evidence, Douglas claims this 1085:Occupational safety and health 1080:Occupational safety and health 21:Social credit (disambiguation) 1: 6636:Critique of political economy 5871:Social Credit Party of Canada 4957:. Dublin: Abbey Publications. 4763:. Australian League of Rights 4758:"Realistic Constitutionalism" 4730:. Australian League of Rights 4454:The New and the Old Economics 4127:. Australian League of Rights 3435:Social Credit Party (Ireland) 3291:Social Credit Party of Canada 3097: 3084:Social Credit Party of Canada 1949:rise exponentially over time. 1812:with steady payments of both 1693:The creditary nature of money 1550:principle of effective demand 1208:Chronological list of strikes 738:Commons-based peer production 458:Socialism of the 21st century 6544:Rational expectations theory 5826:Manitoba Social Credit Party 5796:Abolitionist Party of Canada 5531:Hutchinson, Frances (1997). 5184:"The Policy of a Philosophy" 3856:The Douglas Quarterly Review 3359:Manitoba Social Credit Party 3337:Provincial political parties 3307:Abolitionist Party of Canada 3262: 2918:The Meaning of Social Credit 1888:rise exponentially over time 1781:its power for centuries, and 7: 6712:Schools of economic thought 6641:History of economic thought 6188:Schools of economic thought 5907:Country Party (New Zealand) 5902:Australian League of Rights 5866:Alberta Social Credit Party 5700:Australian League of Rights 3671: 3617:, was endorsed by Douglas. 3597:and the American publisher 3343:Alberta Social Credit Party 3269:Australian League of Rights 3053:Alberta Social Credit Party 2926:fundamentalist Christianity 2904:In 1935, the world's first 1528:Alberta Social Credit Party 10: 6738: 6561:New neoclassical synthesis 6549:Real business-cycle theory 5654:Credit-Power and Democracy 5359:Why I am a Social Crediter 5343:"The Use of Social Credit" 5315:Why I am a Social Crediter 4429:Credit-Power and Democracy 3423: 3207:Criticism for antisemitism 2908:government was elected in 2894:Communist Party of Ireland 2844:of producers, serving and 2755: 2693:Credit-Power and Democracy 2625: 1972:Credit-Power and Democracy 1569:who recognised only three 1509:absolute economic security 25: 18: 6628: 6372: 6260: 6227: 6220: 6194: 6132: 6106: 5975: 5940: 5894: 5846:Pilgrims of Saint Michael 5786: 5779: 5716:Social Credit Secretariat 5215:Brief for the Prosecution 5113:"The Approach to Reality" 4913:Lee, Jeremy (July 1972). 4725:"The Nature of Democracy" 3917:"The Approach to Reality" 3646:Schrödinger's Cat Trilogy 3407:Pilgrims of Saint Michael 3285:Federal political parties 3279: 3234:, such as the state, and 3189:dialectical materialistic 3014:Alberta Treasury Branches 2941:United Farmers of Alberta 2890:Irish Social Credit Party 2717:United Farmers of Alberta 1532:"prosperity certificates" 1171:International comparisons 1105:Right to rest and leisure 1045:Employment discrimination 232:Socialist-oriented market 5241:The ABC of Social Credit 5086:"Prosperity Certificate" 4637:Keynes, John M. (1936). 4535:: CS1 maint: location ( 4065:: CS1 maint: location ( 3941:Keynes, John M. (1936). 3767: 3217:international conspiracy 3192:– molecules in motion." 3018:the Bank of North Dakota 2683:appeared in 1918 in the 2660:, devoted the magazines 2549:quantity theory of money 2460:Credit = Credit Created, 1611:labour creates all value 1548:, but instead poses the 956:Social movement unionism 6671:Post-autistic economics 5841:Parti crédit social uni 5836:Pauper Party of Ontario 5498:Finlay, John L (1972). 5458:Douglas, C. H. (1973). 5356:Monahan, Bryan (1971). 5312:Monahan, Bryan (1971). 5264:Munson, Gorham (1945). 4953:Ireland, Denis (1944). 4666:"The Birmingham Debate" 4508:"A + B AND THE BANKERS" 3787:Encyclopædia Britannica 3714:Organized Labour portal 3531:William Carlos Williams 3462:Real Democracy Movement 3452:Democratic Labour Party 3390:Parti crédit social uni 3374:Pauper Party of Ontario 3177:Demon est deus inversus 2994:prosperity certificates 2900:Aberhart administration 1729:derives from the Latin 1645: 1565:Douglas disagreed with 1166:Trade union federations 1161:Trade unions by country 6409:Modern Monetary Theory 6119:Prosperity certificate 5948:British People's Party 5811:Christian Credit Party 5386:Douglas, C.H. (1920). 5297:Douglas, C.H. (1943). 5239:Holter, E. S. (1978). 5212:Douglas, C.H. (1983). 5067:The New English Weekly 5041:The Alberta Experiment 5038:Douglas, C.H. (1937). 4983:Finkel, Alvin (1988). 4872:. 1923. Archived from 4815:address at Westminster 4664:Douglas, C.H. (1933). 4611:Douglas, C.H. (1922). 4506:Douglas, C.H. (1925). 4487:Cite journal requires 4426:Douglas, C.H. (1933). 4326:Douglas, C.H. (1973). 4280:Cite journal requires 4181:Cite journal requires 4118:Douglas, C.H. (1935). 4080:Douglas, C.H. (1974). 4036:Douglas, C.H. (1919). 3999:Douglas, C.H. (1973). 3896:Cite journal requires 3813:Douglas, C.H. (1974). 3418:Prosperity Certificate 3321:Global Party of Canada 3311:Christian Credit Party 3176: 3121: 3007: 2978: 2974: 2946:The Alberta Experiment 2884:, and subsequently by 2864:, economic growth and 2701:The Monopoly of Credit 2675:Douglas's first book, 2666:The New English Weekly 2639: 2565: 2545: 2523: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2441: 2285: 2135:real cost (production) 2095: 2076: 2050: 2028: 2001: 1968: 1950: 1889: 1835: 1731: 1709: 1703: 1686: 1666: 1656: 1065:Freedom of association 936:Exploitation of labour 6493:Keynes–Marx synthesis 5851:Ralliement créditiste 5721:Social Credit Website 5665:at American Libraries 5656:at American Libraries 5647:at American Libraries 3975:The Monopolistic Idea 3629:, and his 1942 novel 3316:Canadian Action Party 3301:Ralliement créditiste 3002: 2961: 2633: 2560: 2540: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2502: 2442: 2286: 2086: 2071: 2045: 2023: 1976: 1963: 1895: 1841: 1807: 1675: 1669:Purpose of an economy 1661: 1651: 1595:reinventing the wheel 1571:factors of production 1530:briefly distributing 1491:. Douglas attributed 1050:Employment protection 1030:Collective bargaining 6722:Political philosophy 6681:World-systems theory 6661:Mainstream economics 6601:Technocracy movement 6581:Saltwater/freshwater 6003:John Horne Blackmore 5917:Douglas Credit Party 5661:C.H. Douglas's book 5652:C.H. Douglas's book 5643:C.H. Douglas's book 4147:"Cow Words Part # 1" 3274:Douglas Credit Party 3240:corporate personhood 2970:capital appreciation 2951:While Aberhart, the 2858:British Labour Party 2838:banking institutions 2748:and soon thereafter 2648:Cambridge University 2642:C. H. Douglas was a 2328: 2130: 1959:Alfred Richard Orage 1842:Cumulative payments 1808:Cumulative payments 1567:classical economists 1411:Industrial relations 1400:Academic disciplines 996:National-syndicalism 966:Democratic socialism 768:Newly industrialized 511:Collective ownership 372:Vertical archipelago 30:for trustworthiness. 28:Social Credit System 19:For other uses, see 6666:Heterodox economics 6394:Capability approach 6270:American (National) 6252:School of Salamanca 5861:Social Credit Board 5615:Beyond This Horizon 5484:on 9 February 2010. 5190:on 4 September 2007 5169:The Social Crediter 5154:The Social Crediter 5139:The Social Crediter 4989:Labour / Le Travail 4567:on 20 November 2008 4367:on 20 November 2008 4025:on 9 February 2010. 3951:, 98–100, 370–371. 3651:Robert Anton Wilson 3643:, part of his 1979 3632:Beyond This Horizon 2934:social conservative 2774:Ricardian economics 2750:The Social Crediter 2735:. While Canada and 2719:Government in that 2713:Alberta Legislature 2709:John Maynard Keynes 2573:exist. Traditional 2248: 2217: 2183: 2152: 1540:John Maynard Keynes 991:Anarcho-syndicalism 753:Inclusive Democracy 6717:Monetary economics 6302:English historical 6048:Robert A. Heinlein 5645:Economic Democracy 5620:Robert A. Heinlein 5609:Robert A. Heinlein 5597:Fiction and poetry 5585:, by Bob Hesketh, 5560:Economic Democracy 5390:Economic Democracy 4879:on 3 February 2009 4704:on 26 October 2009 3816:Economic Democracy 3782:"Clifford Douglas" 3727:Citizen's dividend 3621:Robert A. Heinlein 3145:Left-Right Duality 2830:economic democracy 2798:The English Review 2677:Economic Democracy 2640: 2622:becomes evident." 2603:British government 2437: 2435: 2388:depreciation 2281: 2277: 2220: 2212: 2155: 2116:, and calculating 1951: 1890: 1836: 1756:unearned increment 1744:division of labour 1740:medium of exchange 1719:mathematical proof 1493:economic downturns 1100:Professional abuse 691:Material balancing 173:Buddhist economics 6694: 6693: 6656:Political economy 6624: 6623: 6556:New institutional 6529:Neo-Schumpeterian 6337:Marxist economics 6317:German historical 6154: 6153: 6088:Manasseh Sogavare 5971: 5970: 5542:978-0-415-14709-5 5535:. UK: Routledge. 5517:978-0-7735-0111-9 5474:978-0-9501126-1-9 5405:978-0-904656-00-8 5372:978-0-85855-001-8 5328:978-0-85855-001-8 5250:978-0-920392-24-9 5225:978-0-949667-80-9 5092:on 2 October 2008 4650:978-1-56000-149-2 4339:978-0-9501126-1-9 4151:billcasselman.com 4121:Warning Democracy 4097:978-0-904656-06-0 4015:978-0-9501126-1-9 3958:978-1-56000-149-2 3872:Micah 4:4 3830:978-0-904656-06-0 3641:The Trick Top Hat 3585:, Eimar O'Duffy, 3551:Flannery O'Connor 3509:Populist Alliance 2852:Political history 2721:Canadian province 2697:Warning Democracy 2670:Poverty in Plenty 2636:Edmonton, Alberta 2599:individual rights 2434: 2422: 2405: 2389: 2372: 2371:consumption 2351: 2334: 2279: 2267: 2216: 2202: 2151: 2136: 1800:The A + B theorem 1634:Economic sabotage 1485:political economy 1474: 1473: 1431:Post-work society 1260:Solidarity action 1070:Legal working age 926:Conflict theories 879: 878: 389:By regional model 183:Sabbath economics 6729: 6686:Economic systems 6225: 6224: 6207:Medieval Islamic 6181: 6174: 6167: 6158: 6157: 6146: 6139: 6018:Vernon Cracknell 5998:W. A. C. Bennett 5983:William Aberhart 5927:Social Credit-NZ 5784: 5783: 5773: 5764: 5757: 5750: 5741: 5740: 5702:– online library 5547: 5546: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5505: 5495: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5477:. Archived from 5466: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5439:. Mondo Politico 5428: 5422: 5419: 5410: 5409: 5393: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5364: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5320: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5261: 5255: 5254: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5209: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5179: 5173: 5172: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5117: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5084:Glenbow Museum. 5081: 5075: 5074: 5073:on 20 June 2010. 5058: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5001:10.2307/25142941 4980: 4959: 4958: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4931: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4878: 4871: 4863: 4857: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4847: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4820: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4782: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4762: 4753: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4729: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4700:. 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Tolkien 3516:Literary figures 3179: 3124: 3043:Later activities 3037:social dividends 2983: 2922:Great Depression 2914:William Aberhart 2912:, Canada led by 2878:Irish Free State 2862:Fabian socialism 2822:purchasing power 2803:purchasing power 2778:purchasing power 2727:American author 2568:Political theory 2446: 2444: 2443: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2423: 2421:production 2420: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2390: 2387: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2352: 2349: 2335: 2333:true price 2332: 2290: 2288: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2268: 2266: 2258: 2250: 2247: 2246: 2245: 2235: 2234: 2233: 2213: 2211: 2203: 2201: 2193: 2185: 2182: 2181: 2180: 2170: 2169: 2168: 2148: 2137: 2134: 2055:balance of trade 1764:effective demand 1752:ticketing system 1747:insurance, etc. 1734: 1717:, and presented 1712: 1706: 1648: 1505:self-development 1497:purchasing power 1466: 1459: 1452: 1416:Labour economics 1406:Critique of work 1250:Pen-down strikes 961:Social democracy 908: 898: 897:Organized labour 888: 881: 880: 871: 864: 857: 841: 840: 599:Municipalization 584:Financialization 554:Collectivization 536:Social ownership 526:Private property 520:Common ownership 478:Common ownership 292:Closed (autarky) 249:State capitalism 227:Socialist market 212:Market socialist 48:Economic systems 35: 34: 6737: 6736: 6732: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6727: 6726: 6697: 6696: 6695: 6690: 6620: 6606:Thermoeconomics 6377:21st centuries) 6376: 6374: 6368: 6256: 6216: 6202:Ancient schools 6190: 6185: 6155: 6150: 6144: 6137: 6128: 6102: 5988:Lavern Ahlstrom 5967: 5936: 5890: 5775: 5771: 5768: 5639: 5599: 5556: 5554:Further reading 5551: 5550: 5543: 5529: 5525: 5518: 5496: 5489: 5481: 5475: 5464: 5456: 5452: 5442: 5440: 5429: 5425: 5420: 5413: 5406: 5384: 5380: 5373: 5362: 5354: 5350: 5341: 5340: 5336: 5329: 5318: 5310: 5306: 5295: 5291: 5282: 5281: 5277: 5262: 5258: 5251: 5237: 5233: 5226: 5210: 5203: 5193: 5191: 5180: 5176: 5165: 5161: 5150: 5146: 5135: 5131: 5121: 5119: 5115: 5111:Douglas, C. H. 5109: 5105: 5095: 5093: 5082: 5078: 5059: 5052: 5044: 5036: 5032: 4981: 4962: 4951: 4947: 4932: 4925: 4917: 4911: 4907: 4896: 4892: 4882: 4880: 4876: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4860: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4837: 4833: 4824: 4822: 4818: 4810: 4806: 4799: 4783: 4776: 4766: 4764: 4760: 4754: 4743: 4733: 4731: 4727: 4721: 4717: 4707: 4705: 4692: 4691: 4687: 4679: 4668: 4662: 4658: 4651: 4635: 4626: 4609: 4605: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4557: 4551: 4544: 4528: 4527: 4520: 4518: 4510: 4504: 4500: 4488: 4486: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4465: 4457: 4449: 4445: 4435: 4433: 4424: 4407: 4398: 4396: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4370: 4368: 4364: 4357: 4351: 4347: 4340: 4324: 4320: 4311: 4309: 4300: 4293: 4281: 4279: 4270: 4269: 4262: 4260: 4256: 4250: 4246: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4225: 4221: 4211: 4209: 4198: 4194: 4182: 4180: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4116: 4112: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4078: 4074: 4058: 4057: 4050: 4048: 4040: 4034: 4030: 4022: 4016: 4005: 3997: 3993: 3984: 3982: 3978: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3939: 3935: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3915:Douglas, C. H. 3913: 3909: 3897: 3895: 3886: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3870: 3863: 3852: 3845: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3811: 3807: 3797: 3795: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3747:Social dividend 3737:Monetary reform 3712: 3705: 3698: 3691: 3686:Politics portal 3684: 3677: 3674: 3665:Guild Socialism 3611:Asses in Clover 3587:Sybil Thorndike 3527:Charlie Chaplin 3518: 3495: 3482: 3480:Solomon Islands 3443: 3426: 3282: 3265: 3260: 3209: 3172:Totalitarianism 3100: 3045: 2957:balanced budget 2902: 2866:full employment 2854: 2758: 2628: 2570: 2490: 2419: 2402: 2401: 2386: 2369: 2368: 2365: 2348: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2259: 2251: 2249: 2241: 2237: 2236: 2229: 2225: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2194: 2186: 2184: 2176: 2172: 2171: 2164: 2160: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2147: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2127: 2109: 2081: 1947: 1940: 1933: 1926: 1919: 1912: 1905: 1901: 1886: 1879: 1872: 1865: 1858: 1851: 1824: 1817: 1802: 1695: 1671: 1636: 1563: 1558: 1556:Economic theory 1524:interwar period 1470: 1441: 1440: 1436:Refusal of work 1401: 1393: 1392: 1391: 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6480: 6475: 6474: 6473: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6431:Disequilibrium 6428: 6423: 6421:Constitutional 6418: 6413: 6412: 6411: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6380: 6378: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6366: 6361: 6360: 6359: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6307:French liberal 6304: 6299: 6294: 6293: 6292: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6266: 6264: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6233: 6231: 6222: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6198: 6196: 6192: 6191: 6184: 6183: 6176: 6169: 6161: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6148: 6141: 6133: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6110: 6108: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6063:Ernest Manning 6060: 6058:Solon Earl Low 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5979: 5977: 5973: 5972: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5898: 5896: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5821:Les Démocrates 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5792: 5790: 5781: 5777: 5776: 5767: 5766: 5759: 5752: 5744: 5738: 5737: 5733:, held at the 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5658: 5649: 5638: 5637:External links 5635: 5634: 5633: 5622: 5611: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5593: 5580: 5574: 5555: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5541: 5523: 5516: 5487: 5473: 5450: 5431:Douglas, C.H. 5423: 5411: 5404: 5378: 5371: 5348: 5334: 5327: 5304: 5289: 5275: 5256: 5249: 5231: 5224: 5201: 5182:Douglas, C.H. 5174: 5159: 5144: 5129: 5103: 5076: 5050: 5030: 4960: 4945: 4923: 4905: 4900:English Review 4890: 4858: 4831: 4804: 4797: 4774: 4756:Douglas, C.H. 4741: 4723:Douglas, C.H. 4715: 4685: 4656: 4649: 4624: 4603: 4578: 4542: 4498: 4489:|journal= 4463: 4451:Douglas, C.H. 4443: 4405: 4378: 4353:Douglas, C.H. 4345: 4338: 4318: 4291: 4282:|journal= 4244: 4219: 4200:Douglas, C.H. 4192: 4183:|journal= 4160: 4138: 4110: 4096: 4072: 4028: 4014: 3991: 3964: 3957: 3933: 3907: 3898:|journal= 3875: 3861: 3843: 3829: 3805: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3765: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3752:Stock and flow 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3703: 3689: 3673: 3670: 3603:Hilaire Belloc 3599:James Laughlin 3517: 3514: 3513: 3512: 3506: 3501: 3494: 3493:United Kingdom 3491: 3490: 3489: 3481: 3478: 3477: 3476: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3442: 3439: 3438: 3437: 3432: 3425: 3422: 3421: 3420: 3414: 3409: 3398: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3385:Les Démocrates 3382: 3377: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3345: 3334: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3304: 3297: 3281: 3278: 3277: 3276: 3271: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3236:legal fictions 3208: 3205: 3141:unearned grace 3117:transcendental 3099: 3096: 3049:Ernest Manning 3044: 3041: 2966:capital assets 2901: 2898: 2853: 2850: 2834:worker control 2832:does not mean 2757: 2754: 2685:English Review 2644:civil engineer 2627: 2624: 2607:Trinitarianism 2569: 2566: 2534:in economics. 2489: 2486: 2465: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2448: 2447: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2315: 2314: 2308: 2307:= consumption, 2302: 2292: 2291: 2275: 2272: 2265: 2262: 2257: 2254: 2244: 2240: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2210: 2207: 2200: 2197: 2192: 2189: 2179: 2175: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2108: 2105: 2100:Phillips Curve 2080: 2077: 2041:clearing house 1996: 1995: 1988: 1987: 1945: 1938: 1931: 1924: 1917: 1914:over payments 1910: 1903: 1899: 1884: 1877: 1870: 1863: 1856: 1853:over payments 1849: 1822: 1815: 1801: 1798: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1723:Social Credit. 1699:barter economy 1694: 1691: 1670: 1667: 1635: 1632: 1627:"value in use" 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1483:philosophy of 1472: 1471: 1469: 1468: 1461: 1454: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1421:Labour history 1418: 1413: 1408: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1390: 1389: 1384: 1382:United Kingdom 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1298: 1297: 1294:Labour parties 1292: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1283: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1225: 1218:General strike 1215: 1210: 1204: 1203: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1175: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1157: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1040:Eight-hour day 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1002: 1001: 999: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 922: 919: 914: 913: 910: 909: 901: 900: 892: 891: 877: 876: 874: 873: 866: 859: 851: 848: 847: 846: 845: 830: 829: 826: 825: 820: 815: 810: 805: 803:Resource-based 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 734: 731: 730: 727: 726: 723: 722: 721: 720: 715: 710: 700: 695: 694: 693: 688: 683: 678: 668: 667: 666: 661: 656: 646: 640: 637: 636: 633: 632: 629: 628: 627: 626: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 589:Liberalization 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 550: 547: 546: 543: 542: 539: 538: 533: 528: 523: 513: 507: 505:Property types 504: 503: 500: 499: 496: 495: 490: 485: 480: 474: 471: 470: 467: 466: 463: 462: 461: 460: 454:Latin America 452: 451: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 417: 416: 415: 410: 405: 400: 391: 388: 387: 384: 383: 380: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 288: 285: 284: 281: 280: 277: 276: 275: 274: 269: 261: 256: 251: 246: 245: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 194: 193: 192: 187: 186: 185: 175: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 141: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 90: 84: 81: 80: 77: 76: 74: 73: 68: 63: 57: 54: 51: 50: 44: 43: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6734: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6707:Social credit 6705: 6704: 6702: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6633: 6631: 6627: 6617: 6616:Social credit 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6591:Structuralist 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6571:Public choice 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6540: 6539:New classical 6537: 6535: 6534:Neoliberalism 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6524:Neo-Ricardian 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6508: 6505: 6504: 6503: 6500: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6456:Institutional 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6410: 6407: 6406: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6371: 6365: 6362: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6259: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6226: 6223: 6219: 6213: 6212:Scholasticism 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6182: 6177: 6175: 6170: 6168: 6163: 6162: 6159: 6147: 6142: 6140: 6135: 6134: 6131: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6105: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6073:Neil Morrison 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6053:Norman Jaques 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6043:John Hargrave 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6023:C. H. Douglas 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6013:Réal Caouette 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5993:Bruce Beetham 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5939: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5831:New Democracy 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5785: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5772:Social Credit 5765: 5760: 5758: 5753: 5751: 5746: 5745: 5742: 5736: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5641: 5640: 5632: 5628: 5627: 5623: 5621: 5617: 5616: 5612: 5610: 5606: 5605: 5601: 5600: 5592: 5591:0-8020-4148-5 5588: 5584: 5581: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5572:0-904656-06-3 5569: 5565: 5564:C. H. Douglas 5561: 5558: 5557: 5544: 5538: 5534: 5527: 5519: 5513: 5509: 5504: 5503: 5494: 5492: 5480: 5476: 5470: 5463: 5462: 5461:Social Credit 5454: 5438: 5437:Social Credit 5434: 5427: 5418: 5416: 5407: 5401: 5397: 5392: 5391: 5382: 5374: 5368: 5361: 5360: 5352: 5344: 5338: 5330: 5324: 5317: 5316: 5308: 5300: 5293: 5285: 5279: 5270: 5269: 5260: 5252: 5246: 5242: 5235: 5227: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5208: 5206: 5189: 5185: 5178: 5170: 5163: 5155: 5148: 5140: 5133: 5114: 5107: 5091: 5087: 5080: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5057: 5055: 5043: 5042: 5034: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4956: 4949: 4941: 4937: 4930: 4928: 4916: 4909: 4901: 4894: 4875: 4868: 4862: 4844: 4843: 4835: 4817: 4816: 4808: 4800: 4798:9780773520103 4794: 4790: 4789: 4781: 4779: 4759: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4726: 4719: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4689: 4678: 4674: 4667: 4660: 4652: 4646: 4642: 4641: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4620: 4616: 4615: 4607: 4599: 4593: 4582: 4563: 4556: 4549: 4547: 4538: 4532: 4516: 4509: 4502: 4494: 4481: 4470: 4468: 4456: 4455: 4447: 4431: 4430: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4391: 4390: 4382: 4363: 4356: 4349: 4341: 4335: 4331: 4330: 4329:Social Credit 4322: 4307: 4306: 4298: 4296: 4287: 4274: 4255: 4248: 4229: 4223: 4207: 4206:Social Credit 4203: 4196: 4188: 4175: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4142: 4123: 4122: 4114: 4099: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4084: 4076: 4068: 4062: 4046: 4039: 4032: 4021: 4017: 4011: 4004: 4003: 4002:Social Credit 3995: 3977: 3976: 3968: 3960: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3945: 3937: 3918: 3911: 3903: 3890: 3879: 3873: 3868: 3866: 3857: 3850: 3848: 3832: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3817: 3809: 3793: 3789: 3788: 3783: 3777: 3773: 3763: 3762:Welfare state 3760: 3758: 3757:Surplus value 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3709: 3704: 3701: 3695: 3690: 3687: 3681: 3676: 3669: 3667: 3666: 3659: 3657: 3652: 3648: 3647: 3642: 3639:In his novel 3637: 3634: 3633: 3628: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3591:Bonamy Dobrée 3588: 3584: 3583:Storm Jameson 3580: 3579:Denis Ireland 3576: 3572: 3571:Aldous Huxley 3568: 3567:George Orwell 3564: 3560: 3559:Thomas Merton 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3496: 3487: 3484: 3483: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3447:Country Party 3445: 3444: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3419: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3404: 3403: 3402: 3401:Organizations 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3340: 3339: 3338: 3332: 3331:New Democracy 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3302: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3289: 3288: 3287: 3286: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3266: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3228: 3226: 3225:Old Testament 3222: 3221:Social Credit 3218: 3214: 3204: 3202: 3201:Francis Bacon 3198: 3193: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3163: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3131: 3126: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3073:anti-Semitism 3070: 3066: 3062: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3006: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2990:Silvio Gesell 2987: 2986:Privy Council 2982: 2981: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2960: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2906:Social Credit 2897: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2886:Denis Ireland 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2746:Social Credit 2743: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2729:Gorham Munson 2724: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2637: 2632: 2623: 2621: 2615: 2614:approached." 2612: 2611:British Isles 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2580:secret ballot 2576: 2564: 2559: 2556: 2552: 2550: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2533: 2527: 2522: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2485: 2483: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2452: 2451: 2416: 2383: 2362: 2345: 2324: 2323: 2322: 2320: 2313:= production. 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2295: 2273: 2270: 2263: 2260: 2255: 2252: 2242: 2238: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2208: 2205: 2198: 2195: 2190: 2187: 2177: 2173: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2126: 2125: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2114:balance sheet 2104: 2101: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2075: 2070: 2068: 2067:John Hargrave 2064: 2060: 2056: 2049: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2027: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2010: 2006: 2000: 1994: 1990: 1989: 1986: 1982: 1981: 1980: 1975: 1973: 1967: 1962: 1960: 1956: 1948: 1941: 1934: 1927: 1920: 1913: 1906: 1894: 1887: 1880: 1873: 1866: 1859: 1852: 1845: 1840: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1818: 1811: 1806: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1783: 1780: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1733: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1705: 1700: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1678: 1674: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1647: 1642: 1631: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1609:claimed that 1608: 1604: 1603:David Ricardo 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1546: 1541: 1537: 1536:Silvio Gesell 1533: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1489:C. H. Douglas 1486: 1482: 1478: 1477:Social credit 1467: 1462: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1448: 1447: 1445: 1444: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1397: 1396: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1347:New Caledonia 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1289: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1245:Overtime bans 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1201: 1200:Strike action 1196: 1195: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1150: 1149: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1135:Unfree labour 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1095:Paid time off 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1060:Four-day week 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1013: 1012:Labour rights 1008: 1007: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 986:Union busting 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 923: 921: 920: 917: 912: 911: 907: 903: 902: 899: 894: 893: 889: 883: 882: 872: 867: 865: 860: 858: 853: 852: 850: 849: 844: 839: 834: 833: 832: 831: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 798:Post-scarcity 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 743:Expeditionary 741: 739: 736: 735: 729: 728: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 705: 704: 701: 699: 696: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 673: 672: 669: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 651: 650: 647: 645: 642: 641: 635: 634: 625: 622: 621: 620: 619:Socialization 617: 615: 614:Privatization 612: 610: 607: 605: 604:Mutualization 602: 600: 597: 595: 594:Marketization 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 579:Expropriation 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 559:Communization 557: 555: 552: 551: 545: 544: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 521: 517: 514: 512: 509: 508: 502: 501: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 475: 469: 468: 459: 456: 455: 453: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 420: 418: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 395: 393: 392: 386: 385: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 297:Decentralized 295: 293: 290: 289: 283: 282: 273: 270: 268: 265: 264: 262: 260: 257: 255: 254:Social credit 252: 250: 247: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 222:Participatory 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 199: 198: 195: 191: 188: 184: 181: 180: 179: 176: 174: 171: 170: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 139: 136: 134: 133:Social market 131: 129: 128:Protectionist 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 108:Laissez-faire 106: 104: 101: 99: 96: 95: 94: 91: 89: 86: 85: 79: 78: 72: 69: 67: 64: 62: 59: 58: 53: 52: 49: 46: 45: 41: 37: 36: 33: 29: 22: 6615: 6441:Evolutionary 6373:Contemporary 6352:Neoclassical 6297:Distributist 6242:Mercantilism 6229:Early modern 6093:Ken Sweigard 6078:Al Overfield 5806:Canada Party 5770: 5662: 5653: 5644: 5624: 5613: 5602: 5582: 5576: 5559: 5532: 5526: 5501: 5479:the original 5460: 5453: 5441:. Retrieved 5436: 5426: 5389: 5381: 5358: 5351: 5337: 5314: 5307: 5298: 5292: 5283: 5278: 5267: 5259: 5240: 5234: 5214: 5192:. Retrieved 5188:the original 5177: 5168: 5162: 5153: 5147: 5138: 5132: 5120:. Retrieved 5106: 5094:. Retrieved 5090:the original 5079: 5071:the original 5066: 5040: 5033: 4992: 4988: 4954: 4948: 4939: 4908: 4899: 4893: 4881:. Retrieved 4874:the original 4861: 4850:, retrieved 4841: 4834: 4823:, retrieved 4814: 4807: 4787: 4767:19 September 4765:. Retrieved 4734:19 September 4732:. Retrieved 4718: 4706:. Retrieved 4702:the original 4697: 4688: 4677:the original 4672: 4659: 4639: 4613: 4606: 4581: 4569:. Retrieved 4562:the original 4519:. Retrieved 4514: 4501: 4480:cite journal 4453: 4446: 4434:. Retrieved 4428: 4397:, retrieved 4388: 4381: 4369:. Retrieved 4362:the original 4348: 4328: 4321: 4310:, retrieved 4304: 4273:cite journal 4261:. Retrieved 4247: 4235:. Retrieved 4222: 4210:. Retrieved 4205: 4195: 4174:cite journal 4163: 4155:the original 4150: 4141: 4129:. Retrieved 4120: 4113: 4101:. Retrieved 4082: 4075: 4049:. Retrieved 4044: 4031: 4020:the original 4001: 3994: 3983:, retrieved 3974: 3967: 3943: 3936: 3924:. Retrieved 3910: 3889:cite journal 3878: 3855: 3834:. Retrieved 3815: 3808: 3796:. Retrieved 3785: 3776: 3732:Distributism 3722:Basic income 3662: 3660: 3644: 3640: 3638: 3630: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3610: 3595:Eric de Maré 3575:Ray Bradbury 3563:Herbert Read 3523:C. M. Grieve 3519: 3400: 3399: 3336: 3335: 3326:Canada Party 3299: 3284: 3283: 3251: 3247: 3232:abstractions 3229: 3220: 3213:antisemitism 3210: 3194: 3185:metaphysical 3182: 3164: 3160:Henry George 3149: 3127: 3113:Jesus Christ 3101: 3081: 3068: 3046: 3031:and various 3022: 3011: 3008: 3003: 2975: 2962: 2950: 2945: 2938: 2917: 2903: 2880:promoted by 2870:wage slavery 2855: 2807: 2796: 2786: 2759: 2749: 2745: 2732: 2725: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2674: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2658:Alfred Orage 2651: 2641: 2620:party system 2616: 2588: 2571: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2503: 2499: 2494:J. M. Keynes 2491: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2449: 2404:credit 2316: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2293: 2122: 2110: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2072: 2051: 2046: 2029: 2024: 2020: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1984: 1977: 1971: 1969: 1964: 1957:, edited by 1954: 1952: 1943: 1936: 1929: 1922: 1915: 1908: 1897: 1882: 1875: 1868: 1861: 1854: 1847: 1843: 1831: 1827: 1820: 1813: 1809: 1787: 1779:centralizing 1768: 1760: 1749: 1737: 1722: 1721:in his book 1696: 1687: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1672: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1637: 1564: 1543: 1521: 1502: 1481:distributive 1476: 1475: 1280:Work-to-rule 1154:Trade unions 1125:Six-hour day 1110:Right to sit 1075:Minimum wage 1025:Child labour 1020:Annual leave 946:New unionism 708:Peer-to-peer 703:Self-managed 638:Coordination 574:Deregulation 259:Distributist 253: 113:Mercantilist 32: 6596:Supply-side 6519:Neo-Marxian 6332:Marginalism 6262:Late modern 6247:Physiocrats 6098:John Turmel 6038:Ron Gostick 6033:A. N. Field 6008:Eric Butler 5122:27 February 5096:27 February 4995:: 123–152. 4883:11 December 4852:28 February 4825:28 February 4698:Simple Text 4673:The New Age 4571:11 December 4515:The New Age 4436:12 November 4399:28 February 4371:18 December 4312:28 February 4263:28 February 4237:28 February 4212:27 February 4131:18 December 4103:11 December 4045:The New Age 3985:28 February 3926:27 February 3836:12 November 3798:6 September 3555:Dorothy Day 3547:T. S. Eliot 3543:C. S. Lewis 3441:New Zealand 3244:collectives 3133:sovereignty 3105:Incarnation 3092:New Zealand 2980:ultra vires 2874:Sidney Webb 2842:aristocracy 2814:consumption 2782:engineering 2737:New Zealand 2662:The New Age 2653:The New Age 1921:. Payments 1896:Cumulative 1860:. Payments 1641:Old English 1526:, with the 1377:South Korea 1357:Netherlands 1352:New Zealand 981:Syndicalism 951:Proletariat 931:Decent work 813:Traditional 763:Manorialism 758:Information 732:Other types 718:Open access 681:Cybernetics 423:Anglo-Saxon 408:Singaporean 367:Underground 362:Subsistence 267:Corporatist 242:Syndicalist 202:Communalist 88:Associative 82:By ideology 55:Major types 6701:Categories 6576:Regulation 6502:Monetarism 6488:Circuitism 6436:Ecological 6404:Chartalism 6384:Behavioral 6327:Manchester 6322:Malthusian 6280:Birmingham 6237:Cameralism 6221:Modern era 6195:Pre-modern 6083:Ezra Pound 6068:Roly Marks 6028:Louis Even 5631:Ezra Pound 5626:The Cantos 3535:Ezra Pound 3416:See also: 3238:, such as 3098:Philosophy 3058:right wing 3025:socialists 2882:Maud Gonne 2846:accredited 2826:production 2810:production 2664:and later 2595:common law 2575:ballot box 2350:cost 1599:Adam Smith 1426:Labour law 1235:Green bans 1228:newspapers 1120:Sick leave 1115:Sabbatical 818:Transition 778:Plantation 686:Indicative 548:Transition 398:East Asian 169:Religious 145:Democratic 118:Neoliberal 103:Democratic 93:Capitalist 61:Capitalism 6651:Economics 6586:Stockholm 6461:Keynesian 6426:Cracovian 6375:(20th and 6364:Socialist 6347:Mutualism 6290:Ricardian 6285:Classical 5780:Movements 5025:143059425 5009:0700-3862 4592:cite news 4531:cite news 4061:cite news 3263:Australia 3197:Aristotle 3152:theocracy 3137:salvation 3065:red scare 3033:communist 2793:consumers 2770:dividends 2638:, Canada. 2591:supremacy 2532:Say's law 2428:$ 2411:$ 2395:$ 2378:$ 2363:⋅ 2357:$ 2340:$ 2222:∫ 2157:∫ 2145:⋅ 2118:aggregate 2065:, led by 2059:trade war 2033:clearings 2009:deductive 2005:empirical 1991:Group B: 1983:Group A: 1762:we call ' 1607:Karl Marx 1372:Singapore 1327:Hong Kong 1302:Australia 1055:Equal pay 976:Communism 971:Socialism 783:Plutonomy 664:Regulated 493:Voluntary 419:European 272:Feudalism 217:Mutualist 207:Communist 197:Socialist 178:Christian 98:Corporate 71:Communism 66:Socialism 6676:Degrowth 6611:Virginia 6451:Freiburg 6446:Feminist 6399:Carnegie 6389:Buddhist 6357:Lausanne 6312:Georgism 6275:Austrian 6145:Politics 6138:Category 5017:25142941 4521:8 August 4051:14 March 3792:Archived 3672:See also 3656:interest 3511:(active) 3488:(active) 3376:(active) 3350:(active) 3156:fig tree 3139:through 3130:immanent 3122:religare 3061:populist 2996:. These 2789:bankrupt 2766:salaries 2672:Series. 2584:Barabbas 2037:deposits 1794:services 1790:abstract 1771:scarcity 1715:deposits 1591:progress 1513:fig tree 1367:Portugal 1307:Barbados 1265:Walkouts 1240:Lockouts 1090:Overwork 941:Timeline 887:a series 884:Part of 671:Planning 322:Informal 307:Dirigist 160:Georgist 155:Feminist 40:a series 38:Part of 6629:Related 6416:Chicago 6107:History 5895:Oceania 5443:1 March 5286:. 1945. 5194:1 March 4708:1 March 3424:Ireland 2984:by the 2953:Premier 2910:Alberta 2818:capital 2756:Origins 2626:History 2482:freedom 2319:capital 2012:theorem 2003:Beyond 1955:New Age 1732:credere 1704:pecunia 1583:capital 1332:Ireland 1322:Georgia 713:Sharing 676:In kind 624:Marxist 516:Commons 483:Private 472:Sectors 443:Rhenish 413:Keralan 403:Chinese 377:Virtual 357:Sharing 347:Planned 337:Natural 302:Digital 190:Islamic 150:Fascist 138:Welfare 6507:Market 5976:People 5941:Europe 5788:Canada 5589: 5570: 5539: 5514: 5471: 5402: 5369: 5325: 5247: 5222: 5023: 5015: 5007: 4795: 4647: 4336: 4094: 4012: 3955: 3827: 3280:Canada 3168:Mammon 3088:Quebec 3047:Under 2998:scrips 2450:where 2294:where 1727:credit 1623:prices 1579:labour 1517:Utopia 1387:Sweden 1362:Norway 1337:Israel 1312:Brazil 1213:Hartal 773:Palace 649:Market 644:Barter 488:Public 448:Soviet 433:Nordic 428:German 394:Asian 327:Market 6483:Post- 5629:, by 5618:, by 5607:, by 5562:, by 5482:(PDF) 5465:(PDF) 5363:(PDF) 5319:(PDF) 5116:(PDF) 5045:(PDF) 5021:S2CID 5013:JSTOR 4918:(PDF) 4877:(PDF) 4870:(PDF) 4846:(PDF) 4819:(PDF) 4761:(PDF) 4728:(PDF) 4680:(PDF) 4669:(PDF) 4565:(PDF) 4558:(PDF) 4511:(PDF) 4458:(PDF) 4393:(PDF) 4365:(PDF) 4358:(PDF) 4257:(PDF) 4231:(PDF) 4125:(PDF) 4041:(PDF) 4023:(PDF) 4006:(PDF) 3979:(PDF) 3920:(PDF) 3768:Notes 3109:Canon 2762:wages 1710:pecus 1643:word 1619:costs 1615:value 1479:is a 1342:Malta 1223:Bandh 823:World 808:Token 698:Price 438:Dutch 332:Mixed 237:State 165:Green 6466:Neo- 5587:ISBN 5568:ISBN 5537:ISBN 5512:ISBN 5469:ISBN 5445:2008 5400:ISBN 5367:ISBN 5323:ISBN 5245:ISBN 5220:ISBN 5196:2008 5124:2008 5098:2008 5005:ISSN 4885:2008 4854:2008 4827:2008 4793:ISBN 4769:2023 4736:2023 4710:2008 4645:ISBN 4598:link 4573:2008 4537:link 4523:2010 4493:help 4438:2008 4401:2008 4373:2008 4334:ISBN 4314:2008 4286:help 4265:2008 4239:2008 4214:2008 4187:help 4133:2008 4105:2008 4092:ISBN 4067:link 4053:2008 4010:ISBN 3987:2008 3953:ISBN 3928:2008 3902:help 3838:2008 3825:ISBN 3800:2021 3605:and 3199:and 2768:and 2699:and 2016:flow 1942:and 1881:and 1819:and 1646:wela 1621:and 1605:and 1581:and 1575:land 1317:Fiji 1184:WFTU 1179:ITUC 659:Open 654:Free 342:Open 317:Gift 312:Dual 6478:New 5508:105 4997:doi 4940:RTÉ 3020:.) 2812:is 2593:of 1932:n-1 1871:n-1 1844:A+B 1832:A+B 1810:A+B 6703:: 5510:. 5490:^ 5435:. 5414:^ 5398:. 5396:33 5204:^ 5065:. 5053:^ 5019:. 5011:. 5003:. 4993:21 4991:. 4987:. 4963:^ 4938:. 4926:^ 4777:^ 4744:^ 4696:. 4671:. 4627:^ 4594:}} 4590:{{ 4545:^ 4533:}} 4529:{{ 4513:. 4484:: 4482:}} 4478:{{ 4466:^ 4408:^ 4294:^ 4277:: 4275:}} 4271:{{ 4204:. 4178:: 4176:}} 4172:{{ 4149:. 4090:. 4088:74 4063:}} 4059:{{ 4043:. 3949:32 3893:: 3891:}} 3887:{{ 3864:^ 3846:^ 3823:. 3821:18 3790:. 3784:. 3668:. 3649:, 3601:. 3593:, 3589:, 3581:, 3577:, 3573:, 3569:, 3565:, 3561:, 3557:, 3553:, 3549:, 3545:, 3541:, 3537:, 3533:, 3529:, 3525:, 3162:. 3147:. 2948:. 2764:, 2723:. 2695:, 2691:, 2484:. 2018:. 1902:+B 1617:, 1601:, 1577:, 1573:: 890:on 42:on 6180:e 6173:t 6166:v 5763:e 5756:t 5749:v 5545:. 5520:. 5447:. 5408:. 5375:. 5345:. 5331:. 5253:. 5228:. 5198:. 5126:. 5100:. 5027:. 4999:: 4942:. 4902:. 4887:. 4801:. 4771:. 4738:. 4712:. 4653:. 4621:. 4619:5 4600:) 4575:. 4539:) 4525:. 4495:) 4491:( 4440:. 4375:. 4342:. 4288:) 4284:( 4267:. 4241:. 4216:. 4189:) 4185:( 4135:. 4107:. 4069:) 4055:. 3961:. 3930:. 3904:) 3900:( 3840:. 3802:. 3309:/ 3293:/ 2431:) 2425:( 2417:+ 2414:) 2408:( 2398:) 2392:( 2384:+ 2381:) 2375:( 2360:) 2354:( 2346:= 2343:) 2337:( 2311:P 2305:C 2299:M 2274:t 2271:d 2264:t 2261:d 2256:P 2253:d 2243:2 2239:T 2231:1 2227:T 2209:t 2206:d 2199:t 2196:d 2191:C 2188:d 2178:2 2174:T 2166:1 2162:T 2142:M 2139:= 1946:n 1944:B 1939:n 1937:A 1930:B 1925:n 1923:A 1918:n 1916:A 1911:n 1909:B 1904:n 1900:n 1898:A 1885:n 1883:B 1878:n 1876:A 1869:B 1864:n 1862:A 1857:n 1855:A 1850:n 1848:B 1828:A 1823:n 1821:B 1816:n 1814:A 1465:e 1458:t 1451:v 870:e 863:t 856:v 522:) 518:( 23:.

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