Social entrepreneurship

490:, T. Tripathy and B. Das extended the business ecosystem literature to the social policy and social entrepreneurship arena. They developed a comprehensive ecosystem model in the context of the Indian microfinance sector that can be also used by other social enterprises as a framework to understand their own ecosystem and formulate their strategy. The researchers define the ecosystem as consisting of "the complex and evolving network of the focal organization (social enterprise) and all other individuals and organizations that the focal organization interact with including competitors, suppliers, complementors, customers, beneficiaries, regulators, resource providers, etc. that directly or indirectly influence each other; their interactions, as also the immediate and the broader environment (economic, social, political, etc.) the organization is influenced by and reside in". The model helps identify all the actors in the complex ecosystem, the capital infrastructure and the context-setting factors. 80: 504: 248:

context of an issue that crosses disciplines, fields, and theories. Gaining a larger understanding of how an issue relates to society allows social entrepreneurs to develop innovative solutions and mobilize available resources to affect the greater global society. Unlike traditional corporate businesses, social entrepreneurship ventures focus on maximizing gains in social satisfaction, rather than maximizing profit gains. Both private and public agencies worldwide have had billion-dollar initiatives to empower deprived communities and individuals. Such support from organizations in society, such as government-aid agencies or private firms, may catalyze innovative ideas to reach a larger audience.

379:. Many activities related to community development and higher social purpose fall within the modern definition of social entrepreneurship. Despite the established definition nowadays, social entrepreneurship remains a difficult concept to define, since it may be manifested in multiple forms. A broad definition of the concept allows interdisciplinary research efforts to understand and challenge the notions behind social entrepreneurship. No matter in which sector of society certain organizations are (i.e. corporations or unincorporated associations, societies, associations or 189: 367:(1767–1832), a French economist, defined an entrepreneur as a person who "undertakes" an idea and shifts perspectives in a way that it alters the effect that an idea has on society. An entrepreneur is further defined by Say as someone who "shifts economic resources out of an area of lower and into an area of higher productivity and greater yield." The difference between "entrepreneurship" and "social entrepreneurship", however, stems from the purpose of a creation. Social entrepreneurs seek to transform societies at large, rather than transforming their 797:

large issues; however, there is often little collaboration between governments and social entrepreneurs, which may have limited the effectiveness of social entrepreneurship. This lack of inter-sectoral collaboration may lead to stagnation, if the motives and goals of social enterprises and of those in policy-making and programs are not aligned. Those in policy-making and the development of delivery of government programs tend to have different priorities than social entrepreneurs, resulting in slow growth and expansion of social initiatives.

334:

the entrepreneur has ethical fiber. One distinguishing attribute of entrepreneurs is that they rarely take credit for making change. They insist that the change they have brought about is due to everyone around them. They also tend to be driven by emotion; they are not trying primarily to make a profit but to address suffering. Muhammad Yunus says about this characteristic, "He (or she) competes in the marketplace with all other competitors but is inspired by a set of social objectives. This is the basic reason for being in the business."

343:

Unlike most business entrepreneurs, who address current market deficiencies, social entrepreneurs tackle hypothetical, unseen or often less-researched issues, such as overpopulation, unsustainable energy sources, food shortages. Founding successful social businesses on merely potential solutions can be nearly impossible as investors are much less willing to support risky ventures. If entrepreneurs are able to receive funding from investors, the challenges do not stop with balancing both the social and business aspects of the business.

326:

their idea is at work, and they can't stop until that idea is not only at work in one place, but is at work across the whole society." This manifests through a clear idea of what they believe the future will look like and a drive to make this come true. Besides this, entrepreneurs are not happy with the status quo: they want healthy change. This changemaking process has been described as the creation of market disequilibria through the conversion of antagonistic assets into complementarities.

236:

apart from other voluntary sector and charity-oriented activities and identify the boundaries within which social entrepreneurs operate. Some scholars have advocated restricting the term to founders of organizations that primarily rely on earned income (meaning income earned directly from paying consumers), rather than income from donations or grants. Others have extended this to include contracted work for public authorities, while still others include grants and donations.

3453: 801:

efficient, sustainable, and effective initiative; although it may also render social entrepreneurship more challenging. Increased participation draws more attention to social entrepreneurship ventures from policymakers and privately owned corporations. The increased involvement of corporations and governments may help to strengthen social entrepreneurship, as it may lead to policy changes and to the development of training programs and

2625: 792:, effectiveness, and efficiency of these projects. Involvement and collaboration between private corporations and government agencies allows for increased support for carrying out social entrepreneurship initiatives, increased accountability on both ends, and increased connections with communities, individuals, or agencies in need. For example, private organizations or nonprofit organizations have tackled 25: 347:

Social entrepreneurs and their employees are often given diminutive or non-existent salaries, especially at the onset of their ventures. Thus, their enterprises struggle to maintain qualified, committed employees. Though social entrepreneurs are tackling the world's most pressing issues, they must also confront skepticism and stinginess from the very society they seek to serve.

475:. Researchers note that there is a need to understand the ecosystems of social enterprises, as they often operate in a context which is highly localized, interacting with small, local actors, but may also be intimately connected to other systems operating at a broader (regional, country level or even global) level which influence their immediate environment. 785:

were developed, which often did not reach large audiences or help larger communities. Since the concept of social entrepreneurship has been popularized in the 2000s, some advocates suggest that there needs to be some standardization of the process in scaling up social endeavors to increase the impact of these ventures across the globe.

342:

Because the world of social entrepreneurship is relatively new, there are many challenges facing those who delve into the field. First, social entrepreneurs are trying to predict, address and creatively respond to future problems and often face difficulties in identifying the right problems to solve.

333:

Ethical fiber is important because leaders who are about to change the world must be trustworthy. Drayton described this to his employees by suggesting that they picture a situation that frightens them and then place the candidate in the situation with them. If they feel comfortable in this scenario,

329:

Social impact measures whether the idea itself will be able to cause change after the original founder is gone. If an idea has intrinsic worth, once implemented it will cause change even without the charismatic leadership of the first entrepreneur. One reason that these entrepreneurs are unreasonable

784:

Many initiatives carried out with social entrepreneurs while innovative, have had problems becoming sustainable and effective initiatives that ultimately were able to branch out and reach the larger society as a whole (versus a small community or a group of people). Compromises in social initiatives

726:

have been pivotal resources for the success and collaboration of many social entrepreneurs. In the 2000s, the Internet has become especially useful in disseminating information to a wide range of like-minded supporters in short amounts of time, even if these individuals are geographically dispersed.

247:

Social entrepreneurship is viewed as advantageous because the success of social entrepreneurship depends on many factors related to social impact that traditional corporate businesses do not prioritize. Social entrepreneurs recognize immediate social problems, but also seek to understand the broader

211:

Scholars have different backgrounds, generating a great disparity of conceptualizations. These should be arranged in 5 clusters of meaning, according to the focus given and the conceptual framework assumed by the researcher. The first group of authors focuses on the person of the entrepreneur, being

207:

The concept of social entrepreneurship emerged in the 1980s and since then has been gaining more momentum. Despite this, after decades of efforts to find a common ground to define the concept, no consensus has been reached. The dynamic nature of the object and the multiplicity of the conceptual lens

536:

for individuals, communities, and organizations. Socio-economic enterprises include corporations that balance earning profits with nonprofit goals, such as seeking social change for communities. Some social entrepreneurship organizations are not enterprises in a business sense; instead, they may be

478:

Many researchers such as P. N. Bloom and J. G. Dees attempted to develop an ecosystem model for social entrepreneurs. The ecosystem model proposed by them comprises all the actors operating in the ecosystem, as well as the larger environment the laws, policies, social norms, demographic trends, and

316:

John Elkington and Pamela Hartigan identify why social entrepreneurs are, as they put it, unreasonable. They argue that these men and women seek profit in social output where others would not expect profit. They also ignore evidence suggesting that their enterprises will fail and attempt to measure

560:

and coaching for social enterprise founders and leaders to help them develop their enterprises by improving the effectiveness of their business model, marketing, and strategy. Some accelerator organizations help social entrepreneur leaders to scale up their organization, either by taking it from a

515:

industry professionals, and socio-economic enterprises. Community-based enterprises are based on the social ventures aimed at and involving an entire community. These enterprises build on the community's culture and capital (e.g., volunteer resources, financing, in-kind donations, etc.) to empower

350:

Another reason social entrepreneurs are often unsuccessful is because they typically offer help for those least able to pay for it. Capitalism is founded upon the exchange of capital (most obviously, money) for goods and services. However, social entrepreneurs must find new business models that do

321:

says that entrepreneurs have "A zeal to measure and monitor their impact. Entrepreneurs have high standards, particularly in relation to their own organization's efforts and in response to the communities with which they engage. Data, both quantitative and qualitative, are their key tools, guiding

796:

issues in communities. One challenge is that in some cases, social entrepreneurs may only propose short-term solutions, or that they are unable to scale up their virtual, online organization to a larger degree to maximize the number of people who are helped. Government programs are able to tackle

325:

Entrepreneurial quality builds from creativity. Not only do entrepreneurs have an idea that they must implement, they know how to implement it and are realistic in the vision of implementing it. Drayton says that, "Entrepreneurs have in their heads the vision of how society will be different when

235:

has even used the term "social innovator" interchangeably with social entrepreneur, due to the creative, non-traditional strategies that many social entrepreneurs use. For a clearer definition of what social entrepreneurship entails, it is necessary to set the function of social entrepreneurship

346:

The lack of eager investors leads to the second problem in social entrepreneurship: the pay gap. Elkington and Hartigan note that "the salary gap between commercial and social enterprises… remains the elephant in the room, curtailing the capacity of to achieve long-term success and viability."

800:

Since social entrepreneurship has only started to gain momentum in the 2000s, current social entrepreneurs are encouraging social advocates and activists to develop into innovative social entrepreneurs. Increasing the scope and scale of social entrepreneurship may increase the likelihood of an

470:

The ecosystem framework can be very useful for social entrepreneurs in formulating their strategy. The need for understanding the ecosystem of social enterprises has been increasingly supported as researchers emphasize on the importance of contextual factors supporting and constraining

99:, in which they develop, fund and implement solutions to social, cultural, or environmental issues. This concept may be applied to a wide range of organizations, which vary in size, aims, and beliefs. For-profit entrepreneurs typically measure performance using business metrics like 628:: This organizational structure can take a variety of forms, but is distinctive because the hybrid non-profit is willing to use profit from some activities to sustain its other operations which have a social or community purpose. Hybrid non-profits are often created to deal with 462:. During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries some of the most successful social entrepreneurs straddled the civic, governmental and business worlds. These pioneers promoted new ideas that were taken up by mainstream public services in welfare, schools and health care. 697:

among others, promote and providing resources to advance the initiatives of social entrepreneurs. The North American organizations tend to have a strongly individualistic stance focused on a handful of exceptional leaders. For example, The Skoll Foundation, created by

592:

in 2006. The work that Yunus did through Grameen Bank has been described as a major influence on later social entrepreneurs. Larger countries in Europe and South America have tended to work more closely with public organizations at both the national and local level.

303:

Bill Drayton founded Ashoka in 1980, an organization which supports local social entrepreneurs. Drayton tells his employees to look for four qualities: creativity, entrepreneurial quality, social impact of the idea, and ethical fiber. Creativity has two parts:

642:: These models are set up as businesses that are designed to create change through social means. Social business ventures evolved through a lack of funding. Social entrepreneurs in this situation were forced to become for-profit ventures, because loans and 437:

in East London. Although the terms are relatively new, social entrepreneurs and social entrepreneurship may be found throughout history. A list of a few noteworthy people whose work exemplifies the modern definition of "social entrepreneurship" includes

115:, or they blend for-profit goals with generating a positive "return to society". Therefore, they use different metrics. Social entrepreneurship typically attempts to further broad social, cultural and environmental goals often associated with the 330:

is that they are unqualified for the task they take on. Most entrepreneurs have not studied the skills needed to implement their ideas. Instead, they bring a team of qualified people around themselves. It is the idea that draws this team.

805:

development programs for social entrepreneurs. Simultaneously, research shows that as social entrepreneurs attempt to widen their impact and scale their efforts, external institutions will have a key role to play in their success.

351:

not rely on standard exchange of capital in order to make their organizations sustainable. This self-sustainability is what distinguishes social businesses from charities, who rely almost entirely on donations and outside funding.

374:

The concept of "social entrepreneurship" is not a novel idea, but in the 2000s, it has become more popular among society and academic research, notably after the publication of "The Rise of the Social Entrepreneur" by

483:(2008) developed a framework to describe the key elements of the social entrepreneurship ecosystem in which they organized the elements into two broad categories – capital infrastructure and context-setting factors. 83:

Student organizers from the Green Club at Newcomb College Institute formed a social entrepreneurship organization in 2010 that aimed to encourage people to reduce waste and live in a more environmentally conscious

1219:

Wee-Liang, Williams, John, and Tan, Teck-Meng. "Defining the 'Social' in 'Social Entrepreneurship': Altruism and Entrepreneurship." The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal. no. 3 (2005):

2483: 239:

Social entrepreneurship in modern society offers an altruistic form of entrepreneurship that focuses on the benefits that society may reap. Entrepreneurship becomes a social endeavor when it transforms

1236:

Alvord, Sarah H., Brown, David L., and Letts, Christine W. "Social Entrepreneurship and Societal Transformation: An Exploratory Study." The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science. no. 3 (2004): 260-282.

739:

approaches, for example, a social entrepreneur organization can get hundreds of people from across a country (or from multiple countries) to collaborate on joint online projects (e.g., developing a

654:" has been applied to this type of activity. Corporate employees can also engage in social entrepreneurship, which may or may not be officially sanctioned by the company. This has been described as 650:

There are also a broader range of hybrid profit models, where a conventional business invests some portion of its profits on socially, culturally or environmentally beneficial activities. The term "

751:

and help to link up potential investors, donors or volunteers with the organization. This enables social entrepreneurs to achieve their goals with little or no start-up capital and little or no "

134:

may be established to support the social or cultural goals of the organization but not as an end in themselves. For example, an organization that aims to provide housing and employment to the

244:

in a way that affects society positively. If a person's behaviour or motives are altruistic, they show concern for the happiness and welfare of other people rather than for themselves.

2500: 747:

strategy for a social entrepreneurship venture). These websites help social entrepreneurs to disseminate their ideas to broader audiences, help with the formation and maintenance of

415: 2284:

Cook, Beth, Dodds, Chris, and Mitchell, William. "Social Entrepreneurship: False Premises and Dangerous Forebodings." The Australian Journal of Social Issues. no. 1 (2003): 57-72.

3298: 418:(SSE) which exists in the UK, Australia, and Canada and which supports individuals to realize their potential and to establish, scale, and sustain, social enterprises and 1886:

Mair, Johanna, and Marti, Ignasi. "Social entrepreneurship research: A source of explanation, prediction, and delight." Journal of World Business.no. 1 (2006): 36-44.

665:

model having coined the phrase "Commercial Philanthropy" where commercial businesses are held and operated with all net proceeds going to serve social service needs.

414:

at Harvard University as the "world's most successful entrepreneur of social enterprises". Young created more than sixty new organizations worldwide, including the

35: 1159: 212:

the mainstream definition. J. G. Dees argues that social entrepreneurship is the result and the creation of an especially creative and innovative leader.

371:, as classic entrepreneurs typically seek to do. Social entrepreneurs use a variety of resources to bring societies into a better state of well-being. 615:

describe social entrepreneurs' business structures as falling under three different models, applicable in different situations and economic climates:

1259:

Baron, David P. "Corporate Social Responsibility and Social Entrepreneurship." Journal of Economics & Management Strategy. no. 3 (2007): 683-717.

520:

through their inside organization acts that focus mostly on creating societal gains for the community. Social service industry professionals such as

1015:

Purkayastha, Debapratim; Tripathy, Trilochan; Das, Biswajit (January 1, 2020). "Understanding the ecosystem of microfinance institutions in India".

511:

Groups focused on social entrepreneurship may be divided into several categories: community-based enterprises, socially responsible enterprises,

1973:

Dees, J. G.; Nash, M.; Anderson, B.; Kalafatas, J.; Tolman, R.; Kuran, W.; Bloom, P. (2008). "Developing the field of social entrepreneurship".

46: 682: 318: 312:. Social entrepreneurs are creative enough to have a vision of what they want to happen and how to make that vision happen. In their book 2311: 694: 161:

enable social entrepreneurs to reach numerous people who are not geographically close yet who share the same goals and encourage them to

2484:

Building Social Business Models: Lessons from the Grameen Experience", April-June, vol 43, n° 2-3, Long Range Planning, 2010, p. 308-325

172:

In recent years, researchers have been calling for a better understanding of the ecosystem in which social entrepreneurship exists and

2206: 2049: 208:

used by researchers has made it impossible to capture it, to such an extent that scholars have compared it with a mythological beast.

2629: 2521:

Agafonow, Alejandro (2014). "Toward A Positive Theory of Social Entrepreneurship. On Maximizing Versus Satisficing Value Capture".

2393:

London, T. 2016. The Base of the Pyramid Promise: Building Businesses with Impact and Scale, Stanford, CA: Stanford Business Books.

407: 2149: 901:

A social entrepreneur, in our view, is a person or entity that takes a business approach to effectively solving a social problem.

690: 503: 2110: 1957: 1702: 1671: 1640: 1609: 1578: 1510: 1479: 1423: 1392: 1361: 1330: 996: 569: 260: 636:, as they generate revenue to sustain the operation without requiring loans, grants, and other forms of traditional funding. 79: 2657: 1760:"Scaling the right answers – Creating and maintaining hope through social entrepreneurship in light of humanitarian crises" 2491:

Conceptions of social enterprise and social entrepreneurship in Europe and the United States: Convergences and divergences

3334: 165:

online, learn about the issues, disseminate information about the group's events and activities, and raise funds through

588:

movement, which aims to help millions of people rural communities to access small loans. For his work, he was awarded a

3435: 2550:

Agafonow, Alejandro (2014). "Value Creation, Value Capture, and Value Devolution: Where Do Social Enterprises Stand?".

756: 1156: 3349: 3339: 3078: 3058: 2587:

Lombard, K-J (2012). "'Social entrepreneurship in youth culture: Organics, Russell Simmons and Emile 'XY' Jensen.'".

2473: 2452: 2409: 2378: 1950:

An evolutionary perspective on social entrepreneurship 'ecosystems'. In A Research Agenda for Social Entrepreneurship

1733: 1097: 655: 383:), social entrepreneurship focuses on the social impact that an endeavor aims at. Whether social entrepreneurship is 64: 1080:

Dos Santos, Luciane Lucas; Banerjee, Swati (2019). "Social Enterprise: Is It Possible to Decolonise This Concept?".

3507: 3477: 2989: 2922: 1806:

Chandna, Vallari (2022). "Social entrepreneurship and digital platforms: Crowdfunding in the sharing-economy era".

608: 603: 2191:

Malecki, E. J. (1997). Technology and economic development: the dynamics of local, regional, and national change.

963: 771:

and the need to physically distance has further increased the significance of technologies for social ventures.

540:

In addition, there are support organizations dedicated to empowering social entrepreneurs, connecting them with

3492: 3313: 2927: 2241:

Scheidgen, Katharina; Gümüsay, Ali Aslan; Günzel-Jensen, Franziska; Krlev, Gorgi; Wolf, Miriam (June 1, 2021).

1565:. Critical Studies on Corporate Responsibility, Governance and Sustainability. Vol. 11. pp. 315–347. 622:: This business model leverages financial and other resources in an innovative way to respond to social needs. 2732: 821: 710:" grants to social entrepreneurial organizations that already have reached a certain level of effectiveness. 2682: 846: 1861:

The Power of Unreasonable People; Elkington, John, Hartigan, Pamela; Harvard Business Press, 2008; pp. 31-

3517: 3318: 3181: 2815: 1917: 1852:

The Power of Unreasonable People; Elkington, John, Hartigan, Pamela; Harvard Business Press, 2008; p. 200

1843:

The Power of Unreasonable People; Elkington, John, Hartigan, Pamela; Harvard Business Press, 2008; p. 201

1561:

Komatsu, T. (2016). "Social Innovation Business Models: Coping with Antagonistic Objectives and Assets".

423: 2243:"Crises and entrepreneurial opportunities: Digital social innovation in response to physical distancing" 1748:

The Power of Unreasonable People; Elkington, John, Hartigan, Pamela; Harvard Business Press, 2008; p. 86

3308: 3063: 2578: 719: 256: 3482: 3176: 3068: 2800: 2227: 215:

Social entrepreneurs can include a range of career types and professional backgrounds, ranging from

3430: 3186: 2650: 1913: 232: 1246: 410:

was a leading promoter of social entrepreneurship and in the 1980s, he was described by Professor

295:, addressed social efforts on a local level by using the private sector to provide city services. 39:

that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

3512: 3502: 3365: 3171: 3009: 2873: 2737: 2710: 2700: 2296:

Drayton, William. "The Citizen Sector: BECOMING AS ENTREPRENEURIAL AND COMPETITIVE AS BUSINESS."

1526:

Hockerts, K. (2015). "How hybrid organizations turn antagonistic assets into complementarities".

760: 517: 112: 42: 1663: 1601: 1471: 1384: 1353: 3457: 3400: 3395: 3380: 3216: 3166: 3073: 2994: 2820: 2705: 2494: 2415:

Peredo, A. M.; McLean, M. (2006). "Social Entrepreneurship: A Critical Review of the Concept".

1988:

Peredo, Ana Maria; Chrisman, James J. (2006). "Toward a theory of community-based enterprise".

1694: 1632: 1502: 1415: 866: 816: 788:

Policymakers around the globe may need to learn more about social initiatives, to increase the

487: 1725: 1719: 1439: 3420: 3385: 3206: 3103: 3004: 2957: 2918: 2810: 2785: 2747: 2742: 2727: 2715: 2677: 2387: 2214: 856: 763:

paradigm enables people all over the world to collaborate on solving local problems, just as

651: 434: 228: 220: 124: 3415: 3390: 3375: 3282: 3161: 3093: 3083: 2913: 2805: 2775: 2053: 2023: 831: 764: 553: 439: 1323:

The Power of Social Innovation: How Civic Entrepreneurs Ignite Community Networks for Good

1121:

Teasdale, Simon (2012). "What's in a Name? Making Sense of Social Enterprise Discourses".

188: 8: 3497: 3277: 3050: 3030: 2846: 2643: 525: 892: 3440: 3226: 3128: 2967: 2932: 2880: 2868: 2851: 2830: 2790: 2604: 2567: 2538: 2459:

The Power of Unreasonable People: How Entrepreneurs Creates Markets to Change the World

2432: 2401: 2331: 2174: 2005: 1823: 1688: 1657: 1626: 1595: 1543: 1496: 1465: 1409: 1378: 1347: 1138: 1103: 1040: 871: 629: 549: 545: 430: 376: 252: 177: 100: 2445:

International Social Entrepreneurship : Pathways to Personal and Corporate Impact

1274:

Martin, R. L.; Osberg, S. (2007). "Social entrepreneurship: The case for definition".

767:

development leverages collaboration from software experts from around the world. The

3487: 3452: 3410: 3344: 3138: 3133: 3098: 3040: 3035: 3014: 2962: 2856: 2795: 2608: 2571: 2542: 2479: 2469: 2448: 2405: 2374: 2335: 2264: 2178: 2106: 2009: 1953: 1827: 1729: 1698: 1667: 1636: 1605: 1574: 1570: 1547: 1506: 1475: 1419: 1388: 1357: 1326: 1107: 1093: 1044: 1032: 992: 861: 768: 748: 707: 589: 516:

the enterprise and the community. Socially responsible enterprises focus on creating

364: 292: 284: 196: 150: 131: 2436: 1758:

Kuckertz, Andreas; Bernhard, Alexander; Berger, Elisabeth S.C.; et al. (2023).

1142: 3191: 2949: 2939: 2861: 2722: 2596: 2559: 2530: 2424: 2323: 2254: 2164: 2027: 1997: 1815: 1771: 1566: 1535: 1157:

https://entrepreneurship.duke.edu/news-item/the-meaning-of-social-entrepreneurship/

1130: 1085: 1024: 945: 851: 836: 752: 674: 661:

One private foundation has staked the ground of more precise lexicon following the

643: 565:

support organizations also provide mentoring and coaching to social entrepreneurs.

562: 459: 360: 224: 116: 16:

Approach to develop, fund and implement solutions to social or environmental issues

3303: 3244: 3201: 3196: 3108: 3088: 2905: 2825: 2600: 2506: 1819: 1163: 826: 686: 678: 662: 612: 561:

local scale to a national scale or from a national scale to a global scale. Some

529: 512: 419: 309: 92: 251:

Prominent individuals associated with social entrepreneurship include Pakistani

3405: 2259: 2242: 1776: 1759: 789: 633: 573: 533: 472: 443: 241: 200: 173: 2534: 2428: 2360: 2327: 2169: 2001: 1791:

Elkington, John; Hartigan, Pamela (2008). "The Power of Unreasonable People".

1196: 949: 406:, Charles Leadbeater, and others. From the 1950s to the 1990s, the politician 231:. For this reason, it is difficult to determine who is a social entrepreneur. 176:

operate. This will help them formulate better strategy and help achieve their

3471: 3425: 3370: 3272: 3221: 2563: 2268: 1539: 1298: 1134: 1036: 1028: 740: 736: 521: 368: 322:

continuous feedback and improvement." Ashoka operates in multiple countries.

280: 162: 1972: 1155:

Dees, J. G. (1998), "The meaning of social entrepreneurship", available in:

1089: 507:

A panel discusses social entrepreneurship in the health care sector in 2015.

1896: 793: 727:

In addition, the Internet allows for the pooling of design resources using

723: 585: 577: 532:, either for a government or a non-profit organization. They aim to expand 455: 403: 305: 288: 264: 192: 166: 154: 135: 96: 3249: 1293: 728: 581: 451: 447: 411: 402:. The terms came into widespread use in the 1980s and 1990s, promoted by 380: 268: 216: 120: 108: 2368:

How to Change the World: Social Entrepreneurs and the Power of New Ideas

2193:

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign's Academy in Entrepreneurship

2124:"Newman's Own Foundation - The Power of Philanthropy to Transform Lives" 3254: 2666: 841: 802: 703: 537:

charities, non-profit organizations or voluntary sector organizations.

384: 139: 2512: 1188: 3156: 2999: 2136: 1975:

Report from the Center for the Advancement of Social Entrepreneurship

744: 557: 479:

cultural institutions within which the actors play. Similarly, Dees

2207:"Social Entrepreneurs Culture in Societies and Business-Paper.docx" 2123: 755:" facilities (e.g., rented office space). For example, the rise of 146: 145:

In 2010, social entrepreneurship was facilitated by the use of the

104: 2240: 398:

were used first in the literature in 1953 by H. Bowen in his book

363:, yet still shares several similarities with its business cousin. 142:, both to raise money and to provide employment for the homeless. 158: 544:, strengthening their enterprise models, and preparing them for 2624: 936:

Thompson, J.L. (2002). "The World of the Social Entrepreneur".

541: 276: 3299:

Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering

1061:

Bloom, P. N.; Dees, J. G. (2008). "Cultivate Your Ecosystem".

271:

for supporting innovators in multiple developing countries in

2635: 1839: 1837: 556:

organizations provide office and meeting space (often free),

317:

results which no one is equipped to measure. About this, the

387:

or not is less important than the effect it has on society.

2356: 1563:

Finance and Economy for Society: Integrating Sustainability

1192: 732: 699: 272: 36:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

1834: 1938:'The Rise of the Social Entrepreneur, Demos, London, 1996 914: 426: 359:

Social entrepreneurship is distinct from the concept of

2042: 465: 2105:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. pg.135 1757: 1014: 1895:

For example, the phrase was used as a description of

938:

The International Journal of Public Sector Management

2050:"Business-Social Ventures Reaching for Major Impact" 2354:

Social Entrepreneurship: Definition and Boundaries.

2312:"Social Entrepreneurship: The Role of Institutions" 2103:

Corporate Social Entrepreneurship: Integrity Within

1906: 2514:Social Entrepreneurship: Definition and Boundaries 2309: 1189:Social Entrepreneurship: Definition and Boundaries 1079: 203:(left) with two young social entrepreneurs (right) 2396:Joanna Mair, Jeffrey Robinson, and Kai Hockerts, 2150:"The Case for Open Source Appropriate Technology" 1790: 429:, who was given a peerage in 2007 because of his 422:. Another notable British social entrepreneur is 3469: 2502:Social Entrepreneurship: The Case for Definition 1178:(New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 1, 92 986: 2092:The Power of Unreasonable People, 2008. pg. 42 2074:The Power of Unreasonable People, 2008. pg. 31 1987: 1662:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1600:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1470:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1383:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1352:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 2651: 2310:Sud, M.; VanSandt, C.V.; Baugous, A. (2009). 2083:The Power of Unreasonable People, 2008. pg.37 2052:. Changemakers. November 2003. Archived from 989:A Research Agenda for Social Entrepreneurship 683:Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship 2414: 2137:Foundation for Commercial Philanthropy, Inc. 1947: 1286: 1273: 111:. Social entrepreneurs, however, are either 2157:Environment, Development and Sustainability 1952:. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 13–22. 1693:. Boston: Harvard Business Press. pp. 1501:. Boston: Harvard Business Press. pp. 1414:. Boston: Harvard Business Press. pp. 446:and developer of modern nursing practices; 2658: 2644: 2466:Social Entrepreneurship: A Skills Approach 2292: 2290: 1901:Social Responsibilities of the Businessman 1631:. Boston: Harvard Business Press. p. 1444:Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurs 400:Social Responsibilities of the Businessman 2258: 2168: 1775: 1686: 1655: 1624: 1593: 1494: 1463: 1407: 1376: 1345: 1320: 1314: 1232: 1230: 1228: 1226: 1082:Theory of Social Enterprise and Pluralism 1060: 987:de Bruin, A.; Teasdale, S., eds. (2019). 668: 65:Learn how and when to remove this message 2549: 2520: 2016: 1525: 1120: 935: 915:"The Meaning of Social Entrepreneurship" 502: 287:for his efforts. Others, such as former 187: 78: 2586: 2357:Technology Innovation Management Review 2287: 2280: 2278: 1882: 1880: 1805: 1560: 1193:Technology Innovation Management Review 580:in 1976. He is known as the "father of 91:is an approach by individuals, groups, 3470: 2247:Journal of Business Venturing Insights 2147: 1981: 1914:"The Social Entrepreneur Bill Drayton" 1764:Journal of Business Venturing Insights 1223: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1205: 691:National Social Entrepreneurship Forum 646:are hard to get for social businesses. 498: 119:in areas such as poverty alleviation, 2639: 1874:(New York: Harper Business, 1993), 21 1717: 1269: 1267: 1265: 1253: 713: 261:social entrepreneurship in South Asia 2497:, 2010. Vol 1(Issue 1), pages 32–53. 2457:John Elkington and Pamela Hartigan, 2385:The Rise of the Social Entrepreneur, 2275: 1877: 1056: 1054: 1010: 1008: 982: 980: 912: 466:Ecosystem of social entrepreneurship 183: 18: 3335:Bachelor of Business Administration 2447:. Business Expert Press : NY. 1724:. New York: PublicAffairs. p. 1202: 695:the Global Social Benefit Institute 570:social entrepreneur from South Asia 13: 3436:Organizational behavior management 2495:Journal of Social Entrepreneurship 2489:Jacques Defourny, Marthe Nyssens, 2345: 2141: 1948:Roy, M. J.; Hazenberg, R. (2019). 1262: 757:open-source appropriate technology 298: 14: 3529: 3350:Doctor of Business Administration 3340:Master of Business Administration 2617: 1321:Goldsmith, Stephen (March 2010). 1276:Stanford Social Innovation Review 1063:Stanford Social Innovation Review 1051: 1005: 977: 774: 656:corporate social entrepreneurship 314:The Power of Unreasonable People, 267:, which pioneered the concept of 3451: 2623: 2580:Class on Social Entrepreneurship 2204: 1690:The Power of Unreasonable People 1628:The Power of Unreasonable People 1571:10.1108/S2043-905920160000011013 1498:The Power of Unreasonable People 1440:"What is a Social Entrepreneur?" 1411:The Power of Unreasonable People 1123:Public Policy and Administration 604:The Power of Unreasonable People 23: 2583:from Prof. Hockerts, Copenhagen 2303: 2234: 2198: 2185: 2130: 2116: 2095: 2086: 2077: 2068: 1966: 1941: 1932: 1889: 1872:Innovation and Entrepreneurship 1864: 1855: 1846: 1799: 1784: 1751: 1742: 1711: 1680: 1649: 1618: 1587: 1554: 1519: 1488: 1457: 1432: 1401: 1370: 1339: 1239: 1181: 1168: 1149: 893:"What is a Social Entrepreneur" 416:School for Social Entrepreneurs 3314:Chartered Management Institute 2665: 2464:Chris Durkin and Robert Gunn, 2461:, Harvard Business Press, 2008 1114: 1073: 956: 929: 906: 885: 779: 749:networks of like-minded people 1: 2589:Journal for Cultural Research 964:"IDOSR-JAS-52-49-55-2020.pdf" 879: 822:B Corporation (certification) 337: 2683:Index of management articles 2601:10.1080/14797585.2011.633833 2552:Administration & Society 2482:, Laurence Lehmann-Ortega, " 2298:California management review 2024:"The Nobel Peace Prize 2006" 1990:Academy of Management Review 1918:U.S. News & World Report 1820:10.1016/j.bushor.2021.09.005 1528:California Management Review 847:List of social entrepreneurs 7: 3319:Critical management studies 3182:Full range leadership model 991:. Edward Elgar Publishing. 809: 706:, makes capacity-building " 263:. Yunus was the founder of 10: 3534: 3309:Certified Business Manager 2523:Journal of Business Ethics 2370:, Oxford University Press 2316:Journal of Business Ethics 2260:10.1016/j.jbvi.2020.e00222 2148:Pearce, Joshua M. (2012). 1777:10.1016/j.jbvi.2022.e00356 1162:February 19, 2020, at the 913:Dees, J. Gregory (2001) . 720:social networking websites 673:Organizations such as the 354: 3449: 3358: 3327: 3291: 3263: 3235: 3177:Evidence-based management 3147: 3121: 3049: 3023: 2980: 2948: 2904: 2893: 2839: 2774: 2767: 2756: 2691: 2673: 2535:10.1007/s10551-013-1948-z 2429:10.1016/j.jwb.2005.10.007 2417:Journal of World Business 2328:10.1007/s10551-008-9939-1 2170:10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9 2002:10.5465/amr.2006.20208683 1656:Bornstein, David (2007). 1594:Bornstein, David (2007). 1464:Bornstein, David (2007). 1377:Bornstein, David (2007). 1346:Bornstein, David (2007). 1017:Social Enterprise Journal 950:10.1108/09513550210435746 3431:Organization development 3187:Management by objectives 2564:10.1177/0095399714555756 2101:Hemingway, Christine A. 1718:Yunus, Muhhamad (2007). 1687:Elkington, John (2008). 1625:Elkington, John (2008). 1540:10.1525/cmr.2015.57.3.83 1495:Elkington, John (2008). 1408:Elkington, John (2008). 1294:"Let's hear those ideas" 1135:10.1177/0952076711401466 1029:10.1108/SEJ-08-2019-0063 596: 493: 130:At times, profit-making 3508:Sustainable development 3478:Social entrepreneurship 3212:Social entrepreneurship 3172:Earned value management 2630:Social entrepreneurship 2443:Munoz, J. Mark (2010). 2398:Social Entrepreneurship 1659:How to Change the World 1597:How to Change the World 1467:How to Change the World 1380:How to Change the World 1349:How to Change the World 1176:How to Change the World 1090:10.4324/9780429291197-1 761:sustainable development 640:Social business venture 584:," and established the 518:sustainable development 486:More recently in 2020, 442:, founder of the first 396:social entrepreneurship 89:Social entrepreneurship 3458:Systems science portal 3401:Management development 3396:Management cybernetics 3381:Executive compensation 3217:Sustainable management 3079:Information technology 3059:Environmental resource 2468:, Policy Press, 2016. 2222:Cite journal requires 1793:Harvard Business Press 867:Social venture capital 817:Appropriate technology 669:International presence 508: 488:Debapratim Purkayastha 204: 85: 45:by rewriting it in an 3493:Administrative theory 3421:Managerial psychology 3386:Management consulting 3207:Scientific management 2990:Customer relationship 2678:Outline of management 2352:Abu-Saifan, S. 2012. 1187:Abu-Saifan, S. 2012. 857:Outline of management 652:Philanthropreneurship 506: 458:, founder of India's 435:Bromley by Bow Centre 229:environmental science 221:community development 191: 125:community development 82: 3416:Managerial economics 3376:Corporate governance 3283:Oliver E. Williamson 3162:Collaborative method 2632:at Wikimedia Commons 2383:Charles Leadbeater, 2205:Meri, Mohamed meri. 832:Collaborative method 765:open source software 702:'s first president, 620:Leveraged non-profit 526:public health nurses 440:Florence Nightingale 3278:Eliyahu M. Goldratt 630:government failures 546:capital investments 499:Major organizations 433:work including the 392:social entrepreneur 3518:Social enterprises 3441:Pointy-haired Boss 3391:Management control 3227:Virtual management 2517:, Samer Abu-Saifan 2402:Palgrave Macmillan 1977:. Duke University. 1920:. October 31, 2005 1870:Peter F. Drucker, 1721:Banker to the Poor 899:. PBS Foundation. 897:Enterprising Ideas 872:Triple bottom line 731:principles. Using 714:Role of technology 576:, who founded the 509: 460:Land Gift Movement 431:urban regeneration 377:Charles Leadbeater 253:Akhter Hameed Khan 205: 178:double bottom line 132:social enterprises 93:start-up companies 86: 47:encyclopedic style 34:is written like a 3465: 3464: 3411:Management system 3345:PhD in management 3117: 3116: 2976: 2975: 2889: 2888: 2857:Product lifecycle 2628:Media related to 2480:Bertrand Moingeon 2373: 2366:David Bornstein, 2300:44, no. 3 (2002). 2111:978-1-107-44719-6 1959:978-1-78897-231-4 1808:Business Horizons 1704:978-1-4221-0406-4 1673:978-0-19-533476-0 1642:978-1-4221-0406-4 1611:978-0-19-533476-0 1580:978-1-78635-510-2 1512:978-1-4221-0406-4 1481:978-0-19-533476-0 1425:978-1-4221-0406-4 1394:978-0-19-533476-0 1363:978-0-19-533476-0 1332:978-0-470-57684-7 1302:. August 12, 2010 1174:David Bornstein, 1084:. pp. 3–17. 998:978-1-78897-231-4 874:– business theory 862:Social innovation 769:COVID-19 pandemic 626:Hybrid non-profit 590:Nobel Peace Prize 450:, founder of the 420:social businesses 365:Jean-Baptiste Say 319:Schwab Foundation 293:Stephen Goldsmith 285:Nobel Peace Prize 197:Nobel Peace Prize 184:Modern definition 151:social networking 107:and increases in 75: 74: 67: 3525: 3483:Entrepreneurship 3455: 3192:Management style 2902: 2901: 2772: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2660: 2653: 2646: 2637: 2636: 2627: 2612: 2575: 2558:(8): 1038–1060. 2546: 2509:and Roger Martin 2478:Muhammad Yunus, 2440: 2371: 2340: 2339: 2307: 2301: 2294: 2285: 2282: 2273: 2272: 2262: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2225: 2220: 2218: 2210: 2202: 2196: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2172: 2154: 2145: 2139: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2120: 2114: 2099: 2093: 2090: 2084: 2081: 2075: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2056:on June 14, 2006 2046: 2040: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2028:Nobel Foundation 2020: 2014: 2013: 1985: 1979: 1978: 1970: 1964: 1963: 1945: 1939: 1936: 1930: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1910: 1904: 1893: 1887: 1884: 1875: 1868: 1862: 1859: 1853: 1850: 1844: 1841: 1832: 1831: 1803: 1797: 1796: 1788: 1782: 1781: 1779: 1755: 1749: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1715: 1709: 1708: 1684: 1678: 1677: 1653: 1647: 1646: 1622: 1616: 1615: 1591: 1585: 1584: 1558: 1552: 1551: 1523: 1517: 1516: 1492: 1486: 1485: 1461: 1455: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1436: 1430: 1429: 1405: 1399: 1398: 1374: 1368: 1367: 1343: 1337: 1336: 1318: 1312: 1311: 1309: 1307: 1290: 1284: 1283: 1271: 1260: 1257: 1251: 1250: 1243: 1237: 1234: 1221: 1217: 1200: 1185: 1179: 1172: 1166: 1153: 1147: 1146: 1118: 1112: 1111: 1077: 1071: 1070: 1058: 1049: 1048: 1012: 1003: 1002: 984: 975: 974: 968: 960: 954: 953: 933: 927: 926: 924: 922: 917:. caseatduke.org 910: 904: 903: 889: 852:Microfranchising 837:Entrepreneurship 753:brick and mortar 675:Skoll Foundation 644:equity financing 563:entrepreneurship 361:entrepreneurship 283:. He received a 255:and Bangladeshi 225:entrepreneurship 157:websites. These 117:voluntary sector 70: 63: 59: 56: 50: 27: 26: 19: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3527: 3526: 3524: 3523: 3522: 3468: 3467: 3466: 3461: 3445: 3354: 3323: 3304:Business school 3287: 3265: 3259: 3245:Decision-making 3237: 3231: 3202:Micromanagement 3197:Macromanagement 3149: 3143: 3113: 3069:Human resources 3064:Field inventory 3045: 3019: 2982: 2972: 2944: 2897: 2895: 2885: 2835: 2778: 2760: 2758: 2752: 2694:of organization 2693: 2687: 2669: 2664: 2620: 2615: 2507:Sally R. Osberg 2348: 2346:Further reading 2343: 2308: 2304: 2295: 2288: 2283: 2276: 2239: 2235: 2223: 2221: 2212: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2190: 2186: 2152: 2146: 2142: 2135: 2131: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2069: 2059: 2057: 2048: 2047: 2043: 2033: 2031: 2022: 2021: 2017: 1986: 1982: 1971: 1967: 1960: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1923: 1921: 1912: 1911: 1907: 1903:, America, 1953 1894: 1890: 1885: 1878: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1856: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1835: 1804: 1800: 1789: 1785: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1736: 1716: 1712: 1705: 1685: 1681: 1674: 1654: 1650: 1643: 1623: 1619: 1612: 1592: 1588: 1581: 1559: 1555: 1524: 1520: 1513: 1493: 1489: 1482: 1462: 1458: 1448: 1446: 1438: 1437: 1433: 1426: 1406: 1402: 1395: 1375: 1371: 1364: 1344: 1340: 1333: 1325:. Jossey-Bass. 1319: 1315: 1305: 1303: 1292: 1291: 1287: 1272: 1263: 1258: 1254: 1245: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1224: 1218: 1203: 1186: 1182: 1173: 1169: 1164:Wayback Machine 1154: 1150: 1119: 1115: 1100: 1078: 1074: 1059: 1052: 1013: 1006: 999: 985: 978: 966: 962: 961: 957: 934: 930: 920: 918: 911: 907: 891: 890: 886: 882: 877: 827:Business ethics 812: 782: 777: 716: 708:mezzanine level 687:New Profit Inc. 679:Omidyar Network 671: 634:market failures 613:Pamela Hartigan 599: 568:One well-known 530:social services 513:social services 501: 496: 473:social ventures 468: 357: 340: 310:problem-solving 301: 299:Characteristics 233:David Bornstein 186: 174:social ventures 149:, particularly 71: 60: 54: 51: 43:help improve it 40: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3531: 3521: 3520: 3515: 3513:Social economy 3510: 3505: 3503:Sustainability 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3463: 3462: 3450: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3406:Management fad 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3366:Administration 3362: 3360: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3331: 3329: 3325: 3324: 3322: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3295: 3293: 3289: 3288: 3286: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3269: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3241: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3153: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3118: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3055: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2986: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2954: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2942: 2937: 2936: 2935: 2930: 2916: 2910: 2908: 2899: 2894:On activity or 2891: 2890: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2883: 2878: 2877: 2876: 2866: 2865: 2864: 2859: 2849: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2782: 2780: 2769: 2762: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2719: 2718: 2708: 2703: 2697: 2695: 2689: 2688: 2686: 2685: 2680: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2663: 2662: 2655: 2648: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2619: 2618:External links 2616: 2614: 2613: 2584: 2576: 2547: 2529:(4): 709–713. 2518: 2510: 2498: 2487: 2476: 2462: 2455: 2441: 2412: 2394: 2391: 2381: 2364: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2341: 2302: 2286: 2274: 2233: 2224:|journal= 2197: 2184: 2163:(3): 425–431. 2140: 2129: 2115: 2094: 2085: 2076: 2067: 2041: 2015: 1996:(2): 309–328. 1980: 1965: 1958: 1940: 1931: 1905: 1888: 1876: 1863: 1854: 1845: 1833: 1798: 1783: 1750: 1741: 1734: 1710: 1703: 1679: 1672: 1648: 1641: 1617: 1610: 1586: 1579: 1553: 1518: 1511: 1487: 1480: 1456: 1431: 1424: 1400: 1393: 1369: 1362: 1338: 1331: 1313: 1285: 1261: 1252: 1238: 1222: 1201: 1180: 1167: 1148: 1113: 1098: 1072: 1050: 1023:(3): 243–261. 1004: 997: 976: 955: 928: 905: 883: 881: 878: 876: 875: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 813: 811: 808: 790:sustainability 781: 778: 776: 775:Public opinion 773: 718:The Internet, 715: 712: 670: 667: 648: 647: 637: 623: 609:John Elkington 598: 595: 574:Muhammad Yunus 534:social capital 522:social workers 500: 497: 495: 492: 467: 464: 454:movement; and 444:nursing school 356: 353: 339: 336: 300: 297: 259:, a leader of 257:Muhammad Yunus 242:social capital 201:Muhammad Yunus 185: 182: 138:may operate a 73: 72: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3530: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3460: 3459: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3426:Managerialism 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3371:Collaboration 3369: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3326: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3273:Peter Drucker 3271: 3270: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3222:Team building 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3048: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2987: 2985: 2979: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2941: 2938: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2925: 2924: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2903: 2900: 2892: 2882: 2879: 2875: 2872: 2871: 2870: 2867: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2854: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2801:Communication 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2770: 2766: 2763: 2755: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2717: 2714: 2713: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2698: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2675: 2672: 2668: 2661: 2656: 2654: 2649: 2647: 2642: 2641: 2638: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2621: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2475: 2474:1-4473-3171-0 2471: 2467: 2463: 2460: 2456: 2454: 2453:9781606491065 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2411: 2410:1-4039-9664-4 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2382: 2380: 2379:0-19-513805-8 2376: 2369: 2365: 2362: 2361:February 2012 2358: 2355: 2351: 2350: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2306: 2299: 2293: 2291: 2281: 2279: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2237: 2229: 2216: 2208: 2201: 2194: 2188: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2151: 2144: 2138: 2133: 2125: 2119: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2098: 2089: 2080: 2071: 2055: 2051: 2045: 2029: 2025: 2019: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1984: 1976: 1969: 1961: 1955: 1951: 1944: 1935: 1919: 1915: 1909: 1902: 1898: 1892: 1883: 1881: 1873: 1867: 1858: 1849: 1840: 1838: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1802: 1794: 1787: 1778: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1754: 1745: 1737: 1735:9781586481988 1731: 1727: 1723: 1722: 1714: 1706: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1691: 1683: 1675: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1660: 1652: 1644: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1629: 1621: 1613: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1598: 1590: 1582: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1557: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1534:(3): 83–106. 1533: 1529: 1522: 1514: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1499: 1491: 1483: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1468: 1460: 1445: 1441: 1435: 1427: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1412: 1404: 1396: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1381: 1373: 1365: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1342: 1334: 1328: 1324: 1317: 1301: 1300: 1299:The Economist 1295: 1289: 1281: 1277: 1270: 1268: 1266: 1256: 1248: 1242: 1233: 1231: 1229: 1227: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1206: 1198: 1197:February 2012 1194: 1190: 1184: 1177: 1171: 1165: 1161: 1158: 1152: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1129:(2): 99–119. 1128: 1124: 1117: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1099:9780429291197 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1076: 1068: 1064: 1057: 1055: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1011: 1009: 1000: 994: 990: 983: 981: 972: 965: 959: 951: 947: 943: 939: 932: 916: 909: 902: 898: 894: 888: 884: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 814: 807: 804: 798: 795: 791: 786: 772: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 741:business plan 738: 737:crowdsourcing 734: 730: 725: 721: 711: 709: 705: 701: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 666: 664: 659: 657: 653: 645: 641: 638: 635: 631: 627: 624: 621: 618: 617: 616: 614: 610: 606: 605: 594: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 566: 564: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 538: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 514: 505: 491: 489: 484: 482: 476: 474: 463: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 436: 432: 428: 425: 424:Andrew Mawson 421: 417: 413: 409: 408:Michael Young 405: 401: 397: 393: 388: 386: 382: 378: 372: 370: 369:profit margin 366: 362: 352: 348: 344: 335: 331: 327: 323: 320: 315: 311: 307: 296: 294: 290: 286: 282: 281:Latin America 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 249: 245: 243: 237: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 213: 209: 202: 198: 194: 190: 181: 179: 175: 170: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 143: 141: 137: 133: 128: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 97:entrepreneurs 94: 90: 81: 77: 69: 66: 58: 48: 44: 38: 37: 32:This article 30: 21: 20: 3456: 3211: 3010:Supply chain 2983:relationship 2981:On aspect or 2874:Construction 2840:On component 2761:organization 2733:Intelligence 2592: 2588: 2579: 2555: 2551: 2526: 2522: 2513: 2501: 2490: 2465: 2458: 2444: 2423:(1): 56–65. 2420: 2416: 2397: 2384: 2372:(and others) 2367: 2353: 2319: 2315: 2305: 2297: 2250: 2246: 2236: 2215:cite journal 2200: 2192: 2187: 2160: 2156: 2143: 2132: 2118: 2102: 2097: 2088: 2079: 2070: 2058:. Retrieved 2054:the original 2044: 2032:. Retrieved 2018: 1993: 1989: 1983: 1974: 1968: 1949: 1943: 1934: 1922:. Retrieved 1908: 1900: 1897:Howard Bowen 1891: 1871: 1866: 1857: 1848: 1811: 1807: 1801: 1792: 1786: 1767: 1763: 1753: 1744: 1720: 1713: 1689: 1682: 1658: 1651: 1627: 1620: 1596: 1589: 1562: 1556: 1531: 1527: 1521: 1497: 1490: 1466: 1459: 1447:. Retrieved 1443: 1434: 1410: 1403: 1379: 1372: 1348: 1341: 1322: 1316: 1304:. Retrieved 1297: 1288: 1279: 1275: 1255: 1247:"Altruistic" 1241: 1183: 1175: 1170: 1151: 1126: 1122: 1116: 1081: 1075: 1066: 1062: 1020: 1016: 988: 970: 958: 944:(4/5): 413. 941: 937: 931: 919:. Retrieved 908: 900: 896: 887: 799: 794:unemployment 787: 783: 724:social media 717: 672: 663:Newman's Own 660: 649: 639: 625: 619: 602: 600: 586:microfinance 578:Grameen Bank 567: 539: 510: 485: 480: 477: 469: 456:Vinoba Bhave 404:Bill Drayton 399: 395: 391: 389: 381:cooperatives 373: 358: 349: 345: 341: 332: 328: 324: 313: 306:goal-setting 302: 289:Indianapolis 265:Grameen Bank 250: 246: 238: 214: 210: 206: 195:founder and 193:Grameen Bank 171: 167:crowdfunding 155:social media 144: 129: 109:stock prices 88: 87: 76: 61: 52: 33: 3250:Forecasting 3167:Distributed 3074:Information 3051:On resource 2995:Engineering 2821:Performance 2779:(top-level) 2706:Association 2595:(1): 1–20. 2322:: 201–216. 2060:November 3, 2034:November 2, 1924:November 3, 1449:October 28, 1282:(2): 28–39. 1069:(1): 47–53. 780:Controversy 729:open source 582:microcredit 554:accelerator 452:cooperative 448:Robert Owen 412:Daniel Bell 269:microcredit 217:social work 180:objective. 163:collaborate 121:health care 113:non-profits 3498:Management 3472:Categories 3255:Leadership 3238:activities 3150:approaches 3104:Technology 3024:On problem 3005:Perception 2958:Accounting 2923:production 2919:Operations 2896:department 2811:Innovation 2786:Capability 2748:Reputation 2728:Healthcare 2716:Restaurant 2667:Management 2253:: e00222. 1770:: e00356. 880:References 842:Geotourism 803:leadership 735:models or 704:Jeff Skoll 550:incubators 390:The terms 385:altruistic 338:Challenges 140:restaurant 3292:Education 3264:Pioneers, 3157:Adhocracy 3122:Positions 3094:Materials 3084:Knowledge 3000:Logistics 2914:Marketing 2806:Financial 2776:Strategic 2759:within an 2757:By focus, 2609:144205124 2572:155079963 2543:154033731 2336:154593095 2269:2352-6734 2179:153800807 2010:144555213 1828:239170896 1814:: 21–31. 1795:: 86–115. 1548:154538481 1108:187416644 1045:213274658 1037:1750-8614 971:idosr.org 745:marketing 558:mentoring 55:June 2023 3488:Activism 3266:scholars 3148:Methods, 3031:Conflict 2847:Facility 2768:On scope 2738:Military 2711:Business 2701:Academic 2437:42660383 2404:, 2006. 2363:: 22–27. 1306:July 28, 1220:353-365. 1199:: 22-27. 1160:Archived 1143:54655735 810:See also 548:. These 528:work in 159:websites 147:Internet 136:homeless 105:revenues 3328:Degrees 3236:Skills, 3129:Interim 2968:Records 2933:Quality 2928:Process 2898:managed 2881:Program 2869:Project 2852:Product 2831:Systems 2791:Capital 2692:By type 1664:127–128 1602:126–127 1472:124–126 1354:121–122 542:mentors 355:History 199:winner 41:Please 3139:Senior 3134:Middle 3099:Skills 3041:Stress 3036:Crisis 3015:Talent 2963:Office 2796:Change 2743:Public 2607: 2570: 2541: 2472: 2451: 2435: 2408: 2390:, 1996 2377: 2334: 2267: 2177: 2109: 2030:. 2006 2008: 1956: 1826: 1732: 1701: 1695:12, 23 1670: 1639: 1608: 1577: 1546: 1509: 1478: 1422: 1391: 1360: 1329: 1141: 1106: 1096: 1043: 1035: 995: 921:May 3, 693:, and 681:, the 677:, the 481:et al. 291:mayor 279:, and 277:Africa 101:profit 3359:Other 2950:Staff 2940:Sales 2862:Brand 2816:Legal 2723:Court 2605:S2CID 2568:S2CID 2539:S2CID 2433:S2CID 2388:Demos 2332:S2CID 2175:S2CID 2153:(PDF) 2006:S2CID 1824:S2CID 1544:S2CID 1503:11–13 1416:15–19 1139:S2CID 1104:S2CID 1041:S2CID 967:(PDF) 759:as a 743:or a 597:Types 494:2000s 3109:Time 3089:Land 2906:Line 2826:Risk 2470:ISBN 2449:ISBN 2406:ISBN 2375:ISBN 2265:ISSN 2228:help 2107:ISBN 2062:2006 2036:2006 1954:ISBN 1926:2006 1730:ISBN 1699:ISBN 1668:ISBN 1637:ISBN 1606:ISBN 1575:ISBN 1507:ISBN 1476:ISBN 1451:2016 1420:ISBN 1389:ISBN 1358:ISBN 1327:ISBN 1308:2014 1094:ISBN 1033:ISSN 993:ISBN 923:2013 733:wiki 722:and 700:eBay 611:and 552:and 524:and 394:and 308:and 273:Asia 227:and 219:and 153:and 123:and 84:way. 2597:doi 2560:doi 2531:doi 2527:125 2425:doi 2324:doi 2255:doi 2165:doi 1998:doi 1816:doi 1772:doi 1726:251 1567:doi 1536:doi 1385:124 1131:doi 1086:doi 1025:doi 946:doi 632:or 601:In 572:is 427:OBE 223:to 95:or 3474:: 2603:. 2593:16 2591:. 2566:. 2556:47 2554:. 2537:. 2525:. 2505:, 2493:, 2431:. 2421:41 2419:. 2400:, 2359:. 2330:. 2320:85 2318:. 2314:. 2289:^ 2277:^ 2263:. 2251:15 2249:. 2245:. 2219:: 2217:}} 2213:{{ 2173:. 2161:14 2159:. 2155:. 2026:. 2004:. 1994:31 1992:. 1916:. 1899:, 1879:^ 1836:^ 1822:. 1812:65 1810:. 1768:19 1766:. 1762:. 1728:. 1697:. 1666:. 1635:. 1633:21 1604:. 1573:. 1542:. 1532:57 1530:. 1505:. 1474:. 1442:. 1418:. 1387:. 1356:. 1296:. 1278:. 1264:^ 1225:^ 1204:^ 1195:. 1191:. 1137:. 1127:27 1125:. 1102:. 1092:. 1065:. 1053:^ 1039:. 1031:. 1021:16 1019:. 1007:^ 979:^ 969:. 942:15 940:. 895:. 689:, 685:, 658:. 607:, 275:, 169:. 127:. 103:, 2921:/ 2659:e 2652:t 2645:v 2611:. 2599:: 2574:. 2562:: 2545:. 2533:: 2486:" 2439:. 2427:: 2338:. 2326:: 2271:. 2257:: 2230:) 2226:( 2209:. 2195:. 2181:. 2167:: 2126:. 2113:. 2064:. 2038:. 2012:. 2000:: 1962:. 1928:. 1830:. 1818:: 1780:. 1774:: 1738:. 1707:. 1676:. 1645:. 1614:. 1583:. 1569:: 1550:. 1538:: 1515:. 1484:. 1453:. 1428:. 1397:. 1366:. 1335:. 1310:. 1280:5 1249:. 1145:. 1133:: 1110:. 1088:: 1067:6 1047:. 1027:: 1001:. 973:. 952:. 948:: 925:. 68:) 62:( 57:) 53:( 49:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.