Social anxiety disorder

1590:, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain; effects usually begin to appear within minutes or hours. In most patients, tolerance rapidly develops to the sedative effects of benzodiazepines, but not to the anxiolytic effects. Long-term use of a benzodiazepine may result in physical dependence, and abrupt discontinuation of the drug should be avoided due to high potential for withdrawal symptoms (including tremor, insomnia, and in rare cases, seizures). A gradual tapering of the dose of clonazepam (a decrease of 0.25 mg every 2 weeks), however, is well tolerated by patients with social anxiety disorder. Benzodiazepines are not recommended as monotherapy for patients who have major depression in addition to social anxiety disorder and should be avoided in patients with a history of substance use. 38: 2632:; Henderson, A.S.; Strotzka, H.; Lipowski, Z.; Yu-cun, Shen; You-xin, Xu; Strömgren, E.; Glatzel, J.; Kühne, G.-E.; Misès, R.; Soldatos, C.R.; Pull, C.B.; Giel, R.; Jegede, R.; Malt, U.; Nadzharov, R.A.; Smulevitch, A.B.; Hagberg, B.; Perris, C.; Scharfetter, C.; Clare, A.; Cooper, J.E.; Corbett, J.A.; Griffith Edwards, J.; Gelder, M.; Goldberg, D.; Gossop, M.; Graham, P.; Kendell, R.E.; Marks, I.; Russell, G.; Rutter, M.; Shepherd, M.; West, D.J.; Wing, J.; Wing, L.; Neki, J.S.; Benson, F.; Cantwell, D.; Guze, S.; Helzer, J.; Holzman, P.; Kleinman, A.; Kupfer, D.J.; Mezzich, J.; Spitzer, R.; Lokar, J. 889:) in different families have indicated that, if one twin developed social anxiety disorder, then the other was between 30 percent and 50 percent more likely than average to also develop the disorder. To some extent, this "heritability" may not be specific – for example, studies have found that if a parent has any kind of anxiety disorder or clinical depression, then a child is somewhat more likely to develop an anxiety disorder or social phobia. Studies suggest that parents of those with social anxiety disorder tend to be more 1246:(i.e., will be humiliating or embarrassing: will lead to rejection or offend others). When exposed to such social situations, the individual fears that they will be negatively evaluated. The individual is concerned that they will be judged as anxious, weak, crazy, stupid, boring, intimidating, dirty, or unlikable. The individual fears that they will act or appear in a certain way or show anxiety symptoms, such as blushing, trembling, sweating, stumbling over one's words, or staring, that will be negatively evaluated by others. 816:, perhaps due to a lack of personal relationships and long periods of isolation related to social avoidance. Clinical depression is 1.49 to 3.5 times more likely to occur in those with SAD. Research also indicates that the presence of certain social fears (e.g., avoidance of participating in small groups, avoidance of going to a party) are more likely to trigger comorbid depressive symptoms than other social fears, and thus deserve a very careful audit during clinical assessment among patients with SAD. 861:. Studies suggest that genetics can play a part in combination with environmental factors. Social phobia is not caused by other mental disorders or substance use. Generally, social anxiety begins at a specific point in an individual's life. This will develop over time as the person struggles to recover. Eventually, mild social awkwardness can develop into symptoms of social anxiety or phobia. Passive social media usage may cause social anxiety in some people. 1180:, which was already known to be involved in the experience of physical pain, also appears to be involved in the experience of 'social pain', for example perceiving group exclusion. Recent research also highlighted the potent role of the prefrontal cortex, especially its dorsolateral part, in the maintenance of cognitive biases involved in SAD. A 2007 meta-analysis also found that individuals with social anxiety had hyperactivation in the 1944: 1280:

functioning. For example, an individual who is afraid to speak in public would not receive a diagnosis of social anxiety disorder if this activity is not routinely encountered on the job or in classroom work, and if the individual is not significantly distressed about it. However, if the individual avoids, or is passed over for, the job or education they really want because of social anxiety symptoms, criterion is met.

1382:(SSRIs) used only in those who are not interested in therapy. According to research studies, combining the use of CBT with escitalopram (a type of SSRI) in contrast to using CBT with a placebo reduced anticipatory speech-state anxiety and increased reductions of social anxiety symptoms, revealing the potential of combining various treatment methods. Self-help based on principles of CBT is a second-line treatment. 927:, for example, regarding public speaking. As well as direct experiences, observing or hearing about the socially negative experiences of others (e.g. a faux pas committed by someone), or verbal warnings of social problems and dangers, may also make the development of a social anxiety disorder more likely. Social anxiety disorder may be caused by the longer-term effects of not fitting in, or being 1904: 283:. CBT is effective in treating this disorder, whether delivered individually or in a group setting. The cognitive and behavioral components seek to change thought patterns and physical reactions to anxiety-inducing situations. The attention given to social anxiety disorder has significantly increased since 1999 with the approval and marketing of drugs for its treatment. 3554: 461:

something and then feel embarrassed or humiliated after. As a result, they often choose to isolate themselves from society to avoid such situations. They may also feel uncomfortable meeting people they do not know and act distant when they are with large groups of people. In some cases, they may show evidence of this disorder by avoiding eye contact, or

907:' in infants – early signs of an inhibited and introspective or fearful nature. Studies have shown that around 10–15 percent of individuals show this early temperament, which appears to be partly due to genetics. Some continue to show this trait into adolescence and adulthood and appear to be more likely to develop a social anxiety disorder. 962:. One study found that the effects of parenting are different depending on the culture: American children appear more likely to develop social anxiety disorder if their parents emphasize the importance of others' opinions and use shame as a disciplinary strategy, but this association was not found for Chinese/Chinese-American children. In 369:, there was an increase in attention to and research on the disorder. The DSM-IV gave social phobia the alternative name "social anxiety disorder". Research on the psychology and sociology of everyday social anxiety continued. Cognitive behavioural models and therapies were developed for social anxiety disorder. In the 1990s, 428:, an affected person attempts to create a well-mannered impression towards others but believes they are unable to do so. Many times, before the potentially anxiety-provoking social situation, they may deliberately review what could go wrong and how to deal with each unexpected case. After the event, they may have the 1850:, social phobia is the 8th and 5th leading disease or illness for males and females between 15 and 24 years of age as of 2003. Because of the difficulty in separating social phobia from poor social skills or shyness, some studies have a large range of prevalence. The table also shows higher prevalence in Sweden. 694:

longitudinal associations between social media use and increased anxiety, that fear of missing out and nomophobia are associated with severity of Facebook usage, and suggested that fear of missing out may trigger social media addiction and that nomophobia appears to mediate social media addiction. In March 2021,

574:, sensitivity to criticism, and poor social skills that do not improve. People with SAD experience anxiety in a variety of social situations, from important, meaningful encounters, to everyday trivial ones. These people may feel more nervous in job interviews, dates, interactions with authority, or at work. 1159:

are three SSRIs that have been approved by the FDA to treat social anxiety disorder. Some researchers believe that SSRIs decrease the activity of the amygdala. There is also increasing focus on other candidate transmitters, e.g. norepinephrine and glutamate, which may be over-active in social anxiety

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which are sometimes prescribed as tranquillisers. Benzodiazepines possess anti-anxiety properties and can be useful for the short-term treatment of severe anxiety. Like the anticonvulsants, they tend to be mild and well-tolerated, although there is a risk of habit-forming. Benzodiazepines are usually

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Social anxiety disorder is a persistent fear of one or more situations in which the person is exposed to possible scrutiny by others and fears that they may do something or act in a way that will be humiliating or embarrassing. It exceeds normal "shyness" as it leads to excessive social avoidance and

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Social anxiety disorder is known to appear at an early age in most cases. Fifty percent of those who develop this disorder have developed it by the age of 11, and 80% have developed it by age 20. This early age of onset may lead to people with social anxiety disorder being particularly vulnerable to

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are an alternative to SSRIs. These drugs' recommended usage is for short-term relief, meaning a limited time frame of over a year, of severe, disabling anxiety. Although benzodiazepines are still sometimes prescribed for long-term everyday use in some countries, there is concern over the development

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The fear or anxiety is judged to be out of proportion to the actual risk of being negatively evaluated or to the consequences of such negative evaluation. Sometimes, the anxiety may not be judged to be excessive, because it is related to an actual danger (e.g., being bullied or tormented by others).

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Gagan Joshi • Carter Petty • Janet Wozniak • Aude Henin • Ronna Fried • Maribel Galdo • Meghan Kotarski • Sarah Walls • Joseph Biederman (2010). "The Heavy Burden of Psychiatric Comorbidity in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Large Comparative Study of a Psychiatrically Referred Population".

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of over 8,000 American correspondents in 1994 revealed 12-month and lifetime prevalence rates of 7.9 percent and 13.3 percent, respectively; this makes it the third most prevalent psychiatric disorder after depression and alcohol use disorder, and the most common of the anxiety disorders. According

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were frequently used in the treatment of social anxiety. Evidence continues to indicate that MAOIs are effective in the treatment and management of social anxiety disorder and they are still used, but generally only as a last resort medication, owing to concerns about dietary restrictions, possible

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There is some evidence that expressive therapies (e.g. painting, drawing or musical therapy) can be effective for treating social anxiety disorder in certain contexts. A 2019 study, for example, found that art therapy produced an "increase in subjective quality of life (both with large effects) and

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Many people who are addicted to alcohol or prescribed benzodiazepines when it is explained to them they have a choice between ongoing ill mental health or quitting and recovering from their symptoms decide on quitting alcohol or their benzodiazepines. Symptoms may temporarily worsen however, during

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published a systematic review of 52 studies published before May 2020 that found that social anxiety was associated with problematic social media use and that socially anxious persons used social media to seek social support possibly to compensate for a lack of offline social support. In June 2021,

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published a systematic review of 13 studies comprising 21,231 adolescent subjects aged 13 to 18 years that found that social media screen time, both active and passive social media use, the amount of personal information uploaded, and social media addictive behaviors all correlated with anxiety. In

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to interact socially and gain positive reactions and acceptance from others. The studies have been mixed, however, with some studies not finding significant problems in social skills while others have. What does seem clear is that the socially anxious perceive their own social skills to be low. It

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published a systematic review of research published from June 2010 through June 2020 studying associations between social media use and anxiety among adolescent subjects aged 13 to 18 years that established that 78.3% of studies reviewed reported positive associations between social media use and

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around 400 B.C. Hippocrates described someone who "through bashfulness, suspicion, and timorousness, will not be seen abroad; loves darkness as life and cannot endure the light or to sit in lightsome places; his hat still in his eyes, he will neither see, nor be seen by his good will. He dare not

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Administration as warranting a cautionary statement to the parents of children who may be prescribed SSRIs by a family doctor. Recent studies have shown no increase in rates of suicide. These tests, however, represent those diagnosed with depression, not necessarily with social anxiety disorder.

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and changes in sexual behavior. Treatment safety during pregnancy has not been established. In late 2004 much media attention was given to a proposed link between SSRI use and suicidality . For this reason, the use of SSRIs in pediatric cases of depression is now recognized by the Food and Drug

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Furthermore, error-related brain activity varies in accordance to factors that affect the motivational significance of behavioural performance, such as social contexts and personality traits, suggesting that understanding how individuals appraise the relevance of incentives in a given context is

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Some studies have suggested social skills training (SST) can help with social anxiety. Examples of social skills focused on during SST for social anxiety disorder include: initiating conversations, establishing friendships, interacting with members of the preferred sex, constructing a speech and

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published a systematic review of 44 studies investigating social media use and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence that concluded that the research reviewed established a direct association between levels of anxiety, social media addiction behaviors, and nomophobia,

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published a systematic review of 70 cross-sectional and longitudinal studies investigating moderating factors for associations for screen-based sedentary behaviors and anxiety symptoms among youth that found that while screen types was the most consistent factor, the body of evidence for anxiety

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about anxiety symptoms themselves and how they might appear to others. A similar model emphasizes the development of a distorted mental representation of the self and overestimates of the likelihood and consequences of negative evaluation, and of the performance standards that others have. Such

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published a systematic review of research published between January 2005 and March 2019 on associations between SNS use and anxiety symptoms in subjects between ages of 5 to 18 years that found that increased SNS screen time or frequency of SNS use and higher levels of investment (i.e. personal

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People with SAD avoid situations that most people consider normal. They may have a hard time understanding how others can handle these situations so easily. People with SAD avoid all or most social situations and hide from others, which can affect their personal relationships. Social phobia can

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as a result of the fight-or-flight response. The walk disturbance (where a person is so worried about how they walk that they may lose balance) may appear, especially when passing a group of people. Blushing is commonly exhibited by individuals with social phobia. These visible symptoms further

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guidelines, the main diagnostic criteria of social phobia are fear of being the focus of attention, or fear of behaving in a way that will be embarrassing or humiliating, avoidance and anxiety symptoms. Standardized rating scales can be used to screen for social anxiety disorder and measure the

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receptor binding. A recent study reports increased serotonin transporter binding in psychotropic medication-naive patients with generalized social anxiety disorder. Although there is little evidence of abnormality in serotonin neurotransmission, the limited efficacy of medications which affect

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and defensive factors, and shown how attempts to avoid feared negative evaluations or use of "safety behaviors" can make social interaction more difficult and the anxiety worse in the long run. This work has been influential in the development of cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety

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Examples include social interactions (e.g., having a conversation, meeting unfamiliar people), being observed (e.g., eating or drinking), and performing in front of others (e.g., giving a speech). Note: In children, the anxiety must occur in peer settings and not just during interactions with

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Those who have social anxiety disorder fear being judged by others in society. In particular, individuals with social anxiety are nervous in the presence of people with authority and feel uncomfortable during physical examinations. People who have this disorder may behave a certain way or say

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Lopes, Lucas Silva; Valentini, João Pedro; Monteiro, Thomas Hagemann; de Freitas Costacurta, Marcelo Cunha; Soares, Luiza Oliveira Nicastro; Telfar-Barnard, Lucy; Nunes, Paula Villela (2022). "Problematic Social Media Use and Its Relationship with Depression or Anxiety: A Systematic Review".

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upon discontinuation of benzodiazepines. Despite increasing focus on the use of antidepressants and other agents for the treatment of anxiety, benzodiazepines have remained a mainstay of anxiolytic pharmacotherapy due to their robust efficacy, rapid onset of therapeutic effect, and generally

841:. However, some research suggests SAD is unrelated to, or even protective against alcohol-related problems. Those who have both alcohol use disorder and social anxiety disorder are more likely to avoid group-based treatments and to relapse compared to people who do not have this combination. 1829:

The mean onset of social phobia is 10 to 13 years. Onset after age 25 is rare and is typically preceded by panic disorder or major depression. Social anxiety disorder occurs more often in females than males. The prevalence of social phobia appears to be increasing among white, married, and

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published a systematic review of 35 longitudinal studies published before August 2020 that found that evidence for longitudinal associations between screen time and anxiety among young people was lacking. In August 2021, a meta-analysis was presented at the 2021 International Conference on

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The fear, anxiety, and avoidance must interfere significantly with the individual's normal routine, occupational or academic functioning, or social activities or relationships, or must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of

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Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), a class of antidepressants, are the first choice of medication for generalized social phobia but a second-line treatment. Compared to older forms of medication, there is less risk of tolerability and drug dependency associated with SSRIs.

1143:. In a recent study, social phobia was diagnosed in 50% of Parkinson's disease patients. Other researchers have found social phobia symptoms in patients treated with dopamine antagonists like haloperidol, emphasizing the role of dopamine neurotransmission in social anxiety disorder. 1484:-controlled trial, the SSRI paroxetine was shown to result in clinically meaningful improvement in 55% of patients with generalized social anxiety disorder, compared with 23.9% of those taking placebo. An October 2004 study yielded similar results. Patients were treated with either 3525:

Damodar, Sreedevi; Lokemoen, Cidney; Gurusamy, Vikram; Takhi, Manpreet; Bishev, Daniel; Parrill, Allison; Deviney, Melissa; Person, Ulziibat; Korie, Ijendu; Branch, Romain (2022). "Trending: A Systematic Review of Social Media Use's Influence on Adolescent Anxiety and Depression".

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Thus, an individual who becomes anxious only occasionally in the social situation(s) would not be diagnosed with social anxiety disorder. Note: In children, the fear or anxiety may be expressed by crying, tantrums, freezing, clinging, shrinking, or failing to speak in social

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published a systematic review of 9 studies published after 2014 investigating associations between problematic social networking sites (SNS) use and comorbid psychiatric disorders that found a positive association between problematic SNS use and anxiety. In March 2019, the

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Iulian Iancua; Jennifer Levinc; Haggai Hermeshd; Pinhas Dannonb; Amir Porehc; Yoram Ben-Yehudaa; Zeev Kaplana; Sofi Maromd; Moshe Kotler MF (September 2006). "Social phobia symptoms: prevalence, sociodemographic correlates, and overlap with specific phobia symptoms".

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There are many studies investigating neural bases of social anxiety disorder. Although the exact neural mechanisms have not been found yet, there is evidence relating social anxiety disorder to imbalance in some neurochemicals and hyperactivity in some brain areas.

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well-educated individuals. As a group, those with generalized social phobia are less likely to graduate from high school and are more likely to rely on government financial assistance or have poverty-level salaries. Surveys carried out in 2002 show the youth of

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published a systematic review of 24 studies researching associations between internet gaming disorder (IGD) and various psychopathologies that found a 92% correlation between IGD and anxiety and a 75% correlation between IGD and social anxiety. In August 2018,

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published a meta-analysis of 141 studies comprising 145,394 subjects that found that active social media use was associated with greater symptoms of anxiety and passive social media use was associated with greater symptoms of social anxiety. In February 2024,

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published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 14 studies that found positive associations between problematic smartphone use and anxiety and positive associations between higher levels of problematic smartphone use and elevated risk of anxiety, while

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Andersson, G.; Carlbring, P.; Holmström, A.; Sparthan, E.; Furmark, T.; Nilsson-Ihrfelt, E.; Buhrman, M.; Ekselius, L. (2006). "Internet-based self-help with therapist feedback and in vivo group exposure for social phobia: A randomized controlled trial".

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This duration threshold helps distinguish the disorder from transient social fears that are common, particularly among children and in the community. However, the duration criterion should be used as a general guide, with allowance for some degree of

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defines social phobia as fear of scrutiny by other people leading to avoidance of social situations. The anxiety symptoms may present as a complaint of blushing, hand tremor, nausea, or urgency of urination. Symptoms may progress to panic attacks.

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density in the striatum of those with social anxiety. However, some researchers have been unable to replicate previous findings of evidence of dopamine abnormality in social anxiety disorder. Studies have shown high prevalence of social anxiety in

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clinic samples, social anxiety disorder was thought to be a relatively rare disorder. The opposite was found to be true; social anxiety was common, but many were afraid to seek psychiatric help, leading to an underrecognition of the problem.

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Gingnell, Malin; Frick, Andreas; Engman, Jonas; Alaie, Iman; Björkstrand, Johannes; Faria, Vanda; Carlbring, Per; Andersson, Gerhard; Reis, Margareta; Larsson, Elna-Marie; Wahlstedt, Kurt; Fredrikson, Mats; Furmark, Tomas (September 2016).

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Xu, Y.; Schneier, F.; Heimberg, R. G.; Princisvalle, K.; Liebowitz, M. R.; Wang, S.; Blanco, C. (2012). "Gender differences in social anxiety disorder: Results from the national epidemiologic sample on alcohol and related conditions".

1176:; for example in relation to social threat cues (e.g. perceived negative evaluation by another person), angry or hostile faces, and while waiting to give a speech. Recent research has also indicated that another area of the brain, the 207:

and impairing ability to function in at least some aspects of daily life. These fears can be triggered by perceived or actual scrutiny from others. Individuals with social anxiety disorder fear negative evaluations from other people.

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medication used for treating tuberculosis and does not have any anxiolytic properties per se. However, it acts as an agonist at the glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor site, which is important for learning and memory.

1393:– the ability to adapt to changing situational demands, to shift one's perspective, and to balance competing desires. ACT may be useful as a second line treatment for this disorder in situations where CBT is ineffective or refused. 771:

published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 37 studies comprising 36,013 subjects aged 14 to 24 years that found a positive and statistically significant association between problematic internet use and social anxiety, while

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Given the evidence that social anxiety disorder may predict subsequent development of other psychiatric disorders such as depression, early diagnosis and treatment is important. Social anxiety disorder remains under-recognized in

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published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 18 studies comprising 9,269 adolescent and young adult subjects that found a moderate but statistically significant association between problematic social media use and anxiety.

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and adverse experiences and to be activated when the person feels under threat. Recent research has also highlighted that conditional beliefs may also be at play (e.g., "If people see I'm anxious, they'll think that I'm weak").

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Nelson E. C.; Grant J. D.; Bucholz K. K.; Glowinski A.; Madden P. A. F.; Reich W.; et al. (2000). "Social phobia in a population-based female adolescent twin sample: Co-morbidity and associated suicide-related symptoms".

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Stein, M. B.; Pollack, M. H.; Bystritsky, A.; Kelsey, J. E.; Mangano, R. M. (2004). "Efficacy of low and higher dose extended-release venlafaxine in generalized social anxiety disorder: A 6-month randomized controlled trial".

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published a meta-analysis of 13 cross-sectional studies comprising 7,348 subjects that found a statistically significant correlation between cybervictimization and anxiety with a moderate-to-large effect size. In March 2022,

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published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 87 studies with 159,425 subjects 12 years of age or younger that found a small but statistically significant correlation between screen time and anxiety in children, while

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may be that the increasing need for sophisticated social skills in forming relationships or careers, and an emphasis on assertiveness and competitiveness, is making social anxiety problems more common, at least among the '

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David Greenberg Dr israeljp@huji.ac.il , Ariel Stravynski & Yoram Bilu (2004) Social phobia in ultra-orthodox Jewish males: culture-bound syndrome or virtue?, Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 7:4, 289-305, DOI:

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Davidson, Richard J; Marshall, John R; Tomarken, Andrew J; Henriques, Jeffrey B (2000). "While a phobic waits: Regional brain electrical and autonomic activity in social phobics during anticipation of public speaking".

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published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 40 studies with 33,650 post-secondary student subjects that found a weak-to-moderate positive association between mobile phone addiction and anxiety. In November 2020,

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published a systematic review of 140 studies published from 2000 through 2020 found that social media use for more than 3 hours per day and passive browsing was associated with increased anxiety. In January 2024, the

484:. Major avoidance behaviors could include an almost pathological or compulsive lying behavior to preserve self-image and avoid judgment in front of others. Minor avoidance behaviors are exposed when a person avoids 811:

with other psychiatric disorders. In fact, a population-based study found that 66% of those with SAD had one or more additional mental health disorders. SAD often occurs alongside low self-esteem and most commonly

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Lanzenberger, R. R.; Mitterhauser, M.; Spindelegger, C.; Wadsak, W.; Klein, N.; Mien, L. K.; Holik, A.; Attarbaschi, T.; Mossaheb, N.; Sacher, J.; Geiss-Granadia, T.; Kletter, K.; Kasper, S.; Tauscher, J. (2007).

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Because of its close relationship and overlapping symptoms, treating people with social phobia may help understand the underlying connections to other mental disorders. Social anxiety disorder is often linked to

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Pollack, M. H.; Jensen, J. E.; Simon, N. M.; Kaufman, R. E.; Renshaw, P. F. (2008). "High-field MRS study of GABA, glutamate and glutamine in social anxiety disorder: Response to treatment with levetiracetam".

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and feelings of inferiority or insecurity regarding negative evaluation from others. The need for social acceptance or social standing has been elaborated in other lines of research relating to social anxiety.

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concerns. The resulting anxiety states are seen as interfering with social performance and the ability to concentrate on interaction, which in turn creates more social problems, which strengthens the negative

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Perugi G, Akiskal HS (December 2002). "The soft bipolar spectrum redefined: focus on the cyclothymic, anxious-sensitive, impulse-dyscontrol, and binge-eating connection in bipolar II and related conditions".

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assertiveness skills. However, it is not clear whether specific social skills techniques and training are required, rather than just support with general social functioning and exposure to social situations.

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Franklin R. Schneier, M.D.; Michael R. Liebowitz, M.D.; Anissa Abi-Dargham, M.D.; Yolanda Zea-Ponce; Shu-Hsing Lin; Marc Laruelle, M.D. (2000). "Low Dopamine D2 Receptor Binding Potential in Social Phobia".

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Bruce SE, Vasile RG, Goisman RM, Salzman C, Spencer M, Machan JT, Keller MB (August 2003). "Are benzodiazepines still the medication of choice for patients with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia?".

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favorable side effect profile. Treatment patterns for psychotropic drugs appear to have remained stable over the past decade, with benzodiazepines being the most commonly used medication for panic disorder.

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published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 16 studies that established correlation coefficients of 0.31 and 0.39 between nomophobia and anxiety and nomophobia and smartphone addiction respectively.

4590:"Measuring associations between social anxiety and use of different types of social media using the Swedish Social Anxiety Scale for Social Media Users: A psychometric evaluation and cross-sectional study" 8597:

Schutters, S. I.; Van Megen, H. J.; Van Veen, J. F.; Denys, D. A.; Westenberg, H. G. (2010). "Mirtazapine in generalized social anxiety disorder: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study".

1892:. There is also another cultural form of social phobia, Aymat zibur, in the Ultra-Orthodox Jewish community which is mostly rooted in a fear of embarrassment in the performance of religious duties. 1934: 790:

published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 53 studies comprising 59,928 subjects that found that problematic social media use and social anxiety are highly and positively correlated, while

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published a meta-analysis of 27 studies published after 2014 comprising 120,895 subjects that found a moderate and robust association between problematic smartphone use and anxiety. In July 2023,

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with increased response in their amygdalae. People with SAD may avoid looking at other people, and even their surroundings, to a greater extent than their peers, possibly to decrease the risk of

1488:, psychotherapy, or a placebo. The first four sets saw improvement in 50.8 to 54.2 percent of the patients. Of those assigned to receive only a placebo, 31.7% achieved a rating of 1 or 2 on the 351:

and was first officially included in the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The definition of the phobia was revised in 1989 to allow comorbidity with

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Kushner, M. G.; Abrams, K.; Thuras, P.; Hanson, K. L.; Brekke, M.; Sletten, S. (2005). "Follow-up Study of Anxiety Disorder and Alcohol Dependence in Comorbid Alcoholism Treatment Patients".

1389:(ACT) in the treatment of social anxiety disorder. ACT is considered an offshoot of traditional CBT and emphasizes accepting unpleasant symptoms rather than fighting against them, as well as 1266:

However, individuals with social anxiety disorder often overestimate the negative consequences of social situations, and thus the judgment of being out of proportion is made by the clinician.

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and ethological models of social phobia. In: Heimberg R, Liebowitz M, Hope D, Schneier F, editors. Social Phobia: Diagnosis, Assessment, and Treatment. New York: The Guilford Press, 134–162

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initially relieves social phobia, excessive alcohol misuse can worsen social phobia symptoms and cause panic disorder to develop or worsen during alcohol intoxication and especially during

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Jiaxin, Yang; Xi, Fu; Xiaoli, Liao; Yamin, Li (2020). "Association of problematic smartphone use with poor sleep quality, depression, and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis".

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Rickels, K.; Mangano, R.; Khan, A. (2004). "A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of a flexible dose of venlafaxine ER in adult outpatients with generalized social anxiety disorder".

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Augner, Christoph; Vlasak, Thomas; Aichhorn, Wolfgang; Barth, Alfred (2023). "The association between problematic smartphone use and symptoms of anxiety and depression—a meta-analysis".

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published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 16 studies comprising 8,077 subjects that established a significant association between binge-watching and anxiety. In November 2022,

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Jari Tiihonen, M.D.; Jyrki Kuikka; Kim Bergström; Ulla Lepola, M.D.; Hannu Koponen, M.D.; Esa Leinonen, M.D. (1997). "Dopamine Reuptake Site Densities in Patients With Social Phobia".

3555:"Psychological Well-Being and Social Media Use: A Meta-Analysis of Associations between Social Media Use and Depression, Anxiety, Loneliness, Eudaimonic, Hedonic and Social Well-Being" 754:

published a systematic review of 1,747 articles on problematic social media use that found a strong bidirectional relationship between social media use and anxiety. In March 2023, the

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published a meta-analysis of 82 studies comprising 48,880 subjects that found a significant positive association between social anxiety and mobile phone addiction. In August 2022, the

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Heimberg, R.G; Stein, M.B; Hiripi, E; Kessler, R.C (2000). "Trends in the prevalence of social phobia in the United States: A synthetic cohort analysis of changes over four decades".

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crucial for designing interventions to ameliorate or prevent maladaptive patterns of performance evaluation, particularly with regards to social anxiety disorder and substance abuse.

6021:"Increased Serotonin and Dopamine Transporter Binding in Psychotropic Medication–Naïve Patients with Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder Shown by 123I-ß-(4-Iodophenyl)-Tropane SPECT" 1932: 3935:

Godard, Rebecca; Holtzman, Susan (2024). "Are active and passive social media use related to mental health, wellbeing, and social support outcomes? A meta-analysis of 141 studies".

1642:, which are more commonly used to control high blood pressure. Taken in low doses, they control the physical manifestation of anxiety and can be taken before a public performance. 440:

are a hallmark and are learned about in CBT (cognitive-behavioral therapy). Thoughts are often self-defeating and inaccurate. Those with social phobia tend to interpret neutral or

3250:

Piteo, Elena Marie; Ward, Kelly (2020). "Review: Social networking sites and associations with depressive and anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents – a systematic review".

943:

than other categories of children. Socially phobic children appear less likely to receive positive reactions from peers, and anxious or inhibited children may isolate themselves.

1290:

The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is not better explained by the symptoms of another mental disorder, such as panic disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, or autism spectrum disorder.

9727:

Furmark, T; Tillfors, M; Everz, P.-O; Marteinsdottir, I; Gefvert, O; Fredrikson, M (1999). "Social phobia in the general population: Prevalence and sociodemographic profile".

3029:

Keles, Betul; McCrae, Niall; Grealish, Annmarie (2019). "A systematic review: the influence of social media on depression, anxiety and psychological distress in adolescents".

11508: 7346:

Bögels, S. M.; Voncken, M. (2008). "Social Skills Training Versus Cognitive Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder Characterized by Fear of Blushing, Trembling, or Sweating".

5890:

Rammsayer T. H. (1998). "Extraversion and dopamine: Individual differences in response to changes in dopaminergic activity as a possible biological basis of extraversion".

1341:(ADHD) and some believe that they share an underlying cyclothymic-anxious-sensitive disposition. The co-occurrence of ADHD and social phobia is very high, especially when 1023:

The World Council of Anxiety does not recommend benzodiazepines for the long-term treatment of anxiety due to a range of problems associated with long-term use including

9670: 8928: 3886:

Hilty, Donald M.; Stubbe, Dorothy; McKean, Alastair J.; Hoffman, Pamela E.; Zalpuri, Isheeta; Myint, Myo T.; Joshi, Shashank V.; Pakyurek, Murat; Li, Su-Ting T. (2023).

666:

that concluded that the research reviewed mostly established an association between social networks use disorder and anxiety among Chinese adolescents and young adults.

7964: 6812: 3203:"Correlations between mobile phone addiction and anxiety, depression, impulsivity, and poor sleep quality among college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 939:. In one study, popularity was found to be negatively correlated with social anxiety, and children who were neglected by their peers reported higher social anxiety and 7547:

Weiller, E.; Bisserbe, J. C.; Boyer, P.; Lepine, J. P.; Lecrubier, Y. (1996). "Social phobia in general health care: An unrecognised undertreated disabling disorder".

7311:

Beidel, D. C.; Turner, S. M.; Sallee, F. R.; Ammerman, R. T.; Crosby, L. A.; Pathak, S. (2007). "SET-C Versus Fluoxetine in the Treatment of Childhood Social Phobia".

4887: 1933: 10707: 6095:

Franklin R. Schneier, M.D.; Anissa Abi-Dargham, M.D.; Diana Martinez, M.D.; Mark Slifstein; Dah-Ren Hwang; Michael R. Liebowitz, M.D.; Marc Laruelle, M.D. (2009).

4380:

Schneier, F. R.; Spitzer, R. L.; Gibbon, M.; Fyer, A. J.; Liebowitz, M. R. (1991). "The relationship of social phobia subtypes and avoidant personality disorder".

4031: 1586:. It has been recommended that benzodiazepines be considered only for individuals who fail to respond to other medications. Benzodiazepines augment the action of 869:

It has been shown that there is a two to a threefold greater risk of having social phobia if a first-degree relative also has the disorder. This could be due to

9497: 7670: 6146:

Kummer A, Cardoso F, Teixeira AL (2008). "Frequency of social phobia and psychometric properties of the Liebowitz social anxiety scale in Parkinson's disease".

2544:

Haustgen, T. (2004). "À propos du centenaire de la psychasthénie (1903) Les troubles obsessionnels-compulsifs dans la psychiatrie française: revue historique".

562:

completely remove people from social situations due to the irrational fear of these situations. People with SAD may be addicted to social media networks, have

9710: 2026: 1317:

The DSM-IV criteria stated that an individual cannot receive a diagnosis of social anxiety disorder if their symptoms are better accounted for by one of the

900:(anxious-ambivalent) attachment with their mother as infants were twice as likely to develop anxiety disorders by late adolescence, including social phobia. 732:

performed a meta-analysis of 226 studies comprising 275,728 subjects that found a small but positive association between social media use and anxiety, while

725: 444:

conversations with a negative outlook and many studies suggest that socially anxious individuals remember more negative memories than those less distressed.

8959:

Andrews, G.; Issakidis, C.; Slade, T.; Lampe, L. (2003-05-13). "Social phobia in the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being (NSMHWB)".

6474:"Impact of transcranial direct current stimulation on attentional bias for threat: a proof-of-concept study among individuals with social anxiety disorder" 5931:

Diana Martinez; Daria Orlowska; Rajesh Narendran; Mark Slifstein; Fei Liu; Dileep Kumar; Allegra Broft; Ronald Van Heertum & Herbert D. Kleber (2010).

923:

or humiliating social event appears to be associated with the onset or worsening of the disorder; this kind of event appears to be particularly related to

4945:

Beidel, D.C., & Turner, S.M. (1998). Shy children, phobic adults: The nature and treatment of social phobia. American Psychological Association Books.

3478:"Association of Screen Time With Internalizing and Externalizing Behavior Problems in Children 12 Years or Younger: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 1227:

DSM-5 defines Social Anxiety Disorder as a marked, or intense, fear or anxiety of social situations in which the individual may be scrutinized by others.

8193: 3635:

Ran, Guangming; Li, Jun; Zhang, Qi; Niu, Xiang (2022). "The association between social anxiety and mobile phone addiction: A three-level meta-analysis".

1609:. However there is concern regarding their off-label use due to the lack of strong scientific evidence for their efficacy and their proven side effects. 1567:

with dietary tyramine intake. However, RIMAs have been found to be less efficacious for social anxiety disorder than irreversible MAOIs like phenelzine.

9311: 3152:"The relationship between screen-based sedentary behaviors and symptoms of depression and anxiety in youth: a systematic review of moderating variables" 1052:(e.g. "I am inept") and 'conditional' beliefs nearer to the surface (e.g. "If I show myself, I will be rejected"). They are thought to develop based on 896:

Growing up with overprotective and hypercritical parents has also been associated with social anxiety disorder. Adolescents who were rated as having an

343:, research on phobias and their treatment grew. The idea that social phobia was a separate entity from other phobias came from the British psychiatrist 8554:

Muehlbacher M, Nickel MK, Nickel C, et al. (2005). "Mirtazapine reduces social anxiety and improves quality of life in women with social phobia".

4296:

Sanderson, W. C.; Dinardo, P. A.; Rapee, R. M.; Barlow, D. H. (1990). "Syndrome comorbidity in patients diagnosed with a DSM-III--R anxiety disorder".

2152: 1130:

affinity of dopamine D2 receptors in the striatum of people with social anxiety is lower than in controls. Some other research shows an abnormality in

1064:

which involves concealing the expression of one's anxiety or its underlying beliefs. One line of work has focused more specifically on the key role of

798:(including 4 studies with subjects exclusively between the ages of 12 and 19 years) that established that most studies found a significant association. 7059:

Drake, Kelly L.; Ginsburg, Golda S. (13 January 2012). "Family Factors in the Development, Treatment, and Prevention of Childhood Anxiety Disorders".

5471:

Allgulander C, Bandelow B, Hollander E, et al. (August 2003). "WCA recommendations for the long-term treatment of generalized anxiety disorder".

1645:

A novel treatment approach has recently been developed as a result of translational research. It has been shown that a combination of acute dosing of

1277:

The fear, anxiety, or avoidance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

545:

when patients are shown threatening faces or confronted with frightening situations. They found that patients with more severe social phobia showed a

335:) was made in the early 1900s. Psychologists used the term "social neurosis" to describe extremely shy patients in the 1930s. After extensive work by 11501: 2055: 1011:. This effect is not unique to alcohol but can also occur with long-term use of drugs that have a similar mechanism of action to alcohol such as the 9836: 6857:

Pini S, Maser JD, Dell'Osso L, et al. (2006). "Social anxiety disorder comorbidity in patients with bipolar disorder: a clinical replication".

6746:

Mattick, R. P.; Clarke, J. C. (1998-04-01). "Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety".

5717:

Leary M.R.; Kowalski R.M; Campbell C.D. (1988). "Self-presentational concerns and social anxiety: the role of generalized impression expectancies".

1492:

scale. Those who sought both therapy and medication did not see a boost in improvement. In double-blind, placebo-controlled trials other SSRIs like

954:

factors that have been related to social anxiety disorder include a society's attitude towards shyness and avoidance, affecting the ability to form

5917: 5021:

La Greca A, Dandes S, Wick P, Shaw K, Stone W (1988). "Development of the social anxiety scale for children: Reliability and concurrent validity".

4464:

Morris, E. P.; Stewart, S. H.; Ham, L. S. (2005). "The relationship between social anxiety disorder and alcohol use disorders: A critical review".

750: 328:

come in company for fear he should be misused, disgraced, overshoot himself in gesture or speeches, or be sick; he thinks every man observes him."

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D. M., Clark; Wells, A. (1995). "A cognitive model of social phobia". In Heimberg, R. G.; Liebowitz, M. R.; Hope, D. A.; Schneier, F. R. (eds.).

3888:"A scoping review of social media in child, adolescents and young adults: research findings in depression, anxiety and other clinical challenges" 3786:"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Correlation Coefficients between Nomophobia and Anxiety, Smartphone Addiction, and Insomnia Symptoms" 1842:

have a prevalence rate of 0.4 percent, 1.8 percent, and 0.6 percent, respectively. In Canada, the prevalence of self-reported social anxiety for

296: 3837:"The association between problematic internet use and social anxiety within adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 1826:, social phobia affects 15 million adult Americans in any given year. Estimates vary within 2 percent and 7 percent of the US adult population. 704:

Intelligent Medicine and Health of articles published before January 2011 that found evidence for a negative impact of social media on anxiety.

638:

published a meta-analysis of 39 studies comprising 21,736 subjects that found a small-to-medium association between smartphone use and anxiety.

1208: 1016:

administered orally for the treatment of anxiety; however, occasionally lorazepam or diazepam may be given intravenously for the treatment of

1172:

which is related to fear cognition and emotional learning. Individuals with social anxiety disorder have been found to have a hypersensitive

453:

substantial social or occupational impairment. Feared activities may include almost any type of social interaction, especially small groups,

3962:

Wu, Wenfeng; Huang, Liangrong; Yang, Fang (2024). "Social anxiety and problematic social media use: A systematic review and meta-analysis".

432:

that they performed unsatisfactorily. Consequently, they will perceive anything that may have possibly been abnormal as embarrassing. These

11494: 1612: 1473:

which was equivalent to placebo in all clinical trials. Paroxetine was able to change personality and significantly increase extraversion.

794:

published a systematic review of 15 studies researching associations between problematic social media use and anxiety in subjects from the

8002:

Valença AM, Nardi AE, Nascimento I, et al. (May 2005). "Do social anxiety disorder patients belong to a bipolar spectrum subgroup?".

2078: 8865:

Sorrentino L, Capasso A, Schmidt M (September 2006). "Safety of ethanolic kava extract: Results of a study of chronic toxicity in rats".

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Tillfors M; Furmark T. MF (January 2007). "Social phobia in Swedish university students: prevalence, subgroups and avoidant behavior".

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Bluett, EJ; et al. (Aug 2014). "Acceptance and commitment therapy for anxiety and OCD spectrum disorders: an empirical review".

3101:"Social Networks Use Disorder and Associations With Depression and Anxiety Symptoms: A Systematic Review of Recent Research in China" 1361:

and related techniques may decrease the number of children with social anxiety disorder following completion of prevention programs.

833:

To try to reduce their anxiety and alleviate depression, people with social phobia may use alcohol or other drugs, which can lead to

8227:

Mula M, Pini S, Cassano GB (June 2007). "The role of anticonvulsant drugs in anxiety disorders: a critical review of the evidence".

7880:

Varia, Indu M.; Cloutier, Charles A.; Doraiswamy, P. Murali (January 2002). "Treatment of social anxiety disorder with citalopram".

11722: 10994: 10611: 10424: 6523:"Functional Neuroimaging of Anxiety: A Meta-Analysis of Emotional Processing in PTSD, Social Anxiety Disorder, and Specific Phobia" 4032:"Social phobia and number of social fears, and their association with comorbidity, health-related quality of life and help seeking" 1338: 970:

and more likely to be considered for leadership and considered competent, in contrast to the findings in Western countries. Purely

382: 7725: 2894:"Association between Internet Gaming Disorder or Pathological Video-Game Use and Comorbid Psychopathology: A Comprehensive Review" 10404: 1465:

CR (Luvox CR) are all approved for SAD and are all effective for it, especially paroxetine. All SSRIs are somewhat effective for

622: 292: 9183:

Bella TT; Omigbodun O. MF (Jun 2009). "Social phobia in Nigerian university students: prevalence, correlates and co-morbidity".

5279:

Segrin, Chris; Kinney, Terry (1995). "Social skills deficits among the socially anxious: Rejection from others and loneliness".

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Marteinsdottir I.; Svensson A.; Svedberg M.; Anderberg U.; von Knorring L. (2007). "The role of life events in social phobia".

2762: 1489: 1379: 8348:"Gabapentin and pregabalin in bipolar disorder, anxiety states, and insomnia: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and rationale" 8299:"Gabapentin and pregabalin in bipolar disorder, anxiety states, and insomnia: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and rationale" 6619:

Anthony MM.; Coons MJ.; et al. (Aug 2006). "Psychometric properties of the social phobia inventory: further evaluation".

4578:"Social anxiety disorder." CareNotes. Truven Health Analytics Inc., 2012. Health Reference Center Academic. Web. 15 Nov. 2012. 4208:"Mapping network connectivity among symptoms of social anxiety and comorbid depression in people with social anxiety disorder" 2980:"Problematic Social Networking Site Use and Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review of Recent Large-Scale Studies" 2943:

Vahedi, Zahra; Saiphoo, Alyssa (2018). "The association between smartphone use, stress, and anxiety: A meta-analytic review".

11852: 9885: 9805: 9781: 8538: 8281: 7653: 7390: 6797: 6671: 5979: 4520: 3427: 2528: 1263:

The fear or anxiety is out of proportion to the actual threat posed by the social situation and to the sociocultural context.

1237:

Marked fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the individual is exposed to possible scrutiny by others.

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Baumeister R, Leary M (1995). "The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation".

2796:"Adults with higher social anxiety show avoidant gaze behaviour in a real-world social setting: A mobile eye tracking study" 2593:

Liebowitz, M. R.; Gorman, J. M.; Fyer, A. J.; Klein, D. F. (1985). "Social phobia. Review of a neglected anxiety disorder".

10207: 7104: 504:

Physiological effects, similar to those in other anxiety disorders, are present in social phobias. In adults, it may cause

4884: 4123:"Incidence of Social Anxiety Disorder and the Consistent Risk for Secondary Depression in the First Three Decades of Life" 11517: 11191: 10339: 2853: 2369:

Williams, Taryn; McCaul, Michael; Schwarzer, Guido; Cipriani, Andrea; Stein, Dan J.; Ipser, Jonathan (10 February 2020).

1823: 8658: 8641: 7105:"Combining escitalopram and cognitive–behavioural therapy for social anxiety disorder: Randomised controlled fMRI trial" 4841:

Schwartz C, Snidman N, Kagan J (1999). "Adolescent social anxiety as an outcome of inhibited temperament in childhood".

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Pilling, S; Mayo-Wilson, E; Mavranezouli, I; Kew, K; Taylor, C; Clark, DM; Guideline Development, Group (May 22, 2013).

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Eirich, Rachel; McArthur, Brae Anne; Anhorn, Ciana; McGuinness, Claire; Christakis, Dimitri A.; Madigan, Sheri (2022).

2203: 1032: 915:

A previous negative social experience can be a trigger to social phobia, perhaps particularly for individuals high in "

681: 7484:"Social context effects on error-related brain activity are dependent on interpersonal and achievement-related traits" 5802:

M. S. Marcin; C. B. Nemeroff (2003). "The neurobiology of social anxiety disorder:the relevance of fear and anxiety".

3999:"Depression and anxiety and its association with problematic social media use in the MENA region: a systematic review" 849:

Research into the causes of social anxiety and social phobia is wide-ranging, encompassing multiple perspectives from

11879: 11764: 11710: 11227: 11047: 10945: 10018: 10003: 9904: 7961: 7678: 7590:

Rosenthal, J.; Jacobs, L.; Marcus, M.; Katzman, M. A. (2007). "Beyond shy: When to suspect social anxiety disorder".

4102: 3371:"The relationship between screen time and mental health in young people: A systematic review of longitudinal studies" 2580: 1386: 7188:"Efficacy, cost-effectiveness and acceptability of self-help interventions for anxiety disorders: systematic review" 6364:

Eisenberger NI, Lieberman MD, Williams KD (October 2003). "Does rejection hurt? An FMRI study of social exclusion".

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Sanjay J. Mathew; Jeremy D. Coplan; Jack M. Gorman (2001). "Neurobiological Mechanisms of Social Anxiety Disorder".

5624:

Beck AT, Emery G, Greenberg RL (1985) Anxiety Disorders and Phobias: A Cognitive Perspective. New York: Basic Books.

5402:"Impact of alcohol intoxication and withdrawal syndrome on social phobia and panic disorder in alcoholic inpatients" 1846:

older than 14 years was 4.2 percent in June 2004 with women (4.6 percent) reporting more than men (3.8 percent). In

11842: 11319: 10556: 10527: 10468: 8826:"Effects of kava alkaloid, pipermethystine, and kavalactones on oxidative stress and cytochrome P450 in F-344 rats" 4167:"Social Anxiety Disorder and the Risk of Depression: A Prospective Community Study of Adolescents and Young Adults" 2892:

González-Bueso, Vega; Santamaría, Juan José; Fernández, Daniel; Merino, Laura; Montero, Elena; Ribas, Joan (2018).

2426:"Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials" 1406: 1342: 1216: 348: 9707: 420:, pay high self-attention after the activity, or have high performance standards for themselves. According to the 11611: 10561: 10356: 10281: 2371:"Pharmacological treatments for social anxiety disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis" 10011:

International Handbook of Social Anxiety: Concepts, Research, and Interventions Relating to the Self and Shyness

9667: 8935: 8640:

Emmanuel NP, Brawman-Mintzer O, Morton WA, Book SW, Johnson MR, Lorberbaum JP, Ballenger JC, Lydiard RB (2000).

1244:

The individual fears that he or she will act in a way or show anxiety symptoms that will be negatively evaluated

11626: 11214: 10999: 10970: 10231: 4798:

Warren S, Huston L, Egeland B, Sroufe L (1997). "Child and adolescent anxiety disorders and early attachment".

3784:

Daraj, Lateefa Rashed; AlGhareeb, Muneera; Almutawa, Yaser Mansoor; Trabelsi, Khaled; Jahrami, Haitham (2023).

2634:"The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines" 1212: 373:

became the first prescription drug in the US approved to treat social anxiety disorder, with others following.

1542:

Other prescription drugs are also used, if other methods are not effective. Before the introduction of SSRIs,

10740: 10458: 10434: 9323: 7617:

Katzelnick, D. J.; Greist, J. H. (2001). "Social anxiety disorder: An unrecognized problem in primary care".

4983: 4333:"Generalized social phobia and avoidant personality disorder: Meaningful distinction or useless duplication?" 2001: 1530:

In addition, studies show that more socially phobic patients treated with anti-depressant medication develop

1078:

cognitive-behavioral models consider the role of negatively biased memories of the past and the processes of

827: 774: 352: 42: 17: 9579:

Rapee R. M.; Spence S. H. (2004). "The etiology of social phobia: empirical evidence and an initial model".

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Menkes, D.; Bosanac, P.; Castle, D. (August 2016). "MAOIs - does the evidence warrant their resurrection?".

7751:"Paroxetine treatment of generalized social phobia (social anxiety disorder): a randomized controlled trial" 6193:(1981). "School avoidance and social phobia triggered by haloperidol in patients with Tourette's disorder". 3662:

Alimoradi, Zainab; Jafari, Elahe; Potenza, Marc N.; Lin, Chung-Ying; Wu, Chien-Yi; Pakpour, Amir H. (2022).

11867: 11705: 11565: 11403: 10940: 10473: 10318: 10198: 9312:"Fobia społeczna. Rozpowszechnienie, kryteria rozpoznawania, podtypy, przebieg, współchorobowość, leczenie" 2092: 1551:

adverse drug interactions and a recommendation of multiple doses per day. A newer type of this medication,

1375: 1358: 823: 795: 607: 300: 276: 9915: 6472:

Heeren A, Billieux J, Philippot P, De Raedt R, Baeken C, de Timary P, Maurage P, Vanderhasselt MA (2017).

2047: 1888:". Other names have included interpersonal relation phobia. A specific Japanese cultural form is known as 893:

themselves, and shyness in adoptive parents is significantly correlated with shyness in adopted children.

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Rapee, Ronald M; Heimberg, Richard G (1997). "A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia".

3445:"Anxiety and Depression from Cybervictimization in Adolescents: A Metaanalysis and Meta-regression Study" 3369:

Tang, Samantha; Werner-Seidler, Aliza; Torok, Michelle; Mackinnon, Andrew J.; Christensen, Helen (2021).

1814: 1543: 1008: 940: 686:

information added to SNS accounts) were significantly associated with higher levels of anxiety symptoms.

595: 433: 11461: 9522: 1649:(DCS) with exposure therapy facilitates the effects of exposure therapy of social phobia. DCS is an old 1504:

showed reduction of social anxiety symptoms, including anxiety, sensitivity to rejection and hostility.

11937: 11553: 11398: 10313: 5441: 991: 955: 719: 603: 340: 9477: 3443:

Molero, María M.; Martos, África; Barragán, Ana B.; Pérez-Fuentes, María C.; Gázquez, José J. (2022).

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Bruch, M. A. (1989). "Familial and developmental antecedents of social phobia: Issues and findings".

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Abbing, Annemarie; Baars, Erik W.; de Sonneville, Leo; Ponstein, Anne S.; Swaab, Hanna (2019-05-29).

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Buckner, J. D.; Schmidt, N. B.; Lang, A. R.; Small, J. W.; Schlauch, R. C.; Lewinsohn, P. M. (2008).

2642: 1968: 1511: 1390: 1318: 1177: 571: 148: 6701: 3287:"Social Media Usage and Development of Psychiatric Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence: A Review" 1401:

an improvement in accessibility of emotion regulation strategies" in adult women with anxiety. Both

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Davidson JR (2006). "Pharmacotherapy of social anxiety disorder: what does the evidence tell us?".

5516:"Benzodiazepines in clinical practice: consideration of their long-term use and alternative agents" 3997:

Abbouyi, Samira; Bouazza, Samira; El Kinany, Soukaina; El Rhazi, Karima; Zarrouq, Btissame (2024).

3586:"Problematic Social Media Use in Adolescents and Young Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 756: 493: 9004:"Comparing the prevalence rates of social phobia in a community according to ICD-10 and DSM-III-R" 8900: 7792:"Fluoxetine, comprehensive cognitive behavioral therapy, and placebo in generalized social phobia" 6097:"Dopamine Transporters, D2 Receptors, and Dopamine Release in Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder" 4121:

Beesdo, K.; Bittner, A.; Pine, D. S.; Stein, M. B.; Höfler, M.; Lieb, R.; Wittchen, H. U. (2007).

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Chartier, M. J.; Walker, J. R.; Stein, M. B. (2003). "Considering comorbidity in social phobia".

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Ma, Junyu (2022). "A Meta-Analysis of Social Media Usage with Stress, Anxiety, and Depression".

3278: 3092: 2971: 355:

and introduced generalized social phobia. Social phobia had been largely ignored prior to 1985.

11872: 11827: 11752: 11621: 11543: 11271: 10910: 10801: 10760: 10735: 10643: 8346:

Hong JS, Atkinson LZ, Al-Juffali N, Awad A, Geddes JR, Tunbridge EM, et al. (March 2022).

8297:

Hong JS, Atkinson LZ, Al-Juffali N, Awad A, Geddes JR, Tunbridge EM, et al. (March 2022).

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Social anxiety in adolescents and young adults: Translating developmental science into practice

2070: 1284:

The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance

1136: 1083: 924: 874: 834: 260: 247:

to reduce fears and inhibitions at social events. It is common for those with social phobia to

10173: 9809: 8542: 8271: 7831:

Blanco, Carlos; Bragdon, Laura B.; Schneier, Franklin R.; Liebowitz, Michael R. (2012-03-21).

4755:

Rapee, R. M. (2011). "Family Factors in the Development and Management of Anxiety Disorders".

4629:

Kendler K, Karkowski L, Prescott C (1999). "Fears and phobias: reliability and heritability".

3570: 3518: 2320:

Liebowitz, Michael R.; Schneier, Franklin R.; Bragdon, Laura B.; Blanco, Carlos (2013-02-01).

2250: 1534:

than non-phobic controls. The hypomania can be seen as the medication creating a new problem.

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Bienvenu, O. Joseph; Ginsburg, Golda S. (1 January 2007). "Prevention of anxiety disorders".

6059: 5911: 4417:"Specificity of social anxiety disorder as a risk factor for alcohol and cannabis dependence" 2246: 1065: 425: 363: 7425:"The Effectiveness of Art Therapy for Anxiety in Adult Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial" 3049: 2267:"Recognition, assessment and treatment of social anxiety disorder: summary of NICE guidance" 1635:

have been studied for the treatment of social anxiety disorder, and rendered mixed results.

11785: 11780: 11670: 11606: 11591: 11575: 11570: 11291: 11204: 10960: 10780: 10381: 10361: 9866:; Turner, Samuel M. (2007). "Clinical Presentation of Social Anxiety Disorder in Adults.". 8194:"Review finds little evidence to support gabapentinoid use in bipolar disorder or insomnia" 7495: 7482:

García Alanis, José C.; Baker, Travis E.; Peper, Martin; Chavanon, Mira-Lynn (2019-02-11).

6428: 6373: 5804: 3577: 2807: 1964: 1514:

are common during the first weeks while the body adjusts to the drug. Symptoms may include

1131: 920: 897: 838: 615: 611: 517: 437: 252: 10184: 5930: 3143: 2633: 1160:

disorder, and the inhibitory transmitter GABA, which may be under-active in the thalamus.

919:

sensitivity". For around half of those diagnosed with social anxiety disorder, a specific

251:

in this fashion, especially if they are undiagnosed, untreated, or both; this can lead to

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reinforce the anxiety in the presence of others. A 2006 study found that the area of the

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are effective in social anxiety disorder and may be a possible treatment alternative to

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is likewise highly correlated with SAD, with comorbidity rates ranging from 25% to 89%.

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Some people with a form of social phobia called performance phobia have been helped by

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can be used to screen for social anxiety disorder and measure the severity of anxiety.

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where "individuals make major life choices to accommodate their illness". According to

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has also attracted attention as a possible treatment, although safety concerns exist.

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The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent, typically lasting for 6 months or more.

1146:

Some evidence points to the possibility that social anxiety disorder involves reduced

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published a systematic review of 10 studies of adolescent or young adult subjects in

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It has also been referred to as anthropophobia, meaning "fear of humans", from

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practice, with patients often presenting for treatment only after the onset of

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Alternatively, the situations are endured with intense fear or anxiety.

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Frontiers Media: 686. 2202:Shields, Margot (2004). 1789:7% children (2002~2008) 1437: 757:Journal of Public Health 494:fight-or-flight response 381:The 10th version of the 11716:Social anxiety disorder 11549:Online problem gambling 11394:Childhood schizophrenia 10746:Frontotemporal dementia 10703:High-functioning autism 10520:Intellectual disability 10185:Social anxiety disorder 9339:"男女學生四至十一年級之社交焦慮發展軌跡研究" 8039:Australasian Psychiatry 7429:Frontiers in Psychology 6386:10.1126/science.1089134 6207:10.1176/ajp.138.12.1572 3728:10.1089/cyber.2021.0300 3420:10.1145/3484377.3487041 3291:Frontiers in Psychiatry 3219:10.1556/2006.2020.00057 3105:Frontiers in Psychology 2984:Frontiers in Psychiatry 2517:Burton, Robert (1881). 1992:Highly sensitive person 1205:Social Phobia Inventory 835:substance use disorders 691:Frontiers in Psychiatry 659:Frontiers in Psychology 643:Frontiers in Psychiatry 261:substance use disorders 181:Social anxiety disorder 59:Social anxiety disorder 11873:Television consumption 11828:Evolution of cognition 11753:Body image disturbance 11694:psychiatric conditions 11622:Engineering psychology 11544:Internet sex addiction 11525:Proposed or recognised 10911:Specific social phobia 10802:Organic brain syndrome 10644:Melancholic depression 10405:Childhood and learning 9538:Psychological Medicine 8961:Psychological Medicine 8646:Depression and Anxiety 8556:J Clin Psychopharmacol 8229:J Clin Psychopharmacol 7768:10.1001/jama.280.8.708 6102:Depression and Anxiety 5906:(inactive 2024-06-22). 5281:Motivation and Emotion 5093:J Consult Clin Psychol 4988:Journal of Personality 4337:Depression and Anxiety 3763:10.1093/pubmed/fdab350 3681:10.3390/ijerph19159707 2911:10.3390/ijerph15040668 2763:Social phobia – Causes 2375:Acta Neuropsychiatrica 1938: 1918:Listen to this article 1313:Differential diagnosis 1060:A secondary factor is 925:specific social phobia 905:behavioural inhibition 881:education. Studies of 875:observational learning 285:Prescribed medications 50: 11917:Texting while driving 11848:Promotion of anorexia 11833:Evolutionary mismatch 11796:Criticism of Facebook 11527:diagnostic categories 11467:Psychomotor agitation 11257:and substance-related 11200:Postpartum depression 11080:Somatization disorder 10966:Acute stress reaction 10731:AIDS dementia complex 9741:10.1007/s001270050163 9666:National Statistics. 8843:10.1093/toxsci/kfm035 8695:Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 8531:Personality Disorders 7796:Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 7561:10.1192/bjp.168.2.169 6597:10.1192/bjp.176.4.379 6323:Biological Psychiatry 6235:Biological Psychiatry 6074:10.1176/ajp.154.2.239 5892:European Psychologist 3528:Adolescent Psychiatry 2951:(3). Wiley: 347–358. 2691:10.1056/NEJMcp1614701 2052:Mental Health at Home 1937: 1044:Psychological factors 720:Adolescent Psychiatry 570:, negative thoughts, 508:as well as excessive 500:Physiological aspects 438:Cognitive distortions 364:clinical psychologist 272:severity of anxiety. 40: 11786:Behavioral modernity 11781:Behavioral addiction 11607:Cognitive ergonomics 11592:Digital anthropology 11585:Disciplines involved 11576:Video game addiction 11571:Television addiction 11462:Klüver–Bucy syndrome 11292:Substance dependence 11205:Postpartum psychosis 10751:Huntington's disease 10533:Lujan–Fryns syndrome 10382:Personality disorder 8352:Molecular Psychiatry 8303:Molecular Psychiatry 5805:Acta Psychiatr Scand 4507:. pp. 108–111. 4499:Alfano, Candice A.; 3970:. Elsevier: 107995. 3949:10.1093/jcmc/zmad055 3904:10.1192/bjo.2023.523 3643:. Elsevier: 107198. 3563:10.2139/ssrn.4053961 3462:10.5093/ejpalc2022a5 3381:. Elsevier: 102021. 3348:. Elsevier: 100070. 3064:. Elsevier: 112686. 2741:10.1056/nejmcp060145 2442:10.4088/JCP.v69n0415 1969:More spoken articles 1733:12.8% (adolescents) 1132:dopamine transporter 839:alcohol use disorder 616:Video game addiction 612:Television addiction 518:difficulty breathing 253:alcohol use disorder 11838:Fear of missing out 11342:Delusional disorder 11287:Stimulant psychosis 11277:Physical dependence 11131:Rumination syndrome 11033:Conversion disorder 11010:Psychogenic amnesia 10860:with depressed mood 10858:Adjustment disorder 10761:Parkinson's disease 10736:Alzheimer's disease 10629:Atypical depression 10465:Social functioning 10340:Munchausen syndrome 10335:Factitious disorder 9796:Isaac Meyer Marks, 9649:Nordenberg, Tamar. 9498:"Anxiety Disorders" 9372:(9618): 1115–1125. 9049:Indian J Psychiatry 7984:. Biopsychiatry.com 7500:2019NatSR...9.1728G 6816:J Autism Dev Disord 6490:10.1093/scan/nsw119 6433:2017NatSR...7..260H 6378:2003Sci...302..290E 5316:European Psychiatry 5128:Bull Menninger Clin 3964:Addictive Behaviors 3847:. Frontiers Media. 3297:. Frontiers Media. 3058:Psychiatry Research 2945:Stress & Health 2812:2021PLoSO..1659007K 2247:Diagnostic Criteria 1565:hypertensive crisis 1449:and paroxetine CR, 1427:clinical depression 1137:Parkinson's disease 1066:self-presentational 1029:physical dependence 947:Cultural influences 814:clinical depression 788:Addictive Behaviors 767:In September 2023, 730:Stanford University 653:Psychiatry Research 629:In April 2018, the 592:Fear of missing out 482:avoidance behaviors 448:Behavioural aspects 11534:Computer addiction 11361:schizophrenia-like 11005:Dissociative fugue 10454:Movement disorders 10160:External resources 9864:Beidel, Deborah C. 9841:Primary Psychiatry 9713:2006-03-25 at the 9693:2006-03-25 at the 9673:2004-07-22 at the 9483:2015-09-24 at the 9008:Rev Bras Psiquiatr 8439:Psychopharmacology 8123:(Suppl 3): S93–9. 8088:(Suppl 12): 20–6. 7967:2016-07-22 at the 7488:Scientific Reports 6421:Scientific Reports 5479:(Suppl 1): 53–61. 5293:10.1007/BF02260670 4890:2005-12-01 at the 4607:10.1111/sjop.12673 4501:Beidel, Deborah C. 3796:(14). MDPI: 2066. 3674:(15). MDPI: 9707. 3590:JMIR Mental Health 3264:10.1111/camh.12373 2768:2006-02-09 at the 2387:10.1017/neu.2020.6 1939: 911:Social experiences 734:JMIR Mental Health 641:In December 2018, 476:are controlled by 377:Signs and symptoms 259:or other kinds of 217:excessive sweating 51: 11938:Anxiety disorders 11925: 11924: 11597:Digital sociology 11484: 11483: 11480: 11479: 11437: 11436: 11433: 11432: 11305: 11304: 11240: 11239: 11236: 11235: 11092: 11091: 11088: 11087: 10981: 10980: 10819: 10818: 10815: 10814: 10776:Vascular dementia 10698:Asperger syndrome 10664: 10663: 10574: 10573: 10570: 10569: 10508:Tourette syndrome 10394: 10393: 10390: 10389: 10194: 10193: 9887:978-1-59147-452-4 9878:10.1037/11533-001 9806:978-0-19-503927-6 9782:978-0-12-701632-0 9772:Wen-Shing Tseng, 9523:and Mental Health 9433:(9618): 1115–25. 8539:978-0-470-09036-7 8283:978-1-58562-377-8 8082:J Clin Psychiatry 7655:978-0-470-84136-5 7392:978-1-59147-452-4 7383:10.1037/11533-000 7319:(12): 1622–1632. 6822:(11): 1361–1370. 6799:978-0-89042-555-8 6673:978-3-8055-4488-7 6664:10.1159/000414022 6533:(10): 1476–1488. 6201:(12): 1572–1576. 6160:10.1002/mds.22221 6154:(12): 1739–1743. 5855:(10): 1558–1567. 5526:(Suppl 2): 21–7. 5520:J Clin Psychiatry 5452:on 29 August 2021 4687:(11): 1523–1535. 4522:978-1-4338-0948-4 4513:10.1037/12315-000 3429:978-1-4503-8590-9 3156:BMC Public Health 2735:(10): 1029–1036. 2685:(23): 2255–2264. 2630:Sartorius, Norman 2579:Furmark, Thomas. 2530:978-84-206-6026-4 2286:10.1136/bmj.f2541 2017:Social inhibition 1997:Impostor syndrome 1935: 1910:Psychology portal 1795: 1794: 1355:anxiety disorders 1327:Asperger syndrome 1116:neurotransmission 1107:Neurotransmitters 999:Substance-induced 891:socially isolated 820:Anxiety disorders 707:In January 2022, 689:In January 2021, 671:BMC Public Health 564:sleep deprivation 426:self-presentation 422:social psychology 404:Cognitive aspects 360:Michael Liebowitz 187:), also known as 178: 177: 110:Typically during 53:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 11950: 11748:Anorexia nervosa 11733:Bipolar disorder 11701:Anxiety disorder 11511: 11504: 11497: 11488: 11487: 11443: 11442: 11332: 11331: 11311: 11310: 11246: 11245: 11121:Anorexia nervosa 11109: 11108: 11098: 11097: 11075:Psychogenic pain 11043:Globus pharyngis 10891:Childhood phobia 10874: 10873: 10846: 10845: 10825: 10824: 10681: 10680: 10670: 10669: 10580: 10579: 10479:Selective mutism 10430:Conduct disorder 10413: 10412: 10400: 10399: 10377:Trichotillomania 10352:Gender dysphoria 10347:Fear of intimacy 10304:Sexual anhedonia 10272: 10271: 10261: 10260: 10248:Mental disorders 10241: 10234: 10227: 10218: 10217: 10083: 10082: 10073: 9988: 9959: 9910: 9891: 9859: 9857: 9856: 9822: 9818: 9812: 9794: 9788: 9770: 9761: 9760: 9724: 9718: 9704: 9698: 9684: 9678: 9664: 9658: 9647: 9641: 9640: 9611: 9605: 9604: 9581:Clin Psychol Rev 9576: 9570: 9569: 9532: 9526: 9521:Surgeon General 9519: 9513: 9512: 9510: 9508: 9494: 9488: 9475: 9469: 9468: 9450: 9422: 9416: 9415: 9389: 9357: 9351: 9350: 9334: 9328: 9327: 9307: 9301: 9300: 9290: 9275:Can J Psychiatry 9266: 9260: 9259: 9223: 9217: 9216: 9180: 9174: 9173: 9144: 9138: 9137: 9119: 9117:10.1002/da.20129 9095: 9089: 9088: 9082: 9074: 9064: 9040: 9034: 9033: 9023: 8999: 8993: 8992: 8956: 8950: 8949: 8947: 8946: 8940: 8934:. 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MDPI: 668. 2889: 2883: 2882: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2864: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2833: 2823: 2806:(10): e0259007. 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2724: 2711: 2710: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2657: 2655: 2638: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2590: 2584: 2577: 2562: 2561: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2497: 2473: 2464: 2463: 2453: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2341: 2317: 2306: 2305: 2271: 2262: 2253: 2243: 2234: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2208: 2199: 2193: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2175: 2157: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2130: 2124: 2110: 2097: 2096: 2089: 2083: 2082: 2066: 2060: 2059: 2043: 2022:Social rejection 2012:Selective mutism 1959: 1957: 1946: 1945: 1936: 1926: 1924: 1919: 1912: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1879: 1878: 1865: 1698:1.8% (children) 1690:0.4% (children) 1668: 1667: 1615:(SNRIs) such as 1546:(MAOIs) such as 1335:bipolar disorder 1062:self-concealment 885:brought up (via 410:cognitive models 367:Richard Heimberg 257:eating disorders 193:anxiety disorder 93:Social isolation 56: 55: 21: 11958: 11957: 11953: 11952: 11951: 11949: 11948: 11947: 11928: 11927: 11926: 11921: 11769: 11743:Eating disorder 11693: 11687: 11637:Neuroergonomics 11617:Cyberpsychology 11580: 11526: 11520: 11515: 11485: 11476: 11448: 11429: 11413: 11382: 11360: 11351: 11326: 11301: 11258: 11255:substance abuse 11232: 11209: 11186: 11140: 11126:Bulimia nervosa 11103: 11084: 11060:Hypochondriasis 11055:False pregnancy 11038:Ganser syndrome 11020:Somatic symptom 11014: 10977: 10929: 10918:Specific phobia 10863: 10840: 10811: 10785: 10717: 10713:Savant syndrome 10685:Autism spectrum 10675: 10660: 10588: 10566: 10545: 10539: 10514: 10407: 10386: 10362:Dermatillomania 10323: 10309:Sexual anorexia 10266: 10255: 10245: 10195: 10190: 10189: 10155: 10154: 10094: 10080: 9907: 9888: 9854: 9852: 9831: 9829:Further reading 9826: 9825: 9819: 9815: 9795: 9791: 9771: 9764: 9725: 9721: 9715:Wayback Machine 9705: 9701: 9695:Wayback Machine 9685: 9681: 9665: 9661: 9648: 9644: 9612: 9608: 9577: 9573: 9533: 9529: 9520: 9516: 9506: 9504: 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2418: 2367: 2363: 2318: 2309: 2269: 2263: 2256: 2244: 2237: 2227: 2225: 2206: 2200: 2196: 2186: 2184: 2155: 2149: 2145: 2132: 2131: 2127: 2111: 2100: 2091: 2090: 2086: 2067: 2063: 2044: 2040: 2035: 1973: 1972: 1961: 1955: 1953: 1950:This audio file 1947: 1940: 1931: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1908: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1890:taijin kyofusho 1856: 1820:epidemiological 1666: 1625:Taijin kyofusho 1607:benzodiazepines 1571:Benzodiazepines 1540: 1440: 1435: 1372: 1370:Psychotherapies 1367: 1351: 1315: 1225: 1223:DSM-5 Diagnosis 1194: 1166: 1109: 1100: 1046: 1013:benzodiazepines 1001: 949: 913: 883:identical twins 867: 847: 805: 800: 799: 714:JAMA Psychiatry 669:In April 2020, 651:February 2020, 626: 618: 580: 559: 502: 450: 406: 379: 317: 309:benzodiazepines 289:antidepressants 163: 154:Benzodiazepines 132: 126:Genetic factors 102: 54: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11956: 11946: 11945: 11940: 11923: 11922: 11920: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11908: 11907: 11897: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11877: 11876: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11863:Binge-watching 11855: 11850: 11845: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11825: 11823:Digital zombie 11820: 11815: 11813:Cyberpathology 11810: 11805: 11804: 11803: 11793: 11788: 11783: 11777: 11775: 11774:Related topics 11771: 11770: 11768: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11756: 11755: 11750: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11719: 11718: 11713: 11708: 11697: 11695: 11689: 11688: 11686: 11685: 11684: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11658: 11657: 11656: 11646: 11641: 11640: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11609: 11599: 11594: 11588: 11586: 11582: 11581: 11579: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11562: 11561: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11530: 11528: 11522: 11521: 11514: 11513: 11506: 11499: 11491: 11482: 11481: 11478: 11477: 11475: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11459: 11453: 11450: 11449: 11439: 11438: 11435: 11434: 11431: 11430: 11428: 11427: 11421: 11419: 11415: 11414: 11412: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11390: 11388: 11384: 11383: 11381: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11364: 11362: 11353: 11352: 11350: 11349: 11344: 11338: 11336: 11328: 11327: 11307: 11306: 11303: 11302: 11300: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11284: 11282:Rebound effect 11279: 11274: 11269: 11263: 11260: 11259: 11242: 11241: 11238: 11237: 11234: 11233: 11231: 11230: 11225: 11223:Hypersexuality 11219: 11217: 11211: 11210: 11208: 11207: 11202: 11196: 11194: 11188: 11187: 11185: 11184: 11183: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11162: 11157: 11151: 11149: 11142: 11141: 11139: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11117: 11115: 11105: 11104: 11094: 11093: 11090: 11089: 11086: 11085: 11083: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11051: 11050: 11045: 11040: 11030: 11024: 11022: 11016: 11015: 11013: 11012: 11007: 11002: 10997: 10991: 10989: 10983: 10982: 10979: 10978: 10976: 10975: 10974: 10973: 10968: 10958: 10956:Panic disorder 10953: 10948: 10943: 10937: 10935: 10931: 10930: 10928: 10927: 10926: 10925: 10923:Claustrophobia 10915: 10914: 10913: 10908: 10906:Anthropophobia 10898: 10896:Social anxiety 10893: 10888: 10882: 10880: 10871: 10865: 10864: 10862: 10861: 10854: 10852: 10842: 10841: 10821: 10820: 10817: 10816: 10813: 10812: 10810: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10793: 10791: 10787: 10786: 10784: 10783: 10778: 10773: 10768: 10766:Pick's disease 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10727: 10725: 10719: 10718: 10716: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10689: 10687: 10677: 10676: 10666: 10665: 10662: 10661: 10659: 10658: 10653: 10652: 10651: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10621: 10620: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10593: 10590: 10589: 10576: 10575: 10572: 10571: 10568: 10567: 10565: 10564: 10559: 10553: 10551: 10541: 10540: 10538: 10537: 10536: 10535: 10524: 10522: 10516: 10515: 10513: 10512: 10511: 10510: 10500: 10499: 10498: 10493: 10483: 10482: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10463: 10462: 10461: 10451: 10450: 10449: 10439: 10438: 10437: 10427: 10421: 10419: 10409: 10408: 10396: 10395: 10392: 10391: 10388: 10387: 10385: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10354: 10349: 10344: 10343: 10342: 10331: 10329: 10325: 10324: 10322: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10300: 10299: 10294: 10284: 10278: 10276: 10268: 10267: 10257: 10256: 10252:Classification 10244: 10243: 10236: 10229: 10221: 10215: 10214: 10205: 10192: 10191: 10188: 10187: 10176: 10164: 10163: 10161: 10157: 10156: 10153: 10152: 10141: 10130: 10115: 10095: 10090: 10089: 10087: 10086:Classification 10079: 10078:External links 10076: 10075: 10074: 10040:(3): 207–212. 10029: 10022: 10007: 9989: 9960: 9911: 9905: 9892: 9886: 9860: 9830: 9827: 9824: 9823: 9813: 9789: 9762: 9719: 9699: 9679: 9659: 9642: 9606: 9587:(7): 737–767. 9571: 9544:(4): 797–804. 9527: 9514: 9489: 9470: 9417: 9352: 9345:(in Chinese). 9337:蘭, 李. (2010). 9329: 9326:on 2015-12-22. 9302: 9281:(9): 630–634. 9261: 9218: 9175: 9156:(5): 399–405. 9139: 9110:(7): 405–411. 9090: 9055:(3): 221–227. 9035: 8994: 8967:(4): 637–646. 8951: 8915: 8892: 8857: 8816: 8771: 8722: 8701:(3): 298–304. 8681: 8632: 8605:(5): 302–304. 8589: 8562:(6): 580–583. 8546: 8515: 8488:(5): 488–496. 8472: 8445:(3): 280–288. 8428: 8407:(2): 190–198. 8387: 8338: 8289: 8282: 8262: 8219: 8185: 8150: 8107: 8072: 8029: 7994: 7973: 7953: 7940: 7923: 7888:(1): 205–208. 7872: 7843:(1): 235–249. 7823: 7782: 7741: 7716: 7691: 7675:Harvard Health 7661: 7654: 7636: 7609: 7598:(5): 369–374. 7582: 7555:(2): 169–174. 7539: 7474: 7415: 7406: 7391: 7365: 7354:(2): 138–150. 7338: 7303: 7268: 7239:(7): 865–878. 7219: 7178: 7159:(4): 677–686. 7142: 7115:(3): 229–235. 7094: 7067:(2): 144–162. 7051: 7024:(4): 258–266. 7008: 6981:(6): 647–654. 6963: 6936:(2): 141–149. 6920: 6884: 6865:(8): 1148–57. 6849: 6805: 6798: 6781: 6754:(4): 455–470. 6738: 6727:(3): 150–156. 6707: 6698:|journal= 6672: 6646: 6627:(8): 1177–85. 6611: 6590:(4): 379–386. 6570: 6513: 6484:(2): 251–260. 6464: 6407: 6356: 6312: 6285:(3): 739–743. 6268: 6220: 6181: 6138: 6109:(5): 411–418. 6087: 6068:(2): 239–242. 6052: 6008: 5989:(3): 457–459. 5972: 5943:(3): 275–278. 5923: 5882: 5839: 5812:(417): 51–64. 5789: 5754: 5736: 5725:(3): 308–321. 5709: 5700: 5676: 5626: 5617: 5573: 5537: 5506: 5463: 5433: 5392: 5365:(3): 497–529. 5349: 5306: 5271: 5246:Behav Res Ther 5236: 5197: 5178:(2): 337–349. 5158: 5145: 5118: 5079: 5040: 5013: 4994:(3): 467–489. 4974: 4947: 4935: 4922: 4909: 4896: 4876: 4833: 4806:(5): 637–644. 4790: 4747: 4738: 4725: 4716: 4673:Merikangas, K. 4664: 4621: 4600:(6): 819–826. 4580: 4571: 4528: 4521: 4491: 4456: 4407: 4388:(6): 496–502. 4372: 4323: 4288: 4261:(12): 728–34. 4245: 4198: 4177:(3): 251–256. 4154: 4133:(8): 903–912. 4110: 4103: 4072: 4022: 3989: 3954: 3927: 3878: 3827: 3776: 3741: 3705: 3654: 3627: 3576: 3545: 3517: 3468: 3435: 3428: 3402: 3361: 3328: 3277: 3242: 3193: 3142: 3091: 3048: 3021: 2970: 2935: 2884: 2879:Social Anxiety 2869: 2845: 2786: 2774: 2754: 2712: 2665: 2660:Microsoft Bing 2648:Microsoft Word 2620: 2601:(7): 729–736. 2585: 2563: 2552:(6): 427–440. 2536: 2529: 2509: 2488:(1): 235–249. 2465: 2436:(4): 621–632. 2416: 2381:(4): 169–176. 2361: 2332:(1): 235–249. 2307: 2254: 2235: 2194: 2143: 2125: 2098: 2084: 2061: 2037: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1962: 1948: 1941: 1929: 1916: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1897: 1894: 1855: 1852: 1822:data from the 1793: 1792: 1787: 1783: 1782: 1779: 1775: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1766: 1763: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1718: 1715: 1711: 1710: 1704: 1700: 1699: 1696: 1692: 1691: 1688: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1679:United States 1676: 1675: 1672: 1665: 1662: 1597:drugs such as 1595:anticonvulsant 1576:drug tolerance 1539: 1536: 1467:social anxiety 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1353:Prevention of 1350: 1347: 1314: 1311: 1303: 1302: 1292: 1287: 1281: 1274: 1267: 1260: 1254: 1247: 1241: 1224: 1221: 1193: 1190: 1165: 1162: 1108: 1105: 1099: 1096: 1045: 1042: 1000: 997: 988:middle classes 979:social fluency 948: 945: 912: 909: 866: 863: 846: 843: 804: 801: 627: 619: 588:Binge-watching 579: 576: 558: 557:Social aspects 555: 537:, part of the 501: 498: 449: 446: 418:self-conscious 405: 402: 378: 375: 316: 313: 176: 175: 172: 168: 167: 162: 161: 156: 151: 146: 140: 138: 134: 133: 131: 130: 127: 123: 121: 115: 114: 108: 104: 103: 101: 100: 98:Hypervigilance 95: 89: 87: 81: 80: 75: 69: 68: 65: 61: 60: 52: 32:Social anxiety 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11955: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11935: 11933: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11906: 11903: 11902: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11860: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11818:Digital detox 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11808:Cyberbullying 11806: 11802: 11799: 11798: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11778: 11776: 11772: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11745: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11703: 11702: 11699: 11698: 11696: 11690: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11663: 11662: 11659: 11655: 11652: 11651: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11604: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11589: 11587: 11583: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11560: 11557: 11556: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11531: 11529: 11523: 11519: 11512: 11507: 11505: 11500: 11498: 11493: 11492: 11489: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11454: 11451: 11444: 11440: 11426: 11423: 11422: 11420: 11416: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11391: 11389: 11387:Schizophrenia 11385: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11365: 11363: 11358: 11354: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11339: 11337: 11333: 11329: 11325: 11321: 11317: 11316:Schizophrenia 11312: 11308: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11267:Drug overdose 11265: 11264: 11261: 11256: 11252: 11247: 11243: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11220: 11218: 11216: 11215:Sexual desire 11212: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11197: 11195: 11193: 11189: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11167: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11152: 11150: 11148: 11143: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11118: 11116: 11114: 11110: 11106: 11099: 11095: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11035: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11025: 11023: 11021: 11017: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10992: 10990: 10988: 10984: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10963: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10938: 10936: 10932: 10924: 10921: 10920: 10919: 10916: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10903: 10902: 10901:Social phobia 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10883: 10881: 10879: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10866: 10859: 10856: 10855: 10853: 10851: 10847: 10843: 10839: 10836:-related and 10835: 10831: 10826: 10822: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10794: 10792: 10788: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10728: 10726: 10724: 10720: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10690: 10688: 10686: 10682: 10678: 10671: 10667: 10657: 10654: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10626: 10625: 10622: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10599: 10598: 10595: 10594: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10577: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10542: 10534: 10531: 10530: 10529: 10526: 10525: 10523: 10521: 10517: 10509: 10506: 10505: 10504: 10501: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10488: 10487: 10484: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10466: 10464: 10460: 10457: 10456: 10455: 10452: 10448: 10445: 10444: 10443: 10440: 10436: 10433: 10432: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10422: 10420: 10418: 10414: 10410: 10406: 10401: 10397: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10341: 10338: 10337: 10336: 10333: 10332: 10330: 10326: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10289: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10279: 10277: 10273: 10269: 10262: 10258: 10253: 10249: 10242: 10237: 10235: 10230: 10228: 10223: 10222: 10219: 10213: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10200: 10197: 10196: 10186: 10182: 10181: 10177: 10175: 10171: 10170: 10166: 10165: 10162: 10158: 10151: 10147: 10146: 10142: 10140: 10136: 10135: 10131: 10129: 10125: 10124: 10120: 10116: 10114: 10110: 10106: 10105: 10101: 10097: 10096: 10093: 10088: 10084: 10071: 10067: 10063: 10059: 10055: 10051: 10047: 10043: 10039: 10035: 10030: 10027: 10023: 10020: 10019:0-471-49129-2 10016: 10012: 10008: 10005: 10004:0-380-81033-6 10001: 9997: 9993: 9990: 9986: 9982: 9978: 9974: 9970: 9966: 9961: 9957: 9953: 9949: 9945: 9941: 9937: 9933: 9929: 9925: 9921: 9917: 9912: 9908: 9906:0-671-74137-3 9902: 9898: 9893: 9889: 9883: 9879: 9875: 9871: 9870: 9865: 9861: 9851:on 2012-05-12 9850: 9846: 9842: 9838: 9833: 9832: 9817: 9811: 9807: 9803: 9799: 9793: 9787: 9783: 9779: 9775: 9769: 9767: 9758: 9754: 9750: 9746: 9742: 9738: 9735:(8): 416–24. 9734: 9730: 9723: 9716: 9712: 9709: 9708:Mental Health 9703: 9696: 9692: 9689: 9683: 9676: 9672: 9669: 9663: 9656: 9652: 9646: 9638: 9634: 9630: 9626: 9622: 9618: 9610: 9602: 9598: 9594: 9590: 9586: 9582: 9575: 9567: 9563: 9559: 9555: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9531: 9524: 9518: 9503: 9499: 9493: 9486: 9482: 9479: 9474: 9466: 9462: 9458: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9440: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9421: 9413: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9397: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9379: 9375: 9371: 9367: 9363: 9356: 9348: 9344: 9340: 9333: 9325: 9321: 9318:(in Polish). 9317: 9313: 9306: 9298: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9280: 9276: 9272: 9265: 9257: 9253: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9237: 9233: 9229: 9222: 9214: 9210: 9206: 9202: 9198: 9194: 9191:(6): 458–63. 9190: 9186: 9179: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9143: 9135: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9109: 9105: 9101: 9094: 9086: 9080: 9072: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9054: 9050: 9046: 9039: 9031: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9013: 9009: 9005: 8998: 8990: 8986: 8982: 8978: 8974: 8970: 8966: 8962: 8955: 8941:on 2004-07-22 8937: 8930: 8924: 8922: 8920: 8902: 8896: 8888: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8868: 8867:Phytomedicine 8861: 8853: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8836:(1): 214–21. 8835: 8831: 8827: 8820: 8812: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8775: 8767: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8726: 8718: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8700: 8696: 8692: 8685: 8677: 8673: 8669: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8651: 8647: 8643: 8636: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8593: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8550: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8522: 8520: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8476: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8432: 8424: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8398: 8391: 8383: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8342: 8334: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8304: 8300: 8293: 8285: 8279: 8275: 8274: 8266: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8235:(3): 263–72. 8234: 8230: 8223: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8198:NIHR Evidence 8195: 8189: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8166:(4): 301–13. 8165: 8161: 8154: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8111: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8076: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8033: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8009: 8005: 7998: 7983: 7977: 7970: 7966: 7963: 7957: 7950: 7944: 7938: 7934: 7933: 7932:Social Phobia 7927: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7876: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7834: 7827: 7819: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7786: 7778: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7761:(8): 708–13. 7760: 7756: 7752: 7745: 7731: 7727: 7720: 7706: 7702: 7695: 7681:on 2020-09-23 7680: 7676: 7672: 7665: 7657: 7651: 7647: 7640: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7613: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7586: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7543: 7535: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7478: 7470: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7419: 7410: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7369: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7342: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7307: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7284:(6): 612–24. 7283: 7279: 7272: 7264: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7223: 7215: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7182: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7146: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7098: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7055: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7012: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6975: 6967: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6924: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6901:(4): 713–37. 6900: 6896: 6888: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6853: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6809: 6801: 6795: 6791: 6785: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6742: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6711: 6703: 6691: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6650: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6615: 6607: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6574: 6566: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6517: 6509: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6468: 6460: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6411: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6360: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6316: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6272: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6224: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6185: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6142: 6134: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6091: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6056: 6048: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6031:(5): 757–63. 6030: 6026: 6022: 6015: 6013: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5976: 5968: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5927: 5919: 5913: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5886: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5843: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5806: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5770:(8): 741–56. 5769: 5765: 5758: 5750: 5743: 5741: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5713: 5704: 5690: 5686: 5680: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5633: 5631: 5621: 5613: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5580: 5578: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5554:(8): 1432–8. 5553: 5549: 5541: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5510: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5467: 5451: 5447: 5446:"Anxiolytics" 5443: 5437: 5429: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5412:(4): 187–92. 5411: 5407: 5403: 5396: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5353: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5310: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5275: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5252:(3): 255–67. 5251: 5247: 5240: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5217:(4): 728–31. 5216: 5212: 5208: 5201: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5162: 5155: 5149: 5141: 5137: 5134:(3): 323–38. 5133: 5129: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5099:(6): 916–24. 5098: 5094: 5090: 5083: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5060:(2): 211–21. 5059: 5055: 5051: 5044: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5017: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4978: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4951: 4942: 4940: 4932: 4926: 4919: 4913: 4906: 4905:Social phobia 4903:Athealth.com. 4900: 4893: 4889: 4886: 4880: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4837: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4794: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4751: 4742: 4735: 4729: 4720: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4637:(3): 539–53. 4636: 4632: 4625: 4617: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4584: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4532: 4524: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4495: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4472:(6): 734–60. 4471: 4467: 4460: 4452: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4411: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4376: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4304:(3): 308–12. 4303: 4299: 4292: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4202: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4161: 4159: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4117: 4115: 4106: 4104:9781118653920 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4033: 4026: 4017: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3993: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3958: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3882: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3780: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3745: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3709: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3658: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3631: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3603:10.2196/33450 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3549: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3463: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3439: 3431: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3365: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3332: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3197: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3095: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3052: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3025: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2974: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2888: 2880: 2873: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2790: 2783: 2778: 2771: 2767: 2764: 2758: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2669: 2661: 2649: 2645: 2644: 2635: 2631: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2589: 2582: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2540: 2532: 2526: 2522: 2521: 2513: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2472: 2470: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2420: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2365: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2268: 2261: 2259: 2252: 2248: 2242: 2240: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2205: 2198: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2154: 2147: 2139: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2094: 2088: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2065: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2042: 2038: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1951: 1911: 1900: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1873: 1869: 1861: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1844:Nova Scotians 1841: 1837: 1833: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1669: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1652: 1648: 1647:d-cycloserine 1643: 1641: 1640:beta-blockers 1636: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1535: 1533: 1528: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1423:complications 1420: 1414: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1398: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1346: 1345:are present. 1344: 1340: 1336: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1310: 1308: 1300: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1228: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1198: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1170:limbic system 1161: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1141:schizophrenia 1138: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1120:social status 1117: 1114: 1104: 1095: 1092: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1055: 1051: 1041: 1037: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1019: 1018:panic attacks 1014: 1010: 1006: 996: 993: 992:perfectionism 989: 984: 980: 975: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 956:relationships 953: 944: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 917:interpersonal 908: 906: 901: 899: 894: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 862: 860: 856: 852: 842: 840: 836: 831: 829: 825: 821: 817: 815: 810: 809:co-occurrence 797: 793: 789: 784: 783: 777: 776: 770: 766: 763: 759: 758: 753: 752: 747: 743: 740:In May 2022, 738: 735: 731: 727: 722: 721: 715: 710: 705: 702: 697: 692: 687: 684: 683: 677: 672: 667: 665: 661: 660: 654: 649: 644: 639: 637: 632: 624: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 575: 573: 569: 565: 554: 552: 548: 544: 540: 539:limbic system 536: 532: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 497: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 470:B. F. Skinner 466: 464: 458: 456: 445: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 401: 399: 396: 392: 388: 384: 374: 372: 368: 365: 361: 356: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 329: 326: 322: 312: 310: 306: 305:beta blockers 302: 299:(SNRIs), and 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 273: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 249:self-medicate 246: 242: 238: 237:Panic attacks 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 209: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 189:social phobia 186: 182: 173: 169: 166: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 144:Psychotherapy 142: 141: 139: 135: 128: 125: 124: 122: 120: 116: 113: 109: 105: 99: 96: 94: 91: 90: 88: 86: 82: 79: 76: 74: 70: 67:Social phobia 66: 62: 57: 48: 44: 39: 33: 19: 18:Social phobia 11912:Technostress 11905:Technophobia 11900:Technophilia 11715: 11676:Evolutionary 11654:Evolutionary 11644:Neuroscience 11347:Folie à deux 11272:Intoxication 11253:substances, 11251:Psychoactive 11170:Night terror 10987:Dissociative 10951:Panic attack 10900: 10503:Tic disorder 10178: 10167: 10143: 10132: 10117: 10098: 10037: 10033: 10025: 10010: 9995: 9992:Burns, D. D. 9968: 9964: 9923: 9919: 9896: 9868: 9853:. Retrieved 9849:the original 9844: 9840: 9816: 9797: 9792: 9773: 9732: 9728: 9722: 9702: 9682: 9662: 9651:FDA Consumer 9650: 9645: 9623:(1): 12–19. 9620: 9616: 9609: 9584: 9580: 9574: 9541: 9537: 9530: 9517: 9505:. Retrieved 9501: 9492: 9473: 9430: 9426: 9420: 9369: 9365: 9355: 9349:(5): 465–76. 9346: 9342: 9332: 9324:the original 9319: 9315: 9305: 9278: 9274: 9264: 9234:(1): 79–86. 9231: 9227: 9221: 9188: 9184: 9178: 9153: 9149: 9142: 9107: 9103: 9093: 9079:cite journal 9052: 9048: 9038: 9014:(3): 222–4. 9011: 9007: 8997: 8964: 8960: 8954: 8943:. Retrieved 8936:the original 8907:. Retrieved 8895: 8873:(8): 542–9. 8870: 8866: 8860: 8833: 8830:Toxicol. Sci 8829: 8819: 8784: 8774: 8739: 8736:CNS Drug Rev 8735: 8725: 8698: 8694: 8684: 8652:(2): 111–3. 8649: 8645: 8635: 8602: 8598: 8592: 8559: 8555: 8549: 8530: 8526: 8485: 8481: 8475: 8442: 8438: 8431: 8404: 8400: 8390: 8355: 8351: 8341: 8306: 8302: 8292: 8272: 8265: 8232: 8228: 8222: 8197: 8188: 8163: 8159: 8153: 8120: 8116: 8110: 8085: 8081: 8075: 8045:(4): 371–3. 8042: 8038: 8032: 8007: 8003: 7997: 7986:. Retrieved 7976: 7956: 7943: 7930: 7926: 7885: 7881: 7875: 7840: 7836: 7826: 7799: 7795: 7785: 7758: 7754: 7744: 7733:. Retrieved 7729: 7719: 7708:. Retrieved 7704: 7694: 7683:. Retrieved 7679:the original 7674: 7664: 7645: 7639: 7622: 7618: 7612: 7595: 7591: 7585: 7552: 7548: 7542: 7491: 7487: 7477: 7432: 7428: 7418: 7409: 7374: 7368: 7351: 7347: 7341: 7316: 7312: 7306: 7281: 7277: 7271: 7236: 7232: 7222: 7198:(1): 15–21. 7195: 7191: 7181: 7156: 7152: 7145: 7112: 7108: 7097: 7064: 7060: 7054: 7021: 7017: 7011: 6978: 6972: 6966: 6933: 6929: 6923: 6898: 6894: 6887: 6862: 6858: 6852: 6819: 6815: 6808: 6789: 6784: 6751: 6747: 6741: 6724: 6720: 6710: 6655: 6649: 6624: 6620: 6614: 6587: 6583: 6573: 6530: 6526: 6516: 6481: 6477: 6467: 6424: 6420: 6410: 6369: 6365: 6359: 6329:(2): 85–95. 6326: 6322: 6315: 6282: 6278: 6271: 6238: 6234: 6223: 6198: 6194: 6184: 6151: 6147: 6141: 6106: 6100: 6090: 6065: 6061: 6055: 6028: 6024: 5986: 5982: 5975: 5940: 5936: 5926: 5912:cite journal 5898:(1): 37–50. 5895: 5891: 5885: 5852: 5848: 5842: 5809: 5803: 5767: 5763: 5757: 5748: 5722: 5718: 5712: 5703: 5692:. Retrieved 5689:ResearchGate 5688: 5679: 5646: 5642: 5620: 5593: 5589: 5551: 5547: 5540: 5523: 5519: 5509: 5476: 5472: 5466: 5454:. Retrieved 5450:the original 5436: 5409: 5405: 5395: 5362: 5359:Psychol Bull 5358: 5352: 5322:(1): 29–37. 5319: 5315: 5309: 5284: 5280: 5274: 5249: 5245: 5239: 5214: 5210: 5200: 5175: 5171: 5161: 5153: 5148: 5131: 5127: 5121: 5096: 5092: 5082: 5057: 5053: 5043: 5026: 5022: 5016: 4991: 4987: 4977: 4960: 4956: 4950: 4930: 4925: 4918:Conditioning 4912: 4899: 4879: 4846: 4842: 4836: 4803: 4799: 4793: 4763:(1): 69–80. 4760: 4756: 4750: 4741: 4733: 4728: 4719: 4684: 4680: 4667: 4634: 4630: 4624: 4597: 4593: 4583: 4574: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4504: 4494: 4469: 4465: 4459: 4427:(3): 230–9. 4424: 4420: 4410: 4385: 4381: 4375: 4340: 4336: 4326: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4258: 4254: 4248: 4215: 4211: 4201: 4174: 4170: 4130: 4126: 4086: 4045:(4): 273–9. 4042: 4038: 4025: 4006: 4002: 3992: 3967: 3963: 3957: 3940: 3936: 3930: 3895: 3892:BJPsych Open 3891: 3881: 3844: 3840: 3830: 3793: 3789: 3779: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3671: 3667: 3657: 3640: 3636: 3630: 3593: 3589: 3579: 3548: 3531: 3527: 3520: 3485: 3481: 3471: 3452: 3448: 3438: 3411: 3405: 3378: 3374: 3364: 3345: 3341: 3331: 3294: 3290: 3280: 3255: 3251: 3245: 3210: 3206: 3196: 3159: 3155: 3145: 3108: 3104: 3094: 3061: 3057: 3051: 3034: 3030: 3024: 2987: 2983: 2973: 2948: 2944: 2938: 2901: 2897: 2887: 2878: 2872: 2861:. Retrieved 2857: 2848: 2803: 2799: 2789: 2777: 2757: 2732: 2728: 2682: 2678: 2668: 2658:– via 2652:. Retrieved 2641:www.who.int 2640: 2623: 2598: 2594: 2588: 2549: 2545: 2539: 2519: 2512: 2485: 2481: 2433: 2429: 2419: 2378: 2374: 2364: 2329: 2325: 2277: 2273: 2226:. Retrieved 2214: 2210: 2197: 2185:. Retrieved 2166:(3): 185–9. 2163: 2159: 2146: 2137: 2128: 2087: 2075:Mind Journal 2074: 2064: 2051: 2041: 1881: 1867: 1857: 1828: 1812: 1800: 1796: 1790: 1781:7–9% (2002) 1707: 1664:Epidemiology 1656: 1644: 1637: 1611: 1592: 1569: 1541: 1529: 1512:side-effects 1509: 1506: 1498:escitalopram 1478:double-blind 1475: 1455:escitalopram 1445: 1441: 1419:primary care 1415: 1411: 1399: 1395: 1384: 1373: 1352: 1343:CDS symptoms 1331: 1316: 1306: 1304: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1283: 1276: 1273:flexibility. 1269: 1262: 1256: 1249: 1243: 1236: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1202: 1195: 1167: 1145: 1113:dopaminergic 1110: 1101: 1088: 1084:anticipation 1059: 1047: 1038: 1022: 1002: 976: 950: 914: 902: 895: 879:psychosocial 877:or parental 868: 851:neuroscience 848: 832: 818: 806: 791: 787: 780: 775:BJPsych Open 773: 768: 761: 755: 749: 745: 741: 739: 733: 718: 713: 708: 706: 700: 695: 690: 688: 680: 675: 670: 668: 657: 652: 647: 642: 640: 635: 630: 628: 560: 526:palpitations 503: 467: 459: 451: 407: 380: 357: 337:Joseph Wolpe 332: 330: 318: 274: 264: 225:palpitations 210: 188: 184: 180: 179: 119:Risk factors 43:introversion 11858:Screen time 11320:schizotypal 11155:Hypersomnia 11145:Nonorganic 10886:Agoraphobia 10617:Cyclothymia 10612:Bipolar NOS 10587:(affective) 10459:Stereotypic 10367:Kleptomania 10169:MedlinePlus 9448:10983/15923 9387:10983/15923 8010:(1): 11–8. 6148:Mov. Disord 5596:(2): 73–7. 5590:J R Soc Med 5456:17 December 5287:(1): 1–24. 4957:Adolescence 4631:Psychol Med 4343:(1): 8–19. 2138:Mayo Clinic 2007:Scopophobia 1982:Alexithymia 1977:Agoraphobia 1854:Terminology 1807:psychiatric 1708:(children) 1674:Prevalence 1629:mirtazapine 1621:Milnacipran 1617:venlafaxine 1557:moclobemide 1538:Other drugs 1494:fluvoxamine 1463:fluvoxamine 1459:venlafaxine 1433:Medications 1253:situations. 1164:Brain areas 1157:fluvoxamine 1086:before it. 1054:personality 972:demographic 803:Comorbidity 584:Screen time 568:self-esteem 551:eye contact 547:correlation 543:hyperactive 533:called the 486:eye contact 345:Isaac Marks 325:Hippocrates 112:adolescence 107:Usual onset 64:Other names 11932:Categories 11791:Body image 11738:Depression 11692:Associated 11661:Psychology 11649:Psychiatry 11602:Ergonomics 11559:Nomophobia 11472:Stereotypy 11335:Delusional 11324:delusional 11297:Withdrawal 11165:Parasomnia 11070:Nosophobia 10850:Adjustment 10838:somatoform 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