Social group - Knowledge

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form differing health outcomes such as cardiovascular disease, chronic conditions, mobility limitations, self-rated health, and depressive symptoms. Social connectedness also plays a large part in overcoming certain conditions such as drug, alcohol, or substance abuse. With these types of issues, a person's peer group play a big role in helping them stay sober. Conditions do not need to be life-threatening, one's social group can help deal with work anxiety as well. When people are more socially connected have access to more support. Some of the health issues people have may also stem from their uncertainty about just where they stand among their colleagues. It has been shown that being well socially connected has a significant impact on a person as they age, according to a 10-year study by the MacArthur Foundation, which was published in the book 'Successful Aging' the support, love, and care we feel through our social connections can help to counteract some of the health-related negatives of aging. Older people who were more active in social circles tended to be better off health-wise.

1058:, such as work on territory and dominance, has been available since the 1950s. Also, they have been largely neglected by policy makers, sociologists and anthropologists. Indeed, vast literature on organization, property, law enforcement, ownership, religion, warfare, values, conflict resolution, authority, rights, and families have grown and evolved without any reference to any analogous social behaviors in animals. This disconnect may be the result of the belief that social behavior in humankind is radically different from the social behavior in animals because of the human capacity for language use and rationality. Of course, while this is true, it is equally likely that the study of the social (group) behaviors of other animals might shed light on the evolutionary roots of social behavior in people. 1551:

loss of a leader is frequently fatal to a group, unless there was lengthy preparation for the transition. The loss of the leader tends to dissolve all dominance relationships, as well as weakening dedication to common purpose, differentiation of roles, and maintenance of norms. The most common symptoms of a troubled group are loss of efficiency, diminished participation, or weakening of purpose, as well as an increase in verbal aggression. Often, if a strong common purpose is still present, a simple reorganization with a new leader and a few new members will be sufficient to re-establish the group, which is somewhat easier than forming an entirely new group. This is the most common factor.

76: 1412:). Similarly, groups may seek out extroverts more than introverts, perhaps because they find they connect with extroverts more readily. Those higher in relationality (attentiveness to their relations with other people) are also likelier to seek out and prize group membership. Relationality has also been associated with extroversion and agreeableness. Similarly, those with a high need for affiliation are more drawn to join groups, spend more time with groups and accept other group members more readily. 52: 1487:

interact in sets of twos or threes while seeking to interact with those with whom they share something in common: i.e., interests, skills, and cultural background. Relationships will develop some stability in these small sets, in that individuals may temporarily change from one set to another, but will return to the same pairs or trios rather consistently and resist change. Particular twosomes and threesomes will stake out their special spots within the overall space.

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leader helps everyone feel a sense of belonging within the group, it can help boost morale and productivity. According to Dr. Niklas Steffens "Social identification contributes to both psychological and physiological health, but the health benefits are stronger for psychological health". The social relationships people have can be linked to different health conditions. Lower quantity or quality social relationships have been connected to issues such as: development of

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example, fighting over the distribution of resources, the choices of means and different subgoals, the development of what are appropriate norms, rewards and punishments. Some of these conflicts will be territorial in nature: i.e., jealousy over roles, or locations, or favored relationships. But most will be involved with struggles for status, ranging from mild protests to serious verbal conflicts and even dangerous violence.

1518:"malfunction" or to disperse, but essentially this is because of loss of compliance with one or more elements of the definition of group provided by Sherif. The two most common causes of a malfunctioning group are the addition of too many individuals, and the failure of the leader to enforce a common purpose, though malfunctions may occur due to a failure of any of the other elements (i.e., confusions status or of norms). 1459:. In all groups, formal and informal initiations add to a group's cohesion and strengthens the bond between the individual and group by demonstrating the exclusiveness of group membership as well as the recruit's dedication to the group. Initiations tend to be more formal in more cohesive groups. Initiation is also important for recruitment because it can mitigate any cognitive dissonance in potential group members. 2788: 1121:. Whereas social identity theory was directed initially at the explanation of intergroup conflict in the absence of any conflict of interests, self-categorization theory was developed to explain how individuals come to perceive themselves as members of a group in the first place, and how this self-grouping process underlies and determines all problems subsequent aspects of group behaviour. 1099:

group can be "usefully conceptualized as a number of individuals who have internalized the same social category membership as a component of their self concept." Stated otherwise, while the social cohesion approach expects group members to ask "who am I attracted to?", the social identity perspective expects group members to simply ask "who am I?"

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from the developing group. Depending on the number of individuals in the original collection of strangers, and the number of "hangers-on" that are tolerated, one or more competing groups of ten or less may form, and the competition for territory and dominance will then also be manifested in the inter group transactions.

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For a functioning group to attempt to add new members in a casual way is a certain prescription for failure, loss of efficiency, or disorganization. The number of functioning members in a group can be reasonably flexible between five and ten, and a long-standing cohesive group may be able to tolerate

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The social groups people are involved with in the workplace directly affect their health. No matter where they work or what the occupation is, feeling a sense of belonging in a peer group is a key to overall success. Part of this is the responsibility of the leader (manager, supervisor, etc.). If the

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Categories consist of individuals that are similar to one another in a certain way; members of this group can be permanent ingroup members or temporary ingroup members. Examples of categories include groups with the same ethnicity, gender, religion, or nationality. This group is generally the largest

1078:. An adequately functioning individual identity is necessary before an individual can function in a division of labor (role), and hence, within a cohesive group. Coming to understand territorial and dominance behaviors may thus help to clarify the development, functioning, and productivity of groups. 1542:

in individuals is often set at seven. Rapid shifting of attention can push the limit to about ten. After ten, subgroups will inevitably start to form with the attendant loss of purpose, dominance-order, and individuality, with confusion of roles and rules. The standard classroom with twenty to forty

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If one brings a small collection of strangers together in a restricted space and environment, provides a common goal and maybe a few ground rules, then a highly probable course of events will follow. Interaction between individuals is the basic requirement. At first, individuals will differentially

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and delayed cancer recovery, and slower wound healing as well as inflammatory biomarkers and impaired immune function, factors associated with adverse health outcomes and mortality. The social relationship of marriage is the most studied of all, the marital history over the course of one's life can

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Territorial and dominance behaviors in humans are so universal and commonplace that they are simply taken for granted (though sometimes admired, as in home ownership, or deplored, as in violence). But these social behaviors and interactions between human individuals play a special role in the study

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in the 1920s and 1930s, continuing through the 1950s, which understood them to be largely reactions to the established authority. The primary goal of gang members was to defend gang territory, and to define and maintain the dominance structure within the gang. There remains in the popular media and

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Once a group has begun to form, it can increase membership through a few ways. If the group is an open group, where membership boundaries are relatively permeable, group members can enter and leave the group as they see fit (often via at least one of the aforementioned Principles of Attraction). A

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between individuals, the social identity model assumes that "psychological group membership has primarily a perceptual or cognitive basis." It posits that the necessary and sufficient condition for individuals to act as group members is "awareness of a common category membership" and that a social

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Weakening of the common purpose once a group is well established can be attributed to: adding new members; unsettled conflicts of identities (i.e., territorial problems in individuals); weakening of a settled dominance-order; and weakening or failure of the leader to tend to the group. The actual

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is the mark of unsettled dominance order. Productive group cooperation requires that both dominance order and territorial arrangements (identity, self-concept) be settled with respect to the common goal and within the particular group. Some individuals may withdraw from interaction or be excluded

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would have a relatively high level of interdependence as compared to a group of people watching a movie at the movie theater. Also, interdependence may be mutual (flowing back and forth between members) or more linear/unilateral. For example, some group members may be more dependent on their boss

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Two or more people in interacting situations will over time develop stable territorial relationships. As described above, these may or may not develop into groups. But stable groups can also break up in to several sets of territorial relationships. There are numerous reasons for stable groups to

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Primary groups are small, long-term groups characterized by high amounts of cohesiveness, of member-identification, of face-to-face interaction, and of solidarity. Such groups may act as the principal source of socialization for individuals as primary groups may shape an individual's attitudes,

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In a society, there is a need for more people to participate in cooperative endeavors than can be accommodated by a few separate groups. The military has been the best example as to how this is done in its hierarchical array of squads, platoons, companies, battalions, regiments, and divisions.

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Again depending on the common goal, eventually twosomes and threesomes will integrate into larger sets of six or eight, with corresponding revisions of territory, dominance-ranking, and further differentiation of roles. All of this seldom takes place without some conflict or disagreement: for

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Previous experiences with groups (good and bad) inform people's decisions to join prospective groups. Individuals will compare the rewards of the group (e.g. belonging, emotional support, informational support, instrumental support, spiritual support; see Uchino, 2004 for an overview) against

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Group structure involves the emergence or regularities, norms, roles and relations that form within a group over time. Roles involve the expected performance and conduct of people within the group depending on their status or position within the group. Norms are the ideas adopted by the group

1502:. Depending on the pressure of the common goal and on the various skills of individuals, differentiations of leadership, dominance, or authority will develop. Once these relationships solidify, with their defined roles, norms, and sanctions, a productive group will have been established. 1051:

urban law enforcement agencies an avid interest in gangs, reflected in daily headlines which emphasize the criminal aspects of gang behavior. However, these studies and the continued interest have not improved the capacity to influence gang behavior or to reduce gang related violence.

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This group component varies greatly, including verbal or non-verbal communication, social loafing, networking, forming bonds, etc. Research by Bales (cite, 1950, 1999) determine that there are two main types of interactions; relationship interactions and task interactions.

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pertaining to acceptable and unacceptable conduct by members. Group structure is a very important part of a group. If people fail to meet their expectations within to groups, and fulfil their roles, they may not accept the group, or be accepted by other group members.

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Private companies, corporations, government agencies, clubs, and so on have all developed comparable (if less formal and standardized) systems when the number of members or employees exceeds the number that can be accommodated in an effective group. Not all larger

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fashion (even where no individual self-interest is possible). Also problematic for the social cohesion account is recent research showing that seemingly meaningless categorization can be an antecedent of perceptions of interdependence with fellow category members.

1400:– the tendency for groups to complexify over time by adding new members through their relationships with existing group members. In more formal or structured groups, prospective members may need a reference from a current group member before they can join. 2394:

Gardner, William L., Reithel, Brian J., Cogliser, Claudia C., Walumbwa, Fred O., Foley, Richard T. (2012). "Matching personality and organizational culture effects of recruitment strategy and the five-factor model on subjective person-organization fit".

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When viewed holistically, a group is greater than the sum of its individual parts. When people speak of groups, they speak of the group as a whole, or an entity, rather than speaking of it in terms of individuals. For example, it would be said that "The

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potential costs (e.g. time, emotional energy). Those with negative or 'mixed' experiences with previous groups will likely be more deliberate in their assessment of potential groups to join, and with which groups they choose to join. (For more, see

1226:“The state of being dependent, to some degree, on other people, as when one's outcomes, actions, thoughts, feelings, and experiences are determined in whole or part by others." Some groups are more interdependent than others. For example, a sports 1152:

Relationship interactions: "actions performed by group members that relate to or influence the emotional and interpersonal bonds within the group, including both positive actions (social support, consideration) and negative actions (criticism,

1376:– the tendency for individuals to develop relationships and form groups with those they are (often physically) close to. This is often referred to as ‘familiarity breeds liking’, or that we prefer things/people that we are familiar with 1388:– the tendency for individuals to like other individuals who are dissimilar from themselves, but in a complementary manner. E.g. leaders will attract those who like being led, and those who like being led will attract leaders 1166:

Most groups have a reason for their existence, be it increasing the education and knowledge, receiving emotional support, or experiencing spirituality or religion. Groups can facilitate the achievement of these goals. The

1435:, it will likely engage in processes that contribute to cohesion levels, especially when recruiting new members, who can add to a group's cohesion, or destabilize it. Classic examples of groups with high cohesion are 923:

is defined as two or more people who interact with one another, share similar characteristics, and collectively have a sense of unity. Regardless, social groups come in a myriad of sizes and varieties. For example, a

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a few hangers on. The key concept is that the value and success of a group is obtained by each member maintaining a distinct, functioning identity in the minds of each of the members. The cognitive limit to this

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by Joseph McGrath organizes group related tasks and goals. Groups may focus on several of these goals, or one area at a time. The model divides group goals into four main types, which are further sub-categorized

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In contrast, spontaneous collectives, such as bystanders or audiences of various sizes, exist only for a very brief period of time and it is very easy to become an ingroup member from an outgroup member and

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Task interactions: "actions performed by group members that pertain to the group's projects, tasks, and goals." This involve members organizing themselves and utilizing their skills and resources to achieve

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and is more than a simple collection or aggregate of individuals, such as people waiting at a bus stop, or people waiting in a line. Characteristics shared by members of a group may include

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Platow, M.J.; Grace, D.M.; Smithson, M.J. (2011). "Examining the Preconditions for Psychological Group Membership: Perceived Social Interdependence as the Outcome of Self-Categorization".

1043:. Much less attention has been paid to the more ubiquitous and universal social behaviors that do not clearly demonstrate one or more of the five necessary elements described by Sherif. 1309:

members (i.e., social categories of which one is a member) with reasonable ease. Social groups, such as study-groups or coworkers, interact moderately over a prolonged period of time.

1478:(group beliefs and demands become congruent with member's personal beliefs, goals and values). This outlines the process of how new members can become deeply connected to the group. 1428:

closed group on the other hand, where membership boundaries are more rigid and closed, often engages in deliberate and/or explicit recruitment and socialization of new members.

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ties. Kinship ties being a social bond based on common ancestry, marriage or adoption. In a similar vein, some researchers consider the defining characteristic of a group as

2296: 1394:– the tendency for liking to be mutual. For example, if A likes B, B is inclined to like A. Conversely, if A dislikes B, B will probably not like A (negative reciprocity) 1117:

While the roots of this approach to social groups had its foundations in social identity theory, more concerted exploration of these ideas occurred later in the form of

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Turner, J.C.; Reynolds, K.H. (2001). Brown, R.; Gaertner, S.L. (eds.). "The Social Identity Perspective in Intergroup Relations: Theories, Themes, and Controversies".

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can be viewed as a large social group. The system of behaviors and psychological processes occurring within a social group or between social groups is known as

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played beautifully." Several factors play a part in this image of unity, including group cohesiveness, and entitativity (appearance of cohesion by outsiders).

1534:, which are basically territorial organizations who support large social purposes. Any such large organizations may need only islands of cohesive leadership. 1039:

The attention of those who use, participate in, or study groups has focused on functioning groups, on larger organizations, or on the decisions made in these

1106:. For example, it has been shown that the mere act of allocating individuals to explicitly random categories is sufficient to lead individuals to act in an 1301:

Social groups are also small groups but are of moderate duration. These groups often form due to a common goal. In this type of group, it is possible for

1066:. The psychological internalization of territorial and dominance experiences in conscious and unconscious memory are established through the formation of 1369:

Social groups tend to form based on certain principles of attraction, that draw individuals to affiliate with each other, eventually forming a group.

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Quattrone, G.A.; Jones, E.E. (1980). "The perception of variability within in-groups and out-groups: Implications for the law of small numbers".

2166: 1382:– the tendency for individuals to affiliate with or prefer individuals who share their attitudes, values, demographic characteristics, etc. 455: 2493:

McAdams, Dan P., Constantian, Carol A. (1983). "Intimacy and affiliation motives in daily living: An experience in sampling analysis".

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Kruase, Neal, Wulff, Keith M. (2005). "Church-based social ties, a sense of belonging in a congregation, and physical health status".

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may seek out groups more, as they find larger and more frequent interpersonal interactions stimulating and enjoyable (more than

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Tajfel, H., and J. C. Turner (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W.G. Austin & S. Worchel (eds.),

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McGuire, Gail M. (2007). "Intimate work: A typology of the social support that workers provide to their network members".

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Tracey, Terence, Ryan, Jennifer M., Jaschik-Herman, Bruce (2001). "Complementarity of interpersonal circumplex traits".

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Cross, S. E., Bacon, P. L., Morris, M. L. (2000). "The relational-interdependent self-construal and relationships".

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Some of the earliest efforts to understand these social units have been the extensive descriptions of urban street

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This definition succeeds in providing the researcher with the tools required to answer three important questions:

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Tajfel, H., Billig, M., Bundy, R.P. & Flament, C. (1971). "Social categorization and intergroup behaviour".

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Kelman, H. (1958). "Compliance, identification, and internalization: Three processes of attitude change".

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proposed to define a social unit as a number of individuals interacting with each other with respect to:

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Bornstein, Robert F. (1989). "Exposure and affect: Overview and meta-analysis of research, 1968, 1987".

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Empirical support for the social identity perspective on groups was initially drawn from work using the

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distinguishes four main types of groups: primary groups, social groups, collectives, and categories.

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Reicher, S. D. (1982). "The determination of collective behaviour." pp. 41–83 in H. Tajfel (ed.),

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Turner, J.C. (1982). Tajfel, H. (ed.). "Towards a cognitive redefinition of the social group".

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Forsyth (2010) discuses several common characteristics of groups that can help to define them.

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Aronson, E., Mills, J. (1959). "The effect of severity of initiation on liking for a group".

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Flamino, James; Szymanski, Boleslaw K.; Bahulkar, Ashwin; Chan, Kevin; Lizardo, Omar (2021).

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require the cohesion that may be found in the small group. Consider the neighborhood, the

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Explicitly contrasted against a social cohesion based definition for social groups is the

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In some instances, such as cults, recruitment can also be referred to as conversion.

748: 692: 672: 630: 610: 440: 430: 360: 210: 155: 1094:. Here, rather than defining a social group based on expressions of cohesive social 712: 2690: 2649: 2614: 2576: 2502: 2453: 2404: 2354: 2327: 2267: 2226: 2218: 2140: 2107: 1773: 1763: 1672: 1627: 1597: 1523: 1463: 978: 800: 760: 704: 560: 515: 470: 415: 355: 270: 235: 185: 75: 1587: 1349: 1067: 946: 808: 804: 788: 768: 696: 684: 573: 545: 490: 450: 215: 165: 31: 2331: 2694: 2506: 2457: 2202: 2144: 1848: 1844: 1768: 1677: 1662: 1657: 1617: 1612: 1568: 985: 929: 916: 876: 792: 784: 780: 776: 728: 688: 275: 121: 2272: 2255: 2802: 2580: 2408: 2358: 2222: 1622: 1607: 764: 752: 736: 732: 658: 170: 116: 51: 1474:(member begins to mimic group's actions, values, characteristics, etc.) and 1013: 2626: 2465: 2240: 2115: 1787: 1697: 1667: 1527: 1110: 1075: 1040: 756: 708: 2281: 55:

Individuals in groups are connected to each other by social relationships.

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Primary Group Structures and Their Functions: Kin, Neighbors, and Friends

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members (i.e., social categories of which one is not a member) to become

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Accepted norms and values with reference to matters relevant to the group

1003: 772: 744: 716: 600: 555: 285: 260: 45: 30:"Group structure" redirects here. For group structures in business, see 1652: 1647: 1531: 1505: 1452: 1409: 1405: 305: 225: 150: 2492: 1451:, which are all noted for their recruitment process, especially their 2653: 2618: 1494:

By analogy to animal behavior, sociologists may term these behaviors

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Ziller, R. C. (1965). "Toward a theory of open and closed groups".

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pupils and one teacher offers a rueful example of one supposed

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The tipping point: How little things can make a big difference

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Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory

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Generating: coming up with ideas and plans to reach goals

1322:. Collectives may display similar actions and outlooks. 2016:(5 ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. 1742:"Creation, evolution, and dissolution of social groups" 1404:

Other factors also influence the formation of a group.

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they are necessarily prior to the formation of groups

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International Journal for the Psychology of Religion

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Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 42–67. 1976: 1925: 1853:An Outline of Social Psychology 1346:recurrent myocardial infarction 1169:circumplex model of group tasks 1035:Significance of that definition 456:Peace, war, and social conflict 2683:Journal of Conflict Resolution 1881: 1862: 1838: 1809: 1733: 1716: 1481: 1312: 1136: 1082:Social identification approach 13: 1: 1709: 1464:Kelman's Theory of Conversion 1386:The Complementarity Principle 1325: 1215:Performance/Psychomotor Tasks 935: 2187:. University of Queensland. 2103:American Sociological Review 2027:McGrath, Joseph, E. (1984). 1513:Dispersal and transformation 1234: 1027:"How does a group function?" 7: 2734:University of Chicago Press 2332:10.1037/0033-2909.106.2.265 1554: 1352:, autonomic dysregulation, 1222:Interdependence in relation 1088:social identity perspective 1054:The relevant literature on 10: 2835: 2814:Social psychology concepts 2758:Gladwell, Malcolm (2002), 2695:10.1177/002200275800200106 2507:10.1037/0022-3514.45.4.851 2458:10.1037/0022-3514.78.4.191 2145:10.1037/0022-3514.38.1.141 1769:10.1038/s41598-021-96805-7 1728:Cambridge University Press 1260: 1140: 1119:self-categorization theory 1006:, dominance) relationships 127:Human environmental impact 43: 36: 29: 1398:The Elaboration Principle 1392:The Reciprocity Principle 1334: 2819:Sociological terminology 2581:10.1177/0730888406297313 2409:10.1177/0893318912450663 2359:10.1177/0146167201277002 2223:10.1177/0022146510383501 1868:Simon, Herbert A. 1976. 1380:The Similarity Principle 1256: 1243: 1201:Cognitive Conflict Tasks 1161: 1125:Defining characteristics 1024:"How is a group formed?" 1012:Development of accepted 992:Common motives and goals 941:Social cohesion approach 221:Structural functionalism 44:Not to be confused with 2303:. The Evanston Review. 2273:10.1093/geront/37.4.433 1871:Administrative Behavior 1374:The Proximity Principle 1056:animal social behaviors 241:Symbolic interactionism 136:Industrial revolutions 2607:Psychological Bulletin 2320:Psychological Bulletin 1855:(rev. ed.). New York: 1703:Types of social groups 1422:Social Exchange Theory 1342:cardiovascular disease 1263:Types of social groups 1104:minimal group paradigm 1092:social identity theory 231:Social constructionism 56: 39:Social Circle, Georgia 2071:(5th ed.). New York: 1982:Turner, J. C. (1987) 1874:(3rd ed.). New York. 1857:Harper & Brothers 1688:Social representation 1496:territorial behaviors 1431:If a group is highly 1193:Decision-making Tasks 606:Conversation analysis 181:Social stratification 54: 2795:at Wikimedia Commons 2745:Halloway, Ralph L., 2569:Work and Occupations 2092:Litwak, Eugene, and 2065:Forsyth, Donelson R. 2010:Forsyth, Donelson R. 1821:Macmillan Publishers 1815:Hare, A. P. (1962). 1643:Intergroup relations 1002:Established status ( 984:Social psychologist 979:social relationships 1835:, pp. 177–181. 1760:2021NatSR..1117470F 1683:Social organization 1583:Club (organization) 1500:dominance behaviors 1354:high blood pressure 1268:Donelson R. Forsyth 1074:, body concept, or 191:Social cycle theory 62:Part of a series on 2728:Scott, John Paul. 2295:Staackmann, Mary. 2256:"Successful Aging" 2217:(Suppl): S54–S66. 1747:Scientific Reports 1693:Sociology of sport 1190:Intellective Tasks 1143:Social interaction 967:social interaction 877:Society portal 500:History of science 481:Race and ethnicity 161:Social environment 57: 2791:Media related to 2260:The Gerontologist 1849:Carolyn W. Sherif 1540:span of attention 1524:social structures 1418:Minimax Principal 1204:Mixed Motive Task 1072:personal identity 997:division of labor 913: 912: 631:Social experiment 511:Social psychology 156:Social complexity 16:(Redirected from 2826: 2790: 2776: 2765: 2750: 2743: 2737: 2726: 2720: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2665: 2657: 2654:10.1037/h0047195 2637: 2631: 2630: 2619:10.1037/h0022390 2602: 2593: 2592: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2551: 2543: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2518: 2510: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2477: 2469: 2441: 2435: 2434: 2428: 2420: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2378: 2370: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2275: 2251: 2245: 2244: 2234: 2199: 2193: 2192: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2128: 2119: 2090: 2084: 2062: 2047: 2046: 2040: 2032: 2024: 2018: 2017: 2006: 1987: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1942: 1936: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1914: 1905: 1898: 1892: 1885: 1879: 1866: 1860: 1842: 1836: 1830: 1824: 1813: 1807: 1806: 1798: 1792: 1791: 1781: 1771: 1737: 1731: 1720: 1673:Social isolation 1628:Group narcissism 1598:Crowd psychology 1571: 1566: 1565: 1182:Creativity Tasks 905: 898: 891: 875: 874: 626:Network analysis 516:Sociocybernetics 506:Social movements 236:Social darwinism 186:Social structure 78: 59: 58: 21: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2824: 2823: 2799: 2798: 2783: 2774: 2754: 2753: 2744: 2740: 2736:, 1959, 281 pp. 2730:Animal Behavior 2727: 2723: 2714: 2710: 2679: 2675: 2659: 2658: 2638: 2634: 2603: 2596: 2565: 2561: 2545: 2544: 2532: 2528: 2512: 2511: 2491: 2487: 2471: 2470: 2442: 2438: 2422: 2421: 2392: 2388: 2372: 2371: 2343: 2339: 2316: 2312: 2301:Chicago Tribune 2293: 2289: 2252: 2248: 2200: 2196: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2157: 2156: 2152: 2129: 2122: 2112:10.2307/2091957 2106:34(4):465–481. 2091: 2087: 2063: 2050: 2034: 2033: 2025: 2021: 2007: 1990: 1981: 1977: 1962: 1958: 1943: 1939: 1930: 1926: 1915: 1908: 1899: 1895: 1886: 1882: 1867: 1863: 1845:Sherif, Muzafer 1843: 1839: 1831: 1827: 1814: 1810: 1799: 1795: 1738: 1734: 1721: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1588:Corporate group 1567: 1560: 1557: 1515: 1484: 1476:internalization 1367: 1350:atherosclerosis 1337: 1331:type of group. 1328: 1315: 1299: 1286:kin (relatives) 1276: 1265: 1259: 1246: 1237: 1224: 1164: 1145: 1139: 1131:Group Dynamics, 1127: 1084: 1068:social identity 1037: 971:Dunbar's number 969:. According to 959:representations 947:social cohesion 943: 938: 917:social sciences 909: 869: 862: 861: 822: 812: 811: 739: 665: 651: 649:Major theorists 641: 640: 576: 566: 565: 256: 246: 245: 216:Critical theory 211:Conflict theory 206: 196: 195: 166:Social equality 107: 49: 42: 35: 32:Corporate group 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2832: 2822: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2797: 2796: 2782: 2781:External links 2779: 2778: 2777: 2772: 2752: 2751: 2738: 2721: 2708: 2673: 2648:(2): 177–181. 2632: 2613:(3): 164–182. 2594: 2559: 2526: 2501:(4): 851–861. 2485: 2452:(4): 791–808. 2436: 2386: 2353:(7): 786–797. 2337: 2326:(2): 265–289. 2310: 2287: 2266:(4): 433–440. 2246: 2203:Debra Umberson 2194: 2172: 2150: 2120: 2085: 2081:978-0495599524 2069:Group Dynamics 2048: 2019: 2014:Group Dynamics 1988: 1975: 1956: 1937: 1924: 1906: 1893: 1880: 1878:. pp. 123–153. 1861: 1859:. pp. 143–180. 1837: 1825: 1808: 1793: 1732: 1714: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1678:Social network 1675: 1670: 1665: 1663:Secret society 1660: 1658:Public opinion 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1618:Group dynamics 1615: 1613:Group conflict 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1574: 1573: 1572: 1569:Society portal 1556: 1553: 1514: 1511: 1483: 1480: 1472:identification 1402: 1401: 1395: 1389: 1383: 1377: 1366: 1363: 1336: 1333: 1327: 1324: 1314: 1311: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1275: 1274:Primary groups 1272: 1261:Main article: 1258: 1255: 1245: 1242: 1236: 1233: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1216: 1213: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1196: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1179:Planning Tasks 1163: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1154: 1141:Main article: 1138: 1135: 1126: 1123: 1083: 1080: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1018: 1017: 1010: 1007: 1000: 993: 986:Muzafer Sherif 942: 939: 937: 934: 930:group dynamics 911: 910: 908: 907: 900: 893: 885: 882: 881: 880: 879: 864: 863: 860: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 823: 818: 817: 814: 813: 667: 666: 652: 647: 646: 643: 642: 639: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 577: 572: 571: 568: 567: 564: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 276:Astrosociology 273: 268: 263: 257: 252: 251: 248: 247: 244: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 207: 202: 201: 198: 197: 194: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 134: 129: 124: 122:Human behavior 119: 114: 108: 105: 104: 101: 100: 99: 98: 93: 88: 80: 79: 71: 70: 64: 63: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2831: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2809:Social groups 2807: 2806: 2804: 2794: 2793:Social groups 2789: 2785: 2784: 2775: 2773:0-316-31696-2 2769: 2764: 2763: 2756: 2755: 2748: 2742: 2735: 2731: 2725: 2718: 2712: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2677: 2669: 2663: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2636: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2601: 2599: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2563: 2555: 2549: 2541: 2537: 2530: 2522: 2516: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2489: 2481: 2475: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2440: 2432: 2426: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2390: 2382: 2376: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2341: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2314: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2291: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2250: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2198: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2176: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2154: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2127: 2125: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2094:Ivan Szelenyi 2089: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2044: 2038: 2030: 2023: 2015: 2011: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1985: 1979: 1971: 1967: 1960: 1952: 1948: 1941: 1934: 1928: 1920: 1913: 1911: 1903: 1897: 1890: 1884: 1877: 1873: 1872: 1865: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1834: 1833:Gladwell 2002 1829: 1822: 1818: 1812: 1804: 1797: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1748: 1743: 1736: 1729: 1726:. Cambridge: 1725: 1719: 1715: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1623:Group emotion 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1608:Globalization 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1570: 1564: 1559: 1552: 1548: 1546: 1541: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1519: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1425: 1423: 1420:, as part of 1419: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1362: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1332: 1323: 1321: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1297:Social groups 1291: 1289:close friends 1288: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1280: 1271: 1269: 1264: 1254: 1252: 1241: 1232: 1229: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1208: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1197: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1186: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1170: 1155: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1134: 1132: 1129:In his text, 1122: 1120: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1097: 1096:relationships 1093: 1089: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1059: 1057: 1052: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1041:organizations 1029: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1001: 998: 994: 991: 990: 989: 987: 982: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 933: 931: 927: 922: 918: 906: 901: 899: 894: 892: 887: 886: 884: 883: 878: 873: 868: 867: 866: 865: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 842:Organizations 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 824: 821: 816: 815: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 791: · 790: 787: · 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 747: · 746: 743: 740: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 679: · 678: 674: 671: 664: 660: 657: 654: 653: 650: 645: 644: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 596:Computational 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 578: 575: 570: 569: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 501: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 341:Environmental 339: 336: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 291:Consciousness 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 258: 255: 250: 249: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 208: 205: 200: 199: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 171:Social equity 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 143: 139: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 117:Globalization 115: 113: 110: 109: 103: 102: 97: 94: 92: 89: 87: 84: 83: 82: 81: 77: 73: 72: 69: 66: 65: 61: 60: 53: 47: 40: 33: 19: 18:Social groups 2761: 2746: 2741: 2729: 2724: 2716: 2711: 2686: 2682: 2676: 2662:cite journal 2645: 2641: 2635: 2610: 2606: 2572: 2568: 2562: 2548:cite journal 2539: 2535: 2529: 2515:cite journal 2498: 2494: 2488: 2474:cite journal 2449: 2445: 2439: 2425:cite journal 2400: 2396: 2389: 2375:cite journal 2350: 2346: 2340: 2323: 2319: 2313: 2300: 2290: 2263: 2259: 2249: 2214: 2210: 2197: 2184: 2175: 2162: 2153: 2136: 2132: 2116:ResearchGate 2101: 2088: 2068: 2028: 2022: 2013: 1983: 1978: 1969: 1965: 1959: 1950: 1946: 1940: 1932: 1927: 1918: 1901: 1896: 1888: 1883: 1869: 1864: 1852: 1840: 1828: 1819:. New York: 1816: 1811: 1802: 1796: 1754:(1): 17470. 1751: 1745: 1735: 1723: 1718: 1698:Status group 1668:Social class 1549: 1536: 1528:country club 1520: 1516: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1461: 1437:fraternities 1430: 1426: 1414: 1403: 1368: 1338: 1329: 1319: 1316: 1300: 1281: 1277: 1266: 1250: 1247: 1238: 1225: 1165: 1146: 1130: 1128: 1116: 1101: 1085: 1076:self concept 1063: 1060: 1053: 1045: 1038: 1019: 999:, i.e. roles 995:An accepted 983: 944: 921:social group 920: 914: 827:Bibliography 741: 669: 668: 655: 621:Mathematical 601:Ethnographic 581:Quantitative 266:Architecture 204:Perspectives 176:Social power 2719:pp. 181–279 2575:: 125–147. 2403:: 585–622. 1638:Institution 1578:Bureaucracy 1482:Development 1313:Collectives 1153:conflict)." 1137:Interaction 1062:of groups: 1004:social rank 832:Terminology 801:Baudrillard 677:Tocqueville 591:Comparative 586:Qualitative 556:Victimology 386:Immigration 371:Generations 286:Criminology 46:Social club 2803:Categories 2139:(1): 142. 1935:, 149–178, 1876:Free Press 1710:References 1648:Loneliness 1532:megachurch 1506:Aggression 1468:compliance 1453:initiation 1441:sororities 1410:introverts 1406:Extroverts 1326:Categories 1320:vice versa 1292:neighbours 1157:something. 936:Definition 857:By country 611:Historical 536:Technology 476:Punishment 461:Philosophy 436:Mathematic 426:Literature 391:Industrial 381:Historical 306:Demography 226:Positivism 151:Popularity 106:Key themes 2703:145642577 2689:: 51–60. 2589:145394891 2417:146744551 2367:144304609 2096:. 1969. " 2073:Wadsworth 2037:cite book 1803:Sociology 1530:, or the 1235:Structure 1111:favouring 1014:sanctions 951:interests 673:Martineau 616:Interview 541:Terrorism 521:Sociology 466:Political 406:Knowledge 326:Education 68:Sociology 2717:op. cit. 2715:Sherif, 2627:14343396 2542:: 75–93. 2466:10794381 2305:Archived 2241:20943583 2189:Archived 2185:phys.org 2167:Archived 2163:phys.org 2114:. – via 2012:(2010). 1889:op. cit. 1887:Sherif, 1788:34471167 1653:Mob rule 1555:See also 1433:cohesive 1303:outgroup 852:Timeline 837:Journals 805:Bourdieu 797:Habermas 793:Luhmann 789:Foucault 733:Mannheim 713:Durkheim 486:Religion 446:Military 411:Language 396:Internet 351:Feminist 335:Jealousy 321:Economic 316:Disaster 311:Deviance 254:Branches 132:Identity 2282:9279031 2232:3150158 1891:p. 149. 1779:8410948 1756:Bibcode 1307:ingroup 1108:ingroup 975:average 963:kinship 926:society 915:In the 809:Giddens 807:· 803:· 795:· 783:· 781:Goffman 777:Schoeck 763:· 755:· 731:· 729:Du Bois 727:· 719:· 715:· 707:· 701:Tönnies 699:· 685:Spencer 683:· 661:· 574:Methods 551:Utopian 496:Science 441:Medical 431:Marxist 421:Leisure 331:Emotion 296:Culture 112:Society 91:Outline 86:History 2770: 2732:, The 2701: 2625: 2587: 2464: 2415: 2365: 2280: 2239: 2229: 2079: 2067:2009. 1847:, and 1786: 1776: 1603:Family 1545:leader 1457:hazing 1447:, and 1358:cancer 1335:Health 955:values 847:People 785:Bauman 765:Nisbet 761:Merton 753:Gehlen 749:Adorno 742:1900s: 717:Addams 709:Simmel 705:Veblen 697:Pareto 689:Le Bon 670:1800s: 663:Sieyès 656:1700s: 636:Survey 561:Visual 471:Public 376:Health 366:Gender 356:Fiscal 346:Family 2699:S2CID 2585:S2CID 2413:S2CID 2363:S2CID 1593:Crowd 1449:cults 1445:gangs 1257:Types 1244:Unity 1162:Goals 1048:gangs 973:, on 820:Lists 769:Mills 745:Fromm 737:Elias 725:Weber 659:Comte 546:Urban 531:Sport 526:Space 491:Rural 451:Music 401:Jewry 301:Death 261:Aging 96:Index 2768:ISBN 2668:link 2623:PMID 2554:link 2521:link 2480:link 2462:PMID 2431:link 2381:link 2278:PMID 2237:PMID 2077:ISBN 2043:link 1972:(1). 1953:(1). 1784:PMID 1633:Home 1498:and 1251:band 1228:team 919:, a 773:Bell 757:Aron 721:Mead 693:Ward 681:Marx 361:Food 281:Body 2691:doi 2650:doi 2615:doi 2577:doi 2503:doi 2454:doi 2405:doi 2355:doi 2328:doi 2324:106 2268:doi 2227:PMC 2219:doi 2141:doi 2108:doi 2100:." 1774:PMC 1764:doi 1455:or 416:Law 271:Art 2805:: 2697:. 2685:. 2664:}} 2660:{{ 2646:59 2644:. 2621:. 2611:34 2609:. 2597:^ 2583:. 2573:34 2571:. 2550:}} 2546:{{ 2540:15 2538:. 2517:}} 2513:{{ 2499:45 2497:. 2476:}} 2472:{{ 2460:. 2450:78 2448:. 2427:}} 2423:{{ 2411:. 2401:24 2399:. 2377:}} 2373:{{ 2361:. 2351:27 2349:. 2322:. 2299:. 2276:. 2264:37 2262:. 2258:. 2235:. 2225:. 2215:51 2213:. 2209:. 2183:. 2161:. 2137:38 2135:. 2123:^ 2075:. 2051:^ 2039:}} 2035:{{ 1991:^ 1968:. 1949:. 1909:^ 1851:, 1782:. 1772:. 1762:. 1752:11 1750:. 1744:. 1443:, 1439:, 1424:) 1356:, 1348:, 1344:, 1070:, 957:, 953:, 932:. 799:· 779:· 775:· 771:· 767:· 759:· 751:· 735:· 723:· 711:· 703:· 695:· 691:· 687:· 675:· 144:/ 140:/ 2705:. 2693:: 2687:2 2670:) 2656:. 2652:: 2629:. 2617:: 2591:. 2579:: 2556:) 2523:) 2509:. 2505:: 2482:) 2468:. 2456:: 2433:) 2419:. 2407:: 2383:) 2369:. 2357:: 2334:. 2330:: 2284:. 2270:: 2243:. 2221:: 2147:. 2143:: 2118:. 2110:: 2083:. 2045:) 1970:3 1951:3 1823:. 1790:. 1766:: 1758:: 1730:. 904:e 897:t 890:v 502:) 498:( 337:) 333:( 146:5 142:4 138:3 48:. 41:. 34:. 20:)

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