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and women could not leave the home between sunset and sunrise. In most public spaces, different clothing was used to delineate between social groups; the differences in clothing were especially prominent between men and women. Notably, women wore veils starting from the onset of puberty in public places. Within the privacy of the home, women were responsible for nearly all domestic activities. The ability to perform household duties well was a marker of obedient and faithful wives. Family structure was highly patriarchal for peasants, with the husband viewed as the head and taxpayer of the family unit. Men were responsible for working the land and acting as representatives for their families in public settings, while child-rearing and domestic work were the responsibility of peasant women.
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girls who could enhance the familyâs socioeconomic status. The prospective bride had little to no agency regarding marriage. Even in the acceptance of a dowry, the bride was represented by a male relative. Upon marriage, a wifeâs âdutyâ was to show her husband obedience, while the husband took responsibility for all the householdâs finances and public relations. While a woman in the
Ottoman Empire could not initiate the legal process of divorce without the permission of her husband, she did have the ability to seek an annulment. Divorced individuals typically remarried, however women had more restrictions in this process, including having to wait âthree menstrual coursesâ before entering a new marriage.
555:, the availability of specific commodities such as wine, kosher meat, or communion wafer was determined at the discretion of Muslim authorities, and non-Muslims were forbidden from wearing green clothes and white turbans. The second important domain of autonomy was that of administration and taxation: lay leaders, generally elected by their community, were in charge of administrative matters such as making arrangements with regards to the collection of taxes. The third domain concerned non-Muslimsâ legal jurisdictions. Jews and Christians were notably allowed to adjudicate legal disputes between members of their group: in Jewish communities, rabbinical courts could rule on criminal cases.
35:
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interact. While guilds were originally organized to benefit artisans and merchants, the government wished to control the production and distribution of goods. Therefore, the state had a relatively large amount of control over urban guilds and even viewed them as a âmeans of controllingâ a cityâs population and activity. While craftsmanship and commerce was centered in cities, these industries relied on peasant farmers to provide raw materials and other necessary goods. However, it was rare that crafted goods were exported to rural towns and villages, as most peasants could not afford to travel or purchase them.
628:
ethno-religious groups, reinforced by formal agreements set in law, and grounded in a mutually-conceded, if limited, legitimacy,â Tezcan explains that religious divisions functioned around âconvenienceâ and the ability of each group to occupy administrative and economic niches in the empireâs affairs, wherein a group that performed well in its niche tasks would gain more status than another, less effective group. Around the early 18th century, the convenience model broke down such that administrative and military posts were mostly occupied by upper-middle class Muslim citizens.
755:â in the Ottoman Empire was a very broad category and could encompass many different kinds of activities and social positions. Though generally defined in Islamic terms as a person being granted ownership over another person and their labor, property, and sexuality, slavery in the Ottoman context was more complex than a simple divide between free men and women and enslaved people. In fact, slavery did not equate a lower status than the rest of the population: not only did male slaves in the bureaucratic and military spheres and the females in elite
4267:
607:. While some historians argue such a revolt was of a nationalist nature, others have claimed that it was a religious movement eager to liberate itself from Muslim oppression rather than a rebellion driven by the will to form a nation. Following the rebellion, religious divisions were transformed as Greeks lost many of their privileges and came to be seen as a group to fear rather than as a community to respect and accommodate. The
646:
instances, however, male relatives interfered with a womanâs control over her assets, thereby limiting legal autonomy. The extent to which women controlled property varied in different areas of the empire as well. The central government tended to confiscate and redistribute the land of widowed peasants without sons to maintain agricultural productivity.
559:
matter to the central
Ottoman authorities: within the Greek Millet, Romanians, Albanians, Serbs, etc. could shift from one identity to another without changing their status vis-Ă -vis the metropole. To the Millet authorities however, such ethnic and religious differences were important and even instrumental in highlighting divisions.
550:
There were notably three domains in which autonomy was important to non-Muslims. The first one was that of religious theory and practice: though
Muslims did not directly interfere in theological matters, they still imposed religious restrictions. For example, non-Muslims religious buildings could not
518:
Moreover, Muslims were not a homogenous group: many different ethnic groups such as Arabs, Kurds, Albanians, Bosniaks, and Turks practiced Sunni Islam. Even among
Muslims, different groups enjoyed different levels of privilege: Turks, as the âconqueringâ population, enjoyed some degree of superiority
732:
All farmland in the empire was deemed to belong to the current ruler, therefore the central government organized and controlled peasant land and the agricultural economy. While they did not own their land, peasant farmers were considered âhereditary tenantsâ of the land they worked. Peasant land was
663:
The
Ottoman Empire was patriarchal in structure, and separation of the sexes was common in public places. Typically, men in the Ottoman Empire controlled public spaces, while women could hold power in private spaces, such as the home. Outside the home, men did not walk beside their female relatives,
439:
The
Ottoman system traditionally stood on a division between four socioeconomic groups: the military, the learned, the merchants, and the peasants. Each group had its own set of skills and societal roles that came with different privileges and social statuses: while the military and the intellectual
514:
were granted a higher social status than other religious groups in the
Ottoman Empire: they were considered âfirst-class subjects,â in opposition to non-Muslims who were granted the label of âsecond-class subjects.â Several privileges came with the status of Muslim: many high-ranking positions were
654:
Islamic tradition viewed womenâs sexuality as a force that needed to be controlled by a man, typically a father or husband. Marriages were typically arranged by the parents of young men and women. The process of arranged marriage was initiated by a young manâs father, who sought out young women or
598:
The Millet as a system of social divisions along ethno-religious lines lost its vigor throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries with the rise of liberation and nationalist movements, especially in the Greek Millet. Starting in the second half of the eighteenth century, Western enlightened
420:
Alternatively spelled as "reaya". Considered to be the class that was ruled over. Made up of merchants, artisans, and peasants and were the taxed class. This group was largely Muslim, though their
Christian counterparts were also placed under the same label. Ottoman officials sought to disarm this
381:
for income and as such, were not included in taxation. They were not considered to be aristocrats however, as membership depended on the Sultan's desires. The askeri held their class unless specifically dismissed by the Sultan or if they pursued a non-governmental role. Additionally, according to
778:
Opportunities for social mobility were more numerous within the
Ottoman Empire as opposed to many European societies during the time. Possibilities existed for those of modest origin to rise in sociopolitical rank and even enter the ruling class. Manumission of enslaved men was normalized in the
700:
included craftsmen and merchants in urban areas; however, the largest social group in the
Ottoman Empire were rural farmers. While nomadic groups existed throughout the empireâs entire existence, the central government often attempted to get such groups to settle and farm land. In doing so, they
405:
Some of the most notable roles to fall under the askeri class were people who performed: praying, preaching, scribal service, superintendancy, tax and rent collection, trusteeship, couriers, falconers, guardians of bridges and passes, tent-makers, dealers of oil and butter, tent-pitchers, copper
645:
were considered legal entities and subjects distinct from their husbands or fathers. They had the ability to maintain control over their property and assets after marriage. Women had the ability to inherit property from male relatives and could claim property in the instance of divorce. In many
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The Millets developed internal class structures: the upper layers of this strata were composed of merchant elites residing in Istanbul as well as of the high clergy, while the lower classes were made of new type merchants and craftsmen. Ethnic and religious differences within the Millet did not
675:
was one way women had increased visibility and power in public spaces. The history of prostitution in Ottoman society is complex, with various attempts by the government to regulate or ban the profession. Prostitutes were more likely to be women of lower socioeconomic status or women from less
723:
In cities, merchants and craftsmen were ranked below the ruling class and divided into guilds to manage the local commercial industry. City life outside of the sultanâs palace centered around marketplaces and bazaars, in which people of many religions, ethnicities, and financial classes would
627:
According to historian Baki Tezcan, the millet system did not stay static overtime. Drawing from Brian Catlosâs analysis of intercommunal relationships in the medieval Mediterranean as âthe consequence of a series of relationships born of a perceived mutual benefit among majority and minority
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The empire was a bureaucratic state, holding different regions within a single administrative and fiscal system. It was also, however, the last great expression of the universality of the world of Islam. It was also a multi-religious state, giving a recognized status to christian and Jewish
785:
system was another aspect of slavery that enabled social mobility for a small group of individuals. In this system, young Christian boys would be sold into slavery, converted to Islam, and educated, all with the goal of assuming a high government post upon the completion of their training.
519:
over Arabs, Kurds, Albanians, and Bosniaks who were all conquered against their will. Nevertheless, conquered groups retained a great deal of agency: for instance, Muslim Bosniaks and Albanians were involved in the governance of the empire and were a part of the Janissary units.
515:
reserved for Muslims, Muslims were frequently privileged by the law, one could not be enslaved by a non-Muslim, etc. The Muslim category was a flexible one: many members of other religious groups converted to Islam in order to access certain benefits.
774:
began recruiting rather than enslaving and could thus not be referred to as an enslaved class anymore. In 1855, slavery was even abolished to appease liberal concerns in Europe, though in practice, the institution persisted until 1905.
562:
Divisions between Millets were reflected in the organization of cities such as Istanbul: until the beginning of the nineteench century, religious groups inhabitied their traditional quarters. In Istanbul, Greeks lived in
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system in the empire provided young Muslim men with education, providing a potential opportunity to have a high ranking position in the legal, religious, educational or bureaucratic fields. Those educated in
535:, a system of autonomous religious communities that allowed rulers to organize the population into ethnoreligious groups and devolve power to local elites and leaders. There were three basic Millets: the
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classes were rather influential in politics, the peasantry was much more disenfranchised from the central power. By the 19th century, this system had disintegrated with the progressive emergence of the
449:
This was a class of local notables, who often had a role in governing to some degree, especially from the seventeenth century onward. Also played the role of warlords at times, appearing most often in
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prominent family lineages. While there were laws that dictated harsh punishments for convicted prostitutes, the most common consequence for a prostitute was removal from the neighborhood.
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class and prevent them from achieving any sort of military status in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. They were typically considered the lesser class and dubbed as non-governing.
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system for instance, a class of enslaved people doing administrative work, was challenged by the increasing number of free Muslims entering government service: having to accommodate, the
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religious orders together. From the Sultanâs point of view, that meant the loss of many supporting foundations: quickly, a new bureaucracy emerged as a symbol of Ottoman modernity, the
761:
have much more influence over the stateâs affairs than most people did, but even some common domestic workers were better fed, clothed, and protected than many freed men.
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outside of a major city were often ranked lower than those educated in cities, therefore the internal provinces tended to attract the majority of Ottoman students.
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was one of the most dominant empires in the Mediterranean region, having lasted ~600 years and controlling much of the eastern and southern portions of the Sea.
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428:. These groups were allowed to maintain their own traditional laws and could have internal administrative organizations led by their own religious leader.
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The kalemiye were the scribal branch, the ilmiye focused on religious and judicial services, and the seyfiye were the military and administrative branch.
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Catlos, Brian (8 July 2009). ""Conveniencia" or "The Convenience Principle:" The Mechanics of Ethno-Religious Diversity in the Medieval Mediterranean".
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did not live in the village he represented. Rather, a local village headman served as the main connection between his village and the urban government.
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The Muslim millet was considered to be above the other millets due to their practicing of the same laws and religion as the ruling class of the empire.
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They were a social class made up primarily of the military and all public servants and members of their households. This class depended on the
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On the other hand, there was a political subclass called the "askeri kassam". Whose estates were often liable to confiscation by the Sultan.
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The rayah class was largely divided by religion, with each religious group being divided into an internally autonomous community called a
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The 19th century also saw the rise of a new political and socioeconomic class: the modern bureaucracy. In 1826, Mahmud II shut down the
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communities: though many other ethnic and religious existed, most were incorporated into and ruled by one of the three major Millets.
469:, this became a title for district nobles who were elected by their community to negotiate in its name and handle taxes and security.
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miners, rice-growers, judges, circuit judges, and city wardens, along with the sons and wives of askeri members and freed slaves.
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1517:"From Rum Millet to Greek Nation: Enlightenment, Secularization, and National Identity in Ottoman Balkan Society, 1453-1821"
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1187:. Social, economic, and political studies of the Middle East and Asia. Leiden, The Netherlands ; Boston: Brill.
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would be required to pay taxes to the central government and were eligible to be recruited to the Ottoman military.
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some sources, only non-Muslims were allowed to join this class, as a means to ensure loyalty only to the Sultan.
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Semerdjian, Elyse (2008). "Prostitutes, Soldiers, and the People: Monitoring Morality Through Customary Law".
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615:(interpreter), who since the mid-seventeenth century had been reserved to Greeks, was given to a Turk.
812:(revised ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press (published 2002). p. 207.
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Some sources instead divide the askeri into multiple branches: the kalemiye, the seyfiye, and the
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Barkey, Karen. "The Ottoman Empire (1299-1923): The Bureaucratization of Patrimonial Authority".
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Large urban centers within the Ottoman Empire held the best educational opportunities. The
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empire after an individual had served his owner for a predetermined period of time. The
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Religious minorities in the Middle East: domination, self-empowerment, accommodation
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state, holding different regions within a single administrative and fiscal system".
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1116:"State and Classes in the Ottoman Empire: Local Notables in Historical Perspective"
1085:"State and Classes in the Ottoman Empire: Local Notables in Historical Perspective"
1027:"State and Classes in the Ottoman Empire: Local Notables in Historical Perspective"
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1433:"The Ottoman Millet System: Non-Territorial Autonomy and its Contemporary Legacy"
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498:, whom could not be criticized and eventually came to assume government control.
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The Other Faces of the Empire: Ordinary Lives Against Social Order and Hierarchy
1568:. The Routledge worlds. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York: Routledge.
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started to inspired a growing intelligentsia among the Greek Millet until the
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passed from father to son as an inheritance. All rural communities had a
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to the nineteenth century, ethnoreligious divisions were embodied by the
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The soldiers and their commander belonged to a subclass called the "
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Slavery, much like other social divisions, evolved overtime. The
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1700:. Translated by Tasdelen, Esra. Istanbul: Koc University Press.
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696:, or âthe flock,â was composed of the lower classes. The
1659:"Ottoman women as legal and marital subjects: BaĆak TuÄ"
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Ottoman society was divided into two major classes. The
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A Ìgoston, Ga Ìbor; Masters, Bruce Alan (2010-05-21).
287:, etc.) to various minority populations, specifically
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An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire
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An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire
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An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire
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An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire
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641:Unlike many European societies of the same period,
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962:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 435â436.
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1151:. University of California Press. p. 61.
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389:" and were considered slaves of the Sultan.
307:enterprise, the Ottoman system allowed some
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1481:Longva, Anh Nga; Roald, Anne Sofie (2012).
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1241:. Cambridge University Press. p. 663.
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989:. Cambridge University Press. p. 550.
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18:Social structure of the Ottoman Empire
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1162:
1160:
1158:
1695:
1313:
951:
949:
947:
945:
522:
1793:
1734:
1629:
1554:
1268:. Infobase Publishing. p. 65.
928:. Simon and Schuster. p. 151.
571:, Cibal, and in villages along the
24:
4292:Social class in the Ottoman Empire
3264:
3263:
2304:(reform and constitutional period)
1886:
1714:
1684:
1648:
1582:
1499:
1463:
1421:
1265:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
1155:
1076:
1009:
25:
4303:
2192:List of Ottoman sultans' consorts
2155:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
1564:Woodhead, Christine, ed. (2012).
942:
4266:
4265:
3028:
2187:List of Ottoman sultans' mothers
1632:Daily life in the Ottoman Empire
1332:10.1111/j.0953-5233.2004.00347.x
1120:Journal of Mediterranean Studies
1089:Journal of Mediterranean Studies
1031:Journal of Mediterranean Studies
690:was the ruling class, while the
33:
2268:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance
1815:
1768:
1539:
1521:Journal of Modern Greek Studies
1396:
1371:
1346:
1307:
1282:
1255:
1235:Faroqhi, Suraiya (1997-04-28).
1228:
1208:Faroqhi, Suraiya (1997-04-28).
1201:
1138:
1107:
983:Faroqhi, Suraiya (1997-04-28).
956:Faroqhi, Suraiya (1997-04-28).
667:
295:, whom Muslims referred to as "
3907:
2009:Persecution of Ottoman Muslims
1822:Hourani, Albert Habib (1991).
1807:. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
1049:
1018:
1003:
976:
915:
872:
837:
796:
727:
461:. In the mid-18th century, in
361:members of the imperial family
13:
1:
1826:A History of the Arab Peoples
1449:10.1080/17449057.2015.1101845
1056:Masters, Bruce (2013-04-29).
881:"Ottoman Methods of Conquest"
846:"Ottoman Methods of Conquest"
809:A History of the Arab Peoples
789:
446:, a group of urban notables.
44:History of the Ottoman Empire
1403:Masters, Bruce Alan (2013).
1378:Masters, Bruce Alan (2013).
1353:Masters, Bruce Alan (2013).
1293:. London (GB): I.B. Tauris.
7:
2453:Vassal and tributary states
1775:HanioÄlu, M. ĆĂŒkrĂŒ (2010).
1515:Roudometof, Victor (1998).
649:
643:women in the Ottoman Empire
351:, to attain high office as
10:
4308:
3113:Weberian (three-component)
1750:Toledano, Ehud R. (1998).
1314:Baer, Marc (August 2004).
746:
506:
413:
370:
86:Ethnoreligious communities
4261:
4202:
4094:
4062:
4029:
3955:
3927:
3914:
3901:
3819:
3776:
3736:
3718:
3637:
3555:
3515:
3424:
3417:
3372:
3275:
3271:
3258:
3121:
3075:
3071:
3042:
2967:
2927:
2899:
2866:
2767:
2722:
2713:
2630:
2596:
2546:
2474:
2465:
2402:
2334:
2296:
2235:
2224:
2127:
2118:
2026:
2019:
1972:Decline and modernization
1894:
1803:Faroqhi, Suraiya (2019).
1289:Faroqhi, Suraiya (2019).
1183:Karpat, Kemal H. (2002).
1148:The Balkans in Transition
659:Public and private spaces
631:
605:Greek War of Independence
366:
4235:Pre-industrial East Asia
2500:Six Divisions of Cavalry
2036:Foreign Affairs Ministry
1840:Harvard University Press
1832:Cambridge, Massachusetts
1114:Tuluveli, Guclu (2005).
1083:Tuluveli, Guclu (2005).
1025:Tuluveli, Guclu (2005).
409:
3283:Administrative detainee
2493:Agha of the Janissaries
2140:List of Ottoman sultans
879:Inalcik, Halil (1954).
844:Inalcik, Halil (1954).
637:Women as legal entities
502:Ethno-religious divides
435:Socioeconomic divisions
3699:
2695:Science and technology
2145:Roman succession claim
705:Urban areas and cities
575:; Armenians inhabited
529:fall of Constantinople
4240:Pre-industrial Europe
2568:Dragoman of the Fleet
2283:Dragoman of the Porte
2073:Armenian Constitution
1960:Stagnation and reform
1630:Kia, Mehrdad (2011).
804:Hourani, Albert Habib
680:Urban and rural areas
609:Orthodox patriarchate
58:Court and aristocracy
4097: or countries
3908:By country or region
3146:Class discrimination
2288:Outer Palace Service
2204:Inner Palace Service
1696:Yasa, Firat (2019).
1320:Gender & History
3629:Vanniar (Chieftain)
2483:Classic period army
2324:Chamber of Deputies
2299:Imperial Government
152:Rise of nationalism
4210:18th-century Spain
4064:Standard of living
3768:Upper middle class
3763:Lower middle class
3354:Political prisoner
3136:Chattering classes
3108:Spoon class theory
2110:Translation Office
1994:2nd Constitutional
1982:1st Constitutional
1936:Sultanate of Women
297:People of the Book
142:Great Fire of 1660
4279:
4278:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4090:
4089:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3791:Lumpenproletariat
3293:illegal immigrant
3254:
3253:
3166:Classless society
2996:
2995:
2963:
2962:
2955:Star and crescent
2626:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2461:
2460:
2398:
2397:
2150:Ottoman Caliphate
2031:Foreign relations
1786:978-0-691-14617-1
1761:978-0-295-97642-6
1672:978-0-203-14285-1
1663:The Ottoman World
1641:978-0-313-06402-9
1575:978-0-415-44492-7
1566:The Ottoman world
1492:978-90-04-20742-4
1414:978-1-107-03363-4
1389:978-1-107-03363-4
1364:978-1-107-03363-4
1300:978-1-78831-366-7
1275:978-1-4381-1025-7
1248:978-0-521-57455-6
1221:978-0-521-57455-6
1194:978-90-04-12101-0
1069:978-1-107-03363-4
996:978-0-521-57455-6
969:978-0-521-57455-6
935:978-1-4767-0025-0
601:French Revolution
523:The Millet system
480:, and merged the
242:
241:
16:(Redirected from
4299:
4269:
4268:
4096:
3997:Mexican-American
3925:
3924:
3916:
3915:
3903:
3902:
3704:
3647:Business magnate
3537:Knowledge worker
3422:
3421:
3310:dual or multiple
3273:
3272:
3260:
3259:
3214:Social exclusion
3209:Social cleansing
3123:
3073:
3072:
3062:Economic classes
3023:
3016:
3009:
3000:
2999:
2727:Social structure
2720:
2719:
2573:Imperial Arsenal
2472:
2471:
2306:
2245:
2243:(classic period)
2238:Imperial Council
2233:
2232:
2125:
2124:
2024:
2023:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1829:
1809:
1808:
1800:
1791:
1790:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1747:
1732:
1731:
1721:
1712:
1711:
1693:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1627:
1580:
1579:
1561:
1552:
1551:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1512:
1497:
1496:
1478:
1461:
1460:
1428:
1419:
1418:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1180:
1153:
1152:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1007:
1001:
1000:
980:
974:
973:
953:
940:
939:
919:
913:
912:
876:
870:
869:
841:
835:
834:
828:
826:
800:
583:; Jews lived in
476:, abolished the
269:Fertile Crescent
234:
227:
220:
52:Social structure
46:
37:
30:
29:
21:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4249:
4198:
4086:
4058:
4025:
4009:Underprivileged
3951:
3910:
3909:
3885:
3815:
3772:
3732:
3714:
3633:
3551:
3511:
3413:
3368:
3267:
3266:
3250:
3229:Social position
3219:Social mobility
3117:
3067:
3038:
3037:
3027:
2997:
2992:
2959:
2923:
2895:
2862:
2763:
2752:Ottoman Turkish
2709:
2618:
2592:
2542:
2537:Modernized army
2521:Sekban-i Djedid
2457:
2394:
2349:Shaykh al-IslÄm
2330:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2292:
2246:
2241:
2240:
2220:
2135:Ottoman dynasty
2114:
2015:
1890:
1885:
1850:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1748:
1735:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1694:
1685:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1628:
1583:
1576:
1562:
1555:
1544:
1540:
1513:
1500:
1493:
1479:
1464:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1351:
1347:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1181:
1156:
1143:
1139:
1112:
1108:
1095:(1): 123, 125.
1081:
1077:
1070:
1054:
1050:
1023:
1019:
1008:
1004:
997:
981:
977:
970:
954:
943:
936:
920:
916:
893:10.2307/1595144
885:Studia Islamica
877:
873:
858:10.2307/1595144
850:Studia Islamica
842:
838:
824:
822:
820:
801:
797:
792:
751:The status of â
749:
730:
707:
682:
670:
661:
652:
639:
634:
625:
599:ideals and the
525:
509:
504:
437:
418:
412:
375:
369:
238:
209:
171:
146:
81:
42:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4305:
4295:
4294:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4230:Ottoman Empire
4227:
4222:
4217:
4215:Ancient Greece
4212:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4189:United Kingdom
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4100:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4082:Home-ownership
4079:
4074:
4068:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4035:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4006:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3961:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3937:American Dream
3934:
3928:
3922:
3912:
3911:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3850:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3825:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3782:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3742:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3724:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3705:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3643:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3561:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3521:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3430:
3428:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3349:Migrant worker
3346:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3269:
3268:
3265:By demographic
3256:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3245:Status Anxiety
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3199:Ranked society
3196:
3191:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3141:Class conflict
3138:
3133:
3127:
3125:
3124: topics
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3098:Mudsill theory
3095:
3090:
3085:
3079:
3077:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3003:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2872:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2773:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2636:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2552:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2516:Nizam-i Djedid
2507:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2478:
2476:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2441:
2439:Mutasarrifates
2436:
2435:
2434:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2340:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2310:
2308:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2278:Reis ĂŒl-KĂŒttab
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2236:
2230:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2214:Palace Schools
2211:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2162:Imperial Harem
2159:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2131:
2129:
2128:House of Osman
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1948:Decline thesis
1943:Transformation
1940:
1939:
1938:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1924:Constantinople
1921:
1916:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1888:Ottoman Empire
1884:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1848:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1792:
1785:
1767:
1760:
1733:
1713:
1706:
1683:
1671:
1647:
1640:
1581:
1574:
1553:
1538:
1498:
1491:
1462:
1420:
1413:
1395:
1388:
1370:
1363:
1345:
1326:(2): 425â458.
1306:
1299:
1281:
1274:
1254:
1247:
1227:
1220:
1200:
1193:
1154:
1137:
1106:
1075:
1068:
1048:
1037:(1): 126â127.
1017:
1002:
995:
975:
968:
941:
934:
914:
871:
836:
818:
794:
793:
791:
788:
748:
745:
729:
726:
706:
703:
681:
678:
669:
666:
660:
657:
651:
648:
638:
635:
633:
630:
624:
617:
524:
521:
508:
505:
503:
500:
436:
433:
414:Main article:
411:
408:
371:Main article:
368:
365:
254:Ottoman Empire
252:described the
250:Albert Hourani
246:Ottoman Empire
240:
239:
237:
236:
229:
222:
214:
211:
210:
208:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
181:
178:
177:
173:
172:
170:
169:
164:
158:
155:
154:
148:
147:
145:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
123:
122:
117:
112:
107:
105:Greek Orthodox
97:
91:
88:
87:
83:
82:
80:
79:
74:
69:
63:
60:
59:
55:
54:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4304:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4272:
4264:
4263:
4260:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4194:United States
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4095:Other regions
4093:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3920:United States
3917:
3913:
3904:
3900:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3359:Socioeconomic
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3261:
3257:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3234:Social stigma
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3224:Social orphan
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3183:
3182:Nouveau riche
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3156:Class traitor
3154:
3152:
3151:Class society
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3088:Gilbert model
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3024:
3019:
3017:
3012:
3010:
3005:
3004:
3001:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2742:Ottoman court
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2583:Naval battles
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2556:Kapudan Pasha
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2511:Reform period
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2172:Haseki sultan
2170:
2168:
2167:Valide sultan
2165:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2046:United States
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1931:Classical Age
1929:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1904:Osman's Dream
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1851:
1849:9780674395657
1845:
1841:
1837:
1836:Belknap Press
1833:
1828:
1827:
1820:
1819:
1806:
1799:
1797:
1788:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1763:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1729:
1728:
1720:
1718:
1709:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1674:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1652:
1643:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1577:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1558:
1549:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1494:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1437:Ethnopolitics
1434:
1427:
1425:
1416:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1391:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1366:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1302:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1277:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1258:
1250:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1231:
1223:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1204:
1196:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1150:
1149:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1071:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1013:
1006:
998:
992:
988:
987:
979:
971:
965:
961:
960:
952:
950:
948:
946:
937:
931:
927:
926:
918:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
875:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
840:
833:
821:
819:9780674010178
815:
811:
810:
805:
799:
795:
787:
784:
783:
776:
773:
769:
768:
762:
760:
759:
754:
744:
742:
738:
737:
725:
721:
719:
714:
713:
702:
699:
695:
694:
689:
688:
677:
674:
665:
656:
647:
644:
629:
622:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
560:
556:
554:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
520:
516:
513:
499:
497:
496:
491:
490:
485:
484:
479:
475:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
444:
432:
429:
427:
422:
417:
407:
403:
400:
398:
393:
390:
388:
383:
380:
374:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
235:
230:
228:
223:
221:
216:
215:
213:
212:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
182:
180:
179:
175:
174:
168:
165:
163:
160:
159:
157:
156:
153:
150:
149:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
102:
101:
98:
96:
93:
92:
90:
89:
85:
84:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
67:Ottoman court
65:
64:
62:
61:
57:
56:
53:
50:
49:
45:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
4245:Soviet Union
4229:
4220:Ancient Rome
4077:Homelessness
4002:Upper Middle
3874: /
3855: /
3846: /
3811:Working poor
3707:
3694:Robber baron
3517:Intellectual
3507:Royal family
3471:Ancient Rome
3325:second-class
3243:
3186:
3185: /
3180:
3176:High society
3083:Elite theory
3060:
3053:
3046:
3033:Social class
2985:
2980:Bibliography
2978:
2971:
2940:Coat of arms
2914:Christianity
2868:Demographics
2851:of Armenians
2792:Illumination
2777:Architecture
2658:Central bank
2609:Conscription
2535:
2526:Mansure Army
2509:
2481:
2388:Hakham Bashi
2356:Christianity
2303:
2253:Grand Vizier
2242:
2094:Civil codes
2068:Constitution
1914:Ghaza thesis
1825:
1816:Bibliography
1804:
1776:
1770:
1751:
1726:
1697:
1676:, retrieved
1662:
1631:
1565:
1547:
1541:
1527:(1): 11â48.
1524:
1520:
1482:
1443:(1): 24â42.
1440:
1436:
1404:
1398:
1379:
1373:
1354:
1348:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1290:
1284:
1264:
1257:
1237:
1230:
1210:
1203:
1184:
1147:
1140:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1092:
1088:
1078:
1058:
1051:
1034:
1030:
1020:
1011:
1005:
985:
978:
958:
924:
917:
884:
874:
849:
839:
832:communities.
830:
823:. Retrieved
808:
798:
780:
777:
771:
765:
763:
756:
750:
740:
734:
731:
722:
717:
710:
708:
697:
691:
685:
683:
673:Prostitution
671:
668:Prostitution
662:
653:
640:
626:
621:Conveniencia
620:
597:
561:
557:
549:
526:
517:
510:
493:
487:
481:
477:
471:
448:
441:
438:
430:
423:
419:
404:
401:
394:
391:
384:
376:
349:kul and azad
262:
258:bureaucratic
243:
4164:New Zealand
3881:Untouchable
3806:Proletariat
3796:Pea-pickers
3746:Bourgeoisie
3434:Aristocracy
3320:naturalized
3315:native-born
2807:Shadow play
2653:Agriculture
2646:Reformation
2642:Enlargement
2488:Janissaries
2197:Kizlar Agha
2182:Hanımefendi
2177:Kadınefendi
1989:Dissolution
1919:Interregnum
728:Rural areas
551:tower over
474:Janissaries
345:Circassians
4154:Luxembourg
4044:Inequality
3709:Superclass
3500:Hereditary
3476:Post-Roman
3467:Patrician
3337:adolescent
3161:Classicide
2824:Literature
2737:Ottomanism
2432:Sanjakbeys
2415:Beylerbeys
2403:Provincial
2120:Government
2083:Family law
1707:6057685687
1678:2024-05-05
1126:(1): 139.
887:(2): 113.
852:(2): 112.
790:References
543:, and the
489:NakĆibendi
341:Ruthenians
337:Bulgarians
329:Hungarians
289:Christians
167:Ottomanism
4179:Sri Lanka
4072:Education
4039:Household
3932:Affluence
3867:Rat tribe
3829:Ant tribe
3801:Precariat
3786:Lazzaroni
3728:Bohemians
3689:Overclass
3684:Old money
3620:Spartiate
3595:Kshatriya
3585:Hashashin
3542:Professor
3483:Political
3456:Oligarchy
3446:Hanseaten
3364:Stateless
3344:Convicted
3276:By status
3239:Subaltern
3171:Euthenics
3103:New class
2876:Armenians
2841:Education
2797:Miniature
2747:Languages
2732:Devshirme
2705:Transport
2505:Timariots
2371:Bulgarian
2263:Kazaskers
2225:Central (
2209:Kapi Agha
2078:Electoral
2004:Abolition
1999:Partition
1533:1086-3265
1457:1744-9057
1340:0953-5233
1132:2523-9465
1101:2523-9465
1043:2523-9465
901:0585-5292
782:devshirme
593:KasımpaĆa
527:From the
478:tulumbacı
333:Georgians
321:Albanians
299:". As an
285:Albanians
127:Armenians
120:Bulgarian
115:Aromanian
77:Devshirme
4286:Category
4271:Category
4203:Historic
4124:Colombia
4114:Cambodia
4049:Personal
3947:Mobility
3876:Freedman
3862:Plebeian
3848:Prisoner
3834:Commoner
3720:Creative
3701:Seigneur
3667:Nobility
3625:Vanniyar
3610:Pendekar
3570:Cossacks
3204:Snobbery
3076:Theories
2987:Category
2901:Religion
2814:Clothing
2700:Taxation
2663:Currency
2604:Aviation
2578:Admirals
2531:Hamidieh
2467:Military
2448:Kadiluks
2422:Vilayets
2376:Armenian
2314:Assembly
2051:Treaties
2020:Politics
1977:Tanzimat
806:(1991).
718:madrasas
650:Marriage
613:dragoman
573:Bosporus
545:Armenian
495:effendis
467:Anatolia
451:Anatolia
353:soldiers
317:Italians
305:colonial
301:imperial
281:Bosniaks
267:and the
162:Tanzimat
110:Armenian
4174:Romania
4169:Nigeria
4054:Poverty
3957:Classes
3942:History
3853:Peasant
3839:Outcast
3778:Working
3758:Burgher
3615:Samurai
3605:OcÄlĆtl
3565:Chhetri
3557:Warrior
3547:Scholar
3461:Russian
3451:Magnate
3439:Aristoi
3418:By type
3305:Citizen
3298:refugee
3194:Poverty
3188:Parvenu
3122:Related
3093:Marxian
3055:Stratum
2973:Outline
2928:Symbols
2919:Judaism
2846:Schools
2819:Cuisine
2782:Mosques
2769:Culture
2759:Slavery
2715:Society
2678:Sultani
2639:By era
2632:Economy
2614:Weapons
2427:Sanjaks
2410:Eyalets
2383:Judaism
2336:Millets
2273:NiĆancı
2258:Viziers
2103:Halakha
2098:Mecelle
2041:Safavid
1953:KöprĂŒlĂŒ
1896:History
1012:Unknown
909:1595144
866:1595144
825:29 July
747:Slavery
712:madrasa
581:Samatya
577:Kumkapi
569:Samatya
553:Mosques
533:Millets
512:Muslims
507:Muslims
483:BektaĆi
463:Rumelia
357:viziers
265:Balkans
176:Classes
100:Millets
95:Muslims
72:Slavery
4129:France
4109:Belize
4104:Africa
4031:Income
3987:Middle
3980:Gentry
3844:Outlaw
3751:Petite
3738:Middle
3672:Landed
3657:Gentry
3590:Knight
3530:Priest
3525:Clergy
3488:Family
3426:Ruling
3375:collar
3332:Clique
3048:Status
2950:Tughra
2935:Anthem
2881:Greeks
2834:Poetry
2319:Senate
2088:DĂŒstur
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864:
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758:harems
741:sipahi
736:sipahi
687:askeri
632:Gender
591:, and
589:Hasköy
541:Jewish
539:, the
457:, and
426:millet
397:ilmiye
379:Sultan
373:Askeri
367:Askeri
313:Tatars
309:Greeks
256:as "a
205:Vlachs
195:Giaour
185:Askeri
137:Greeks
4225:Aztec
4184:Tibet
4159:Nepal
4149:Italy
4139:India
4134:Haiti
4119:China
4019:Under
4014:Lower
3992:Black
3975:Donor
3970:Black
3965:Upper
3872:Slave
3821:Under
3677:Petty
3652:Elite
3639:Upper
3580:Harii
3575:CuÄuh
3409:White
3389:Green
3288:Alien
3131:Caste
2909:Islam
2891:Women
2858:Media
2829:Prose
2802:Music
2683:KuruĆ
2597:Other
2588:Ships
2444:Kazas
2366:Ullah
2344:Islam
2227:Porte
1965:Tulip
905:JSTOR
862:JSTOR
753:slave
698:reaya
693:reaya
623:model
585:Balat
565:Fener
537:Greek
459:Egypt
455:Syria
443:ayans
416:Rayah
410:Rayah
325:Serbs
277:Arabs
273:Turks
200:Rayah
4144:Iran
3857:Serf
3662:Lord
3600:Nair
3493:List
3404:Pink
3394:Grey
3384:Blue
3373:By "
2945:Flag
2886:Jews
2788:Art
2688:Lira
2673:Para
2668:Akçe
2561:List
2548:Navy
2475:Army
2056:Wars
1909:Rise
1844:ISBN
1781:ISBN
1756:ISBN
1702:ISBN
1667:ISBN
1636:ISBN
1570:ISBN
1529:ISSN
1487:ISBN
1453:ISSN
1409:ISBN
1384:ISBN
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1295:ISBN
1270:ISBN
1243:ISBN
1216:ISBN
1189:ISBN
1128:ISSN
1097:ISSN
1064:ISBN
1039:ISSN
991:ISBN
964:ISBN
930:ISBN
897:ISSN
827:2020
814:ISBN
772:kuls
619:The
579:and
486:and
465:and
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293:Jews
291:and
244:The
190:Ayan
132:Jews
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2361:RĆ«m
2063:Law
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